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Ashtiwi NM, Kim SO, Chandler JD, Rada B. The therapeutic potential of thiocyanate and hypothiocyanous acid against pulmonary infections. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 219:104-111. [PMID: 38608822 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.04.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN) is an endogenous oxidant produced by peroxidase oxidation of thiocyanate (SCN-), an ubiquitous sulfur-containing pseudohalide synthesized from cyanide. HOSCN serves as a potent microbicidal agent against pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and fungi, functioning through thiol-targeting mechanisms, independent of currently approved antimicrobials. Additionally, SCN- reacts with hypochlorous acid (HOCl), a highly reactive oxidant produced by myeloperoxidase (MPO) at sites of inflammation, also producing HOSCN. This imparts both antioxidant and antimicrobial potential to SCN-. In this review, we discuss roles of HOSCN/SCN- in immunity and potential therapeutic implications for combating infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuha Milad Ashtiwi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Susan O Kim
- Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joshua D Chandler
- Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Balázs Rada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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2
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Kim SO, Shapiro JP, Cottrill KA, Collins GL, Shanthikumar S, Rao P, Ranganathan S, Stick SM, Orr ML, Fitzpatrick AM, Go YM, Jones DP, Tirouvanziam RM, Chandler JD. Substrate-dependent metabolomic signatures of myeloperoxidase activity in airway epithelial cells: Implications for early cystic fibrosis lung disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 206:180-190. [PMID: 37356776 PMCID: PMC10513041 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is released by neutrophils in inflamed tissues. MPO oxidizes chloride, bromide, and thiocyanate to produce hypochlorous acid (HOCl), hypobromous acid (HOBr), and hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN), respectively. These oxidants are toxic to pathogens, but may also react with host cells to elicit biological activity and potential toxicity. In cystic fibrosis (CF) and related diseases, increased neutrophil inflammation leads to increased airway MPO and airway epithelial cell (AEC) exposure to its oxidants. In this study, we investigated how equal dose-rate exposures of MPO-derived oxidants differentially impact the metabolome of human AECs (BEAS-2B cells). We utilized enzymatic oxidant production with rate-limiting glucose oxidase (GOX) coupled to MPO, and chloride, bromide (Br-), or thiocyanate (SCN-) as substrates. AECs exposed to GOX/MPO/SCN- (favoring HOSCN) were viable after 24 h, while exposure to GOX/MPO (favoring HOCl) or GOX/MPO/Br- (favoring HOBr) developed cytotoxicity after 6 h. Cell glutathione and peroxiredoxin-3 oxidation were insufficient to explain these differences. However, untargeted metabolomics revealed GOX/MPO and GOX/MPO/Br- diverged significantly from GOX/MPO/SCN- for dozens of metabolites. We noted methionine sulfoxide and dehydromethionine were significantly increased in GOX/MPO- or GOX/MPO/Br--treated cells, and analyzed them as potential biomarkers of lung damage in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from 5-year-olds with CF (n = 27). Both metabolites were associated with increasing bronchiectasis, neutrophils, and MPO activity. This suggests MPO production of HOCl and/or HOBr may contribute to inflammatory lung damage in early CF. In summary, our in vitro model enabled unbiased identification of exposure-specific metabolite products which may serve as biomarkers of lung damage in vivo. Continued research with this exposure model may yield additional oxidant-specific biomarkers and reveal explicit mechanisms of oxidant byproduct formation and cellular redox signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan O Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sleep, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joseph P Shapiro
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sleep, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kirsten A Cottrill
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sleep, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Genoah L Collins
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sleep, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shivanthan Shanthikumar
- Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Respiratory Diseases, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Padma Rao
- Medical Imaging, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarath Ranganathan
- Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Respiratory Diseases, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen M Stick
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michael L Orr
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anne M Fitzpatrick
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sleep, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Young-Mi Go
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dean P Jones
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rabindra M Tirouvanziam
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sleep, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joshua D Chandler
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sleep, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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3
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Druzak S, Iffrig E, Roberts BR, Zhang T, Fibben KS, Sakurai Y, Verkerke HP, Rostad CA, Chahroudi A, Schneider F, Wong AKH, Roberts AM, Chandler JD, Kim SO, Mosunjac M, Mosunjac M, Geller R, Albizua I, Stowell SR, Arthur CM, Anderson EJ, Ivanova AA, Ahn J, Liu X, Maner-Smith K, Bowen T, Paiardini M, Bosinger SE, Roback JD, Kulpa DA, Silvestri G, Lam WA, Ortlund EA, Maier CL. Multiplatform analyses reveal distinct drivers of systemic pathogenesis in adult versus pediatric severe acute COVID-19. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1638. [PMID: 37015925 PMCID: PMC10073144 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37269-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of multi-organ dysfunction associated with severe acute SARS-CoV-2 infection remains poorly understood. Endothelial damage and microvascular thrombosis have been identified as drivers of COVID-19 severity, yet the mechanisms underlying these processes remain elusive. Here we show alterations in fluid shear stress-responsive pathways in critically ill COVID-19 adults as compared to non-COVID critically ill adults using a multiomics approach. Mechanistic in-vitro studies, using microvasculature-on-chip devices, reveal that plasma from critically ill COVID-19 adults induces fibrinogen-dependent red blood cell aggregation that mechanically damages the microvascular glycocalyx. This mechanism appears unique to COVID-19, as plasma from non-COVID sepsis patients demonstrates greater red blood cell membrane stiffness but induces less significant alterations in overall blood rheology. Multiomics analyses in pediatric patients with acute COVID-19 or the post-infectious multi-inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) demonstrate little overlap in plasma cytokine and metabolite changes compared to adult COVID-19 patients. Instead, pediatric acute COVID-19 and MIS-C patients show alterations strongly associated with cytokine upregulation. These findings link high fibrinogen and red blood cell aggregation with endotheliopathy in adult COVID-19 patients and highlight differences in the key mediators of pathogenesis between adult and pediatric populations.
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Grants
- T32 GM142617 NIGMS NIH HHS
- P51 OD011132 NIH HHS
- R35 HL145000 NHLBI NIH HHS
- K99 HL150626 NHLBI NIH HHS
- T32 GM135060 NIGMS NIH HHS
- F31 DK126435 NIDDK NIH HHS
- R01 DK115213 NIDDK NIH HHS
- R38 AI140299 NIAID NIH HHS
- A F31 training fellowship from the National Institutes of Health National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIH/NIDDK), F31DK126435, supported S.A.D during the duration of this work. Stimulating Access to Research in Residency of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number R38AI140299 supported E.I. R35HL145000 supported E.I, Y.S, K.S.F and W.A.L. National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH/NHLBI) HL150658, awarded to J.D.C. A training grant supported by the Biochemistry and Cell Developmental Biology program (BCDB) at Emory university, T32GM135060-02S1, to S.O.K. NIH/NIDDK Grant R01-DK115213 and Winship Synergy Award to E.A.O. NIH/NHLBI K99 HL150626-01 awarded to C.L.M. The lipidomics and metabolomics experiments were supported by the Emory Integrated Metabolomics and Lipidomics Core, which is subsidized by the Emory University School of Medicine and is one of the Emory Integrated Core Facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Druzak
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Iffrig
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Blaine R Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- Emory Integrated Metabolomics and Lipidomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kirby S Fibben
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yumiko Sakurai
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hans P Verkerke
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christina A Rostad
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ann Chahroudi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Frank Schneider
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew Kam Ho Wong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anne M Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joshua D Chandler
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Susan O Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mario Mosunjac
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marina Mosunjac
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rachel Geller
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Georgia Bureau of Investigation, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Igor Albizua
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Connie M Arthur
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Evan J Anderson
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anna A Ivanova
- Emory Integrated Metabolomics and Lipidomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jun Ahn
- Emory Integrated Metabolomics and Lipidomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xueyun Liu
- Emory Integrated Metabolomics and Lipidomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kristal Maner-Smith
- Emory Integrated Metabolomics and Lipidomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thomas Bowen
- Emory Integrated Metabolomics and Lipidomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Steve E Bosinger
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John D Roback
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Deanna A Kulpa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for AIDS Research, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for AIDS Research, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Wilbur A Lam
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Eric A Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Emory Integrated Metabolomics and Lipidomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Cheryl L Maier
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Cottrill KA, Stephenson ST, Mohammad AF, Kim SO, McCarty NA, Kamaleswaran R, Fitzpatrick AM, Chandler JD. Exacerbation-prone pediatric asthma is associated with arginine, lysine, and methionine pathway alterations. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 151:118-127.e10. [PMID: 36096204 PMCID: PMC9825634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The asthma of some children remains poorly controlled, with recurrent exacerbations despite treatment with inhaled corticosteroids. Aside from prior exacerbations, there are currently no reliable predictors of exacerbation-prone asthma in these children and only a limited understanding of the potential underlying mechanisms. OBJECTIVE We sought to quantify small molecules in the plasma of children with exacerbation-prone asthma through mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. We hypothesized that the plasma metabolome of these children would differ from that of children with non-exacerbation-prone asthma. METHODS Plasma metabolites were extracted from 4 pediatric asthma cohorts (215 total subjects, with 41 having exacerbation-prone asthma) and detected with a mass spectrometer. High-confidence annotations were retained for univariate analysis and were confirmed by a sensitivity analysis in subjects receiving high-dose inhaled corticosteroids. Metabolites that varied by cohort were excluded. MetaboAnalyst software was used to identify pathways of interest. Concentrations were calculated by reference standardization. RESULTS We identified 32 unique, cohort-independent metabolites that differed in children with exacerbation-prone asthma compared to children with non-exacerbation-prone asthma. Comparison of metabolite concentrations to literature-reported values for healthy children revealed that most metabolites were decreased in both asthma groups, but more so in exacerbation-prone asthma. Pathway analysis identified arginine, lysine, and methionine pathways as most impacted. CONCLUSIONS Several plasma metabolites are perturbed in children with exacerbation-prone asthma and are largely related to arginine, lysine, and methionine pathways. While validation is needed, plasma metabolites may be potential biomarkers for exacerbation-prone asthma in children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Susan O Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga
| | | | - Rishikesan Kamaleswaran
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Anne M Fitzpatrick
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Joshua D Chandler
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Ga.
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5
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Giacalone VD, Cammarata-Mouchtouris A, Moncada-Giraldo D, Shenoy SPV, Ponder LA, Gergely TR, Kim SO, Chandler JD, Vega-Fernandez P, Manos CK, Flanagan ER, Prahalad S, Tirouvanziam R. Immunometabolic Analysis of Synovial Fluid from Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Patients. Immunohorizons 2022; 6:768-778. [PMID: 36445361 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2200052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is an inflammatory rheumatic disorder. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are present in JIA synovial fluid (SF), but with variable frequency. SF PMNs in JIA were previously shown to display high exocytic but low phagocytic and immunoregulatory activities. To further assess whether the degree of SF neutrophilia associated with altered immune responses in JIA, we collected SF and blood from 16 adolescent JIA patients. SF and blood leukocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry. SF and plasma were used for immune mediator quantification and metabolomics. Healthy donor blood T cells were cultured in SF to evaluate its immunoregulatory activities. PMN and T cell frequencies were bimodal in JIA SF, delineating PMN high/T cell low (PMNHigh) and PMN low/T cell high (PMNLow) samples. Proinflammatory mediators were increased in SF compared with plasma across patients, and pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators were further elevated in PMNHigh SF. Compared to blood, SF PMNs showed increased exocytosis and programmed death-1/programmed death ligand-1 expression, and SF PMNs and monocytes/macrophages had increased surface-bound arginase-1. SPADE analysis revealed SF monocyte/macrophage subpopulations coexpressing programmed death-1 and programmed death ligand-1, with higher expression in PMNHigh SF. Healthy donor T cells showed reduced coreceptor expression when stimulated in PMNHigh versus PMNLow SF. However, amino acid metabolites related to the arginase-1 and IDO-1 pathways did not differ between the two groups. Hence, PMN predominance in the SF of a subset of JIA patients is associated with elevated immune mediator concentration and may alter SF monocyte/macrophage phenotype and T cell activation, without altering immunoregulatory amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent D Giacalone
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
| | - Alexandre Cammarata-Mouchtouris
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
| | - Diego Moncada-Giraldo
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
| | - Sreekala P V Shenoy
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
| | - Lori A Ponder
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
| | - Talia R Gergely
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
| | - Susan O Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
| | - Joshua D Chandler
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
| | - Patricia Vega-Fernandez
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
| | - Cynthia K Manos
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
| | - Elaine R Flanagan
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
| | - Sampath Prahalad
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
| | - Rabindra Tirouvanziam
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
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6
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Cammarata-Mouchtouris A, Collins GL, Kim SO, Moncada D, Tirouvanziam R, Chandler JD. Pathological metabolic adaptation of neutrophils recruited to cystic fibrosis airway microenvironment can not be reversed by modulator therapy. The Journal of Immunology 2022. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.48.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Neutrophilic inflammation is a hallmark of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease. Prior studies from our group show that blood neutrophils undergo metabolic and functional adaptations upon entry into the CF lung lumen that causes them to become anabolic, while repressing bacterial killing function and enhancing degranulation. The recent advent of highly effective modulator therapy (HEMT) for the CFTR channel (mutated in CF) has improved patient outcomes, but it is unclear how HEMT impact CF lung neutrophilic inflammation.
Method
We used an organotypic model in which blood neutrophils are transmigrated through differentiated airway epithelial cells towards a chemoattractant control (leukotriene B4, LTB4), or airway supernatant from CF patients not on HEMT (CFASN) or on HEMT (CFMOD). We conducted phenotypic (FACS, CFU-assay) and metabolomic (metabolomics, 13C6-glucose tracing) analysis of the transmigrated neutrophils.
Results
CFMOD-recruited neutrophils contained ivacaftor (a HEMT drug), demonstrating exposure to the therapy. Compared to LTB4-recruited neutrophils, CFASN/CFMOD-recruited neutrophils showed increased AMP, GMP and intracellular and secreted metabolites related to citric acid cycle activity. 13C6-glucose flux indicated similar rates of extracellular glucose utilization in all transmigrated neutrophils, but higher total glycolysis to lactate in CFASN/CFMOD-transmigrated neutrophils.
Conclusion
Pathological metabolic adaptations of neutrophils following transmigration into CF airway fluid are not substantially altered by HEMT. Further studies are needed to assess the potential impact on functional adaptations by these cells.
Supported by NIH (R56 HL150658), Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (CAMMAR21F0, TIROUV19G0), I3 Teams Research Award (Emory), and CF@LANTA, a component of Emory University and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Susan O. Kim
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine
| | - Diego Moncada
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine
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7
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Kang J, Oh YM, Lee JH, Kim EK, Lim SY, Kim WJ, Yoon HI, Kim TH, Park TS, Kim SO, Lee SW, Lee SD, Lee JS. Distinctive patterns of pulmonary function change according to baseline lung volume and diffusing capacity. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2021; 24:597-605. [PMID: 32553011 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.19.0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
SETTING: Multicentre retrospective study in South Korea.OBJECTIVE: To longitudinally evaluate changes in lung volume and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) with forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1).DESIGN: A total of 155 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), whose pulmonary function parameters were measured annually for 5 years, were selected from a prospective cohort in South Korea. A random coefficients model was used to estimate mean annual FEV1, lung volume parameter and DLCO change rates.RESULTS: Patients were classified into four groups based on baseline DLCO and residual volume/total lung capacity (RV/TLC) measurements. The annual FEV1 decline rate was greater in patients with low DLCO than in those with normal DLCO, with the greatest decline occurring in patients with low DLCO and normal RV/TLC. RV and RV/TLC declined in patients with high RV/TLC, whereas these increased in patients with normal RV/TLC. DLCO decreased longitudinally in all four groups, with the greatest decline occurring in patients with normal DLCO and normal RV/TLC.CONCLUSIONS: Different subgroups of patients with COPD exhibited distinctive pulmonary function change patterns. Baseline DLCO and RV/TLC may be used as physiological markers to predict long-term changes in pulmonary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Y-M Oh
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - J-H Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Bundang CHA Hospital, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam
| | - E K Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Bundang CHA Hospital, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam
| | - S Y Lim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul
| | - W J Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon
| | - H I Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam
| | - T-H Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Guri
| | - T S Park
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Guri
| | - S O Kim
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - S W Lee
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - S-D Lee
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - J S Lee
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul
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Trotman JB, Lee DM, Cherney RE, Kim SO, Inoue K, Schertzer MD, Bischoff SR, Cowley DO, Calabrese J. Elements at the 5' end of Xist harbor SPEN-independent transcriptional antiterminator activity. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:10500-10517. [PMID: 32986830 PMCID: PMC7544216 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Xist lncRNA requires Repeat A, a conserved RNA element located in its 5' end, to induce gene silencing during X-chromosome inactivation. Intriguingly, Repeat A is also required for production of Xist. While silencing by Repeat A requires the protein SPEN, how Repeat A promotes Xist production remains unclear. We report that in mouse embryonic stem cells, expression of a transgene comprising the first two kilobases of Xist (Xist-2kb) causes transcriptional readthrough of downstream polyadenylation sequences. Readthrough required Repeat A and the ∼750 nucleotides downstream, did not require SPEN, and was attenuated by splicing. Despite associating with SPEN and chromatin, Xist-2kb did not robustly silence transcription, whereas a 5.5-kb Xist transgene robustly silenced transcription and read through its polyadenylation sequence. Longer, spliced Xist transgenes also induced robust silencing yet terminated efficiently. Thus, in contexts examined here, Xist requires sequence elements beyond its first two kilobases to robustly silence transcription, and the 5' end of Xist harbors SPEN-independent transcriptional antiterminator activity that can repress proximal cleavage and polyadenylation. In endogenous contexts, this antiterminator activity may help produce full-length Xist RNA while rendering the Xist locus resistant to silencing by the same repressive complexes that the lncRNA recruits to other genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson B Trotman
- Department of Pharmacology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - David M Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rachel E Cherney
- Department of Pharmacology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Susan O Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kaoru Inoue
- Department of Pharmacology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Megan D Schertzer
- Department of Pharmacology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Steven R Bischoff
- Animal Models Core, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Dale O Cowley
- Animal Models Core, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - J Mauro Calabrese
- Department of Pharmacology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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9
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Schertzer MD, Thulson E, Braceros KCA, Lee DM, Hinkle ER, Murphy RM, Kim SO, Vitucci ECM, Calabrese JM. A piggyBac-based toolkit for inducible genome editing in mammalian cells. RNA 2019; 25:1047-1058. [PMID: 31101683 PMCID: PMC6633203 DOI: 10.1261/rna.068932.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We describe the development and application of a novel series of vectors that facilitate CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing in mammalian cells, which we call CRISPR-Bac. CRISPR-Bac leverages the piggyBac transposon to randomly insert CRISPR-Cas9 components into mammalian genomes. In CRISPR-Bac, a single piggyBac cargo vector containing a doxycycline-inducible Cas9 or catalytically dead Cas9 (dCas9) variant and a gene conferring resistance to Hygromycin B is cotransfected with a plasmid expressing the piggyBac transposase. A second cargo vector, expressing a single-guide RNA (sgRNA) of interest, the reverse-tetracycline TransActivator (rtTA), and a gene conferring resistance to G418, is also cotransfected. Subsequent selection on Hygromycin B and G418 generates polyclonal cell populations that stably express Cas9, rtTA, and the sgRNA(s) of interest. We show that CRISPR-Bac can be used to knock down proteins of interest, to create targeted genetic deletions with high efficiency, and to activate or repress transcription of protein-coding genes and an imprinted long noncoding RNA. The ratio of sgRNA-to-Cas9-to-transposase can be adjusted in transfections to alter the average number of cargo insertions into the genome. sgRNAs targeting multiple genes can be inserted in a single transfection. CRISPR-Bac is a versatile platform for genome editing that simplifies the generation of mammalian cells that stably express the CRISPR-Cas9 machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan D Schertzer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Eliza Thulson
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Keean C A Braceros
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Mechanistic, Interdisciplinary Studies of Biological Systems, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - David M Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Emma R Hinkle
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Ryan M Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Mechanistic, Interdisciplinary Studies of Biological Systems, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Susan O Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Eva C M Vitucci
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - J Mauro Calabrese
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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10
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Chung MS, Choi YJ, Kim SO, Lee YS, Hong JY, Lee JH, Baek JH. A Scoring System for Prediction of Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis in Patients with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2019; 40:1049-1054. [PMID: 31072971 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a6066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE An accurate and comprehensive assessment of lymph node metastasis in patients with head and neck squamous cell cancer is crucial in daily practice. This study constructed a predictive model with a risk scoring system based on CT characteristics of lymph nodes and tumors for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma to stratify the risk of lymph node metastasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data included 476 cervical lymph nodes from 191 patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma from a historical cohort. We analyzed preoperative CT images of lymph nodes, including diameter, ratio of long-to-short axis diameter, necrosis, conglomeration, infiltration to adjacent soft tissue, laterality and T-stage of the primary tumor. The reference standard comprised pathologic results. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to develop the risk scoring system. Internal validation was performed with 1000-iteration bootstrapping. RESULTS Shortest axial diameter, ratio of long-to-short axis diameter, necrosis, and T-stage were used to develop a 9-point risk scoring system. The risk of malignancy ranged from 7.3% to 99.8%, which was positively associated with increased scores. Areas under the curve of the risk scoring systems were 0.886 (95% CI, 0.881-0.920) and 0.879 (95% CI, 0.845-0.914) in internal validation. The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test indicated that the risk scoring system was well-calibrated (P = .160). CONCLUSIONS We developed a comprehensive and simple risk scoring system using CT characteristics in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma to stratify the risk of lymph node metastasis. It could facilitate decision-making in daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Chung
- From the Department of Radiology (M.S.C.), Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Y J Choi
- Departments of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology (Y.J.C., J.H.L., J.H.B.)
| | - S O Kim
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (S.O.K.)
| | | | - J Y Hong
- Oncology (J.Y.H.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J H Lee
- Departments of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology (Y.J.C., J.H.L., J.H.B.)
| | - J H Baek
- Departments of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology (Y.J.C., J.H.L., J.H.B.)
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Kirk JM, Kim SO, Inoue K, Smola MJ, Lee DM, Schertzer MD, Wooten JS, Baker AR, Sprague D, Collins DW, Horning CR, Wang S, Chen Q, Weeks KM, Mucha PJ, Calabrese JM. Functional classification of long non-coding RNAs by k-mer content. Nat Genet 2018; 50:1474-1482. [PMID: 30224646 PMCID: PMC6262761 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0207-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The functions of most long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are unknown. In contrast to proteins, lncRNAs with similar functions often lack linear sequence homology; thus, the identification of function in one lncRNA rarely informs the identification of function in others. We developed a sequence comparison method to deconstruct linear sequence relationships in lncRNAs and evaluate similarity based on the abundance of short motifs called kmers. We found that lncRNAs of related function often had similar kmer profiles despite lacking linear homology, and that kmer profiles correlated with protein binding to lncRNAs and with their subcellular localization. Using a novel assay to quantify Xist-like regulatory potential, we directly demonstrated that evolutionarily unrelated lncRNAs can encode similar function through different spatial arrangements of related sequence motifs. Kmer-based classification is a powerful approach to detect recurrent relationships between sequence and function in lncRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessime M Kirk
- Department of Pharmacology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Susan O Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kaoru Inoue
- Department of Pharmacology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Matthew J Smola
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Ribometrix, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David M Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Megan D Schertzer
- Department of Pharmacology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joshua S Wooten
- Department of Pharmacology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Allison R Baker
- Department of Pharmacology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Ph.D. Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Sprague
- Department of Pharmacology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Curriculum in Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David W Collins
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Christopher R Horning
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Qidi Chen
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kevin M Weeks
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Peter J Mucha
- Carolina Center for Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J Mauro Calabrese
- Department of Pharmacology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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12
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Jeon KS, Sung JH, Lee MW, Song HY, Lee EA, Kim SO, Choi HJ, Shin HY, Park WH, Jang YI, Kang MG, Choi YH, Lee JS, Ko DH, Ryu HY. Comparison of Strain in GaN-Based Blue Light-Emitting Diode Grown on Silicon(111) and Sapphire Substrates. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2015; 15:5264-5266. [PMID: 26373120 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2015.10408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We compare the strain states and device performances of GaN-based blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) grown on Si(111) and sapphire substrates. The strain characteristics are investigated using micro-Raman spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. These analyses reveal that GaN layer grown on Si has a residual tensile strain in contrast to a compressive strain for GaN on sapphire, and quantum wells (QWs) on GaN/Si experience reduced lattice mismatch than those of GaN/sapphire. When external quantum efficiencies of LED on sapphire and Si substrates are compared, the LED on Si shows better efficiency droop characteristics and this is attributed to a decrease in piezo-electric field strength in InGaN/GaN layers owing to reduced lattice mismatch.
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13
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Kim YJ, Cho HH, Kim SO, Lee JB, Lee SC. Reconstruction algorithm for nasal basal cell carcinoma with skin involvement only: analysis of 221 cases repaired by minor surgery. Clin Exp Dermatol 2015; 40:728-34. [PMID: 25959078 DOI: 10.1111/ced.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) often occurs on the nose. Reconstruction of the nose should yield excellent aesthetic and functional outcomes. AIM We propose a technical algorithm for the reconstruction of surgical defects, based on our analysis of 221 cases of nasal BCC with skin involvement only, which could be repaired by minor surgery. METHODS The aesthetic and functional outcomes for various reconstruction techniques were analysed according to defect location and size. A reconstruction algorithm was proposed with the aim of obtaining the best surgical results. RESULTS Defect location and size were key considerations. Primary closure was the first option for small defects (< 10 mm), with scores of 3.4 for objective aesthetic outcome (OAO), 3.2 for subjective aesthetic outcome (SAO) and 3.3 for subjective functional outcome (SFO). The first option for medium defects (1-20 mm) was the island pedicle flap, with scores of 3.5 for OAO, 3.2 for SAO and 3.7 for SFO. The first option for large defects (> 20 mm) was the transposition flap for the upper nose (scores of 2.0 for OAO and SAO and 3.0 for SFO) and the interpolation flap for the lower nose (2.8 for OAO and 2.9 for SAO and SFO). CONCLUSIONS We have proposed an algorithm to select the optimal technique for repairing nasal BCC surgical defects according to their size and location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - H H Cho
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - S O Kim
- Department of Urology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - J B Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - S C Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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14
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Kim JH, Kim BY, Choi JW, Kim SO, Lee HS, Park KC, Youn SW. The objective evaluation of the severity of psoriatic scales with desquamation collecting tapes and image analysis. Skin Res Technol 2011; 18:143-50. [PMID: 21507073 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0846.2011.00545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessment of psoriatic scales is important to determine the severity of psoriasis. However, there are very limited numbers of objective, quantitative and observer-independent tools for measuring the severity of psoriasis. OBJECTIVE To determine whether the bioengineering parameters of the psoriatic scale can be used to assess the severity of psoriasis instead of the psoriatic severity index of scales (PSIs) score. METHODS Thirty-four patients with psoriasis were included. A representative lesion from each patient was selected and bioengineering parameters were measured using the Corneofix(®). Simultaneously, the severity of the scales was assessed by the PSIs score using clinical photographs of the lesions. In addition, skin color and elasticity parameters were also measured using the Colorimeter(®), the Mexameter(®) and the Cutometer(®). RESULTS Statistical differences in the scale parameters were observed between the PSIs 2 and 3 scores. Among the scale parameters, the percent area and area in μm(2) were negatively correlated with the PSIs score. In addition, the Colorimeter(®) a, b parameters and the Cutometer(®) R9 parameters were significantly correlated with the PSIs score. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study showed that the severity of psoriatic scales could be measured objectively using the Corneofix(®).
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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15
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Kim HS, Cho JE, Hong SW, Kim SO, Shim JK, Kwak YL. Remifentanil protects myocardium through activation of anti-apoptotic pathways of survival in ischemia-reperfused rat heart. Physiol Res 2009; 59:347-356. [PMID: 19681651 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.931772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Remifentanil is a commonly used opioid in anesthesia with cardioprotective effect in ischemia-reperfused (I/R) heart. We evaluated the influence of remifentanil on myocardial infarct size and expressions of proteins involved in apoptosis in I/R rat heart following various time protocols of remifentanil administration. Artificially ventilated anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a 30 min of left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion followed by 2 h of reperfusion. Rats were randomly assigned to one of five groups; Sham, I/R only, remifentanil preconditioning, postconditioning and continuous infusion group. Myocardial infarct size, the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, Bcl2, Bax and cytochrome c and the expression of genes influencing Ca2+ homeostasis were assessed. In remifentanil-administered rat hearts, regardless of the timing and duration of administration, infarct size was consistently reduced compared to I/R only rats. Remifentanil improved expression of ERK1/2 and anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2, and expression of sarcoplasmic reticulum genes which were significantly reduced in the I/R rats only. Remifentanil reduced expression of pro-apoptotic protein, Bax and cytochrome c. These suggested that remifentanil produced cardioprotective effect by preserving the expression of proteins involved in anti-apoptotic pathways, and the expression of sarcoplasmic reticulum genes in I/R rat heart, regardless of the timing of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Kim
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
BACKGROUND An emerging theme in the study of the pathophysiology of persistent pain is the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the present study, we examined the hypothesis that the exogenous supply of antioxidant drugs during peri-reperfusion would attenuate pain induced by ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury. We investigated the analgesic effects of three antioxidants administered during peri-reperfusion using an animal model of complex regional pain syndrome-type I consisting of chronic post-ischemia pain (CPIP) of the hind paw. METHODS Application of a tight-fitting tourniquet for a period of 3 h produced CPIP in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Low-dose allopurinol (4 mg/kg), high-dose allopurinol (40 mg/kg), superoxide dismutase (SOD, 4000 U/kg), N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10 mg/kg), or SOD (4000 U/kg)+L-NAME (10 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally just after tourniquet application and at 1 and 2 days after reperfusion for 3 days. The effects of antioxidants in rats were investigated using mechanical and cold stimuli. Each group consisted of seven rats. RESULTS Allopurinol caused significant alleviation in mechanical and cold allodynia for a period of 4 weeks in rats with CPIP. Both SOD and L-NAME, which were used to investigate the roles of superoxide (O2(-)) and nitric oxide (NO) in pain, also attenuated neuropathic-like pain symptoms in rats for 4 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that O2(-) and NO mediate IR injury-induced chronic pain, and that ROS scavengers administered during the peri-reperfusion period have long-term analgesic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Kwak
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Kim A, Kwon OS, Kim SO, He L, Bae EY, Lee MS, Jeong SJ, Shim JH, Yoon DY, Kim CH, Moon A, Kim KE, Ahn JS, Kim BY. Caspase-3 activation as a key factor for HBx-transformed cell death. Cell Prolif 2008; 41:755-74. [PMID: 18700866 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2008.00550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation has been associated with the tumorigenic growth of hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx)-transformed cells. This study was aimed to find a key target for treatment of HBx-mediated cancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS NF-kappaB activation, endoplasmic reticulum-stress (ER-stress), caspase-3 activation, and cell proliferation were evaluated after Chang/HBx cells permanently expressing HBx viral protein were treated with inhibitors of NF-kappaB, proteasome and DNA topoisomerase. RESULTS Inhibition of NF-kappaB transcriptional activity by transient transfection with mutant plasmids encoding Akt1 and glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta), or by treatment with chemical inhibitors, wortmannin and LY294002, showed little effect on the survival of Chang/HBx cells. Furthermore, IkappaBalpha (S32/36A) mutant plasmid or other NF-kappaB inhibitors, 1-pyrrolidinecarbonidithioic acid and sulphasalazine, were also shown to have little effect on the cell proliferation. By contrast, proteasome inhibitor-1 (Pro1) and MG132 enhanced the HBx-induced ER-stress response and the subsequent activation of caspase-12, -9 and -3 and reduced cell proliferation. Camptothecin (CPT), however, triggered activation of caspase-3 without induction of caspase-12, and reduced cell proliferation. In addition, CPT-induced cell death was reversed by pre-treatment with z-DEVD, a caspase-3-specific inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS Detailed exploitation of the regulators of caspase-3 activation could open the gate for finding an efficient target for development of anticancer therapeutics against HBx-transformed hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kim
- Functional Metabolomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Yuseong, South Korea
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Hoebe K, Du X, Georgel P, Janssen E, Tabeta K, Kim SO, Goode J, Lin P, Mann N, Mudd S, Crozat K, Sovath S, Han J, Beutler B. Identification of Lps2 as a key transducer of MyD88-independent TIR signalling. Nature 2003; 424:743-8. [PMID: 12872135 DOI: 10.1038/nature01889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 937] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2003] [Accepted: 07/07/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In humans, ten Toll-like receptor (TLR) paralogues sense molecular components of microbes, initiating the production of cytokine mediators that create the inflammatory response. Using N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, we induced a germline mutation called Lps2, which abolishes cytokine responses to double-stranded RNA and severely impairs responses to the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS), indicating that TLR3 and TLR4 might share a specific, proximal transducer. Here we identify the Lps2 mutation: a distal frameshift error in a Toll/interleukin-1 receptor/resistance (TIR) adaptor protein known as Trif or Ticam-1. Trif(Lps2) homozygotes are markedly resistant to the toxic effects of LPS, and are hypersusceptible to mouse cytomegalovirus, failing to produce type I interferons when infected. Compound homozygosity for mutations at Trif and MyD88 (a cytoplasmic TIR-domain-containing adaptor protein) loci ablates all responses to LPS, indicating that only two signalling pathways emanate from the LPS receptor. However, a Trif-independent cell population is detectable when Trif(Lps2) mutant macrophages are stimulated with LPS. This reveals that an alternative MyD88-dependent 'adaptor X' pathway is present in some, but not all, macrophages, and implies afferent immune specialization.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/metabolism
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/physiology
- Escherichia coli/physiology
- Homozygote
- Interferon Type I/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/microbiology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/virology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mutation
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
- Phenotype
- Physical Chromosome Mapping
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Substrate Specificity
- Toll-Like Receptor 3
- Toll-Like Receptor 4
- Toll-Like Receptors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Vaccinia virus/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hoebe
- Department of Immunology, IMM-31, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Lee MH, Kim HJ, Kim SH, Kim SO, Lee DH, Lim H, Yoo SE, Lee MG. Blood partition and protein binding of a new neuroprotective agent for ischemia-reperfusion damage, KR-31378. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 2003; 110:361-70. [PMID: 12889527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
The blood partition of KR-31378 between plasma and blood cells and the factors influencing the binding of the drug to 4% human serum albumin (HSA) using an equilibrium dialysis technique were evaluated. KR-31378 reached an equilibrium rapidly between plasma and blood cells of rabbit blood. The equilibrium plasma/blood cells concentration ratios were independent of initial rabbit blood concentrations of KR-31378, 1, 10 and 50 microg/ml; the values were in the range of 1.42-2.33. It took approximately 12-h incubation to reach an equilibrium between plasma and isotonic Søresen phosphate buffer of pH 7.4 containing 3% dextran ('the buffer'). The binding of KR-31378 to 4% HSA was dependent on HSA concentrations (the binding values were 25.3 and 32.0% for HSA concentrations of 2 and 5%, respectively), incubation temperature (the binding values were 48.8, 29.0 and 25.8% for 4, 22 and 37 degrees C, respectively), pHs of isotonic Sørensen phosphate buffer containing 3% dextran (the binding values were 17.7, 20.6, 22.8, 25.6 and 29.5% for buffer pHs of 5.8, 6.4, 7.0, 7.4 and 8.0, respectively) and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) concentrations (the binding values were 25.6, 29.9, 34.4 and 50.3% for AAG concentrations of 0, 0.08, 0.16 and 0.32%, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shinlim-Dong, Kwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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Moon OR, Kim NS, Jang SM, Yoon TH, Kim SO. The relationship between body mass index and the prevalence of obesity-related diseases based on the 1995 National Health Interview Survey in Korea. Obes Rev 2002; 3:191-6. [PMID: 12164471 DOI: 10.1046/j.1467-789x.2002.00073.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study estimated the body mass index (BMI) distribution of Koreans and examined the relationship between BMI and obesity-related diseases, in particular hypertension and diabetes mellitus. We also attempted to provide primary data to determine suitable BMI cut-off points for obesity in Korea. The 1995 National Health Interview Study (NHIS) data were used to estimate BMI and the prevalence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus. A random sample of 5750 Koreans (15-69 years of age) were investigated. BMI was calculated by self-reported weights and heights. The diagnoses of hypertension and diabetes mellitus were obtained from self-reported conditions specified in response to consultations with physicians. The mean BMI was 22.6+/-2.6 kg m(-2) for males and 21.7+/-4.8 kg m(-2) for females. The prevalence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus increased with BMI. The odds ratios of the third quartile of BMI (21.9-23.8 kg m(-2)) for hypertension and diabetes mellitus compared with the first quartile were 6.04 and 3.22, respectively. The odds ratio of the fourth quartile (>23.8 kg m(-2)) of BMI was not significantly different from that of the third quartile. The risk of hypertension and diabetes mellitus increased at the third quartile of BMI (21.9-23.8 kg m(-2)), this quartile being much lower than both the current World Health Organization (WHO) BMI cut-off point of overweight of 25.0 kg m(-2), and the 90th percentile proposed in the Monica project, BMI 26.4 kg m(-2). This finding was notable considering the fact that both hypertension and diabetes mellitus occur in Koreans with lower BMIs than whites. Further studies are necessary to identify the BMI cut-off point for obesity in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- O R Moon
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Korea.
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22
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Abstract
Even though the pan-caspase inhibitor zVAD has been widely used as an anti-apoptotic agent, inefficient prevention or even enhancement of cell death has been reported in certain cells. To further investigate its effects on cell death, three different cell types were exposed to various apoptotic stimuli in the presence or absence of zVAD. In Jurkat cells, zVAD protected against cell death induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF), sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and etoposide, whereas in L929 cells cell death was increased. In RAW246.7 macrophages, zVAD showed similar effects as in L929 cells. However, unlike L929 cells, in which the cell death by TNF is known to be necrosis, RAW246.7 cells manifested features of apoptosis such as chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation. Induction of cell death by zVAD in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW246.7 cells also showed the same features as those observed in SNP- and etoposide-treated cells. Initiation of an apoptotic process by zVAD not only disputes the sole role of caspases in apoptosis but also suggests an anti-apoptotic function of certain caspase(s). Death of LPS-activated macrophages may be controlled by an anti-apoptotic caspase.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O Kim
- Department of Immunology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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23
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Kim JY, Baek M, Lee S, Kim SO, Dong MS, Kim BR, Kim DH. Characterization of the selectivity and mechanism of cytochrome P450 inhibition by dimethyl-4,4'-dimethoxy-5,6,5',6'-dimethylenedioxybiphenyl-2,2'-dicarboxylate. Drug Metab Dispos 2001; 29:1555-60. [PMID: 11717174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro studies with human liver microsomes and cytochrome P450 (P450) prototype substrates were performed to characterize the selectivity and mechanism of inhibition of P450 by dimethyl-4,4'-dimethoxy-5,6,5',6'-dimethylenedioxybiphenyl-2,2'-dicarboxylate (DDB). DDB was found to be a strong inhibitor of testosterone 6beta-hydroxylation activity (CYP3A4) with a K(i) value of 0.27 +/- 0.21 microM. At higher concentrations, DDB marginally inhibited caffeine N(3)-demethylation (CYP1A2), diclofenac 4'-hydroxylation (CYP2C9), and dextromethorphan O-demethylation (CYP2D6) activities, but this compound had no effect on CYP2A6-, CYP2C19-, and CYP2E1-mediated reactions. Spectral analysis indicated that the formation of metabolite-P450 complex having absorbance at 456 nm was concentration-dependent; 5 to 33% of the total P450 was complexed in rat and human liver microsomes after a 5-min incubation with DDB. In addition, microsomal incubations with DDB in the presence of NADPH resulted in a loss of spectral P450 content, which was restored after adding K(3)Fe(CN)(6). This complex formation resulted in a time-dependent loss of CYP3A-catalyzed marker activity (testosterone 6beta-hydroxylation) in human liver microsomes. The inhibition was only partially restored upon dialysis. These results collectively suggest that formation of a metabolite-CYP3A complex with DDB was responsible for the CYP3A-selective time-dependent loss of catalytic function of CYP3A.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Kim
- Bioanalysis and Biotransformation Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Chungryang, Seoul, Korea
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24
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Hong SP, Yoo WD, Putnak R, Eckels KH, Rho HM, Kim SO. Nucleotide sequence of envelope protein of Japanese encephalitis virus SA14-14-2 adapted to vero cells. DNA Seq 2001; 12:437-42. [PMID: 11913793 DOI: 10.3109/10425170109084471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Live attenuated Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus SA(14)-14-2 produced in primary dog kidney cells (PDK) was adapted to Vero cells. In an effort to gain insight into the molecular basis of the biological characteristics of the SA14-14-2(Vero) strain, the 1500 nucleotide sequence encoding the envelope (E) gene which possesses major neutralizing epitopes was determined and compared with the sequences of two other attenuated JE virus strains, SA14-14-2(PHK) and SA14-14-2(PDK). The amino acid sequence of the C-terminal region (a.a. 280-500) was found to be identical for all three strains, while the N-terminal region (a.a. 1-279) shows sequence variation. The distribution of mutations in the N-terminal region was nearly the same among the three attenuated strains, suggesting that the N-terminal sequences might be related with virus-host cell specificity. However, it was found that Lys and Val (a.a. 138 and 176, respectively), known to be responsible for attenuation, are still conserved in SA(14)-14-2(Vero). Animal testing showed that SA(14)-14-2(Vero) has an attenuation phenotype similar to that of the parent SA(14)-14-2(PDK) strain in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Hong
- Cheil Jedang Corporation, Research and Development Center, Ichon-Si, Kyeonggi-Do, South Korea
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25
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Yoo SE, Yi KY, Lee S, Suh J, Kim N, Lee BH, Seo HW, Kim SO, Lee DH, Lim H, Shin HS. A novel anti-ischemic ATP-sensitive potassium channel (K(ATP)) opener without vasorelaxation: N-(6-aminobenzopyranyl)-N'-benzyl-N' '-cyanoguanidine analogue. J Med Chem 2001; 44:4207-15. [PMID: 11708922 DOI: 10.1021/jm010183f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a novel anti-ischemic compound, (2S,3S,4R)-N-(6-amino-3,4-dihydro-2-dimethoxymethyl-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-2H-benzopyranyl)-N'-benzyl-N"-cyanoguanidine (33), and the structure-activity relationships leading to the discovery of this compound. Compound 33 significantly reduced the myocardial infarct zone to area at risk (IZ/AAR) in the ischemic myocardium rat model with high cardioselectivity. Since the cardioprotective effect of compound 33 is reversed by ATP-sensitive potassium channel (K(ATP)) blockers, its anti-ischemic effect appears to be at least mediated by K(ATP) opening. In addition, compound 33 shows good protective activity on neuronal cells against oxidative stress, and therefore it is suggested that compound 33 may have therapeutic potential both in cardio- and in neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Yoo
- Bioorganic Division and Screening and Toxicology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Taejon 305-600, Korea.
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26
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Abstract
Although apoptosis has been observed in macrophages during the course of infections, the mechanism of apoptosis in activated macrophages is not fully understood. This study shows that pan-caspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone (ZVAD) or t-butyloxycarbonyl-Asp-fluoromethylketone (Boc-D) caused the death of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages and RAW 264.7 cells with apoptotic features. The apoptosis was also observed in lipoprotein-treated bacteria but not in CpG oligonucleotide- or flagellin-treated macrophages, indicating a difference of cellular responses downstream of different Toll-like receptors. Consistent with the induction of cell death by pan-caspase inhibitors, no activation of known caspases was detected in LPS-ZVAD-treated cells, suggesting an involvement of unknown proapoptotic caspases in the cell death. ZVAD inhibited the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 but not of nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B induced by LPS, suggesting that the ZVAD-sensitive molecule lies upstream of the ERK and p38 pathways but downstream of the divergent site of NF-kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinases. Our results demonstrate that apoptosis of macrophages induced by LPS+ZVAD is independent from the known proapoptotic caspases and suggest that activity of an unidentified ZVAD-sensitive molecule(s) is involved in the survival of LPS-activated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O Kim
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Abstract
This research focused on the monitoring of the electrokinetic removal of heavy metals from tailing-soils, and emphasizes the dependency of removal efficiencies upon their physico-chemical states, as demonstrated by the different extraction methods adopted, which included aqua regia and sequential extraction. The tailing-soils examined contained high concentrations of target metal contaminants (Cd=179mgkg(-1), Cu=207mgkg(-1), Pb=5175mgkg(-1), and Zn=7600mgkg(-1)). The removal efficiencies of the different metals were significantly influenced by their speciations, mobilities and affinities (adsorption capacities) in the soil matrix. The removal efficiencies of mobile and weakly bound fractions, such as the exchangeable fraction were more than 90% by electrokinetic treatment, but strongly bound fractions, such as the organically bound species and residual fraction were not significantly removed (less than 30% removal efficiencies). In accordance with the general sequence of mobilities of heavy metals in soils, the removal efficiencies of more mobile heavy metals (Cd, Cu, and Zn) were higher than that of less mobile heavy metal (Pb).
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Affiliation(s)
- S O Kim
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 500-712, Kwangju, South Korea
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Srivastava AK, Putnak JR, Lee SH, Hong SP, Moon SB, Barvir DA, Zhao B, Olson RA, Kim SO, Yoo WD, Towle AC, Vaughn DW, Innis BL, Eckels KH. A purified inactivated Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine made in Vero cells. Vaccine 2001; 19:4557-65. [PMID: 11483284 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00208-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A second generation, purified, inactivated vaccine (PIV) against Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus was produced and tested in mice where it was found to be highly immunogenic and protective. The JE-PIV was made from an attenuated strain of JE virus propagated in certified Vero cells, purified, and inactivated with formalin. Its manufacture followed current GMP guidelines for the production of biologicals. The manufacturing process was efficient in generating a high yield of virus, essentially free of contaminating host cell proteins and nucleic acids. The PIV was formulated with aluminum hydroxide and administered to mice by subcutaneous inoculation. Vaccinated animals developed high-titered JE virus neutralizing antibodies in a dose dependent fashion after two injections. The vaccine protected mice against morbidity and mortality after challenge with live, virulent, JE virus. Compared with the existing licensed mouse brain-derived vaccine, JE-Vax, the Vero cell-derived JE-PIV was more immunogenic and as effective as preventing encephalitis in mice. The JE-PIV is currently being tested for safety and immunogenicity in volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Srivastava
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Division of Communicable Diseases and Immunology, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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29
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Kim YJ, Kim SO, Kim YI, Choi SN. A mimic molecule of blue copper protein active site [(-)-sparteine-N,N'](maleonitriledithiolato-S,S')copper(II). Inorg Chem 2001; 40:4481-4. [PMID: 11487359 DOI: 10.1021/ic001396i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y J Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemistry Education, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Korea
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30
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Wong AS, Kim SO, Leung PC, Auersperg N, Pelech SL. Profiling of protein kinases in the neoplastic transformation of human ovarian surface epithelium. Gynecol Oncol 2001; 82:305-11. [PMID: 11531284 DOI: 10.1006/gyno.2001.6280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to study the pattern of protein kinase expression in a culture model of epithelial ovarian carcinogenesis. METHODS Cultures of normal human ovarian surface epithelium (OSE), OSE from women with BRCA1 mutations, a cell culture model of preneoplastic (SV40 T-antigen-immortalized, nontumorigenic) and neoplastic (SV40-E-cadherin transfected, tumorigenic) OSE, and three ovarian cancer cell lines were used to represent OSE phenotypes of different genetic backgrounds and at different, progressive stages of neoplastic transformation. The protein kinase network signaling was studied by Western blotting, simultaneously using multiple antibodies for specific protein kinases. RESULTS High levels of cGMP-dependent protein kinase were found in normal and preneoplastic OSE, but were absent in neoplastic OSE. In contrast, expression of MEK6 was detected exclusively in neoplastic OSE. The expressions of casein kinase II (CK2), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), cyclin-dependent kinase, and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) effectors Akt2 and p70 S6 kinase (S6K) were several-fold higher in neoplastic OSE than in normal OSE, whereas the expressions of the MAPKs extracellular signal-regulated kinases ERK1 and -2 were unchanged. Importantly, constitutive phosphorylation of Akt2 and p70 S6K, as found in neoplastic OSE, was also observed in overtly normal OSE from women with predisposing BRCA1 gene mutations. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that different repertoires of downstream signaling proteins, particularly those of the MEK6-p38 MAPK-CK2 pathway and the PI3K pathway, are correlated with phenotypic manifestations of a cell culture model of OSE at progressive stages in the development of ovarian cancer. Changes in PI3K effectors are already found in overtly normal OSE from women with BRCA1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Wong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3V5, Canada
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31
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Abstract
We used retrovirus insertion-mediated random mutagenesis and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) selection to generate TNF-resistant lines from L929 cells. The metaxin gene, which encodes a protein located on the outer membrane of mitochondria, was identified to be the gene disrupted in one of the resistant lines. The requirement of metaxin in TNF-induced cell death of L929 was confirmed by the restoration of TNF sensitivity after ectopic reconstitution of metaxin expression. Analysis of the cell death induced by other stimuli revealed that metaxin deficiency-mediated death resistance was selective to certain stimuli. Studies using deletion mutants of metaxin showed that mitochondrial association of metaxin is required for the function of metaxin. Over-expression of truncated metaxin lacking the mitochondria anchoring sequence mimicked metaxin deficiency in wild-type cells. Interfering with metaxin prevented TNF-induced necrotic cell death in L929 cells and apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. Our work has thus defined a novel component in the death pathway used by TNF and some other death stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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32
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Lee YI, Kim SO, Kwon HJ, Park JG, Sohn MJ, Jeong SS. Phosphorylation of purified recombinant hepatitis B virus-X protein by mitogen-activated protein kinase and protein kinase C in vitro. J Virol Methods 2001; 95:1-10. [PMID: 11377708 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(00)00282-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The recombinant human hepatitis B virus-X protein (rhHBx) has been expressed as inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli and purified. By sequential dialysis of urea, rhHBx was folded into the native structure, which was demonstrated by both the efficacy of its transcriptional activation of the adenovirus major late promoter, fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) analysis. The increase in CD values at 220 nm and a corresponding blue shift of the intrinsic fluorescence emission confirmed the ability of HBx to refold in lower concentrations of urea to produce the active protein. After purification and renaturation, the rhHBx protein was found to be phosphorylated by protein kinase C (PKC) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). In vivo phosphorylation of HBx was also demonstrated. Although PKC and MAPK enhance the HBx phosphorylation in vitro, neither protein kinase A nor caseine kinase II (CKII) phosphorylate HBx protein, though there are possible substrate residues of both kinases in HBx protein. Phosphoamino acid analysis of the total acid hydrolyzed HBx showed that serine residues can be phosphorylated by PKC or MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y I Lee
- Liver Cell Signal Transduction Research Unit, Bioscience Research Division, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 305-606, Taejon, South Korea.
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33
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Gong Y, Kim SO, Felez J, Grella DK, Castellino FJ, Miles LA. Conversion of Glu-plasminogen to Lys-plasminogen is necessary for optimal stimulation of plasminogen activation on the endothelial cell surface. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:19078-83. [PMID: 11264290 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m101387200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
When Glu-plasminogen is bound to cells, plasmin (Pm) formation by plasminogen (Pg) activators is markedly enhanced compared with the reaction in solution. It is not known whether the direct activation of Glu-Pg by Pg activators is promoted on the cell surface or whether plasminolytic conversion of Glu-Pg to the more readily activated Lys-Pg is necessary for enhanced Pm formation on the cell surface. To distinguish between these potential mechanisms, we tested whether Pm formation on the cell surface could be stimulated in the absence of conversion of Glu-Pg to Lys-Pg. Rates of activation of Glu-Pg, Lys-Pg, and a mutant Glu-Pg, [D646E]Glu-Pg, by either tissue Pg activator (t-PA) or urokinase (u-PA) were compared when these Pg forms were either bound to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) or in solution. ([D646E]Glu-Pg can be cleaved at the Arg(561)-Val(562) bond by Pg activators but does not possess Pm activity subsequent to this cleavage because of the mutation of Asp(646) of the serine protease catalytic triad.) Glu-Pg activation by t-PA was enhanced on HUVEC compared with the solution phase by 13-fold. In contrast, much less enhancement of Pg activation was observed with [D646E]Glu-Pg ( approximately 2-fold). Although the extent of activation of Lys-Pg on cells was similar to that of Glu-Pg, the cells afforded minimal enhancement of Lys-Pg activation compared with the solution phase (1.3-fold). Similar results were obtained when u-PA was used as activator. When Glu-Pg was bound to the cell in the presence of either t-PA or u-PA, conversion to Lys-Pg was observed, but conversion of ([D646E]Glu-Pg to ([D646E]Lys-Pg was not detected, consistent with the conversion of Glu-Pg to Lys-Pg being necessary for optimal enhancement of Pg activation on cell surfaces. Furthermore, we found that conversion of [D646E]Glu-Pg to [D646E]Lys-Pg by exogenous Pm was markedly enhanced ( approximately 20-fold) on the HUVEC surface, suggesting that the stimulation of the conversion of Glu-Pg to Lys-Pg is a key mechanism by which cells enhance Pg activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Gong
- Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Kondo U, Kim SO, Nakayama M, Murray PA. Pulmonary vascular effects of propofol at baseline, during elevated vasomotor tone, and in response to sympathetic alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptor activation. Anesthesiology 2001; 94:815-23. [PMID: 11388533 DOI: 10.1097/00000542-200105000-00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This in vivo study had two primary objectives. The first goal was to determine whether the pulmonary vascular effects of propofol depend on the preexisting level of vasomotor tone, and the second was to investigate the effects of propofol on the pulmonary vascular responses to sympathetic alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptor activation. METHODS Thirty-one mongrel dogs were chronically instrumented to measure the left pulmonary vascular pressure-flow (LPQ) relation. Left lung autotransplantation (LLA) was also performed in eight additional dogs to induce a long-term increase in pulmonary vascular resistance. LPQ plots were measured on separate days in the conscious state and during propofol anesthesia. LPQ plots were measured at baseline and when vasomotor tone was acutely increased with the alpha agonist, phenylephrine, or the thromboxane mimetic, U46619. In separate experiments, cumulative dose-response curves to alpha- (phenylephrine) and beta- (isoproterenol) adrenoreceptor agonists were generated in conscious and propofol-anesthetized dogs. RESULTS Compared with the conscious state, propofol had no effect on the baseline LPQ relation in normal or post-LLA dogs. However, propofol caused pulmonary vasoconstriction (P < 0.05) when vasomotor tone was acutely increased with either phenylephrine or U46619 in normal or post-LLA dogs. The pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to alpha-adrenoreceptor activation was potentiated (P < 0.05) during propofol anesthesia, whereas the pulmonary vasodilator response to beta-adrenoreceptor activation was not altered. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the pulmonary vascular response to propofol anesthesia is tone-dependent. During sympathetic activation, propofol may favor alpha-adrenoreceptor-mediated vasoconstriction over beta-adrenoreceptor-mediated vasodilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Kondo
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA
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35
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Kim EJ, Kim SO, Lee DH, Lim H, Lee MG. Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of a new reversible proton pump inhibitor, DBM-819, after intravenous and oral administration to rats: hepatic first-pass effect. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2001; 22:119-28. [PMID: 11745914 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The dose-dependent pharmacokinetic parameters of DBM-819 were evaluated after intravenous (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) and oral (10, 20 and 50 mg/kg) administrations of the drug to rats. The hepatic first-pass effect was also measured after intravenous and intraportal administrations of the drug, 10 mg/kg, to rats. After intravenous administration, the dose-normalized (based on 5 mg/kg) area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to time infinity, AUC, at 20 mg/kg (27.0 and 45.8 microg min/ml) was significantly greater than that at 5 mg/kg due to saturable metabolism. After oral administration, the dose-normalized (based on 10 mg/kg) AUC(0-12 h) at 50 mg/kg (25.1, 18.3 and 49.2 microg min/ml) was significantly greater than those at 10 and 20 mg/kg again due to saturable metabolism. After oral administration of DBM-819, 10 mg/kg, 2.86% of oral dose was not absorbed and the extent of absolute oral bioavailability (F) was estimated to be 46.7%. After intraportal administration of DBM-819, 10 mg/kg, the AUC was 51.9% of intravenous administration, suggesting that approximately 48.1% was eliminated by liver (hepatic first-pass effect). The considerable hepatic first-pass effect of DBM-819 was also supported by significantly greater AUC of M3 (3.70 and 6.86 microg min/ml), a metabolite of DBM-819, after intraportal administration. The AUCs of DBM-819 were not significantly different (comparable) between intraportal and oral administrations of the drug, 10 mg/kg, suggesting that gastrointestinal first-pass effect of DBM-819 was almost negligible in rats. At 10 mg/kg oral dose of DBM-819, the hepatic first-pass effect was approximately 48.1%, F was approximately 46.7 and 2.86% was not absorbed from gastrointestinal tract in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kwag OG, Kim SO, Choi JH, Rhee IK, Choi MS, Rhee SJ. Vitamin E improves microsomal phospholipase A2 activity and the arachidonic acid cascade in kidney of diabetic rats. J Nutr 2001; 131:1297-301. [PMID: 11285341 DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.4.1297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of vitamin E on microsomal phospholipase A2 activity and the arachidonic acid cascade in the kidneys of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 100 +/- 10 g were randomly assigned to one normal and three STZ-induced diabetic groups. The diabetic groups were fed a vitamin E-free diet (the DM-0E group), 40 mg vitamin E/kg diet (the DM-40E group) or a 400 mg vitamin E/kg diet (the DM-400E group). The kidney vitamin E concentrations were 59 and 49% lower in the DM-0E and DM-40E groups, respectively, than in the normal group. The kidney thiobarbituric acid reactive substance concentrations in the DM-0E, DM-40E and DM-400E groups were 119, 84 and 33% greater, respectively, than that in the normal group. The concentration in the DM-400E group was 39% lower than that in the DM-0E group. The phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity in the kidney microsomes of the DM-0E-40E and DM-400E groups were 88, 58 and 35% greater, respectively, than that in the normal group. The activity in the DM-400E group was 28% lower than that in the DM-0E group and 16% lower than that in the DM-40E group. The differences in the phospholipids in the kidney microsomes included reductions in the phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine compositions. Phosphatidylethanolamine hydrolysis in the kidney microsomes of the DM-0E and DM-40E groups were 84 and 64%, which did not differ from the DM-400E group. The formation of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) in the kidney microsomes was 137 and 70% greater in the DM-0E and DM-40E groups, respectively, than in the normal group. TXA2 formation did not differ between the DM-400E and normal groups. The formation of prostacyclin in the kidney microsomes was 60 and 44% lower in the DM-0E and DM-40E groups, respectively, than in the normal group, whereas the DM-400E group did not differ from that in the normal group. The ratio of prostacyclin to TXA2 was 82 and 65% lower than normal in the DM-0E and DM-40E groups, respectively. Kidney function appears to be improved by vitamin E supplementation due to its antithrombus action, which in turn controls the arachidonic acid cascade system.
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Affiliation(s)
- O G Kwag
- Department of Nursing Science, Taegu Science College, Taegu, Korea 702-722
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Lee MH, Kim HJ, Kim SH, Kim SO, Lee DH, Lim H, Yoo SE, Lee MG. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of a new neuroprotective agent for ischemia-reperfusion damage, KR-31378. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 2001; 109:249-56. [PMID: 11758654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the determination of a neuroprotective agent for ischemia-reperfusion damage, KR-31378, in human plasma and urine and in rat tissue homogenates. The method involved deproteinization of the the biological samples with 0.5 volumes of saturated Ba(OH)2, 0.5 volumes of 0.04 M ZnSO4 and 1 volume of acetonitrile. A 80-microl aliqout of the supernatant was injected onto a reversed-phase C18 column. The mobile phase, 50 mM triethylamine acetate : acetonitrile : tetrahydrofuran (65:30:5, v/v/v), was run at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The column effluent was mornitored by a ultraviolet detector set at 310 nm. The retention time of KR-31378 was approximately 6.5 min. The detection limits of KR-31378 in human plasma and urine and rat tissue homogenates were 0.2, 0.5 and 0.5 microg/ml, respectively. The coefficients of variation (within-day and between-day) were below 13.6% for human plasma and urine and rat homogenates. No interferences from endogenous substances were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Shinlim-Dong, Kwanak-Gu, South Korea
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Abstract
BACKGROUND We report a case of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) in a 17-year-old male student caused by Fusarium napiforme found in his home environment. METHODS The patient was diagnosed according to history, chest radiograph, spirometry, high-resolution chest CT, and transbronchial lung biopsy. To identify the causative agent, cultured aeromolds were collected by the open-plate method. From the main fungi cultured, fungal antigens were prepared, and immunoblot analysis with the patient's serum and each fungal antigen was performed. RESULTS Five fungal species were isolated from the patient's home. Immunoblotting analysis with the patient's serum demonstrated more than 10 IgG-binding fractions to F. napiforme extract only, while little binding was noted with the other fungal antigens. CONCLUSIONS We should be aware that HP may be caused by F. napiforme in the home environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Lee
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
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Stevanin TM, Ioannidis N, Mills CE, Kim SO, Hughes MN, Poole RK. Flavohemoglobin Hmp affords inducible protection for Escherichia coli respiration, catalyzed by cytochromes bo' or bd, from nitric oxide. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:35868-75. [PMID: 10915782 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m002471200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiration of Escherichia coli catalyzed either by cytochrome bo' or bd is sensitive to micromolar extracellular NO; extensive, transient inhibition of respiration increases as dissolved oxygen tension in the medium decreases. At low oxygen concentrations (25-33 microm), the duration of inhibition of respiration by 9 microm NO is increased by mutation of either oxidase. Respiration of an hmp mutant defective in flavohemoglobin (Hmp) synthesis is extremely NO-sensitive (I(50) about 0.8 microm); conversely, cells pre-grown with sodium nitroprusside or overexpressing plasmid-borne hmp(+) are insensitive to 60 microm NO and have elevated levels of immunologically detectable Hmp. Purified Hmp consumes O(2) at a rate that is instantaneously and extensively (>10-fold) stimulated by NO due to NO oxygenase activity but, in the absence of NO, Hmp does not contribute measurably to cell oxygen consumption. Cyanide binds to Hmp (K(d) 3 microm). Concentrations of KCN (100 microm) that do not significantly inhibit cell respiration markedly suppress the protection of respiration from NO afforded by Hmp and abolish NO oxygenase activity of purified Hmp. The results demonstrate the role of Hmp in protecting respiration from NO stress and are discussed in relation to the energy metabolism of E. coli in natural O(2)-depleted environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Stevanin
- Krebs Institute for Biomolecular Research, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
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Kim HJ, Kim SH, Kim SO, Lee DH, Lim H, Yoo SE, Lee MG. Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of a new neuroprotective agent for ischemia-reperfusion damage, KR-31378, in rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2000; 21:279-84. [PMID: 11512127 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The dose-dependent pharmacokinetic parameters of a new neuroprotective agent for ischemia-reperfusion damage, KR-31378, were evaluated after intravenous and oral administration, 10, 20, and 50 mg/kg, to rats. After intravenous administration of 50 mg/kg, the dose-normalized (10 mg/kg) AUC (994 microg min/mL) was significantly greater than that at 10 (569 microg min/ml) and 20 (660 microg min/mL) mg/kg. This could be due to slower clearance (Cl) with increasing dosage (18.5, 14.6, and 10.2 mL/min/kg for 10, 20, and 50 mg/kg, respectively). The slower Cl with increasing dosage could be due to saturable metabolism of KR-31378 in rats and this could be supported by significantly slower Cl(nr) and significantly greater 24-h urinary excretion of the drug at 50 mg/kg than those at 10 and 20 mg/kg. After oral administration of 50 mg/kg, the dose-normalized (10 mg/kg) AUC (1160 microg min/mL) was significantly greater than that at 10 (572 microg min/mL) and 20 (786 microg min/mL) mg/kg. Note that the AUCs were comparable (not significantly different) between intravenous and oral administration at each dosage, indicating that the absorption from gastrointestinal tract was almost complete and the first-pass (gastric, intestinal, and hepatic) effect was not considerable after oral administration to rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kim HH, Ha HJ, Kim SO, Ki SK, Yoo SE, Hong KW. KR 31372, a benzopyran derivative, inhibits oxidized LDL-stimulated proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2000; 14:469-76. [PMID: 11129087 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2000.tb00429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
KR 31372 is a benzopyran derivative. Both [3H]thymidine incorporation and migrations (chemotactic and wound-edge) of cultured smooth muscle cells (SMCs) were greatly stimulated by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL). These effects were significantly suppressed by KR 31372 (10(7) - 10(6) M) and PDGF-BB antibody (10(8) - 10(6) M). Preincubation with KR 31372 led to a decrease in the synthesis of PDGF-BB-like immunoreactivity (PDGF-BB-LI) that had been stimulated by oxidized LDL. Otherwise, KR 31372 and probucol strongly inhibited the production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) caused by the incubation of LDL with Cu2+ ion, and significantly reduced the intracellular oxidative stress when stimulated with H,O2. Taken together, it is suggested that KR 31372 may inhibit the oxidized LDL-stimulated syntheses of DNA and PDGF-BB, and migration of the SMCs, in part, via the antioxidant activity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anticholesteremic Agents/pharmacology
- Antioxidants/pharmacology
- Aorta/cytology
- Aorta/drug effects
- Becaplermin
- Benzopyrans/pharmacology
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA/biosynthesis
- DNA/drug effects
- Drug Interactions
- Humans
- Lipoproteins, LDL/pharmacology
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/metabolism
- Probucol/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred WKY
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Pusan National University, South Korea
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective was to investigate the effects of propofol anesthesia on the pulmonary vascular response to endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilators, compared with the responses measured in the conscious state. METHODS Twenty-six conditioned, male, mongrel dogs were instrumented long-term to measure the left pulmonary vascular pressure-flow relation. Pressure-flow plots were measured on separate days in conscious and propofol-anesthetized (5.0 mg/kg plus 0.5 mg. kg-1. min-1 intravenously) dogs at baseline, after preconstriction with the thromboxane mimetic U46619, and during the cumulative intravenous administration of endothelium-dependent (acetylcholine and bradykinin) and -independent (proline-nitric oxide) vasodilators. RESULTS Propofol had no effect on the baseline pressure-flow relation compared with the conscious state. A lower (P < 0.05) dose of U46619 was necessary to achieve the same degree of preconstriction during propofol anesthesia. The pulmonary vasodilator responses to bradykinin and proline-nitric oxide were similar in the conscious and propofol-anesthetized states. In contrast, the pulmonary vasodilator response to acetylcholine was markedly attenuated (P < 0.01) during propofol anesthesia. The intralipid vehicle for propofol had no effect on the acetylcholine dose-response relation. CONCLUSION These results suggest that propofol causes a specific defect in the signal transduction pathway for acetylcholine-induced pulmonary vasodilation. This defect involves the endothelial and not the vascular smooth muscle component of the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Kondo
- Center for Anesthesiology Research, Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195, USA
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Sayed M, Kim SO, Salh BS, Issinger OG, Pelech SL. Stress-induced activation of protein kinase CK2 by direct interaction with p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:16569-73. [PMID: 10747897 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m000312200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 has been implicated in the regulation of a wide range of proteins that are important in cell proliferation and differentiation. Here we demonstrate that the stress signaling agents anisomycin, arsenite, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha stimulate the specific enzyme activity of CK2 in the human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells by up to 8-fold, and this could be blocked by the p38 MAP kinase inhibitor SB203580. We show that p38alpha MAP kinase, in a phosphorylation-dependent manner, can directly interact with the alpha and beta subunits of CK2 to activate the holoenzyme through what appears to be an allosteric mechanism. Furthermore, we demonstrate that anisomycin- and tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced phosphorylation of p53 at Ser-392, which is important for the transcriptional activity of this growth suppressor protein, requires p38 MAP kinase and CK2 activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sayed
- Department of Medicine, Koerner Pavilion, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Kim SO, Xu Y, Katz S, Pelech S. Cyclic GMP-dependent and -independent regulation of MAP kinases by sodium nitroprusside in isolated cardiomyocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000; 1496:277-84. [PMID: 10771096 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(00)00026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) elicits various physiological effects, in part through generation of the membrane permeable mediator nitric oxide (NO). In the heart, besides its role in regulating contractility, NO is involved in both protection from and induction of cellular damage. The present study investigated the role of SNP in the regulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in isolated adult rat cardiomyocytes. SNP maximally activated Erk1, Erk2, p38 MAPK and MAPKAPK2 in 5-10 min. The activation of MAPKAPK2 by SNP was blocked by the soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor, 1H-[1, 2,4]oxadiazolol[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) and the p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580. The activation of Erk1 was insensitive to ODQ but completely blocked by the Mek1 inhibitor PD98059. The membrane-permeable homologue of cGMP, 8-Br-cGMP, also activated p38 MAPK (A(0.5) approximately 50 microM) but not Erk1 and Erk2. These results indicate that p38 MAPK and MAPKAPK2 are activated by SNP in cGMP-dependent pathways, while the Erk1 activation by SNP is independent of cGMP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Rm S125, 2nd Floor, Koerner Pavilion, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
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Kim SO, Baines CP, Critz SD, Pelech SL, Katz S, Downey JM, Cohen MV. Ischemia induced activation of heat shock protein 27 kinases and casein kinase 2 in the preconditioned rabbit heart. Biochem Cell Biol 2000; 77:559-67. [PMID: 10668633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC), p38 MAP kinase, and mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated kinases 2 and 3 (MAPKAPK2 and MAPKAPK3) have been implicated in ischemic preconditioning (PC) of the heart to reduce damage following a myocardial infarct. This study examined whether extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) 1, p70 ribosomal S6 kinase (p70 S6K), casein kinase 2 (CK2), and other hsp27 kinases are also activated by PC, and if they are required for protection in rabbit hearts. CK2 and hsp27 kinase activities declined during global ischemia in control hearts, whereas PC with 5 min ischemia and 10 min reperfusion increased their activities during global ischemia. Resource Q chromatography resolved two distinct peaks of hsp27 phosphotransferase activities; the first peak (at 0.36 M NaCl) appeared to correspond to the 55-kDa MAPKAPK2. Erk1 activity was elevated in both control and PC hearts after post-ischemic reperfusion, but no change was observed in p70 S6K activity. Infarct size (measured by triphenyltetrazolium staining) in isolated rabbit hearts subjected to 30 min regional ischemia and 2 h reperfusion was 31.0+/-2.6% of the risk zone in controls and was 10.3+/-2.2% in PC hearts (p<0.001). Neither the CK2 inhibitor 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB) nor the Mek1/2 inhibitor PD98059 infused during ischemia blocked protection by PC. The activation of CK2 and Erk1 in ischemic preconditioned hearts appear to be epiphenomena and not required for the reduction of infarction from myocardial ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Nakano A, Baines CP, Kim SO, Pelech SL, Downey JM, Cohen MV, Critz SD. Ischemic preconditioning activates MAPKAPK2 in the isolated rabbit heart: evidence for involvement of p38 MAPK. Circ Res 2000; 86:144-51. [PMID: 10666409 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.86.2.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) may be involved in ischemic preconditioning (PC). To further test this possibility, the regulation of MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MAPKAPK2), a kinase immediately downstream from p38 MAPK, and the activity of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK), a second MAPK, were examined in preconditioned hearts. Isolated, perfused rabbit hearts were subjected to 20 to 30 minutes of global ischemia. Ventricular biopsies before treatment and after 20 minutes of ischemia were homogenized, and the activities of MAPKAPK2 and JNK were evaluated. For the MAPKAPK2 experiments, 7 groups were studied, as follows: control hearts; preconditioned hearts; hearts treated with 500 nmol/L R(-) N(6)-(2-phenylisopropyl) adenosine (PIA), an A(1)-adenosine receptor agonist; preconditioned hearts pretreated with 100 micromol/L 8-(p-sulfophenyl) theophylline (SPT), an adenosine receptor antagonist; preconditioned hearts also treated with SB 203580, a potent inhibitor of p38 MAPK activation; hearts treated with 50 ng/mL anisomycin (a p38 MAPK/JNK activator); and hearts treated with both anisomycin (50 ng/mL) and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein (50 micromol/L). MAPKAPK2 activity was not altered in control hearts after 20 minutes of global ischemia. By contrast, there was a 3.8-fold increase in activity during ischemia in preconditioned hearts. Activation of MAPKAPK2 in preconditioned hearts was blocked by both SPT and SB 203580. MAPKAPK2 activity during ischemia increased 3.5-fold and 3.3-fold in hearts pretreated with PIA or anisomycin, respectively. MAPKAPK2 activation during ischemia in hearts pretreated with anisomycin was blocked by genistein. In separate hearts, anisomycin mimicked the anti-infarct effect of PC, and that protection was abolished by genistein. JNK activity was measured in control and preconditioned hearts. There was a comparable, modest decline in activity during 30 minutes of global ischemia in both groups. As a positive control, a third group of hearts was treated with anisomycin before global ischemia, and in these, JNK activity increased by 290% above baseline. These results confirm that the p38 MAPK/MAPKAPK2 pathway is activated during ischemia only if the heart is in a preconditioned state. These data further support p38 MAPK as an important signaling component in ischemic PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nakano
- Department of Physiology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688-0002, USA
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Kim SO, Houtman JC, Jiang J, Ruppert JM, Bertics PJ, Frank SJ. Growth hormone-induced alteration in ErbB-2 phosphorylation status in 3T3-F442A fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:36015-24. [PMID: 10585492 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.50.36015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth hormone receptor (GHR), a cytokine receptor superfamily member, requires the JAK2 tyrosine kinase for signaling. We now examine functional interactions between growth hormone (GH) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) in 3T3-F442A fibroblasts. Although EGF enhanced ErbB-2 tyrosine phosphorylation, GH, while causing retardation of its migration on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, decreased ErbB-2's tyrosine phosphorylation. GH-induced retardation was reversed by treatment of anti-ErbB-2 precipitates with both alkaline phosphatase and protein phosphatase 2A, suggesting that GH induced serine/threonine phosphorylation of ErbB-2. Both GH-induced shift in ErbB-2 migration and GH-induced MAP kinase activation were unaffected by a protein kinase C inhibitor but were blocked by the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase 1 (MEK1) inhibitor, PD98059. Notably, leukemia inhibitory factor, but not interferon-gamma, also promoted ErbB-2 shift and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Cotreatment with EGF and GH versus EGF alone resulted in a 35% decline in acute ErbB-2 tyrosine 1248 autophosphorylation, a marked decline (approximately 50%) in DNA synthesis, and substantially decreased cyclin D1 expression. We conclude that in 3T3-F442A cells, 1) the GH-induced decrease in ErbB-2 tyrosine phosphorylation correlates with MEK1/mitogen-activated protein kinase activity and 2) GH antagonizes EGF-induced DNA synthesis and cyclin D1 expression in a pattern consistent with its alteration in ErbB-2 phosphorylation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Sayeski PP, Ali MS, Safavi A, Lyles M, Kim SO, Frank SJ, Bernstein KE. A catalytically active Jak2 is required for the angiotensin II-dependent activation of Fyn. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:33131-42. [PMID: 10551884 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.46.33131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent work with interleukins has shown a convergence of tyrosine phosphorylation signal transduction cascades at the level of the Janus and Src families of tyrosine kinases. Here we demonstrate that activation of the seven-transmembrane AT(1) receptor by angiotensin II induces a physical association between Jak2 and Fyn, in vivo. This association requires the catalytic activity of Jak2 but not Fyn. Deletion studies indicate that the region of Jak2 that binds Fyn is located between amino acids 1 and 240. Studies of the Fyn SH2 and SH3 domains demonstrate that the SH2 domain plays the primary role in Jak2/Fyn association. Not surprisingly, this domain shows a marked preference for tyrosine-phosphorylated Jak2. Surface plasmon resonance estimated the dissociation equilibrium constant (K(d)) of this association to be 2.36 nM. Last, in vivo studies in vascular smooth muscle cells show that, in response to angiotensin II, Jak2 activation is required for Fyn activation and induction of the c-fos gene. The significance of these data is that Jak2, in addition to serving as a critical angiotensin II activated signal transduction kinase, also functions as a docking protein and participates in the activation of Fyn by providing phosphotyrosine residues that bind the SH2 domain of Fyn.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Sayeski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The alteration of steroid hormonal status in premenopausal breast disease (benign and malignant) were investigated by comparing the urinary profile of androgens and corticoids. METHODS The urinary concentrations of 25 androgens and corticoids were quantitatively determined by a gas chromatographymass spectrometry system in patients with benign breast disease (35 cases, 20-54 years), breast cancer (34, 27-54), and healthy controls of similar age (25, 22-51). RESULTS In premenopausal patients with breast cancer, a significantly lower rate of excretion of 11-deoxy-17-ketosteroids and their metabolites was found in comparison with normal females. These levels were also inversely associated with benign breast disease. No significant differences were found between the three groups for the concentration of 11-oxy-17-ketosteroids, 17-hydroxy-corticoids and their metabolites. The urinary ratio of adrenal androgen metabolites to cortisol metabolites [(11-DOKS & M)/11-OKS] declined in the order of normal female control (4.04 +/- 0.72; mean +/- SD), breast benign mass (2.29 +/- 0.42) and breast cancer (0.94 +/- 0.27). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the hormonal imbalance of androgen deficiency and/or corticoid sufficiency is closely associated with the benign and malignant conditions of premenopausal breast disease and the ratio of (11-DOKS & M)/11-OKS may be an effective discriminant factor of these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Lee
- Bioanalysis & Biotransformation Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Cheongryang, Seoul
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Kim SO, Orii Y, Lloyd D, Hughes MN, Poole RK. Anoxic function for the Escherichia coli flavohaemoglobin (Hmp): reversible binding of nitric oxide and reduction to nitrous oxide. FEBS Lett 1999; 445:389-94. [PMID: 10094495 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(99)00157-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The flavohaemoglobin Hmp of Escherichia coli is inducible by nitric oxide (NO) and provides protection both aerobically and anaerobically from inhibition of growth by NO and agents that cause nitrosative stress. Here we report rapid kinetic studies of NO binding to Fe(III) Hmp with a second order rate constant of 7.5 x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) to generate a nitrosyl adduct that was stable anoxically but decayed in the presence of air to reform the Fe(III) protein. NO displaced CO bound to dithionite-reduced Hmp but, remarkably, CO recombined after only 2 s at room temperature indicative of NO reduction and dissociation from the haem. Addition of NO to anoxic NADH-reduced Hmp also generated a nitrosyl species which persisted while NADH was oxidised. These results are consistent with direct demonstration by membrane-inlet mass spectrometry of NO consumption and nitrous oxide production during anoxic incubation of NADH-reduced Hmp. The results demonstrate a new mechanism by which Hmp may eliminate NO under anoxic growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O Kim
- Krebs Institute for Biomolecular Research, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, UK
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