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Lane D, Allsopp R, Holmes CW, Slingsby OC, Jukes-Jones R, Bird P, Anderson NL, Razavi M, Yip R, Pearson TW, Pope M, Khunti K, Doykov I, Hällqvist J, Mills K, Skipp P, Carling R, Ng L, Shaw J, Gupta P, Jones DJL. A high throughput immuno-affinity mass spectrometry method for detection and quantitation of SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein in human saliva and its comparison with RT-PCR, RT-LAMP, and lateral flow rapid antigen test. Clin Chem Lab Med 2024; 62:1206-1216. [PMID: 38253336 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2023-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Many reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods exist that can detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA in different matrices. RT-PCR is highly sensitive, although viral RNA may be detected long after active infection has taken place. SARS-CoV-2 proteins have shorter detection windows hence their detection might be more meaningful. Given salivary droplets represent a main source of transmission, we explored the detection of viral RNA and protein using four different detection platforms including SISCAPA peptide immunoaffinity liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (SISCAPA-LC-MS) using polyclonal capture antibodies. METHODS The SISCAPA-LC MS method was compared to RT-PCR, RT-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), and a lateral flow rapid antigen test (RAT) for the detection of virus material in the drool saliva of 102 patients hospitalised after infection with SARS-CoV-2. Cycle thresholds (Ct) of RT-PCR (E gene) were compared to RT-LAMP time-to-positive (TTP) (NE and Orf1a genes), RAT optical densitometry measurements (test line/control line ratio) and to SISCAPA-LC-MS for measurements of viral protein. RESULTS SISCAPA-LC-MS showed low sensitivity (37.7 %) but high specificity (89.8 %). RAT showed lower sensitivity (24.5 %) and high specificity (100 %). RT-LAMP had high sensitivity (83.0 %) and specificity (100.0 %). At high initial viral RNA loads (<20 Ct), results obtained using SISCAPA-LC-MS correlated with RT-PCR (R2 0.57, p-value 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein in saliva was less frequent than the detection of viral RNA. The SISCAPA-LC-MS method allowed processing of multiple samples in <150 min and was scalable, enabling high throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lane
- The Department of Chemical Pathology and Metabolic Diseases, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Rebecca Allsopp
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Christopher W Holmes
- Clinical Microbiology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Rebekah Jukes-Jones
- The Department of Chemical Pathology and Metabolic Diseases, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Paul Bird
- Clinical Microbiology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | | | | | - Richard Yip
- SISCAPA Assay Technologies, Inc., Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Matt Pope
- SISCAPA Assay Technologies, Inc., Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kamlesh Khunti
- Leicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester General Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Ivan Doykov
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine Department, Translational Mass Spectrometry Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Jenny Hällqvist
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine Department, Translational Mass Spectrometry Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Kevin Mills
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine Department, Translational Mass Spectrometry Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Paul Skipp
- Centre for Proteomic Research, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Rachel Carling
- Biochemical Sciences, Synnovis, Guys & St Thomas' NHSFT, London, UK
- GKT School Medical Education, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Leong Ng
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- van Geest MS-OMICS Facility, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Jacqui Shaw
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- The Department of Chemical Pathology and Metabolic Diseases, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Donald J L Jones
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- van Geest MS-OMICS Facility, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Onozuka D, Takatera S, Matsuo H, Yoshida H, Hamaguchi S, Yamamoto S, Sada RM, Suzuki K, Konishi K, Kutsuna S. Oral mouthwashes for asymptomatic to mildly symptomatic adults with COVID-19 and salivary viral load: a randomized, placebo-controlled, open-label clinical trial. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:491. [PMID: 38664718 PMCID: PMC11044332 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04246-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent randomized clinical trials suggest that the effect of using cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) mouthwashes on the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral load in COVID-19 patients has been inconsistent. Additionally, no clinical study has investigated the effectiveness of on-demand aqueous chlorine dioxide mouthwash against COVID-19. METHODS We performed a randomized, placebo-controlled, open-label clinical trial to assess for any effects of using mouthwash on the salivary SARS-CoV-2 viral load among asymptomatic to mildly symptomatic adult COVID-19-positive patients. Patients were randomized to receive either 20 mL of 0.05% CPC, 10 mL of 0.01% on-demand aqueous chlorine dioxide, or 20 mL of placebo mouthwash (purified water) in a 1:1:1 ratio. The primary endpoint was the cycle threshold (Ct) values employed for SARS-CoV-2 salivary viral load estimation. We used linear mixed-effects models to assess for any effect of the mouthwashes on SARS-CoV-2 salivary viral load. RESULTS Of a total of 96 eligible participants enrolled from November 7, 2022, to January 19, 2023, 90 were accepted for the primary analysis. The use of 0.05% CPC mouthwash was not shown to be superior to placebo in change from baseline salivary Ct value at 30 min (difference vs. placebo, 0.640; 95% confidence interval [CI], -1.425 to 2.706; P = 0.543); 2 h (difference vs. placebo, 1.158; 95% CI, -0.797 to 3.112; P = 0.246); 4 h (difference vs. placebo, 1.283; 95% CI, -0.719 to 3.285; P = 0.209); 10 h (difference vs. placebo, 0.304; 95% CI, -1.777 to 2.385; P = 0.775); or 24 h (difference vs. placebo, 0.782; 95% CI, -1.195 to 2.759; P = 0.438). The use of 0.01% on-demand aqueous chlorine dioxide mouthwash was also not shown to be superior to placebo in change from baseline salivary Ct value at 30 min (difference vs. placebo, 0.905; 95% CI, -1.079 to 2.888; P = 0.371); 2 h (difference vs. placebo, 0.709; 95% CI, -1.275 to 2.693; P = 0.483); 4 h (difference vs. placebo, 0.220; 95% CI, -1.787 to 2.226; P = 0.830); 10 h (difference vs. placebo, 0.198; 95% CI, -1.901 to 2.296; P = 0.854); or 24 h (difference vs. placebo, 0.784; 95% CI, -1.236 to 2.804; P = 0.447). CONCLUSIONS In asymptomatic to mildly symptomatic adults with COVID-19, compared to placebo, the use of 0.05% CPC and 0.01% on-demand aqueous chlorine dioxide mouthwash did not lead to a significant reduction in SARS-CoV-2 salivary viral load. Future studies of the efficacy of CPC and on-demand aqueous chlorine dioxide mouthwash on the viral viability of SARS-CoV-2 should be conducted using different specimen types and in multiple populations and settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Onozuka
- Department of Oral Microbe Control, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan.
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Satoko Takatera
- Department of Oral Microbe Control, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroo Matsuo
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisao Yoshida
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeto Hamaguchi
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Transformative Analysis for Human Specimen, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Fostering Required Medical Human Resources, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shungo Yamamoto
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Fostering Required Medical Human Resources, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Transformative Protection to Infectious Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Minoda Sada
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Fostering Required Medical Human Resources, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Transformative Protection to Infectious Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichiro Suzuki
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University (BIKEN), Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiji Konishi
- Department of Oral Microbe Control, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kutsuna
- Department of Oral Microbe Control, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan.
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan.
- Department of Transformative Analysis for Human Specimen, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Division of Fostering Required Medical Human Resources, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Department of Transformative Protection to Infectious Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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Cerkezi S, Nakova M, Gorgoski I, Ferati K, Bexheti-Ferati A, Palermo A, Inchingolo AD, Ferrante L, Inchingolo AM, Inchingolo F, Dipalma G. The Role of Sulfhydryl (Thiols) Groups in Oral and Periodontal Diseases. Biomedicines 2024; 12:882. [PMID: 38672236 PMCID: PMC11048028 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM The sulfhydryl (thiols) group of glutathione plays an important role in the neutralization of foreign organic compounds and the reduction in peroxides. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the concentration of sulfhydryl groups in the gingival tissue of healthy individuals and those with gingivitis or periodontitis, and to examine the differences between these groups. MATERIAL AND METHODS To assess the concentration of sulfhydryl groups (thiols) in the gingival tissue of healthy individuals and those with gingivitis or periodontitis, we used spectrophotometric analysis using dithionitrobenzoate (DTNB) as a reagent to measure the accessible sulfhydryl groups present in gingival tissue proteins. The sample was divided into three distinct groups: individuals with periodontal health, gingivitis, and periodontitis, and different indices were used to assess the periodontal status of the participants. Next, a statistical analysis was conducted to compare the concentrations of sulfhydryl groups among the different groups of patients. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study showed significantly decreased levels of sulfhydryl (thiols) groups in gingival tissue from patients with gingivitis and periodontitis, compared with healthy people (control group). These results confirm the role of sulfhydryl (thiols) groups in defense against free radicals. They share a significant role in detoxification, signal transduction, apoptosis, and various other functions at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabetim Cerkezi
- Orthodontic Department, Dentristy School, Medical Science Faculty, State University of Tetova, 1220 Tetova, North Macedonia;
| | - Marija Nakova
- Periodontology Department, Dentistry School, Medical Science Faculty, State University of Tetova, 1220 Tetova, North Macedonia;
| | - Icko Gorgoski
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University St. Cyril and Methodius, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia;
| | - Kenan Ferati
- Faculty of Medicine, State University of Tetova, 1220 Tetovo, North Macedonia; (K.F.); (A.B.-F.)
| | - Arberesha Bexheti-Ferati
- Faculty of Medicine, State University of Tetova, 1220 Tetovo, North Macedonia; (K.F.); (A.B.-F.)
| | - Andrea Palermo
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, Birmingham B4 6BN, UK;
| | - Alessio Danilo Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (L.F.); (G.D.)
| | - Laura Ferrante
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (L.F.); (G.D.)
| | - Angelo Michele Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (L.F.); (G.D.)
| | - Francesco Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (L.F.); (G.D.)
| | - Gianna Dipalma
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (L.F.); (G.D.)
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Gao F, Lin W, Wang X, Liao M, Zhang M, Qin N, Chen X, Xia L, Chen Q, Sha O. Identification of receptors and factors associated with human coronaviruses in the oral cavity using single-cell RNA sequencing. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28280. [PMID: 38560173 PMCID: PMC10981076 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) ravaged the world, and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) exhibited highly prevalent oral symptoms that had significantly impacted the lives of affected patients. However, the involvement of four human coronavirus (HCoVs), namely SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and HCoV-229E, in oral cavity infections remained poorly understood. We integrated single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data of seven human oral tissues through consistent normalization procedure, including minor salivary gland (MSG), parotid gland (PG), tongue, gingiva, buccal, periodontium and pulp. The Seurat, scDblFinder, Harmony, SingleR, Ucell and scCancer packages were comprehensively used for analysis. We identified specific cell clusters and generated expression profiles of SARS-CoV-2 and coronavirus-associated receptors and factors (SCARFs) in seven oral regions, providing direction for predicting the tropism of four HCoVs for oral tissues, as well as for dental clinical treatment. Based on our analysis, it appears that various SCARFs, including ACE2, ASGR1, KREMEN1, DPP4, ANPEP, CD209, CLEC4G/M, TMPRSS family proteins (including TMPRSS2, TMPRSS4, and TMPRSS11A), and FURIN, are expressed at low levels in the oral cavity. Conversely, BSG, CTSB, and CTSL exhibit enrichment in oral tissues. Our study also demonstrates widespread expression of restriction factors, particularly IFITM1-3 and LY6E, in oral cells. Additionally, some replication, assembly, and trafficking factors appear to exhibit broad oral tissues expression patterns. Overall, the oral cavity could potentially serve as a high-risk site for SARS-CoV-2 infection, while displaying a comparatively lower degree of susceptibility towards other HCoVs (including SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and HCoV-229E). Specifically, MSG, tongue, and gingiva represent potential sites of vulnerability for four HCoVs infection, with the MSG exhibiting a particularly high susceptibility. However, the expression patterns of SCARFs in other oral sites demonstrate relatively intricate and may only be specifically associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our study sheds light on the mechanisms of HCoVs infection in the oral cavity as well as gains insight into the characteristics and distribution of possible HCoVs target cells in oral tissues, providing potential therapeutic targets for HCoVs infection in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- School of Dentistry, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Institute of Dental Research, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weiming Lin
- Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen, School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingfeng Liao
- The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingxia Zhang
- The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nianhong Qin
- Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xianxiong Chen
- School of Dentistry, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lixin Xia
- Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qianming Chen
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ou Sha
- School of Dentistry, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Institute of Dental Research, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Nakagawa T, Santos J, Nasamran CA, Sen P, Sadat S, Monther A, Bendik J, Ebisumoto K, Hu J, Preissl S, Guo T, Vavinskaya V, Fisch KM, Califano JA. Defining the relationship of salivary gland malignancies to novel cell subpopulations in human salivary glands using single nucleus RNA-sequencing. Int J Cancer 2024; 154:1492-1503. [PMID: 37971144 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Salivary glands have essential roles in maintaining oral health, mastication, taste and speech, by secreting saliva. Salivary glands are composed of several types of cells, and each cell type is predicted to be involved in the carcinogenesis of different types of cancers including adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), acinic cell carcinoma (AciCC), salivary duct carcinoma (SDC), myoepithelial carcinoma (MECA) and other histology. In our study, we performed single nucleus RNA-seq on three human salivary gland samples to clarify the gene expression profile of each complex cellular component of the salivary glands and related these expression patterns to expression found in salivary gland cancers (SGC) to infer cell of origin. By single nucleus RNA-seq, salivary gland cells were stratified into four clusters: acinar cells, ductal cells 1, ductal cells 2 and myoepithelial cells/stromal cells. The localization of each cell group was verified by IHC of each cluster marker gene, and one group of ductal cells was found to represent intercalated ductal cells labeled with HES1. Furthermore, in comparison with SGC RNA-seq data, acinar cell markers were upregulated in AciCC, but downregulated in ACC and ductal cell markers were upregulated in SDC but downregulated in MECA, suggesting that markers of origin are highly expressed in some SGC. Cell type expressions in specific SGC histology are similar to those found in normal salivary gland populations, indicating a potential etiologic relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Nakagawa
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jessica Santos
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Chanond A Nasamran
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Prakriti Sen
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sayed Sadat
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Abdula Monther
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Joseph Bendik
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Koji Ebisumoto
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jingjing Hu
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Sebastian Preissl
- Center for Epigenomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Theresa Guo
- Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Vera Vavinskaya
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kathleen M Fisch
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Joseph A Califano
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Gupta T, Kumar M, Kaur UJ, Rao A, Bharti R. Mapping ACE2 and TMPRSS2 co-expression in human brain tissue: implications for SARS-CoV-2 neurological manifestations. J Neurovirol 2024:10.1007/s13365-024-01206-x. [PMID: 38600308 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-024-01206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) primarily targets respiratory cells, but emerging evidence shows neurological involvement, with the virus directly affecting neurons and glia. SARS-CoV-2 entry into a target cell requires co-expression of ACE2 (Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2) and TMPRSS2 (Trans membrane serine protease-2). Relevant literature on human neurological tissue is sparse and mostly focused on the olfactory areas. This prompted our study to map brain-wide expression of these entry proteins and assess age-related changes. The normal brain tissue samples were collected from cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, brain stem and cerebellum; and were divided into two groups - up to 40 years (n = 10) and above 40 years (n = 10). ACE2 and TMPRSS2 gene expression analysis was done using qRT-PCR and protein co-expression was seen by immunofluorescence. The ACE2 and TMPRSS2 gene expression was observed to be highest in hypothalamus and thalamus regions, respectively. Immunoreactivity for both ACE-2 and TMPRSS2 was observed in all examined brain regions, confirming the presence of these viral entry receptors. Co-localisation was maximum in hypothalamus. Our study did not find any trend related to different age groups. The expression of both these viral entry receptors suggests that normal human brain is susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2, perhaps which could be related to the cognitive and neurological impairment that occur in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulika Gupta
- Department of Anatomy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Munish Kumar
- Division of Neuro-anesthesia, Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ujjwal Jit Kaur
- Department of Anatomy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Asha Rao
- Department of Anatomy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ranjana Bharti
- Department of Anatomy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Ferrés M, Martínez-Valdebenito C, Henriquez C, Marco C, Angulo J, Barrera A, Palma C, Barriga Pinto G, Cuiza A, Ferreira L, Rioseco ML, Calvo M, Fritz R, Bravo S, Bruhn A, Graf J, Llancaqueo A, Rivera G, Cerda C, Tischler N, Valdivieso F, Vial P, Mertz G, Vial C, Le Corre N. Viral shedding and viraemia of Andes virus during acute hantavirus infection: a prospective study. Lancet Infect Dis 2024:S1473-3099(24)00142-7. [PMID: 38582089 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(24)00142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Andes virus (ANDV) is a zoonotic Orthohantavirus leading to hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome. Although most transmissions occur through environmental exposure to rodent faeces and urine, rare person-to-person transmission has been documented, mainly for close contacts. This study investigates the presence and infectivity of ANDV in body fluids from confirmed cases and the duration of viraemia. METHODS In this prospective study, 131 participants with confirmed ANDV infection were enrolled in Chile in a prospective study between 2008 and 2022. Clinical samples (buffy coat, plasma, gingival crevicular fluid [GCF], saliva, nasopharyngeal swabs [NPS], and urine) were collected weekly for 3 weeks together with clinical and epidemiological data. Samples were categorised as acute or convalescent (up to and after 16 days following onset of symptoms). Infectivity of positive fluids was assessed after the culture of samples on Vero E6 cells and use of flow cytometry assays to determine the production of ANDV nucleoprotein. FINDINGS ANDV RNA was detected in 100% of buffy coats during acute phase, declining to 95% by day 17, and to 93% between days 23-29. ANDV RNA in GCF and saliva decreased from 30% and 12%, respectively, during the acute phase, to 12% and 11% during the convalescent phase. Successful infectivity assays of RT-qPCR-positive fluids, including GCF, saliva, NPS, and urine, were observed in 18 (42%) of 43 samples obtained during the acute phase of infection. After re-culture, the capacity to infect Vero E6 cells was maintained in 16 (89%) of 18 samples. Severity was associated with the presence of ANDV RNA in one or more fluids besides blood (odds ratio 2·58 [95% CI 1·42-5·18]). INTERPRETATION ANDV infection is a systemic and viraemic infection, that affects various organs. The presence of infectious particles in body fluids contributes to our understanding of potential mechanisms for person-to-person transmission, supporting the development of preventive strategies. Detection of ANDV RNA in additional fluids at hospital admission is a predictor of disease severity. FUNDING None. TRANSLATION For the Spanish translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Ferrés
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátricas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Laboratorio de Infectología y Virología Molecular, Red Salud UC-Christus, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Constanza Martínez-Valdebenito
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátricas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Laboratorio de Infectología y Virología Molecular, Red Salud UC-Christus, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Henriquez
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátricas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Marco
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátricas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jenniffer Angulo
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátricas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Laboratorio de Infectología y Virología Molecular, Red Salud UC-Christus, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aldo Barrera
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátricas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Palma
- Laboratorio de Infectología y Virología Molecular, Red Salud UC-Christus, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Barriga Pinto
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Analia Cuiza
- Programa Hantavirus y Zoonosis, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - María Luisa Rioseco
- Hospital Regional de Puerto Montt, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede Patagonía, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Mario Calvo
- Hospital Regional de Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | - Sebastián Bravo
- Departamento de Medicina Intensiva, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Bruhn
- Departamento de Medicina Intensiva, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicole Tischler
- Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Universidad San Sebastián, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Pablo Vial
- Programa Hantavirus y Zoonosis, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Pediatría, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Cecilia Vial
- Programa Hantavirus y Zoonosis, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicole Le Corre
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátricas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Laboratorio de Infectología y Virología Molecular, Red Salud UC-Christus, Santiago, Chile
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8
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Zhou C, Cai Z, Jin B, Lin H, Xu L, Jin Z. Saliva-based detection of SARS-CoV-2: a bibliometric analysis of global research. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:761-777. [PMID: 37178376 PMCID: PMC10182745 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04760-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Saliva has emerged as a promising noninvasive biofluid for the diagnosis of oral and systemic diseases, including viral infections. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a growing number of studies focused on saliva-based detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Taking advantage of the WoS core collection (WoSCC) and CiteSpace, we retrieved 1021 articles related to saliva-based detection of SARS-CoV-2 and conducted a comprehensive bibliometric analysis. We analyzed countries, institutions, authors, cited authors, and cited journals to summarize their contribution and influence and analyzed keywords to explore research hotspots and trends. From 2020 to 2021, research focused on viral transmission via saliva and verification of saliva as a reliable specimen, whereas from 2021 to the present, the focus of research has switched to saliva-based biosensors for SARS-CoV-2 detection. By far, saliva has been verified as a reliable specimen for SARS-CoV-2 detection, although a standardized procedure for saliva sampling and processing is needed. Studies on saliva-based detection of SARS-CoV-2 will promote the development of saliva-based diagnostics and biosensors for viral detection. Collectively, our findings could provide valuable information to help scientists perceive the basic knowledge landscapes on saliva-based detection of SARS-CoV-2, the past and current research hotspots, and future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhou
- Jinhua People's Hospital Joint Center for Biomedical Research, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Science and Education, the Affiliated Jinhua Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhaopin Cai
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Boxing Jin
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huisong Lin
- Zhejiang Institute of Medical Device Testing, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingling Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhigang Jin
- Jinhua People's Hospital Joint Center for Biomedical Research, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China.
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9
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Ahmad Wadi AFA, Onomura D, Funamori H, Khatun MM, Okada S, Iizasa H, Yoshiyama H. Effects of Strain Differences, Humidity Changes, and Saliva Contamination on the Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by Ion Irradiation. Viruses 2024; 16:520. [PMID: 38675863 PMCID: PMC11055001 DOI: 10.3390/v16040520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the methods to inactivate viruses is to denature viral proteins using released ions. However, there have been no reports detailing the effects of changes in humidity or contamination with body fluids on the inactivation of viruses. This study investigated the effects of humidity changes and saliva contamination on the efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 inactivation with ions using multiple viral strains. Virus solutions with different infectious titers were dropped onto a circular nitrocellulose membrane and irradiated with ions from 10 cm above the membrane. After the irradiation of ions for 60, 90, and 120 min, changes in viral infectious titers were measured. The effect of ions on virus inactivation under different humidity conditions was also examined using virus solutions containing 90% mixtures of saliva collected from 10 people. A decrease in viral infectivity was observed over time for all strains, but ion irradiation further accelerated the decrease in viral infectivity. Ion irradiation can inactivate all viral strains, but at 80% humidity, the effect did not appear until 90 min after irradiation. The presence of saliva protected the virus from drying and maintained infectiousness for a longer period compared with no saliva. In particular, the Omicron strain retained its infectivity titer longer than the other strains. Ion irradiation demonstrated a consistent reduction in the number of infectious viruses when compared to the control across varying levels of humidity and irradiation periods. This underscores the notable effectiveness of irradiation, even when the reduction effect is as modest as 50%, thereby emphasizing its crucial role in mitigating the rapid dissemination of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afifah Fatimah Azzahra Ahmad Wadi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya, Izumo 693-8504, Shimane, Japan; (A.F.A.A.W.); (M.M.K.); (S.O.); (H.I.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Muslim Indonesia, Makassar 9023, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Daichi Onomura
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan;
| | | | - Mst Mahmuda Khatun
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya, Izumo 693-8504, Shimane, Japan; (A.F.A.A.W.); (M.M.K.); (S.O.); (H.I.)
| | - Shunpei Okada
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya, Izumo 693-8504, Shimane, Japan; (A.F.A.A.W.); (M.M.K.); (S.O.); (H.I.)
| | - Hisashi Iizasa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya, Izumo 693-8504, Shimane, Japan; (A.F.A.A.W.); (M.M.K.); (S.O.); (H.I.)
| | - Hironori Yoshiyama
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya, Izumo 693-8504, Shimane, Japan; (A.F.A.A.W.); (M.M.K.); (S.O.); (H.I.)
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10
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Drouin A, Plumb ID, McCullough M, James Gist J, Liu S, Theberge M, Katz J, Moreida M, Flaherty S, Chatwani B, Briggs Hagen M, Midgley CM, Fusco D. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients hospitalized with severe COVID-19 in New Orleans, August 2020 to September 2021. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6539. [PMID: 38503862 PMCID: PMC10951213 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57306-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Louisiana experienced high morbidity and mortality from COVID-19. To assess possible explanatory factors, we conducted a cohort study (ClinSeqSer) of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in New Orleans during August 2020-September 2021. Following enrollment, we reviewed medical charts, and performed SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing on nasal and saliva specimens. We used multivariable logistic regression to assess associations between patient characteristics and severe illness, defined as ≥ 6 L/min oxygen or intubation. Among 456 patients, median age was 56 years, 277 (60.5%) were Black non-Hispanic, 436 (95.2%) had underlying health conditions, and 358 were unvaccinated (92.0% of 389 verified). Overall, 187 patients (40.1%) had severe illness; 60 (13.1%) died during admission. In multivariable models, severe illness was associated with age ≥ 65 years (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.22-3.56), hospitalization > 5 days after illness onset (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.01-2.21), and SARS CoV-2 cycle threshold (Ct) result of < 32 in saliva (OR 4.79, 95% CI 1.22-18.77). Among patients who were predominantly Black non-Hispanic, unvaccinated and with underlying health conditions, approximately 1 in 3 patients had severe COVID-19. Older age and delayed time to admission might have contributed to high case-severity. An association between case-severity and low Ct value in saliva warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Drouin
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70130, USA
- University Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ian D Plumb
- Applied Epidemiology Studies Team, Epidemiology Branch, and on detail to the Global Respiratory Viruses Branch Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Sharon Liu
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70130, USA
| | - Marc Theberge
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70130, USA
| | - Joshua Katz
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70130, USA
| | - Matthew Moreida
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70130, USA
| | - Shelby Flaherty
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Bhoomija Chatwani
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Melissa Briggs Hagen
- Applied Epidemiology Studies Team, Epidemiology Branch, and on detail to the Global Respiratory Viruses Branch Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Claire M Midgley
- Applied Epidemiology Studies Team, Epidemiology Branch, and on detail to the Global Respiratory Viruses Branch Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dahlene Fusco
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70130, USA.
- University Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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11
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Grinstein-Koren O, Lusthaus M, Tabibian-Keissar H, Kaplan I, Buchner A, Ilatov R, Vered M, Zlotogorski-Hurvitz A. Pathological changes in oral epithelium and the expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry receptors, ACE2 and furin. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300269. [PMID: 38489333 PMCID: PMC10942036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-2 and co-factors like furin, play key-roles in entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells. Furin is also involved in oral carcinogenesis. We investigated their expression in oral pre-malignant/malignant epithelial pathologies to evaluate whether ACE2 and furin expression might increase susceptibility of patients with these lesions for SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS Study included normal oral mucosa (N = 14), epithelial hyperplasia-mild dysplasia (N = 27), moderate-to-severe dysplasia (N = 24), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC, N = 34) and oral lichen planus (N = 51). Evaluation of ACE2/furin membranous/membranous-cytoplasmic immunohistochemical expression was divided by epithelial thirds (basal/middle/upper), on a 5-tier scale (0, 1-weak, 1.5 -weak-to-moderate, 2-moderate, 3-strong). Total score per case was the sum of all epithelial thirds, and the mean staining score per group was calculated. Real time-polymerase chain reaction was performed for ACE2-RNA. Statistical differences were analyzed by One-way ANOVA, significance at p<0.05. RESULTS All oral mucosa samples were negative for ACE2 immuno-expression and its transcripts. Overall, furin expression was weakly present with total mean expression being higher in moderate-to-severe dysplasia and hyperplasia-mild dysplasia than in normal epithelium (p = 0.01, each) and SCC (p = 0.008, p = 0.009, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Oral mucosa, normal or with epithelial pathologies lacked ACE2 expression. Furin was weak and mainly expressed in dysplastic lesions. Thus, patients with epithelial pathologies do not seem to be at higher risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Overall, results show that oral mucosae do not seem to be a major site of SARS-CoV-2 entry and these were discussed vis-à-vis a comprehensive analysis of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osnat Grinstein-Koren
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Imaging, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Lusthaus
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Imaging, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Ilana Kaplan
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Imaging, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Institute of Pathology, Rabin Medical Center, Petach-Tikva, Israel
| | - Amos Buchner
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Imaging, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ron Ilatov
- Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Marilena Vered
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Imaging, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Institute of Pathology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ayelet Zlotogorski-Hurvitz
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Imaging, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, Petach-Tikva, Israel
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12
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Atyeo N, Maldonado J, Warner B, Chiorini J. Salivary Glands and Viral Pathogenesis. J Dent Res 2024; 103:227-234. [PMID: 38344753 PMCID: PMC10985391 DOI: 10.1177/00220345231222871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is an epidemiologically relevant route of viral transmission due to the shedding of viruses in saliva. With advancements in salivary diagnostics, an increasing number of viruses have been detected. However, the anatomic source of virus in saliva is still largely unknown. Some viruses have a well-established tropism for the salivary glands (SGs), and recent studies have emphasized the importance of the glands as potential reservoirs for infectious viruses. Viral infections of the SGs have been linked to acute and chronic SG pathology and may be associated with SG dysfunction, with phenotypes similar to those seen in SjÖgren's disease (SjD), an autoimmune condition that affects the salivary and lacrimal glands. Understanding the breadth of viruses that infect the SG and the conserved or distinct host responses to these infections may provide insights into the pathogenesis of virus-mediated SG diseases. There is a need for further research to fully understand the molecular mechanisms by which viruses enter and replicate in the glands, their physiologic impact on SG function, and whether the SGs can serve as a long-term reservoir for infectious viral particles. The purpose of this review is to highlight a group of viruses that infect the salivary gland: hepatitis C virus, hepatitis D virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, enteric viruses, human T-cell leukemia virus type I, human immunodeficiency virus, human cytomegalovirus, and BK polyomavirus. We focus on the effects of viral infection on salivary gland (SG) inflammation, function, and its association with SjD.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Atyeo
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J.O. Maldonado
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Oral Health Integration, HealthPartners Institute, Bloomington, MN, USA
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - B.M. Warner
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J.A. Chiorini
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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13
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Zhong L, Wang F, Liu D, Kuang W, Ji N, Li J, Zeng X, Li T, Dan H, Chen Q. Single-cell transcriptomics dissects premalignant progression in proliferative verrucous leukoplakia. Oral Dis 2024; 30:172-186. [PMID: 35950708 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) is characterized by a spectrum of clinicopathological features and a high risk of malignant transformation. In this study, we aimed to delineate the dynamic changes in molecular signature during PVL progression and identify the potential cell subtypes that play a key role in the premalignant evolution of PVL. METHODS We performed single-cell RNA sequencing on three biopsy samples from a large PVL lesion. These samples exhibited a histopathological continuum of PVL progression. RESULTS By analyzing the transcriptome profiles of 27,611 cells from these samples, we identified ten major cell lineages and revealed that cellular remodeling occurred during the progression of PVL lesions, including epithelial, stromal, and immune cells. Epithelial cells are shifted to tumorigenic states and secretory patterns at the premalignant stage. Immune cells showed growing immunosuppressive phenotypes during PVL progression. Remarkably, two novel cell subtypes INSR+ endothelial cells and ASPN+ fibroblasts, were discovered and may play vital roles in microenvironment remodeling, such as angiogenesis and stromal fibrosis, which are closely involved in malignant transformation. CONCLUSION Our work is the first to depict the cellular landscape of PVL and speculate that disease progression may be driven by functional remodeling of multiple cell subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjing Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ning Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Taiwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongxia Dan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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14
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Zhang Z, Wen S, Liu J, Ouyang Y, Su Z, Chen D, Liang Z, Wang Y, Luo T, Jiang Q, Guo L. Advances in the relationship between periodontopathogens and respiratory diseases (Review). Mol Med Rep 2024; 29:42. [PMID: 38240101 PMCID: PMC10828996 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2024.13166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a common chronic inflammatory and destructive disease in the mouth and is considered to be associated with systemic diseases. Accumulating evidence has suggested that periodontitis is a risk factor for pulmonary diseases such as pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) and lung cancer. The presence of common periodontal pathogens has been detected in samples from a variety of pulmonary diseases. Periodontal pathogens can be involved in lung diseases by promoting the adhesion and invasion of respiratory pathogens, regulating the apoptosis of respiratory epithelium and inducing overexpression of mucin and disrupting the balance of immune systemin respiratory epithelium cells. Additionally, measures to control plaque and maintain the health of periodontal tissue can decrease the incidence of respiratory adverse events. This evidence suggests a close association between periodontitis and pulmonary diseases. The present study aimed to review the clinical association between periodontitis and pneumonia, COPD, asthma, COVID‑19 and lung cancer, and propose a possible mechanism and potential role of periodontal pathogens in linking periodontal disease and lung disease. This could provide a direction for further research on the association between periodontitis and lung disease and provide novel ideas for the clinical diagnosis and treatment management of these two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, P.R. China
| | - Siyi Wen
- Department of Endodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, P.R. China
| | - Jiaohong Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, P.R. China
| | - Yuanting Ouyang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, P.R. China
| | - Zhikang Su
- Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, P.R. China
| | - Ding Chen
- Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, P.R. China
| | - Zitian Liang
- Department of Endodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, P.R. China
| | - Tao Luo
- Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, P.R. China
| | - Qianzhou Jiang
- Department of Endodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, P.R. China
| | - Lvhua Guo
- Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, P.R. China
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Bontempo A, Chirino A, Heidari A, Lugo A, Shindo S, Pastore MR, Antonson SA, Godoy C, Nichols FC, Potempa J, Davey ME, Kawai T, Cayabyab MJ. Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection by Porphyromonas gingivalis and the oral microbiome. bioRxiv 2024:2024.02.27.582258. [PMID: 38464164 PMCID: PMC10925342 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.27.582258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic persists despite the availability of vaccines, and it is therefore crucial to develop new therapeutic and preventive approaches. In this study, we investigated the potential role of the oral microbiome in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Using an in vitro SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus infection assay, we found a potent inhibitory effect exerted by Porphyromonas gingivalis on SARS-CoV-2 infection mediated by known P. gingivalis compounds such as phosphoglycerol dihydroceramide (PGDHC) and gingipains as well as by unknown bacterial factors. We found that the gingipain-mediated inhibition of infection is likely due to cytotoxicity, while PGDHC inhibited virus infection by an unknown mechanism. Unidentified factors present in P. gingivalis supernatant inhibited SARS-CoV-2 likely via the fusion step of the virus life cycle. We addressed the role of other oral bacteria and found certain periodontal pathogens capable of inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus infection by inducing cytotoxicity on target cells. In the human oral cavity, we observed the modulatory activity of oral microbial communities varied among individuals in that some saliva-based cultures were capable of inhibiting while others were enhancing infection. These findings contribute to our understanding of the complex relationship between the oral microbiome and viral infections, offering potential avenues for innovative therapeutic strategies in combating COVID-19.
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16
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Aalam SMM, Varela AR, Khaderi A, Mondesir RJ, Mun DG, Ding A, Lombaert IM, Coppes RP, Emperumal CP, Pandey A, Janus JR, Kannan N. The Mayo Clinic Salivary Tissue-Organoid Biobanking: A Resource for Salivary Regeneration Research. bioRxiv 2024:2024.02.23.581761. [PMID: 38464033 PMCID: PMC10925098 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.23.581761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The salivary gland (SG) is an essential organ that secretes saliva, which supports versatile oral function throughout life, and is maintained by elusive epithelial stem and progenitor cells (SGSPC). Unfortunately, aging, drugs, autoimmune disorders, and cancer treatments can lead to salivary dysfunction and associated health consequences. Despite many ongoing therapeutic efforts to mediate those conditions, investigating human SGSPC is challenging due to lack of standardized tissue collection, limited tissue access, and inadequate purification methods. Herein, we established a diverse and clinically annotated salivary regenerative biobanking at the Mayo Clinic, optimizing viable salivary cell isolation and clonal assays in both 2D and 3D-matrigel growth environments. Our analysis identified ductal epithelial cells in vitro enriched with SGSPC expressing the CD24/EpCAM/CD49f+ and PSMA- phenotype. We identified PSMA expression as a reliable SGSPC differentiation marker. Moreover, we identified progenitor cell types with shared phenotypes exhibiting three distinct clonal patterns of salivary differentiation in a 2D environment. Leveraging innovative label-free unbiased LC-MS/MS-based single-cell proteomics, we identified 819 proteins across 71 single cell proteome datasets from purified progenitor-enriched parotid gland (PG) and sub-mandibular gland (SMG) cultures. We identified distinctive co-expression of proteins, such as KRT1/5/13/14/15/17/23/76 and 79, exclusively observed in rare, scattered salivary ductal basal cells, indicating the potential de novo source of SGSPC. We also identified an entire class of peroxiredoxin peroxidases, enriched in PG than SMG, and attendant H2O2-dependent cell proliferation in vitro suggesting a potential role for PRDX-dependent floodgate oxidative signaling in salivary homeostasis. The distinctive clinical resources and research insights presented here offer a foundation for exploring personalized regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Rita Varela
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Aalim Khaderi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ronsard J Mondesir
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Dong-Gi Mun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Andrew Ding
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Isabelle M.A. Lombaert
- Biologic and Materials Sciences and Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 N. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2900 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rob P. Coppes
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Biomedical Sciences, Section Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Jeffrey R. Janus
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Center for Regenerative Biotherapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Nagarajan Kannan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Center for Regenerative Biotherapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Rius-Salvador M, García-Múrria MJ, Rusu L, Bañó-Polo M, León R, Geller R, Mingarro I, Martinez-Gil L. Cetylpyridinium chloride and chlorhexidine show antiviral activity against Influenza A virus and Respiratory Syncytial virus in vitro. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297291. [PMID: 38363760 PMCID: PMC10871507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oral cavity is the site of entry and replication for many respiratory viruses. Furthermore, it is the source of droplets and aerosols that facilitate viral transmission. It is thought that appropriate oral hygiene that alters viral infectivity might reduce the spread of respiratory viruses and contribute to infection control. MATERIALS AND METHODS Here, we analyzed the antiviral activity of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), chlorhexidine (CHX), and three commercial CPC and CHX-containing mouthwash preparations against the Influenza A virus and the Respiratory syncytial virus. To do so the aforementioned compounds and preparations were incubated with the Influenza A virus or with the Respiratory syncytial virus. Next, we analyzed the viability of the treated viral particles. RESULTS Our results indicate that CPC and CHX decrease the infectivity of both the Influenza A virus and the Respiratory Syncytial virus in vitro between 90 and 99.9% depending on the concentration. Likewise, CPC and CHX-containing mouthwash preparations were up to 99.99% effective in decreasing the viral viability of both the Influenza A virus and the Respiratory syncytial virus in vitro. CONCLUSION The use of a mouthwash containing CPC or CHX alone or in combination might represent a cost-effective measure to limit infection and spread of enveloped respiratory viruses infecting the oral cavity, aiding in reducing viral transmission. Our findings may stimulate future clinical studies to evaluate the effects of CPC and CHX in reducing viral respiratory transmissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Rius-Salvador
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut Universitari de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Maria Jesús García-Múrria
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut Universitari de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Luciana Rusu
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), UV-CSIC, Paterna, Spain
| | - Manuel Bañó-Polo
- Department of Microbiology, DENTAID Research Center, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Rubén León
- Department of Microbiology, DENTAID Research Center, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Ron Geller
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), UV-CSIC, Paterna, Spain
| | - Ismael Mingarro
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut Universitari de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Luis Martinez-Gil
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut Universitari de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
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18
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Hoki M, Yamada Y, Hiratomo E, Hirata M, Takeuchi Y, Yoshimatsu M, Kikuchi M, Kishimoto Y, Marx A, Haga H. Expression of FOXI1 and POU2F3 varies among different salivary gland neoplasms and is higher in Warthin tumor. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:36. [PMID: 38358561 PMCID: PMC10869675 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-00892-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Salivary gland tumors are histologically diverse. Ionocytes and tuft cells, rare epithelial cells found in normal salivary glands, might be associated with salivary tumors. Here, we explored the expression of FOXI1 and POU2F3, master regulators of ionocytes and tuft cells, respectively, for common salivary neoplasms using immunohistochemistry. METHODS We analyzed normal salivary tissues and nine salivary gland tumors; Warthin tumors (WT), pleomorphic adenomas (PA), basal cell adenomas, and oncocytomas were benign, whereas mucoepidermoid, adenoid cystic, acinic cell, salivary duct carcinomas, and polymorphous adenocarcinomas were malignant. RESULTS Normal salivary glands contained a few FOXI1- and POU2F3-positive cells in the ducts instead of the acini, consistent with ionocytes and tuft cells, respectively. Among the benign tumors, only WTs and PAs consistently expressed FOXI1 (10/10 and 9/10, respectively). The median H-score of WTs was significantly higher than that of PAs (17.5 vs. 4, P = 0.01). While WTs and PAs harbored POU2F3-positive cells (10/10 and 9/10, respectively), the median H-score was higher in WTs than in PAs (10.5 vs 4, respectively). Furthermore, WTs exhibited a unique staining pattern of FOXI1- and POU2F3-positive cells, which were present in luminal and abluminal locations, respectively. Whereas none of the malignant tumors expressed FOXI1, only adenoid cystic carcinoma consistently expressed POU2F3 (5/5), with a median H-score of 4. CONCLUSION The expression patterns of the characteristic transcription factors found in ionocytes and tuft cells vary among salivary gland tumor types and are higher in WT, which might be relevant for understanding and diagnosing salivary gland neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Hoki
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yosuke Yamada
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Emi Hiratomo
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hirata
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Takeuchi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Yoshimatsu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kikuchi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yo Kishimoto
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Alexander Marx
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hironori Haga
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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19
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Abela IA, Schwarzmüller M, Ulyte A, Radtke T, Haile SR, Ammann P, Raineri A, Rueegg S, Epp S, Berger C, Böni J, Manrique A, Audigé A, Huber M, Schreiber PW, Scheier T, Fehr J, Weber J, Rusert P, Günthard HF, Kouyos RD, Puhan MA, Kriemler S, Trkola A, Pasin C. Cross-protective HCoV immunity reduces symptom development during SARS-CoV-2 infection. mBio 2024; 15:e0272223. [PMID: 38270455 PMCID: PMC10865973 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02722-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous clinical parameters link to severe coronavirus disease 2019, but factors that prevent symptomatic disease remain unknown. We investigated the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and endemic human coronavirus (HCoV) antibody responses on symptoms in a longitudinal children cohort (n = 2,917) and a cross-sectional cohort including children and adults (n = 882), all first exposed to SARS-CoV-2 (March 2020 to March 2021) in Switzerland. Saliva (n = 4,993) and plasma (n = 7,486) antibody reactivity to the four HCoVs (subunit S1 [S1]) and SARS-CoV-2 (S1, receptor binding domain, subunit S2 [S2], nucleocapsid protein) was determined along with neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan, Alpha, Delta, and Omicron (BA.2) in a subset of individuals. Inferred recent SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with a strong correlation between mucosal and systemic SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike responses. Individuals with pre-existing HCoV-S1 reactivity exhibited significantly higher antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in both plasma (IgG regression coefficients = 0.20, 95% CI = [0.09, 0.32], P < 0.001) and saliva (IgG regression coefficient = 0.60, 95% CI = [0.088, 1.11], P = 0.025). Saliva neutralization activity was modest but surprisingly broad, retaining activity against Wuhan (median NT50 = 32.0, 1Q-3Q = [16.4, 50.2]), Alpha (median NT50 = 34.9, 1Q-3Q = [26.0, 46.6]), and Delta (median NT50 = 28.0, 1Q-3Q = [19.9, 41.7]). In line with a rapid mucosal defense triggered by cross-reactive HCoV immunity, asymptomatic individuals presented with higher pre-existing HCoV-S1 activity in plasma (IgG HKU1, odds ratio [OR] = 0.53, 95% CI = [0.29,0.97], P = 0.038) and saliva (total HCoV, OR = 0.55, 95% CI = [0.33, 0.91], P = 0.019) and higher SARS-CoV-2 reactivity in saliva (IgG S2 fold change = 1.26, 95% CI = [1.03, 1.54], P = 0.030). By investigating the systemic and mucosal immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and HCoVs in a population without prior exposure to SARS-CoV-2 or vaccination, we identified specific antibody reactivities associated with lack of symptom development.IMPORTANCEKnowledge of the interplay between human coronavirus (HCoV) immunity and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is critical to understanding the coexistence of current endemic coronaviruses and to building knowledge potential future zoonotic coronavirus transmissions. This study, which retrospectively analyzed a large cohort of individuals first exposed to SARS-CoV-2 in Switzerland in 2020-2021, revealed several key findings. Pre-existing HCoV immunity, particularly mucosal antibody responses, played a significant role in improving SARS-CoV-2 immune response upon infection and reducing symptoms development. Mucosal neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2, although low in magnitude, retained activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants underlining the importance of maintaining local mucosal immunity to SARS-CoV-2. While the cross-protective effect of HCoV immunity was not sufficient to block infection by SARS-CoV-2, the present study revealed a remarkable impact on limiting symptomatic disease. These findings support the feasibility of generating pan-protective coronavirus vaccines by inducing potent mucosal immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene A. Abela
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Agne Ulyte
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Radtke
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah R. Haile
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Priska Ammann
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessia Raineri
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Rueegg
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Selina Epp
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Jürg Böni
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Amapola Manrique
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annette Audigé
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Huber
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter W. Schreiber
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Scheier
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Fehr
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jacqueline Weber
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Rusert
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Huldrych F. Günthard
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger D. Kouyos
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Milo A. Puhan
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susi Kriemler
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Trkola
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chloé Pasin
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Collegium Helveticum, Zurich, Switzerland
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20
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Song Y, Mehl F, Zeichner SL. Vaccine Strategies to Elicit Mucosal Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:191. [PMID: 38400174 PMCID: PMC10892965 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are essential tools to prevent infection and control transmission of infectious diseases that threaten public health. Most infectious agents enter their hosts across mucosal surfaces, which make up key first lines of host defense against pathogens. Mucosal immune responses play critical roles in host immune defense to provide durable and better recall responses. Substantial attention has been focused on developing effective mucosal vaccines to elicit robust localized and systemic immune responses by administration via mucosal routes. Mucosal vaccines that elicit effective immune responses yield protection superior to parenterally delivered vaccines. Beyond their valuable immunogenicity, mucosal vaccines can be less expensive and easier to administer without a need for injection materials and more highly trained personnel. However, developing effective mucosal vaccines faces many challenges, and much effort has been directed at their development. In this article, we review the history of mucosal vaccine development and present an overview of mucosal compartment biology and the roles that mucosal immunity plays in defending against infection, knowledge that has helped inform mucosal vaccine development. We explore new progress in mucosal vaccine design and optimization and novel approaches created to improve the efficacy and safety of mucosal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Song
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (Y.S.)
| | - Frances Mehl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (Y.S.)
| | - Steven L. Zeichner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (Y.S.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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21
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Guo X, Zhang M, Feng Y, Liu X, Wang C, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Zhang D, Guo Y. Transcriptome analysis of salivary glands of rabies-virus-infected mice. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1354936. [PMID: 38380102 PMCID: PMC10877373 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1354936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease that poses a threat to public health. Rabies virus (RABV) is excreted in the saliva of infected animals, and is primarily transmitted by bite. The role of the salivary glands in virus propagation is significant, but has been less studied in the pathogenic mechanisms of RABV. To identify functionally important genes in the salivary glands, we used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to establish and analyze mRNA expression profiles in parotid tissue infected with two RABV strains, CVS-11 and PB4. The biological functions of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were determined by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, which revealed 3,764 DEGs (678 up-regulated and 3,086 down-regulated) in the CVS-11 infected group and 4,557 DEGs (874 up-regulated and 3,683 down-regulated) in the PB4 infected group. Various biological processes are involved, including the salivary secretion pathway and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt (PI3K-Akt) signaling pathway. This study provides the first mapping of the transcriptome changes in response to RABV infection in parotid tissue, offering new insights into the study of RABV-affected salivary gland function and RABV pathogenic mechanisms in parotid tissue. The salivary gland-enriched transcripts may be potential targets of interest for rabies disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Maolin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ye Feng
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chongyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yannan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zichen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Danwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yidi Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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22
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Brunello G, Wolf V, Kerberger R, Bernhard M, Lübke N, Becker J, Schwarz-Herzke B, Timm J, Becker K. Eligibility and efficacy of a CPC- and CHX-based antiviral mouthwash for the elimination of SARS-CoV-2 from the saliva: A randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol 2024; 51:158-166. [PMID: 38058254 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed at investigating the efficacy of a 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride-0.05% chlorhexidine (CPC-CHX) mouthwash in reducing viral load in the saliva as compared with sterile water. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty SARS-CoV-2 positive patients were asked to dispense 4 mL of saliva. Half the patients rinsed for 60 s with 15 mL CPC-CHX, and the remaining patients rinsed with sterile water (control). Four millilitres of saliva were collected after 15, 30 and 60 min after rinsing. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) specific for SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein were performed. For ELISA, the intact (representing the active virus) to total virus load (I/T) was calculated. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2 copy numbers/mL from RT-qPCR tended to decrease in the control group, whereas in the CPC-CHX group, an increase was observed after T30. However, mixed linear model analysis revealed no statistical differences between groups (p = .124), time points (p = .616) and vaccinated or non-vaccinated patients (p = .953). Similarly, no impact of group (p = .880), time points (p = .306) and vaccination (p = .711) was observed for I/T ratio values. CONCLUSIONS Within the limitation of this study, there was no evidence that the intervention reduced salivary SARS-CoV-2 viral load during the course of 60 min. Therefore, commonly used pre-procedural rinsing might not be clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Brunello
- Department of Oral Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Neurosciences, Dentistry Section, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Viktoria Wolf
- Department of Oral Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Robert Kerberger
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Bernhard
- Emergency Department, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nadine Lübke
- Institute of Virology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Becker
- Department of Oral Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Beryl Schwarz-Herzke
- Institute for Anatomy II, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jörg Timm
- Institute of Virology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kathrin Becker
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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23
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Caetano A, Sharpe P. Redefining Mucosal Inflammation with Spatial Genomics. J Dent Res 2024; 103:129-137. [PMID: 38166489 PMCID: PMC10845836 DOI: 10.1177/00220345231216114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The human oral mucosa contains one of the most complex cellular systems that are essential for normal physiology and defense against a wide variety of local pathogens. Evolving techniques and experimental systems have helped refine our understanding of this complex cellular network. Current single-cell RNA sequencing methods can resolve subtle differences between cell types and states, thus providing a great tool for studying the molecular and cellular repertoire of the oral mucosa in health and disease. However, it requires the dissociation of tissue samples, which means that the interrelationships between cells are lost. Spatial transcriptomic methods bypass tissue dissociation and retain this spatial information, thereby allowing gene expression to be assessed across thousands of cells within the context of tissue structural organization. Here, we discuss the contribution of spatial technologies in shaping our understanding of this complex system. We consider the impact on identifying disease cellular neighborhoods and how space defines cell state. We also discuss the limitations and future directions of spatial sequencing technologies with recent advances in machine learning. Finally, we offer a perspective on open questions about mucosal homeostasis that these technologies are well placed to address.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.J. Caetano
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Barts Centre for Squamous Cancer, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - P.T. Sharpe
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
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24
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Gorgzadeh A, Nazari A, Ali Ehsan Ismaeel A, Safarzadeh D, Hassan JAK, Mohammadzadehsaliani S, Kheradjoo H, Yasamineh P, Yasamineh S. A state-of-the-art review of the recent advances in exosome isolation and detection methods in viral infection. Virol J 2024; 21:34. [PMID: 38291452 PMCID: PMC10829349 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02301-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteins, RNA, DNA, lipids, and carbohydrates are only some of the molecular components found in exosomes released by tumor cells. They play an essential role in healthy and diseased cells as messengers of short- and long-distance intercellular communication. However, since exosomes are released by every kind of cell and may be found in blood and other bodily fluids, they may one day serve as biomarkers for a wide range of disorders. In many pathological conditions, including cancer, inflammation, and infection, they play a role. It has been shown that the biogenesis of exosomes is analogous to that of viruses and that the exosomal cargo plays an essential role in the propagation, dissemination, and infection of several viruses. Bidirectional modulation of the immune response is achieved by the ability of exosomes associated with viruses to facilitate immunological escape and stimulate the body's antiviral immune response. Recently, exosomes have received a lot of interest due to their potential therapeutic use as biomarkers for viral infections such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and SARS-CoV-2. This article discusses the purification procedures and detection techniques for exosomes and examines the research on exosomes as a biomarker of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad Nazari
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Diba Safarzadeh
- Vocational School of Health Service, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Jawad A K Hassan
- National University of Science and Technology, Nasiriyah, Dhi Qar, Iraq
| | | | | | - Pooneh Yasamineh
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saman Yasamineh
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
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25
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Zheng L, Shi L, Wu X, Hu P, Zhang B, Han X, Wang K, Li X, Yang F, Wang Y, Li X, Qiao R. Advances in Research on Pig Salivary Analytes: A Window to Reveal Pig Health and Physiological Status. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:374. [PMID: 38338017 PMCID: PMC10854898 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Saliva is an important exocrine fluid that is easy to collect and is a complex mixture of proteins and other molecules from multiple sources from which considerable biological information can be mined. Pig saliva, as an easily available biological liquid rich in bioactive ingredients, is rich in nucleic acid analytes, such as eggs, enzymes, amino acids, sugars, etc. The expression levels of these components in different diseases have received extensive attention, and the analysis of specific proteins, metabolites, and biological compositions in pig saliva has become a new direction for disease diagnosis and treatment. The study of the changes in analytes in pig saliva can provide a new strategy for early diagnosis, prognosis assessment, and treatment of diseases. In this paper, the detection methods and research progress of porcine salivary analytes are reviewed, the application and research progress of porcine salivary analytes in diseases are discussed, and the future application prospect is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ruimin Qiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (L.Z.); (L.S.)
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26
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Watanabe J, Iwamatsu-Kobayashi Y, Kikuchi K, Kajita T, Morishima H, Yamauchi K, Yashiro W, Nishimura H, Kanetaka H, Egusa H. Visualization of droplets and aerosols in simulated dental treatments to clarify the effectiveness of oral suction devices. J Prosthodont Res 2024; 68:85-91. [PMID: 36823102 DOI: 10.2186/jpr.jpr_d_23_00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The hazards of aerosols generated during dental treatments are poorly understood. This study aimed to establish visualization methods, discover conditions for droplets/aerosols generated in simulating dental treatments and identify the conditions for effective suction methods. METHODS The spreading area was evaluated via image analysis of the droplets/aerosols generated by a dental air turbine on a mannequin using a light emitting diode (LED) light source and high-speed camera. The effects of different bur types and treatment sites, reduction effect of intra-oral suction (IOS) and extra-oral suction (EOS) devices, and effect of EOS installation conditions were evaluated. RESULTS Regarding the bur types, a bud-shaped bur on the air turbine generated the most droplets/aerosols compared with round-shaped, round end-tapered, or needle-tapered burs. Regarding the treatment site, the area of droplets/aerosols produced by an air turbine from the palatal plane of the anterior maxillary teeth was significantly higher. The generated droplet/aerosol area was reduced by 92.1% by using IOS alone and 97.8% by combining IOS and EOS. EOS most effectively aspirated droplets/aerosols when placed close (10 cm) to the mouth in the vertical direction (0°). CONCLUSIONS The droplets/aerosols generated by an air turbine could be visualized using an LED light and a high-speed camera in simulating dental treatments. The bur shape and position of the dental air turbine considerably influenced droplet/aerosol diffusion. The combined use of IOS and EOS at a proper position (close and perpendicular to the mouth) facilitated effective diffusion prevention to protect the dental-care environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Watanabe
- Division of Dental Safety and System Management, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai
| | - Yoko Iwamatsu-Kobayashi
- Division of Dental Safety and System Management, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai
- Liaison Centre for Innovative Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai
| | - Kenji Kikuchi
- Biological Flow Studies Laboratory, Department of Finemechanics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai
| | - Tomonari Kajita
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology and Surgical Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai
| | - Hiromitsu Morishima
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai
| | - Kensuke Yamauchi
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai
| | - Wataru Yashiro
- Next-Generation Detection System Smart Lab, International Center for Synchrotron Radiation Innovation Smart (SRIS), Tohoku University, Sendai
- Frontier Quantum-beam Metrology Laboratory, Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, Sendai
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Nishimura
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, Sendai
| | - Hiroyasu Kanetaka
- Liaison Centre for Innovative Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai
| | - Hiroshi Egusa
- Division of Dental Safety and System Management, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai
- Liaison Centre for Innovative Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai
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27
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Marcotte H, Cao Y, Zuo F, Simonelli L, Sammartino JC, Pedotti M, Sun R, Cassaniti I, Hagbom M, Piralla A, Yang J, Du L, Percivalle E, Bertoglio F, Schubert M, Abolhassani H, Sherina N, Guerra C, Borte S, Rezaei N, Kumagai-Braesch M, Xue Y, Su C, Yan Q, He P, Grönwall C, Klareskog L, Calzolai L, Cavalli A, Wang Q, Robbiani DF, Hust M, Shi Z, Feng L, Svensson L, Chen L, Bao L, Baldanti F, Xiao J, Qin C, Hammarström L, Yang X, Varani L, Xie XS, Pan-Hammarström Q. Conversion of monoclonal IgG to dimeric and secretory IgA restores neutralizing ability and prevents infection of Omicron lineages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2315354120. [PMID: 38194459 PMCID: PMC10801922 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315354120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of Omicron lineages and descendent subvariants continues to present a severe threat to the effectiveness of vaccines and therapeutic antibodies. We have previously suggested that an insufficient mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA) response induced by the mRNA vaccines is associated with a surge in breakthrough infections. Here, we further show that the intramuscular mRNA and/or inactivated vaccines cannot sufficiently boost the mucosal secretory IgA response in uninfected individuals, particularly against the Omicron variant. We thus engineered and characterized recombinant monomeric, dimeric, and secretory IgA1 antibodies derived from four neutralizing IgG monoclonal antibodies (mAbs 01A05, rmAb23, DXP-604, and XG014) targeting the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein. Compared to their parental IgG antibodies, dimeric and secretory IgA1 antibodies showed a higher neutralizing activity against different variants of concern (VOCs), in part due to an increased avidity. Importantly, the dimeric or secretory IgA1 form of the DXP-604 antibody significantly outperformed its parental IgG antibody, and neutralized the Omicron lineages BA.1, BA.2, and BA.4/5 with a 25- to 75-fold increase in potency. In human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) transgenic mice, a single intranasal dose of the dimeric IgA DXP-604 conferred prophylactic and therapeutic protection against Omicron BA.5. Thus, dimeric or secretory IgA delivered by nasal administration may potentially be exploited for the treatment and prevention of Omicron infection, thereby providing an alternative tool for combating immune evasion by the current circulating subvariants and, potentially, future VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold Marcotte
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm17165, Sweden
| | - Yunlong Cao
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing102206, People’s Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Peking University, Beijing100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fanglei Zuo
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm17165, Sweden
| | - Luca Simonelli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona6500, Switzerland
| | - Josè Camilla Sammartino
- Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione Istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia27100, Italy
| | - Mattia Pedotti
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona6500, Switzerland
| | - Rui Sun
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm17165, Sweden
| | - Irene Cassaniti
- Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione Istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia27100, Italy
| | - Marie Hagbom
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping 58185, Sweden
| | - Antonio Piralla
- Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione Istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia27100, Italy
| | - Jinxuan Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Information, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming650023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Likun Du
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm17165, Sweden
| | - Elena Percivalle
- Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione Istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia27100, Italy
| | - Federico Bertoglio
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig38106, Germany
| | - Maren Schubert
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig38106, Germany
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm17165, Sweden
| | - Natalia Sherina
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm17165, Sweden
| | - Concetta Guerra
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona6500, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Borte
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital St. Georg, Leipzig04129, Germany
- ImmunoDeficiencyCenter Leipzig, Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases, Hospital St. Georg, Leipzig04129, Germany
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran14194, Iran
| | - Makiko Kumagai-Braesch
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm14186, Sweden
| | - Yintong Xue
- Department of Immunology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing100191, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Su
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qihong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Guangzhou510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping He
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Guangzhou510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Caroline Grönwall
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm17176, Sweden
| | - Lars Klareskog
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm17176, Sweden
- Rheumatology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm17176, Sweden
| | - Luigi Calzolai
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra21027, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona6500, Switzerland
| | - Qiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Education/National Health Commission/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Davide F. Robbiani
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona6500, Switzerland
| | - Michael Hust
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig38106, Germany
| | - Zhengli Shi
- State Key laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei430071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liqiang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Guangzhou510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lennart Svensson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping 58185, Sweden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm17177, Sweden
| | - Ling Chen
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou510005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linlin Bao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing100021, People’s Republic of China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Animal Model, Beijing102206, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione Istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia27100, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia27100, Italy
| | - Junyu Xiao
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing102206, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing100021, People’s Republic of China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Animal Model, Beijing102206, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lennart Hammarström
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm17165, Sweden
| | - Xinglou Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Information, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming650023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Luca Varani
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona6500, Switzerland
| | - Xiaoliang Sunney Xie
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing102206, People’s Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Peking University, Beijing100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Pan-Hammarström
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm17165, Sweden
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Uddin MKM, Hossain ME, Ami JQ, Hasan R, Hasan MM, Islam A, Hasan MJ, Shaly NJ, Ahmed S, Samina P, Rahman MZ, Rahman M, Banu S. SalivaDirect: an alternative to a conventional RNA extraction protocol for molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 in a clinical setting. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0327223. [PMID: 38014980 PMCID: PMC10783095 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03272-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Affordable and accessible tests for COVID-19 allow for timely disease treatment and pandemic management. SalivaDirect is a faster and easier method to implement than NPS sampling. Patients can self-collect saliva samples at home or in other non-clinical settings without the help of a healthcare professional. Sample processing in SalivaDirect is less complex and more adaptable than in conventional nucleic acid extraction methods. We found that SalivaDirect has good diagnostic performance and is ideal for large-scale testing in settings where supplies may be limited or trained healthcare professionals are unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Enayet Hossain
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jenifar Quaiyum Ami
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashedul Hasan
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Mahmudul Hasan
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ashabul Islam
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Jahid Hasan
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nusrat Jahan Shaly
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shahriar Ahmed
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Pushpita Samina
- Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohammed Ziaur Rahman
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mustafizur Rahman
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sayera Banu
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Khavandgar Z, Warner BM, Baer AN. Evaluation and management of dry mouth and its complications in rheumatology practice. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2024; 20:1-19. [PMID: 37823475 PMCID: PMC10841379 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2023.2268283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The symptom of dry mouth has multiple potential etiologies and can be a diagnostic clue to the presence of common systemic diseases encountered in rheumatology practice. The presence of decreased saliva flow (i.e. salivary hypofunction) defines a subset of dry mouth patients in whom there may be reversible drug effects, an iatrogenic insult such as head and neck irradiation, or a disease that directly involves the salivary glands (e.g. Sjögren's disease). The assessment of salivary hypofunction includes sialometry, salivary gland imaging, salivary gland biopsy, and an assessment for relevant systemic diseases. Optimal management of dry mouth requires accurate definition of its cause, followed by general measures that serve to alleviate its symptoms and prevent its complications. AREAS COVERED Through a literature search on xerostomia and salivary hypofunction, we provide an overview of the causes of dry mouth, highlight the potential impact of salivary hypofunction on oral and systemic health, detail routine evaluation methods and treatment strategies, and emphasize the importance of collaboration with oral health care providers. EXPERT OPINION Our Expert Opinion is provided on unmet needs in the management of dry mouth and relevant research progress in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Khavandgar
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Blake M. Warner
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Alan N. Baer
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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30
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Bemquerer LM, Oliveira SR, de Arruda JAA, Costa FPD, Miguita L, Bemquerer ALM, de Sena ACVP, de Souza AF, Mendes DF, Schneider AH, Azevedo MDCS, Travassos DV, Garlet GP, Cunha FDQ, de Aguiar RS, de Souza RP, Gomez RS, Spahr A, Obregon-Miano F, Abreu LG, Costa FO, Silva TA. Clinical, immunological, and microbiological analysis of the association between periodontitis and COVID-19: a case-control study. Odontology 2024; 112:208-220. [PMID: 37058199 PMCID: PMC10103045 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-023-00811-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Periodontitis and coronavirus disease (COVID-19) share risk factors and activate similar immunopathological pathways, intensifying systemic inflammation. This study investigated the clinical, immunological and microbiological parameters in individuals with COVID-19 and controls, exploring whether periodontitis-driven inflammation contributes to worsening COVID-19 endpoints. METHODS Case (positive RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2) and control (negative RT-PCR) individuals underwent clinical and periodontal assessments. Salivary levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, OPG, RANKL, neutrophil extracellular traps, and subgingival biofilm were analyzed at two timepoints. Data on COVID-19-related outcomes and comorbidity information were evaluated from medical records. RESULTS Ninety-nine cases of COVID-19 and 182 controls were included for analysis. Periodontitis was associated with more hospitalization (p = 0.009), more days in the intensive care unit (ICU) (p = 0.042), admission to the semi-ICU (p = 0.047), and greater need for oxygen therapy (p = 0.042). After adjustment for confounders, periodontitis resulted in a 1.13-fold increase in the chance of hospitalization. Salivary IL-6 levels (p = 0.010) were increased in individuals with COVID-19 and periodontitis. Periodontitis was associated with increased RANKL and IL-1β after COVID-19. No significant changes were observed in the bacterial loads of the periodontopathogens Porphyromona gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Tanerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola. CONCLUSIONS Periodontitis was associated with worse COVID-19 outcomes, suggesting the relevance of periodontal care to reduce the burden of overall inflammation. Understanding the crosstalk between SARS-CoV-2 infection and chronic conditions such as periodontitis that can influence disease outcome is important to potentially prevent complications of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Marques Bemquerer
- Department of Oral Surgery, Pathology and Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Room 3204, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP: 31.270-910, Brazil
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sicília Rezende Oliveira
- Department of Oral Surgery, Pathology and Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Room 3204, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP: 31.270-910, Brazil
| | - José Alcides Almeida de Arruda
- Department of Oral Surgery, Pathology and Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Room 3204, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP: 31.270-910, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Pereira Delgado Costa
- Department of Social and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lucyene Miguita
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Luisa Marques Bemquerer
- Department of Oral Surgery, Pathology and Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Room 3204, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP: 31.270-910, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Velasco Pondé de Sena
- Department of Oral Surgery, Pathology and Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Room 3204, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP: 31.270-910, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Figueiredo de Souza
- Department of Oral Surgery, Pathology and Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Room 3204, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP: 31.270-910, Brazil
| | - Daniel Fajardo Mendes
- Department of Dentistry, Hospital Eduardo de Menezes, Fundação Hospitalar Do Estado de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ayda Henriques Schneider
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Denise Vieira Travassos
- Department of Social and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Pompermaier Garlet
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry of Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando de Queiroz Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato Santana de Aguiar
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Renan Pedra de Souza
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Santiago Gomez
- Department of Oral Surgery, Pathology and Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Room 3204, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP: 31.270-910, Brazil
| | - Axel Spahr
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Fabian Obregon-Miano
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lucas Guimarães Abreu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Oral Health, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernando Oliveira Costa
- Department of Oral Surgery, Pathology and Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Room 3204, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP: 31.270-910, Brazil
| | - Tarcília Aparecida Silva
- Department of Oral Surgery, Pathology and Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Room 3204, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP: 31.270-910, Brazil.
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Platt A, Singh M, Stein S, Soherwardi S, de Wit E, Chertow DS. Replication-Competent Virus Detected in Blood of a Fatal COVID-19 Case. Ann Intern Med 2024; 177:113-115. [PMID: 38079637 PMCID: PMC10714275 DOI: 10.7326/l23-0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Platt
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, and Critical Care Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Manmeet Singh
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sydney Stein
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, and Critical Care Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Emmie de Wit
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Daniel S Chertow
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, and Critical Care Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Bezinelli LM, Corrêa L, Beyerstedt S, Rangel ÉB, Benitez C, Hamerschlak N, Pinho JRR, Heller D, Eduardo FDP. Antimicrobial oral lavage reduces the SARS-CoV-2 load in intubated patients: randomized clinical trial. J Oral Microbiol 2023; 15:2152179. [PMID: 37152554 PMCID: PMC10161956 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2022.2152179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The oral cavity can be a reservoir for SARS-CoV-2 and may play a crucial role in the viral transmission in the hospital environment. Objective To investigate whether an oral hygiene protocol with chlorhexidine (CHX) used alone and in combination with hydrogen peroxide (HP) in the intensive care unit was effective in reducing the SARS-CoV-2 viral load in the oral cavity. Methods SARS-CoV-2 viral load was measured on oral fluid samples collected from patients undergoing orotracheal intubation. The study sample was randomly in: CHX group (n = 19) - oral rinse using only 0.12% CHX solution; HP+CHX group (n = 24) - oral rinse with 1.5% HP and 0.12% CHX. The samples were collected before the interventions (T0), immediately (T1), 30 minutes (T2) and 60 minutes (T3) after the procedure. Results A significant viral load reduction was observed at T1 (mean ± SD:-0.57 ± 0.19 log10;-73.2%;p = 0.022) in the HP+CHX group. No statistically significant differences between any time points were observed in the CHX group. Conclusion The HP+CHX oral rinses significantly reduced the SARS-CoV-2 viral load in the oral fluid immediately after the procedure. The CHX oral rinse alone did not result in any significant viral load reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luciana Corrêa
- School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Érika Bevilaqua Rangel
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
- Nephorology Division, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Benitez
- Latin American Oral Health Association, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Debora Heller
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Bellocchio L, Dipalma G, Inchingolo AM, Inchingolo AD, Ferrante L, Del Vecchio G, Malcangi G, Palermo A, Qendro A, Inchingolo F. COVID-19 on Oral Health: A New Bilateral Connection for the Pandemic. Biomedicines 2023; 12:60. [PMID: 38255167 PMCID: PMC10813615 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and transmission are generally known to be produced by respiratory droplets and aerosols from the oral cavity (O.C.) of infected subjects, as stated by the World Health Organization. Saliva also retains the viral particles and aids in the spread of COVID-19. Angiotensin-converting enzyme Type 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) are two of the numerous factors that promote SARS-CoV-2 infection, expressed by O.C. structures, various mucosa types, and the epithelia of salivary glands. A systemic SARS-CoV-2 infection might result from viral replication in O.C. cells. On the other hand, cellular damage of different subtypes in the O.C. might be associated with various clinical signs and symptoms. Factors interfering with SARS-CoV-2 infection potential might represent fertile ground for possible local pharmacotherapeutic interventions, which may confine SARS-CoV-2 virus entry and transmission in the O.C., finally representing a way to reduce COVID-19 incidence and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Bellocchio
- INSERM, U1215 NeuroCentre Magendie, Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation, University of Bordeaux, 33063 Bordeaux, France;
| | - Gianna Dipalma
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Study “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.M.I.); (A.D.I.); (L.F.); (G.D.V.); (F.I.)
| | - Angelo Michele Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Study “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.M.I.); (A.D.I.); (L.F.); (G.D.V.); (F.I.)
| | - Alessio Danilo Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Study “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.M.I.); (A.D.I.); (L.F.); (G.D.V.); (F.I.)
| | - Laura Ferrante
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Study “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.M.I.); (A.D.I.); (L.F.); (G.D.V.); (F.I.)
| | - Gaetano Del Vecchio
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Study “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.M.I.); (A.D.I.); (L.F.); (G.D.V.); (F.I.)
| | - Giuseppina Malcangi
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Study “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.M.I.); (A.D.I.); (L.F.); (G.D.V.); (F.I.)
| | - Andrea Palermo
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, Birmingham B4 6BN, UK;
| | - Andis Qendro
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine, 1005 Tirana, Albania;
| | - Francesco Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Study “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.M.I.); (A.D.I.); (L.F.); (G.D.V.); (F.I.)
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Shen Y, Voigt A, Goranova L, Abed M, Kleiner DE, Maldonado JO, Beach M, Pelayo E, Chiorini JA, Craft WF, Ostrov DA, Ramiya V, Sukumaran S, Brown AN, Hanrahan KC, Tuanyok A, Warner BM, Nguyen CQ. Evidence of a Sjögren's disease-like phenotype following COVID-19 in mice and humans. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e166540. [PMID: 37676726 PMCID: PMC10807711 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.166540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's Disease (SjD) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic inflammation of the lacrimal and salivary glands (SG), dry eyes and mouth, and systemic symptoms. SARS-CoV-2 may trigger the development or progression of autoimmune diseases. To test this, we used a mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 infection and convalescent patients' blood and SG in order to understand the development of SjD-like autoimmunity after infection. First, SARS-CoV-2-infected human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) transgenic mice exhibited decreased salivation, elevated antinuclear antibodies (ANA), and lymphocytic infiltration in the lacrimal and SG. The sera from patients with COVID-19 sera showed increased ANA (i.e., anti-SSA [Sjögren's-syndrome-related antigen A]/anti-Ro52 and anti-SSB [SS-antigen B]/anti-La). Male patients showed elevated anti-SSA compared with female patients, and female patients exhibited diverse ANA patterns. SG biopsies from convalescent COVID-19 patients were microscopically similar to SjD SG with focal lymphocytic infiltrates in 4 of 6 patients and 2 of 6 patients exhibiting focus scores of at least 2. Lastly, monoclonal antibodies produced in recovered patients blocked ACE2/spike interaction and cross-reacted with nuclear antigens. Our study shows a direct association between SARS-CoV-2 and SjD. Hallmark features of SjD-affected SGs were histologically indistinguishable from convalescent COVID-19 patients. The results implicate that SARS-CoV-2 could be an environmental trigger for SjD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Shen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Alexandria Voigt
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Laura Goranova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mehdi Abed
- Salivary Disorder Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David E. Kleiner
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jose O. Maldonado
- Salivary Disorder Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- AAV Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Center for Oral Health Integration, HealthPartners Institute, Bloomington, MN, USA
| | - Margaret Beach
- Salivary Disorder Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Eileen Pelayo
- Salivary Disorder Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John A. Chiorini
- AAV Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William F. Craft
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, and
| | - David A. Ostrov
- Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Vijay Ramiya
- LifeSouth Community Blood Centers, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Ashley N. Brown
- Institute for Therapeutic Innovation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Kaley C. Hanrahan
- Institute for Therapeutic Innovation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Apichai Tuanyok
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Blake M. Warner
- Salivary Disorder Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cuong Q. Nguyen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry and
- Center of Orphaned Autoimmune Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Warner B, Pranzatelli T, Perez P, Ku A, Matuck BF, Huynh K, Sakai S, Abed M, Jang SI, Yamada E, Dominick K, Ahmed Z, Oliver A, Wasikowski R, Easter Q, Magone MT, Baer A, Pelayo E, Khavandgar Z, Gupta S, Kleiner D, Lessard C, Farris A, Martin D, Morell R, Zheng C, Rachmaninoff N, Maldonado-Ortiz J, Qu X, Aure M, Dezfulian M, Lake R, Teichmann S, Barber D, Tsoi L, Sowalsky A, Tyc K, Gudjonsson J, Byrd K, Johnson P, Liu J, Chiorini J. GZMK+CD8+ T cells Target a Specific Acinar Cell Type in Sjögren's Disease. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-3601404. [PMID: 38196575 PMCID: PMC10775371 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3601404/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Sjögren's Disease (SjD) is a systemic autoimmune disease without a clear etiology or effective therapy. Utilizing unbiased single-cell and spatial transcriptomics to analyze human minor salivary glands in health and disease we developed a comprehensive understanding of the cellular landscape of healthy salivary glands and how that landscape changes in SjD patients. We identified novel seromucous acinar cell types and identified a population of PRR4+CST3+WFDC2- seromucous acinar cells that are particularly targeted in SjD. Notably, GZMK+CD8 T cells, enriched in SjD, exhibited a cytotoxic phenotype and were physically associated with immune-engaged epithelial cells in disease. These findings shed light on the immune response's impact on transitioning acinar cells with high levels of secretion and explain the loss of this specific cell population in SjD. This study explores the complex interplay of varied cell types in the salivary glands and their role in the pathology of Sjögren's Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake Warner
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
| | | | | | - Anson Ku
- Laboratory of Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute
| | | | | | | | - Mehdi Abed
- Salivary Disorders Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
| | | | - Eiko Yamada
- Salivary Disorders Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
| | - Kalie Dominick
- Salivary Disorders Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
| | - Zara Ahmed
- Salivary Disorders Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
| | | | | | | | | | - Alan Baer
- Sjögren's Clinical Investigations Team, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
| | | | - Zohreh Khavandgar
- Sjögren's Clinical Investigations Team, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
| | - Sarthak Gupta
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
| | - David Kleiner
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute
| | - Christopher Lessard
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation
| | - A Farris
- Oklahoma Medical Research Fd. OMRF
| | | | - Robert Morell
- Genomics and Computational Biology Core, National Institutes on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH
| | - Changyu Zheng
- Genomics and Computational Biology Core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
| | | | | | - Xufeng Qu
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Marit Aure
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
| | | | - Ross Lake
- Laboratory of Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis (LCGP) Microscopy Core Facility, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute
| | | | - Daniel Barber
- T-lymphocyte Biology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
| | - Lam Tsoi
- Medical University of South Carolina
| | | | - Katarzyna Tyc
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | | | - Kevin Byrd
- Lab of Oral & Craniofacial Innovation (LOCI), Department of Innovation & Technology Research, ADA Science & Research Institute
| | - Philip Johnson
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland College Park
| | | | - John Chiorini
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
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Bezinelli LM, Corrêa L, Beyerstedt S, Franco ML, Rangel ÉB, Benítez CG, Hamerschlak N, Pinho JR, Heller D, Eduardo FP. Reduction of SARS-CoV-2 viral load in saliva after rinsing with mouthwashes containing cetylpyridinium chloride: a randomized clinical study. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15080. [PMID: 38130922 PMCID: PMC10734404 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Symptomatic patients with COVID-19 typically have a high SARS-CoV-2 viral load in their saliva. Procedures to reduce the viral load in their oral cavity are important for mitigating the viral transmission. Methods This randomized clinical trial investigated the impact of two mouthwashes (0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride plus 0.28% zinc lactate (CPC+Zn) (n = 32), and 0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) (n = 31)) on the viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva when compared to the distilled water negative control (n = 32). Saliva was collected before (T0) and after (5 min, T1; 30 min, T2; and 60 min, T3) the intervention. Viral load in saliva was measured by qRT-PCR assays. The data in both groups was normalized for T0 and Negative Control, resulting in fold change values. Results CPC+Zn oral solution reduced the viral load in saliva by 6.34-fold at T1, 3.6-fold at T2 and 1.9-fold at T3. Rinsing with the CPC mouthwash reduced the viral load in saliva by 2.5-fold at T1, 1.9-fold at T2 and 2.0-fold at T3. Conclusion CPC+Zn mouthwash or with the CPC mouthwash reduced the viral load in saliva of COVID-19 patients immediately after rinsing. These reductions extended up to 60 min.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Debora Heller
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
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Andreeva R, Sarkar A, Sarkar R. Machine learning and topological data analysis identify unique features of human papillae in 3D scans. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21529. [PMID: 38097616 PMCID: PMC10721919 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46535-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The tongue surface houses a range of papillae that are integral to the mechanics and chemistry of taste and textural sensation. Although gustatory function of papillae is well investigated, the uniqueness of papillae within and across individuals remains elusive. Here, we present the first machine learning framework on 3D microscopic scans of human papillae ([Formula: see text]), uncovering the uniqueness of geometric and topological features of papillae. The finer differences in shapes of papillae are investigated computationally based on a number of features derived from discrete differential geometry and computational topology. Interpretable machine learning techniques show that persistent homology features of the papillae shape are the most effective in predicting the biological variables. Models trained on these features with small volumes of data samples predict the type of papillae with an accuracy of 85%. The papillae type classification models can map the spatial arrangement of filiform and fungiform papillae on a surface. Remarkably, the papillae are found to be distinctive across individuals and an individual can be identified with an accuracy of 48% among the 15 participants from a single papillae. Collectively, this is the first evidence demonstrating that tongue papillae can serve as a unique identifier, and inspires a new research direction for food preferences and oral diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayna Andreeva
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anwesha Sarkar
- Food Colloids and Bioprocessing Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Rik Sarkar
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Caneparo V, Rinaldi C, Ferrante D, Ravanini P, Lo Cigno I, Cavalieri S, Gariglio M, Borgogna C. Longitudinal monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 viral load in self-collected saliva from health care workers during breakthrough infections to spare working days. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0255523. [PMID: 37982633 PMCID: PMC10714835 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02555-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) on nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) has been used as the standard method for detecting and monitoring SARS-CoV-2 infection during the pandemic. However, NPS collection often causes discomfort and poses a higher risk of transmission to health care workers (HCW). Furthermore, RT-qPCR only provides relative quantification and does not allow distinguishing those samples with residual, no longer active infection, whereas droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) allows for precise quantification of viral load, offering greater sensitivity and reproducibility. This study highlights the effectiveness of using self-collected saliva as a convenient and reliable sampling method. By utilizing ddPCR to measure the SARS-CoV-2 viral load in saliva samples, individuals with low or undetectable viral loads can be quickly identified. This approach is particularly advantageous for surveillance programs targeting HCW, as it enables the early identification and release of uninfected personnel, minimizing lost workdays. Additionally, analyzing viral load in saliva samples by ddPCR is valuable in determining virus shedding duration across different SARS-CoV-2 variants, informing transmission and disease control. Finally, testing saliva could overcome the detection of historic cases due to prolonged RNA swabbing past-infection and the unnecessary exclusion of those individuals from the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Caneparo
- CAAD-Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Carmela Rinaldi
- Aging Project, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Education and Research area, Health Professions Direction, Maggiore Della Carità Hospital, Novara, Italy
| | - Daniela Ferrante
- Medical Statistics, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Paolo Ravanini
- Unit of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, "Maggiore della Carità" Hospital, Novara, Italy
| | - Irene Lo Cigno
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Silvia Cavalieri
- Occupational Health Unit, Specialist Medical and Oncological Department, "Maggiore della Carità" University - Hospital, Novara, Italy
| | - Marisa Gariglio
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Cinzia Borgogna
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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Isabel S, Cohen-Silver J, Jung H, Tam B, Lota M, Sivilotti M, Agbaje N, Schwartz KL, Wormsbecker AE, Matukas LM, Chen Y. Swish and gargle saliva sampling is a patient-friendly and comparable alternative to nasopharyngeal swabs to detect SARS-CoV-2 in outpatient settings for adults and children. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0172323. [PMID: 37861316 PMCID: PMC10714816 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01723-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Widespread and frequent testing for COVID-19 was an important strategy to identify infected patients to isolate and control the spread of the disease during the pandemic. The nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) global supply chain and access to trained healthcare professionals for standard NPS collection were often compromised. Patient discomfort and limited access challenged health systems to reach large numbers for testing in adult and pediatric populations. Our study revealed that swish and gargle saliva (SGS) was comparable to NPS in detecting SARS-CoV-2 and more patient-friendly than NPS. Patients were more likely to repeat the test with SGS. SGS was amenable to self-collection instead of relying on skilled professionals. This comprehensive evaluation highlights the challenges of comparing the accuracy of new methods to imperfect gold standards and identifies additional patient-centric factors that should be considered when defining such standards. Thus, SGS is an advantageous alternative specimen collection for outpatient en masse testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Isabel
- Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justine Cohen-Silver
- Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- MAP Center for Urban Health Solutions, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hyejung Jung
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bridget Tam
- Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maya Lota
- Department of Paediatrics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Kevin L. Schwartz
- Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne E. Wormsbecker
- Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Larissa M. Matukas
- Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yan Chen
- Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Dezfulian MH, Kula T, Pranzatelli T, Kamitaki N, Meng Q, Khatri B, Perez P, Xu Q, Chang A, Kohlgruber AC, Leng Y, Jupudi AA, Joachims ML, Chiorini JA, Lessard CJ, Darise Farris A, Muthuswamy SK, Warner BM, Elledge SJ. TScan-II: A genome-scale platform for the de novo identification of CD4 + T cell epitopes. Cell 2023; 186:5569-5586.e21. [PMID: 38016469 PMCID: PMC10841602 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells play fundamental roles in orchestrating immune responses and tissue homeostasis. However, our inability to associate peptide human leukocyte antigen class-II (HLA-II) complexes with their cognate T cell receptors (TCRs) in an unbiased manner has hampered our understanding of CD4+ T cell function and role in pathologies. Here, we introduce TScan-II, a highly sensitive genome-scale CD4+ antigen discovery platform. This platform seamlessly integrates the endogenous HLA-II antigen-processing machinery in synthetic antigen-presenting cells and TCR signaling in T cells, enabling the simultaneous screening of multiple HLAs and TCRs. Leveraging genome-scale human, virome, and epitope mutagenesis libraries, TScan-II facilitates de novo antigen discovery and deep exploration of TCR specificity. We demonstrate TScan-II's potential for basic and translational research by identifying a non-canonical antigen for a cancer-reactive CD4+ T cell clone. Additionally, we identified two antigens for clonally expanded CD4+ T cells in Sjögren's disease, which bind distinct HLAs and are expressed in HLA-II-positive ductal cells within affected salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H Dezfulian
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tomasz Kula
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Pranzatelli
- Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nolan Kamitaki
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qingda Meng
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bhuwan Khatri
- Genes and Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Paola Perez
- Salivary Disorders Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Qikai Xu
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aiquan Chang
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ayano C Kohlgruber
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yumei Leng
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ananth Aditya Jupudi
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Departmentment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Michelle L Joachims
- Genes and Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - John A Chiorini
- Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher J Lessard
- Genes and Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - A Darise Farris
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Departmentment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Senthil K Muthuswamy
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Blake M Warner
- Salivary Disorders Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Loi LK, Yang CC, Lin YC, Su YF, Juan YC, Chen YH, Chang HC. Decoy peptides effectively inhibit the binding of SARS-CoV-2 to ACE2 on oral epithelial cells. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22614. [PMID: 38107325 PMCID: PMC10724569 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells involves the interaction between the viral spike protein and the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Given that the spike protein evolves rapidly to evade host immunity, therapeutics that block ACE2 accessibility, such as spike decoys, could serve as an alternative strategy for attenuating viral infection. Here, we constructed a drug screening platform based on oral epithelial cells to rapidly identify peptides or compounds capable of blocking the spike-ACE2 interaction. We engineered short decoy peptides, 8 to 14 amino acids in length, using the spike protein's receptor-binding motif (RBM) and demonstrated that these peptides can effectively inhibit virus attachment to host cells. Additionally, we discovered that diminazene aceturate (DIZE), an ACE2 activator, similarly inhibited virus binding. Our research thus validates the potential of decoy peptides as a new therapeutic strategy against SARS-CoV-2 infections, opening avenues for further development and study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Keng Loi
- Department of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chieh Yang
- Department of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Stomatology, Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Lin
- Department of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yee-Fun Su
- iStat Biomedical Co., Ltd, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Juan
- iStat Biomedical Co., Ltd, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Chen
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Chuan Chang
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Khoury ZH, Sultan AS. Prosthodontic implications of saliva and salivary gland dysfunction. J Prosthodont 2023; 32:766-775. [PMID: 37302138 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide a detailed overview of the fundamentals of saliva constituents and production. The review outlines the clinical manifestations as a consequence of salivary gland dysfunction and management strategies for patients with salivary gland dysfunction. Prosthodontic implications of saliva and salivary gland dysfunction are presented. MATERIALS AND METHODS English-language literature relating to saliva constituents, physiologic saliva production, clinical manifestations secondary to salivary gland dysfunction, salivary biomarkers, and management strategies were retrieved via electronic search. Relevant articles were summarized for this manuscript with a view toward providing pragmatic information. RESULTS Saliva is produced by three pairs of major and minor salivary glands. The major salivary glands, namely, the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands, contribute approximately 90% of saliva production. Saliva contains serous and mucinous secretions produced by different types of cells within salivary glands. Parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers innervate the major salivary glands, and upon stimulation, the parasympathetic innervation increases serous secretions, while the sympathetic innervation increases protein secretion. Stimulated saliva is mainly derived from the parotid glands which are composed of serous acini, while unstimulated saliva is mainly derived from the submandibular glands which are composed of mixed seromucous acini. As major salivary glands contribute the most to salivary flow, local or systemic factors influencing those glands can disrupt saliva production resulting in clinically significant oral manifestations. CONCLUSION This review provides a fundamental overview of saliva production. In addition, the review highlights the various clinical manifestations secondary to salivary gland dysfunction, explores salivary biomarkers for screening of systemic diseases, discusses management strategies for patients with salivary gland dysfunction, and outlines the prosthodontic implications of saliva and salivary gland dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaid H Khoury
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences and Research, Meharry Medical College, School of Dentistry, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ahmed S Sultan
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Oh J, Lee M, Lee H, Yang H, Park J, Rahmati M, Koyanagi A, Smith L, Fond G, Boyer L, Kim MS, Lee SW, López Sánchez GF, Dragioti E, Woo HG, Yon DK. Hand and Oral Hygiene Practices of South Korean Adolescents Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2349249. [PMID: 38147331 PMCID: PMC10751599 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.49249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Only a few studies have examined the long-term trends of hand and oral hygiene, especially among adolescents. Objective To investigate the 15-year trends in frequency of handwashing and toothbrushing and examine the factors associated with hand and oral hygiene, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study, performed from January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2022, used general population-based data from 963 644 individuals in a national representative survey (Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey [KYRBS]). Exposure COVID-19 pandemic. Main Outcomes and Measures Trends in hand and oral hygiene practices were measured by how frequently adolescents washed their hands and whether they fulfilled the recommended guidelines for toothbrushing. An interrupted time series analysis using linear and logistic regression models was performed to assess any associations with the COVID-19 pandemic. Hand and oral hygiene behaviors before and during the pandemic in each sociodemographic subgroup were also compared. Results In the 963 644 adolescents (495 697 [51.4%] male; mean [range] age, 15.01 [12-18] years) who participated in the KYRBS from 2008 to 2022, a 73.3% (95% CI, 59.4%-97.4%; P < .001) immediate increase was seen in overall hand hygiene behavior at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic compared with the prepandemic period, with a sustained decrease thereafter (β = -0.018; 95% CI, -0.022 to -0.015; P < .001). Meanwhile, no immediate increase was observed in terms of overall oral hygiene behavior (0.1%; 95% CI, -0.9% to 1.1%; P = .82); however, there was a sustained decrease during the pandemic (β = -0.018; 95% CI, -0.020 to -0.016; P < .001). Older age, female sex, nonsmoking status, alcohol use, low household economic level, and poor school performance were significantly associated with poor hand hygiene during the pandemic. Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study of South Korean adolescents, an increase in the prevalence of hand hygiene was observed during the early pandemic; however, this prevalence decreased over time. Meanwhile, the decrease in the prevalence of oral hygiene was more pronounced during the pandemic. This study recommends stronger guidelines for adolescent health coaches, such as teachers or public health advisers, regarding hygiene behaviors, even after the COVID-19 pandemic ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Oh
- Department of Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myeongcheol Lee
- Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Regulatory Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hojae Lee
- Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Regulatory Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hwi Yang
- Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Regulatory Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jaeyu Park
- Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Regulatory Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Masoud Rahmati
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Vali-E-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lee Smith
- Centre for Health, Performance and Wellbeing, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Fond
- CEReSS-Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Boyer
- CEReSS-Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Min Seo Kim
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Seung Won Lee
- Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Guillermo F. López Sánchez
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Dragioti
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, and Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Research Laboratory Psychology of Patients, Families, and Health Professionals, Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ho Geol Woo
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Keon Yon
- Department of Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Regulatory Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Sbricoli L, Schiavon L, Brunello G, Brun P, Becker K, Sivolella S. Efficacy of different mouthwashes against COVID-19: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Jpn Dent Sci Rev 2023; 59:334-356. [PMID: 37854066 PMCID: PMC10579871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the effectiveness of antiseptic mouthwashes in reducing SARS-CoV-2 load clinically and in vitro. A systematic electronic search (MEDLINE/Scopus/Cochrane) was conducted to identify prospective clinical and in vitro studies published between 2019 included and 16 June 2023 assessing the effectiveness of mouthwashes in reducing SARS-CoV-2 load in saliva or surrogates. Data were summarized in tables and a network meta-analysis was performed for clinical trials. Thirty-five studies (14 RCTs, 21 in vitro) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The risk of bias was judged to be high for 2 clinical and 7 in vitro studies. The most commonly test product was chlorhexidine alone or in combination with other active ingredients, followed by povidone-iodine, hydrogen peroxide and cetylpyridinium chloride. Overall, the descriptive analysis revealed the effectiveness of the mouthwashes in decreasing the salivary viral load both clinically and in vitro. Network meta-analysis demonstrated a high degree of heterogeneity. Among these studies, only chlorhexidine 0.20% was associated to a significant Ct increase in the saliva 5 min after rinsing compared to non-active control (p = 0.027). Data from clinical and in vitro studies suggested the antiviral efficacy of commonly used mouthwashes. Large well-balanced trials are needed to identify the best rinsing protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Sbricoli
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Dentistry, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Lucia Schiavon
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Dentistry, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Giulia Brunello
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Dentistry, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
- Department of Oral Surgery, University Hospital of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Paola Brun
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Kathrin Becker
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 14197 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefano Sivolella
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Dentistry, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
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Suvorov A, Loginova S, Leontieva G, Gupalova T, Desheva Y, Korzhevskii D, Kramskaya T, Bormotova E, Koroleva I, Kopteva O, Kirik O, Shchukina V, Savenko S, Kutaev D, Borisevitch S. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein-Expressing Enterococcus for Oral Vaccination: Immunogenicity and Protection. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1714. [PMID: 38006046 PMCID: PMC10675790 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The declaration of the conclusion of the COVID-19 pandemic notwithstanding, coronavirus remains prevalent in circulation, and the potential emergence of novel variants of concern introduces the possibility of new outbreaks. Moreover, it is not clear how quickly and to what extent the effectiveness of vaccination will decline as the virus continues to mutate. One possible solution to combat the rapidly mutating coronavirus is the creation of safe vaccine platforms that can be rapidly adapted to deliver new, specific antigens in response to viral mutations. Recombinant probiotic microorganisms that can produce viral antigens by inserting specific viral DNA fragments into their genome show promise as a platform and vector for mucosal vaccine antigen delivery. The authors of this study have developed a convenient and universal technique for inserting the DNA sequences of pathogenic bacteria and viruses into the gene that encodes the pili protein of the probiotic strain E. faecium L3. The paper presents data on the immunogenic properties of two E. faecium L3 vaccine strains, which produce two different fragments of the coronavirus S1 protein, and provides an assessment of the protective efficacy of these oral vaccines against coronavirus infection in Syrian hamsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Suvorov
- Scientific and Educational Center, Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human of the World-Class Research Center, Center for Personalized Medicine, FSBSI, IEM, 197022 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.); (G.L.); (T.G.); (D.K.); (T.K.); (E.B.); (I.K.); (O.K.); (O.K.)
| | - Svetlana Loginova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution 48th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, 141306 Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina Leontieva
- Scientific and Educational Center, Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human of the World-Class Research Center, Center for Personalized Medicine, FSBSI, IEM, 197022 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.); (G.L.); (T.G.); (D.K.); (T.K.); (E.B.); (I.K.); (O.K.); (O.K.)
| | - Tatiana Gupalova
- Scientific and Educational Center, Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human of the World-Class Research Center, Center for Personalized Medicine, FSBSI, IEM, 197022 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.); (G.L.); (T.G.); (D.K.); (T.K.); (E.B.); (I.K.); (O.K.); (O.K.)
| | - Yulia Desheva
- Scientific and Educational Center, Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human of the World-Class Research Center, Center for Personalized Medicine, FSBSI, IEM, 197022 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.); (G.L.); (T.G.); (D.K.); (T.K.); (E.B.); (I.K.); (O.K.); (O.K.)
| | - Dmitry Korzhevskii
- Scientific and Educational Center, Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human of the World-Class Research Center, Center for Personalized Medicine, FSBSI, IEM, 197022 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.); (G.L.); (T.G.); (D.K.); (T.K.); (E.B.); (I.K.); (O.K.); (O.K.)
| | - Tatiana Kramskaya
- Scientific and Educational Center, Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human of the World-Class Research Center, Center for Personalized Medicine, FSBSI, IEM, 197022 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.); (G.L.); (T.G.); (D.K.); (T.K.); (E.B.); (I.K.); (O.K.); (O.K.)
| | - Elena Bormotova
- Scientific and Educational Center, Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human of the World-Class Research Center, Center for Personalized Medicine, FSBSI, IEM, 197022 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.); (G.L.); (T.G.); (D.K.); (T.K.); (E.B.); (I.K.); (O.K.); (O.K.)
| | - Irina Koroleva
- Scientific and Educational Center, Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human of the World-Class Research Center, Center for Personalized Medicine, FSBSI, IEM, 197022 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.); (G.L.); (T.G.); (D.K.); (T.K.); (E.B.); (I.K.); (O.K.); (O.K.)
| | - Olga Kopteva
- Scientific and Educational Center, Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human of the World-Class Research Center, Center for Personalized Medicine, FSBSI, IEM, 197022 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.); (G.L.); (T.G.); (D.K.); (T.K.); (E.B.); (I.K.); (O.K.); (O.K.)
| | - Olga Kirik
- Scientific and Educational Center, Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human of the World-Class Research Center, Center for Personalized Medicine, FSBSI, IEM, 197022 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.); (G.L.); (T.G.); (D.K.); (T.K.); (E.B.); (I.K.); (O.K.); (O.K.)
| | - Veronika Shchukina
- Federal State Budgetary Institution 48th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, 141306 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Savenko
- Federal State Budgetary Institution 48th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, 141306 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Kutaev
- Federal State Budgetary Institution 48th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, 141306 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Borisevitch
- Federal State Budgetary Institution 48th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, 141306 Moscow, Russia
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Bhatt T, Dam B, Khedkar SU, Lall S, Pandey S, Kataria S, Ajnabi J, Gulzar SEJ, Dias PM, Waskar M, Raut J, Sundaramurthy V, Vemula PK, Ghatlia N, Majumdar A, Jamora C. Niacinamide enhances cathelicidin mediated SARS-CoV-2 membrane disruption. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1255478. [PMID: 38022563 PMCID: PMC10663372 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1255478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The continual emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants threatens to compromise the effectiveness of worldwide vaccination programs, and highlights the need for complementary strategies for a sustainable containment plan. An effective approach is to mobilize the body's own antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection and propagation. We have found that human cathelicidin (LL37), an AMP found at epithelial barriers as well as in various bodily fluids, has the capacity to neutralise multiple strains of SARS-CoV-2. Biophysical and computational studies indicate that LL37's mechanism of action is through the disruption of the viral membrane. This antiviral activity of LL37 is enhanced by the hydrotropic action of niacinamide, which may increase the bioavailability of the AMP. Interestingly, we observed an inverse correlation between LL37 levels and disease severity of COVID-19 positive patients, suggesting enhancement of AMP response as a potential therapeutic avenue to mitigate disease severity. The combination of niacinamide and LL37 is a potent antiviral formulation that targets viral membranes of various variants and can be an effective strategy to overcome vaccine escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanay Bhatt
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Binita Dam
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Department of Biological Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sneha Uday Khedkar
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sahil Lall
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Subhashini Pandey
- Integrative Chemical Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sunny Kataria
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Johan Ajnabi
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Department of Biological Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Praveen Kumar Vemula
- Integrative Chemical Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | - Colin Jamora
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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47
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Sen HN, Vannella KM, Wang Y, Chung JY, Kodati S, Ramelli SC, Lee JW, Perez P, Stein SR, Grazioli A, Dickey JM, Ylaya K, Singh M, Yinda KC, Platt A, Ramos-Benitez MJ, Zerbe C, Munster VJ, de Wit E, Warner BM, Herr DL, Rabin J, Saharia KK, Kleiner DE, Hewitt SM, Chan CC, Chertow DS. Histopathology and SARS-CoV-2 Cellular Localization in Eye Tissues of COVID-19 Autopsies. Am J Pathol 2023; 193:1809-1816. [PMID: 36963628 PMCID: PMC10032059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Ophthalmic manifestations and tissue tropism of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been reported in association with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but the pathology and cellular localization of SARS-CoV-2 are not well characterized. The objective of this study was to evaluate macroscopic and microscopic changes and investigate cellular localization of SARS-CoV-2 across ocular tissues at autopsy. Ocular tissues were obtained from 25 patients with COVID-19 at autopsy. SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid gene RNA was previously quantified by droplet digital PCR from one eye. Herein, contralateral eyes from 21 patients were fixed in formalin and subject to histopathologic examination. Sections of the droplet digital PCR-positive eyes from four other patients were evaluated by in situ hybridization to determine the cellular localization of SARS-CoV-2 spike gene RNA. Histopathologic abnormalities, including cytoid bodies, vascular changes, and retinal edema, with minimal or no inflammation in ocular tissues were observed in all 21 cases evaluated. In situ hybridization localized SARS-CoV-2 RNA to neuronal cells of the retinal inner and outer layers, ganglion cells, corneal epithelia, scleral fibroblasts, and oligodendrocytes of the optic nerve. In conclusion, a range of common histopathologic alterations were identified within ocular tissue, and SARS-CoV-2 RNA was localized to multiple cell types. Further studies will be required to determine whether the alterations observed were caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, the host immune response, and/or preexisting comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nida Sen
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kevin M Vannella
- the Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; the Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yujuan Wang
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joon-Yong Chung
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shilpa Kodati
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sabrina C Ramelli
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jung Wha Lee
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paola Perez
- Salivary Disorders Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sydney R Stein
- the Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; the Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alison Grazioli
- Department of Medicine, R Adams Crowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James M Dickey
- the Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; the Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kris Ylaya
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Manmeet Singh
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Kwe Claude Yinda
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Andrew Platt
- the Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; the Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Marcos J Ramos-Benitez
- the Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; the Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Postdoctoral Research Associate Training Program, National Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Christa Zerbe
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Vincent J Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Emmie de Wit
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Blake M Warner
- Salivary Disorders Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Daniel L Herr
- Department of Medicine, R Adams Crowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joseph Rabin
- Department of Surgery and Program in Trauma, R Adams Crowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kapil K Saharia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David E Kleiner
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Daniel S Chertow
- the Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; the Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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48
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Sinclair LG, Ilieva Z, Morris G, Anderson JG, MacGregor SJ, Maclean M. Viricidal Efficacy of a 405-nm Environmental Decontamination System for Inactivation of Bacteriophage Phi6: Surrogate for SARS-CoV-2. Photochem Photobiol 2023; 99:1493-1500. [PMID: 36872097 PMCID: PMC10952546 DOI: 10.1111/php.13798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
The highly transmittable nature of SARS-CoV-2 has increased the necessity for novel strategies to safely decontaminate public areas. This study investigates the efficacy of a low irradiance 405-nm light environmental decontamination system for the inactivation of bacteriophage phi6 as a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2. Bacteriophage phi6 was exposed to increasing doses of low irradiance (~0.5 mW cm-2 ) 405-nm light while suspended in SM buffer and artificial human saliva at low (~103-4 PFU mL-1 ) and high (~107-8 PFU mL-1 ) seeding densities, to determine system efficacy for SARS-CoV-2 inactivation and establish the influence of biologically relevant suspension media on viral susceptibility. Complete/near-complete (≥99.4%) inactivation was demonstrated in all cases, with significantly enhanced reductions observed in biologically relevant media (P < 0.05). Doses of 43.2 and 172.8 J cm-2 were required to achieve ~3 log10 reductions at low density, and 97.2 and 259.2 J cm-2 achieved ~6 log10 reductions at high density, in saliva and SM buffer, respectively: 2.6-4 times less dose was required when suspended in saliva compared to SM buffer. Comparative exposure to higher irradiance (~50 mW cm-2 ) 405-nm light indicated that, on a per unit dose basis, 0.5 mW cm-2 treatments were capable of achieving up to 5.8 greater log10 reductions with up to 28-fold greater germicidal efficiency than that of 50 mW cm-2 treatments. These findings establish the efficacy of low irradiance 405-nm light systems for inactivation of a SARS-CoV-2 surrogate and demonstrate the significant enhancement in susceptibility when suspended in saliva, which is a major vector in COVID-19 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy G. Sinclair
- Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST)University of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
| | - Zornitsa Ilieva
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
| | - Georgina Morris
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
| | - John G. Anderson
- Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST)University of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
| | - Scott J. MacGregor
- Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST)University of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
| | - Michelle Maclean
- Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST)University of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
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49
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Easter QT, Matuck BF, Warner BM, Byrd KM. Biogeographical Impacts of Dental, Oral, and Craniofacial Microbial Reservoirs. J Dent Res 2023; 102:1303-1314. [PMID: 37731320 DOI: 10.1177/00220345231191115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The human mouth, or oral cavity, is at the crossroads of our external and internal environments, and it is increasingly evident that local colonization of dental, oral, and craniofacial (DOC) tissues and cells by bacteria and viruses may also have systemic effects across myriad diseases and disorders. Better understanding of this phenomenon will require a holistic understanding of host-microbial interactions in both spatiotemporal and biogeographical contexts while also considering person-, organ-, tissue-, cell-, and molecular-level variation. After the acute phase interaction with microbes, the establishment of site-specific reservoirs constitutes an important relationship to understand within the human body; however, despite a preliminary understanding of how viral reservoirs originate and persist across the human body, the landscape of single-cell and spatial multiomic tools has challenged our current understanding of what cells and niches can support microbial reservoirs. The lack of complete understanding impacts research into these relevant topics and implementing precision care for microbial-induced or microbial-influenced diseases. Here, via the lens of acute and chronic microbial infections of the DOC tissues, the goal of this review is to highlight and link the emerging spatiotemporal biogeography of host-viral interactomics at 3 levels: (1) DOC cell types in distinct tissues, (2) DOC-associated microbes, and (3) niche-specific DOC pathologies. Further, we will focus on the impact of postacute infectious syndromes such as long COVID, neurodegenerative disorders, and other underappreciated postviral conditions. We will provide hypotheses about how DOC tissues may play roles systemically in these conditions. Throughout, we will underscore how COVID-19 has catalyzed a new understanding of these biological questions, discuss future directions to study these phenomena, and highlight the utility of noninvasive oral biofluids in screening, monitoring, and intervening to prevent and/or ameliorate human infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q T Easter
- Lab of Oral & Craniofacial Innovation (LOCI), Department of Innovation & Technology Research, ADA Science & Research Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - B Fernandes Matuck
- Lab of Oral & Craniofacial Innovation (LOCI), Department of Innovation & Technology Research, ADA Science & Research Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - B M Warner
- Salivary Disorders Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - K M Byrd
- Lab of Oral & Craniofacial Innovation (LOCI), Department of Innovation & Technology Research, ADA Science & Research Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
- Salivary Disorders Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Division of Oral & Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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50
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Kim DH, Kim DY, Kim KS, Han SH, Go HJ, Kim JH, Lim KB, Lee DH, Lee JB, Park SY, Song CS, Lee SW, Choi YK, Shin YK, Kwon OK, Kim DG, Choi IS. Neurologic Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Transmitted among Dogs. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:2275-2284. [PMID: 37877548 PMCID: PMC10617347 DOI: 10.3201/eid2911.230804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 induces illness and death in humans by causing systemic infections. Evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 can induce brain pathology in humans and other hosts. In this study, we used a canine transmission model to examine histopathologic changes in the brains of dogs infected with SARS-CoV-2. We observed substantial brain pathology in SARS-CoV-2-infected dogs, particularly involving blood-brain barrier damage resembling small vessel disease, including changes in tight junction proteins, reduced laminin levels, and decreased pericyte coverage. Furthermore, we detected phosphorylated tau, a marker of neurodegenerative disease, indicating a potential link between SARS-CoV-2-associated small vessel disease and neurodegeneration. Our findings of degenerative changes in the dog brain during SARS-CoV-2 infection emphasize the potential for transmission to other hosts and induction of similar signs and symptoms. The dynamic brain changes in dogs highlight that even asymptomatic individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 may develop neuropathologic changes in the brain.
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