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Naghavi M, Ong KL, Aali A, Ababneh HS, Abate YH, Abbafati C, Abbasgholizadeh R, Abbasian M, Abbasi-Kangevari M, Abbastabar H, Abd ElHafeez S, Abdelmasseh M, Abd-Elsalam S, Abdelwahab A, Abdollahi M, Abdollahifar MA, Abdoun M, Abdulah DM, Abdullahi A, Abebe M, Abebe SS, Abedi A, Abegaz KH, Abhilash ES, Abidi H, Abiodun O, Aboagye RG, Abolhassani H, Abolmaali M, Abouzid M, Aboye GB, Abreu LG, Abrha WA, Abtahi D, Abu Rumeileh S, Abualruz H, Abubakar B, Abu-Gharbieh E, Abu-Rmeileh NME, Aburuz S, Abu-Zaid A, Accrombessi MMK, Adal TG, Adamu AA, Addo IY, Addolorato G, Adebiyi AO, Adekanmbi V, Adepoju AV, Adetunji CO, Adetunji JB, Adeyeoluwa TE, Adeyinka DA, Adeyomoye OI, Admass BAA, Adnani QES, Adra S, Afolabi AA, Afzal MS, Afzal S, Agampodi SB, Agasthi P, Aggarwal M, Aghamiri S, Agide FD, Agodi A, Agrawal A, Agyemang-Duah W, Ahinkorah BO, Ahmad A, Ahmad D, Ahmad F, Ahmad MM, Ahmad S, Ahmad S, Ahmad T, Ahmadi K, Ahmadzade AM, Ahmed A, Ahmed A, Ahmed H, Ahmed LA, Ahmed MS, Ahmed MS, Ahmed MB, 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K, Deng X, Denova-Gutiérrez E, Deravi N, Dereje N, Dervenis N, Dervišević E, Des Jarlais DC, Desai HD, Desai R, Devanbu VGC, Dewan SMR, Dhali A, Dhama K, Dhimal M, Dhingra S, Dhulipala VR, Dias da Silva D, Diaz D, Diaz MJ, Dima A, Ding DD, Ding H, Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Dirac MA, Djalalinia S, Do THP, do Prado CB, Doaei S, Dodangeh M, Dodangeh M, Dohare S, Dokova KG, Dolecek C, Dominguez RMV, Dong W, Dongarwar D, D'Oria M, Dorostkar F, Dorsey ER, dos Santos WM, Doshi R, Doshmangir L, Dowou RK, Driscoll TR, Dsouza HL, Dsouza V, Du M, Dube J, Duncan BB, Duraes AR, Duraisamy S, Durojaiye OC, Dwyer-Lindgren L, Dzianach PA, Dziedzic AM, E'mar AR, Eboreime E, Ebrahimi A, Echieh CP, Edinur HA, Edvardsson D, Edvardsson K, Efendi D, Efendi F, Effendi DE, Eikemo TA, Eini E, Ekholuenetale M, Ekundayo TC, El Sayed I, Elbarazi I, Elema TB, Elemam NM, Elgar FJ, Elgendy IY, ElGohary GMT, Elhabashy HR, Elhadi M, El-Huneidi W, Elilo LT, Elmeligy OAA, Elmonem MA, Elshaer M, Elsohaby I, Emeto TI, Engelbert 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Ghahramani S, Ghailan KY, Ghasemi MR, Ghasempour Dabaghi G, Ghasemzadeh A, Ghashghaee A, Ghassemi F, Ghazy RM, Ghimire A, Ghoba S, Gholamalizadeh M, Gholamian A, Gholamrezanezhad A, Gholizadeh N, Ghorbani M, Ghorbani Vajargah P, Ghoshal AG, Gill PS, Gill TK, Gillum RF, Ginindza TG, Girmay A, Glasbey JC, Gnedovskaya EV, Göbölös L, Godinho MA, Goel A, Golchin A, Goldust M, Golechha M, Goleij P, Gomes NGM, Gona PN, Gopalani SV, Gorini G, Goudarzi H, Goulart AC, Goulart BNG, Goyal A, Grada A, Graham SM, Grivna M, Grosso G, Guan SY, Guarducci G, Gubari MIM, Gudeta MD, Guha A, Guicciardi S, Guimarães RA, Gulati S, Gunawardane DA, Gunturu S, Guo C, Gupta AK, Gupta B, Gupta MK, Gupta M, Gupta RD, Gupta R, Gupta S, Gupta VB, Gupta VK, Gupta VK, Gurmessa L, Gutiérrez RA, Habibzadeh F, Habibzadeh P, Haddadi R, Hadei M, Hadi NR, Haep N, Hafezi-Nejad N, Hailu A, Haj-Mirzaian A, Halboub ES, Hall BJ, Haller S, Halwani R, Hamadeh RR, Hameed S, Hamidi S, Hamilton EB, Han C, Han Q, Hanif A, Hanifi N, 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A, Lai DTC, Lal DK, Lalloo R, Lallukka T, Lam H, Lám J, Landrum KR, Lanfranchi F, Lang JJ, Langguth B, Lansingh VC, Laplante-Lévesque A, Larijani B, Larsson AO, Lasrado S, Lassi ZS, Latief K, Latifinaibin K, Lauriola P, Le NHH, Le TTT, Le TDT, Ledda C, Ledesma JR, Lee M, Lee PH, Lee SW, Lee SWH, Lee WC, Lee YH, LeGrand KE, Leigh J, Leong E, Lerango TL, Li MC, Li W, Li X, Li Y, Li Z, Ligade VS, Likaka ATM, Lim LL, Lim SS, Lindstrom M, Linehan C, Liu C, Liu G, Liu J, Liu R, Liu S, Liu X, Liu X, Llanaj E, Loftus MJ, López-Bueno R, Lopukhov PD, Loreche AM, Lorkowski S, Lotufo PA, Lozano R, Lubinda J, Lucchetti G, Lugo A, Lunevicius R, Ma ZF, Maass KL, Machairas N, Machoy M, Madadizadeh F, Madsen C, Madureira-Carvalho ÁM, Maghazachi AA, Maharaj SB, Mahjoub S, Mahmoud MA, Mahmoudi A, Mahmoudi E, Mahmoudi R, Majeed A, Makhdoom IF, Malakan Rad E, Maled V, Malekzadeh R, Malhotra AK, Malhotra K, Malik AA, Malik I, Malta DC, Mamun AA, Mansouri P, Mansournia MA, Mantovani LG, Maqsood S, Marasini 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Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet 2024; 403:2100-2132. [PMID: 38582094 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00367-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Mansournia MA, Mantilla Herrera AM, Mantovani LG, Manu E, Marateb HR, Mardi P, Martinez G, Martinez-Piedra R, Martini D, Martins-Melo FR, Martorell M, Marx W, Maryam S, Marzo RR, Mathangasinghe Y, Mathieson S, Mathioudakis AG, Mattumpuram J, Maugeri A, Mayeli M, Mazidi M, Mazzotti A, McGrath JJ, McKee M, McKowen ALW, McPhail MA, Mehrabani-Zeinabad K, Mehrabi Nasab E, Mekene Meto T, Mendoza W, Menezes RG, Mensah GA, Mentis AFA, Meo SA, Meresa HA, Meretoja A, Meretoja TJ, Mersha AM, Mestrovic T, Mettananda KCD, Mettananda S, Michalek IM, Miller PA, Miller TR, Mills EJ, Minh LHN, Mirijello A, Mirrakhimov EM, Mirutse MK, Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari M, Mirzaei M, Mirzaei R, Misganaw A, Mishra AK, Mitchell PB, Mittal C, Moazen B, Moberg ME, Mohamed J, Mohamed MFH, Mohamed NS, Mohammadi E, Mohammadi S, Mohammed H, Mohammed S, Mohammed S, Mohr RM, Mokdad AH, Molinaro S, Momtazmanesh S, Monasta L, Mondello S, Moodi Ghalibaf A, Moradi M, Moradi Y, Moradi-Lakeh M, Moraga P, Morawska L, Moreira RS, Morovatdar N, Morrison SD, Morze J, Mosapour A, Mosser JF, Mossialos E, Motappa R, Mougin V, Mouodi S, Mrejen M, Msherghi A, Mubarik S, Mueller UO, Mulita F, Munjal K, Murillo-Zamora E, Murlimanju BV, Mustafa G, Muthu S, Muzaffar M, Myung W, Nagarajan AJ, Naghavi P, Naik GR, Nainu F, Nair S, Najmuldeen HHR, Nangia V, Naqvi AA, Narayana AI, Nargus S, Nascimento GG, Nashwan AJ, Nasrollahizadeh A, Nasrollahizadeh A, Natto ZS, Nayak BP, Nayak VC, Nduaguba SO, Negash H, Negoi I, Negoi RI, Nejadghaderi SA, Nesbit OD, Netsere HB, Ng M, Nguefack-Tsague G, Ngunjiri JW, Nguyen DH, Nguyen HQ, Niazi RK, Nikolouzakis TK, Nikoobar A, Nikoomanesh F, Nikpoor AR, Nnaji CA, Nnyanzi LA, Noman EA, Nomura S, Norrving B, Nri-Ezedi CA, Ntaios G, Ntsekhe M, Nurrika D, Nzoputam CI, Nzoputam OJ, Oancea B, Odetokun IA, O'Donnell MJ, Oguntade AS, Oguta JO, Okati-Aliabad H, Okeke SR, Okekunle AP, Okonji OC, Olagunju AT, Olasupo OO, Olatubi MI, Oliveira GMM, Olufadewa II, Olusanya BO, Olusanya JO, Omar HA, Omer GL, Omonisi AEE, Onie S, Onwujekwe OE, Ordak M, Orish VN, Ortega-Altamirano DV, Ortiz A, Ortiz-Brizuela E, Osman WMS, Ostroff SM, Osuagwu UL, Otoiu A, Otstavnov N, Otstavnov SS, Ouyahia A, Ouyang G, Owolabi MO, P A MP, Padron-Monedero A, Padubidri JR, Palicz T, Palladino C, Pan F, Pandi-Perumal SR, Pangaribuan HU, Panos GD, Panos LD, Pantea Stoian AM, Pardhan S, Parikh RR, Pashaei A, Pasovic M, Passera R, Patel J, Patel SK, Patil S, Patoulias D, Patthipati VS, Pawar S, Pazoki Toroudi H, Pease SA, Peden AE, Pedersini P, Peng M, Pensato U, Pepito VCF, Peprah EK, Peprah P, Perdigão J, Pereira MO, Perianayagam A, Perico N, Pesudovs K, Petermann-Rocha FE, Petri WA, Pham HT, Philip AK, Phillips MR, Pigeolet M, Pigott DM, Pillay JD, Piracha ZZ, Pirouzpanah S, Plass D, Plotnikov E, Poddighe D, Polinder S, Postma MJ, Pourtaheri N, Prada SI, Pradhan PMS, Prakash V, Prasad M, Prates EJS, Priscilla T, Pritchett N, Puri P, Puvvula J, Qasim NH, Qattea I, Qazi AS, Qian G, Rabiee Rad M, Radhakrishnan RA, Radhakrishnan V, Raeisi Shahraki H, Rafferty Q, Raggi A, Raghav PR, Rahim MJ, Rahman MM, Rahman MHU, Rahman M, Rahman MA, Rahmani S, Rahmanian M, Rahmawaty S, Rajaa S, Ramadan MM, Ramasamy SK, Ramasubramani P, Ramazanu S, Rana K, Ranabhat CL, Rancic N, Rane A, Rao CR, Rao K, Rao M, Rao SJ, Rashidi MM, Rathnaiah Babu G, Rauniyar SK, Rawaf DL, Rawaf S, Razo C, Reddy MMRK, Redwan EMM, Reifels L, Reiner Jr RC, Remuzzi G, Renzaho AMN, Reshmi B, Reyes LF, Rezaei N, Rezaei N, Rezaei N, Rezaei Hachesu P, Rezaeian M, Rickard J, Rodrigues CF, Rodriguez JAB, Roever L, Ronfani L, Roshandel G, Rotimi K, Rout HS, Roy B, Roy N, Roy P, Rubagotti E, S N C, Saad AMA, Saber-Ayad MM, Sabour S, Sacco S, Sachdev PS, Saddik B, Saddler A, Sadee BA, Sadeghi E, Sadeghi M, Saeb MR, Saeed U, Safi SZ, Sagar R, Sagoe D, Saif Z, Sajid MR, Sakshaug JW, Salam N, Salami AA, Salaroli LB, Saleh MA, Salem MR, Salem MZY, Sallam M, Samadzadeh S, Samargandy S, Samodra YL, Samy AM, Sanabria J, Sanna F, Santos IS, Santric-Milicevic MM, Sarasmita MA, Sarikhani Y, Sarmiento-Suárez R, Sarode GS, Sarode SC, Sarveazad A, Sathian B, Sathyanarayan A, Satpathy M, Sawhney M, Scarmeas N, Schaarschmidt BM, Schmidt MI, Schneider IJC, Schumacher AE, Schwebel DC, Schwendicke F, Sedighi M, Senapati S, Senthilkumaran S, Sepanlou SG, Sethi Y, Setoguchi S, Seylani A, Shadid J, Shafie M, Shah H, Shah NS, Shah PA, Shahbandi A, Shahid S, Shahid W, Shahwan MJ, Shaikh MA, Shakeri A, Shalash AS, Sham S, Shamim MA, Shamshirgaran MA, Shamsi MA, Shanawaz M, Shankar A, Shannawaz M, Sharath M, Sharifan A, Sharifi-Rad J, Sharma M, Sharma R, Sharma S, Sharma U, Sharma V, Shastry RP, Shavandi A, Shayan AM, Shayan M, Shehabeldine AME, Shetty PH, Shibuya K, Shifa JE, Shiferaw D, Shiferaw WS, Shigematsu M, Shiri R, Shitaye NA, Shittu A, Shivakumar KM, Shivarov V, Shokati Eshkiki Z, Shool S, Shrestha S, Shuval K, Sibhat MM, Siddig EE, Sigfusdottir ID, Silva DAS, Silva JP, Silva LMLR, Silva S, Simpson CR, Singal A, Singh A, Singh BB, Singh H, Singh JA, Singh M, Singh P, Skou ST, Sleet DA, Slepak ELN, Solanki R, Soliman SSM, Song S, Song Y, Sorensen RJD, Soriano JB, Soyiri IN, Spartalis M, Sreeramareddy CT, Stark BA, Starodubova AV, Stein C, Stein DJ, Steiner C, Steiner TJ, Steinmetz JD, Steiropoulos P, Stockfelt L, Stokes MA, Subedi NS, Subramaniyan V, Suemoto CK, Suleman M, Suliankatchi Abdulkader R, Sultana A, Sundström J, Swain CK, Szarpak L, Tabaee Damavandi P, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tabatabaei Malazy O, Tabatabaeizadeh SA, Tabatabai S, Tabche C, Tabish M, Tadakamadla SK, Taheri Abkenar Y, Taheri Soodejani M, Taherkhani A, Taiba J, Talaat IM, Talukder A, Tampa M, Tamuzi JL, Tan KK, Tandukar S, Tang H, Tavakoli Oliaee R, Tavangar SM, Teimoori M, Temsah MH, Teramoto M, Thangaraju P, Thankappan KR, Thapar R, Thayakaran R, Thirunavukkarasu S, Thomas N, Thomas NK, Thum CCC, Tichopad A, Ticoalu JHV, Tillawi T, Tiruye TY, Tobe-Gai R, Tonelli M, Topor-Madry R, Torre AE, Touvier M, Tovani-Palone MR, Tran JT, Tran MTN, Tran NM, Tran NH, Trico D, Tromans SJ, Truyen TTTT, Tsatsakis A, Tsegay GM, Tsermpini EE, Tumurkhuu M, Tyrovolas S, Udoh A, Umair M, Umakanthan S, Umar TP, Undurraga EA, Unim B, Unnikrishnan B, Unsworth CA, Upadhyay E, Urso D, Usman JS, Vahabi SM, Vaithinathan AG, Van den Eynde J, Varga O, Varma RP, Vart P, Vasankari TJ, Vasic M, Vaziri S, Vellingiri B, Venketasubramanian N, Veroux M, Verras GI, Vervoort D, Villafañe JH, Violante FS, Vlassov V, Vollset SE, Volovat SR, Vongpradith A, Waheed Y, Wang C, Wang F, Wang N, Wang S, Wang Y, Wang YP, Ward P, Wassie EG, Weaver MR, Weerakoon KG, Weintraub RG, Weiss DJ, Weldemariam AH, Wells KM, Wen YF, Whisnant JL, Whiteford HA, Wiangkham T, Wickramasinghe DP, Wickramasinghe ND, Wilandika A, Wilkerson C, Willeit P, Wimo A, Woldegebreal DH, Wolf AW, Wong YJ, Woolf AD, Wu C, Wu F, Wu X, Wu Z, Wulf Hanson S, Xia Y, Xiao H, Xu X, Xu YY, Yadav L, Yadollahpour A, Yaghoubi S, Yamagishi K, Yang L, Yano Y, Yao Y, Yaribeygi H, Yazdanpanah MH, Ye P, Yehualashet SS, Yesuf SA, Yezli S, Yiğit A, Yiğit V, Yigzaw ZA, Yismaw Y, Yon DK, Yonemoto N, Younis MZ, Yu C, Yu Y, Yusuf H, Zahid MH, Zakham F, Zaki L, Zaki N, Zaman BA, Zamora N, Zand R, Zandieh GGZ, Zar HJ, Zarrintan A, Zastrozhin MS, Zhang H, Zhang N, Zhang Y, Zhao H, Zhong C, Zhong P, Zhou J, Zhu Z, Ziafati M, Zielińska M, Zimsen SRM, Zoladl M, Zumla A, Zyoud SH, Vos T, Murray CJL. Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet 2024; 403:2133-2161. [PMID: 38642570 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00757-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detailed, comprehensive, and timely reporting on population health by underlying causes of disability and premature death is crucial to understanding and responding to complex patterns of disease and injury burden over time and across age groups, sexes, and locations. The availability of disease burden estimates can promote evidence-based interventions that enable public health researchers, policy makers, and other professionals to implement strategies that can mitigate diseases. It can also facilitate more rigorous monitoring of progress towards national and international health targets, such as the Sustainable Development Goals. For three decades, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) has filled that need. A global network of collaborators contributed to the production of GBD 2021 by providing, reviewing, and analysing all available data. GBD estimates are updated routinely with additional data and refined analytical methods. GBD 2021 presents, for the first time, estimates of health loss due to the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS The GBD 2021 disease and injury burden analysis estimated years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries using 100 983 data sources. Data were extracted from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, censuses, household surveys, disease-specific registries, health service contact data, and other sources. YLDs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific prevalence of sequelae by their respective disability weights, for each disease and injury. YLLs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific deaths by the standard life expectancy at the age that death occurred. DALYs were calculated by summing YLDs and YLLs. HALE estimates were produced using YLDs per capita and age-specific mortality rates by location, age, sex, year, and cause. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for all final estimates as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles values of 500 draws. Uncertainty was propagated at each step of the estimation process. Counts and age-standardised rates were calculated globally, for seven super-regions, 21 regions, 204 countries and territories (including 21 countries with subnational locations), and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Here we report data for 2010 to 2021 to highlight trends in disease burden over the past decade and through the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic. FINDINGS Global DALYs increased from 2·63 billion (95% UI 2·44-2·85) in 2010 to 2·88 billion (2·64-3·15) in 2021 for all causes combined. Much of this increase in the number of DALYs was due to population growth and ageing, as indicated by a decrease in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates of 14·2% (95% UI 10·7-17·3) between 2010 and 2019. Notably, however, this decrease in rates reversed during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, with increases in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates since 2019 of 4·1% (1·8-6·3) in 2020 and 7·2% (4·7-10·0) in 2021. In 2021, COVID-19 was the leading cause of DALYs globally (212·0 million [198·0-234·5] DALYs), followed by ischaemic heart disease (188·3 million [176·7-198·3]), neonatal disorders (186·3 million [162·3-214·9]), and stroke (160·4 million [148·0-171·7]). However, notable health gains were seen among other leading communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases. Globally between 2010 and 2021, the age-standardised DALY rates for HIV/AIDS decreased by 47·8% (43·3-51·7) and for diarrhoeal diseases decreased by 47·0% (39·9-52·9). Non-communicable diseases contributed 1·73 billion (95% UI 1·54-1·94) DALYs in 2021, with a decrease in age-standardised DALY rates since 2010 of 6·4% (95% UI 3·5-9·5). Between 2010 and 2021, among the 25 leading Level 3 causes, age-standardised DALY rates increased most substantially for anxiety disorders (16·7% [14·0-19·8]), depressive disorders (16·4% [11·9-21·3]), and diabetes (14·0% [10·0-17·4]). Age-standardised DALY rates due to injuries decreased globally by 24·0% (20·7-27·2) between 2010 and 2021, although improvements were not uniform across locations, ages, and sexes. Globally, HALE at birth improved slightly, from 61·3 years (58·6-63·6) in 2010 to 62·2 years (59·4-64·7) in 2021. However, despite this overall increase, HALE decreased by 2·2% (1·6-2·9) between 2019 and 2021. INTERPRETATION Putting the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of causes of health loss is crucial to understanding its impact and ensuring that health funding and policy address needs at both local and global levels through cost-effective and evidence-based interventions. A global epidemiological transition remains underway. Our findings suggest that prioritising non-communicable disease prevention and treatment policies, as well as strengthening health systems, continues to be crucially important. The progress on reducing the burden of CMNN diseases must not stall; although global trends are improving, the burden of CMNN diseases remains unacceptably high. Evidence-based interventions will help save the lives of young children and mothers and improve the overall health and economic conditions of societies across the world. Governments and multilateral organisations should prioritise pandemic preparedness planning alongside efforts to reduce the burden of diseases and injuries that will strain resources in the coming decades. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Benz C, Scott-Jeffs W, McKercher KA, Welsh M, Norman R, Hendrie D, Locantro M, Robinson S. Community-based participatory-research through co-design: supporting collaboration from all sides of disability. Res Involv Engagem 2024; 10:47. [PMID: 38730283 PMCID: PMC11084036 DOI: 10.1186/s40900-024-00573-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As co-design and community-based participatory research gain traction in health and disability, the challenges and benefits of collaboratively conducting research need to be considered. Current literature supports using co-design to improve service quality and create more satisfactory services. However, while the 'why' of using co-design is well understood, there is limited literature on 'how' to co-design. We aimed to describe the application of co-design from start to finish within a specific case study and to reflect on the challenges and benefits created by specific process design choices. METHODS A telepractice re-design project has been a case study example of co-design. The co-design was co-facilitated by an embedded researcher and a peer researcher with lived experience of disability. Embedded in a Western Australian disability organisation, the co-design process included five workshops and a reflection session with a team of 10 lived experience and staff participants (referred to as co-designers) to produce a prototype telepractice model for testing. RESULTS The findings are divided into two components. The first describes the process design choices made throughout the co-design implementation case study. This is followed by a reflection on the benefits and challenges resulting from specific process design choices. The reflective process describes the co-designers' perspective and the researcher's and organisational experiences. Reflections of the co-designers include balancing idealism and realism, the value of small groups, ensuring accessibility and choice, and learning new skills and gaining new insights. The organisational and research-focused reflections included challenges between time for building relationships and the schedules of academic and organisational decision-making, the messiness of co-design juxtaposed with the processes of ethics applications, and the need for inclusive dissemination of findings. CONCLUSIONS The authors advocate that co-design is a useful and outcome-generating methodology that proactively enables the inclusion of people with disability and service providers through community-based participatory research and action. Through our experiences, we recommend community-based participatory research, specifically co-design, to generate creative thinking and service design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cloe Benz
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia.
| | | | | | - Mai Welsh
- Rocky Bay, Mosman Park, WA, Australia
- Therapy Focus, Bentley, Australia
| | - Richard Norman
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | - Delia Hendrie
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | | | - Suzanne Robinson
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
- Deakin Health Economics, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
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Lyle G, Hendrie D. Global smoking-related deaths averted due to MPOWER policies implemented at the highest level between 2007 and 2020. Global Health 2024; 20:40. [PMID: 38715053 PMCID: PMC11075264 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-023-01012-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In response to the harm caused by tobacco use worldwide, the World Health Organization (WHO) World Health Assembly actioned the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in 2005. To help countries meet their FCTC obligations, the WHO introduced in 2008 the MPOWER policy package and by 2020 the FCTC had been ratified by 182 parties. The package consists of six evidence-based demand reduction smoking cessation policies to assist countries to achieve best practice. We used published evaluation results and replicated the published model to estimate current policy achievement and demonstrate the impact and equity of the MPOWER policy package in reducing the global number of smokers and smoking-attributable deaths (SADs) between 2007 and 2020. METHODS We replicated an evaluation model (the Abridged SimSmoke model) used previously for country impact assessments and validated our replicated reduction in SADs for policies between 2014 and 2016 against the published results. The replicated model was then applied to report on the country level SADs averted from achieving the highest level of implementation, that is best practice in MPOWER policies, between 2016 and 2020. The latest results were then combined with past published results to estimate the reduction in SADs since the commencement of the MPOWER policy package. Country level income status was used to investigate the equity in the uptake of MPOWER policies worldwide. RESULTS Identical estimates for SADs in 41 out of 56 MPOWER policies implemented in 43 countries suggested good agreement in the model replication. The replicated model overestimated the reduction in SADs by 159,800 (1.5%) out of a total of 10.5 million SADs with three countries contributing to the majority of this replication discrepancy. Updated analysis estimated a reduction of 8.57 million smokers and 3.37 million SADs between 2016 and 2020. Between 2007 and 2020, 136 countries had adopted and maintained at least one MPOWER policy at the highest level which was associated with a reduction in 81.0 million smokers and 28.3 million SADs. Seventy five percent of this reduction was in middle income countries, 20% in high income and less than 5% in low income countries. CONCLUSIONS Considerable progress has been made by MPOWER policies to reduce the prevalence of smokers globally. However, there is inequality in the implementation and maintenance, reach and influence, and the number of SADs averted. Future research to modify the model could provide a more comprehensive evaluation of past and future progress in tobacco control policies, worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Lyle
- Curtin University School of Population Health, Perth, Bentley Campus, 6102, Australia.
| | - Delia Hendrie
- Curtin University School of Population Health, Perth, Bentley Campus, 6102, Australia
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Hasking PA, Robinson K, McEvoy P, Melvin G, Bruffaerts R, Boyes ME, Auerbach RP, Hendrie D, Nock MK, Preece DA, Rees C, Kessler RC. Development and evaluation of a predictive algorithm and telehealth intervention to reduce suicidal behavior among university students. Psychol Med 2024; 54:971-979. [PMID: 37732419 PMCID: PMC10939946 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723002714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicidal behaviors are prevalent among college students; however, students remain reluctant to seek support. We developed a predictive algorithm to identify students at risk of suicidal behavior and used telehealth to reduce subsequent risk. METHODS Data come from several waves of a prospective cohort study (2016-2022) of college students (n = 5454). All first-year students were invited to participate as volunteers. (Response rates range: 16.00-19.93%). A stepped-care approach was implemented: (i) all students received a comprehensive list of services; (ii) those reporting past 12-month suicidal ideation were directed to a safety planning application; (iii) those identified as high risk of suicidal behavior by the algorithm or reporting 12-month suicide attempt were contacted via telephone within 24-h of survey completion. Intervention focused on support/safety-planning, and referral to services for this high-risk group. RESULTS 5454 students ranging in age from 17-36 (s.d. = 5.346) participated; 65% female. The algorithm identified 77% of students reporting subsequent suicidal behavior in the top 15% of predicted probabilities (Sensitivity = 26.26 [95% CI 17.93-36.07]; Specificity = 97.46 [95% CI 96.21-98.38], PPV = 53.06 [95% CI 40.16-65.56]; AUC range: 0.895 [95% CIs 0.872-0.917] to 0.966 [95% CIs 0.939-0.994]). High-risk students in the Intervention Cohort showed a 41.7% reduction in probability of suicidal behavior at 12-month follow-up compared to high-risk students in the Control Cohort. CONCLUSIONS Predictive risk algorithms embedded into universal screening, coupled with telehealth intervention, offer significant potential as a suicide prevention approach for students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope A Hasking
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, enAble Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Kealagh Robinson
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, enAble Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Peter McEvoy
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, enAble Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Interventions, Perth, Australia
| | - Glenn Melvin
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | | | - Mark E Boyes
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, enAble Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Randy P Auerbach
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, USA
- Division of Clinical Developmental Neuroscience, Sackler Institute, New York, USA
| | - Delia Hendrie
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Matthew K Nock
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA
| | - David A Preece
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, enAble Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Clare Rees
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Ronald C Kessler
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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Benz C, Dantas J, Welsh M, Norman R, Robinson S, Hendrie D. A qualitative study assessing allied health provider perceptions of telepractice functionality in therapy delivery for people with disability. Health Expect 2024; 27:e13988. [PMID: 38351633 PMCID: PMC10864922 DOI: 10.1111/hex.13988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Telepractice service delivery of allied health interventions to people with disability can potentially reduce access barriers and improve service equity. However, questions remain regarding telepractice functionality for people with disability. This study addressed questions related to how allied health clinicians and managers perceive telepractice as functioning in the provision of therapy services to people with disability. METHODS Thirteen interviews of allied health clinicians and managers from across Australia were conducted between 21 November and 22 February via MS teams. Qualitative methodology and critical realist theoretical paradigm underpin the study. Data analysis was completed using a reflective thematic analysis method and five themes were generated and described utilising an analytic metaphor. RESULTS The study themes were described in relation to a shopping for shoes analytic metaphor and the five themes included (1) a shoe for every foot, (2) planned purchases, (3) shoe on the other foot, (4) you need both shoes and (5) help choosing their shoes. In summary, the function of telepractice fits differently for each individual, similar to pairs of shoes. CONCLUSIONS Telepractice has its own strengths and weaknesses and isn't a direct substitute for in-person sessions, much like left and right shoes are similar but not the same. The results support participant perceptions that telepractice functions best as an adjunct to in-person sessions through a flexible hybrid delivery model in the provision of therapy services to people with a disability. A strategy for improving perceived usefulness may involve positioning telepractice as unique with strengths and weaknesses, not replacing in-person care. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION The paper forms part of a larger codesign process which included customer and carer participants throughout the design and planning of the project, inclusion of a peer researcher, and the selection of the analytic metaphor including in the findings of this article production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cloe Benz
- School of Population HealthCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Jaya Dantas
- School of Population HealthCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Mai Welsh
- Rocky BayMosman ParkWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Richard Norman
- School of Population HealthCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Suzanne Robinson
- School of Population HealthCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Deakin Health Economics, Institute for Health TransformationDeakin UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Delia Hendrie
- School of Population HealthCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
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Benz C, Welsh M, Norman R, Robinson S, Scott-Jeffs W, McKercher KA, Hendrie D. Visualising Findings in the Co-Design of Telepractice for the Disability Community. Stud Health Technol Inform 2024; 310:1519-1521. [PMID: 38269725 DOI: 10.3233/shti231273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The methods and strategies utilised to facilitate focus group discussion within a co-design context have a fundamental impact on the opportunity for participants to actively engage with the content. This is a description of the strategies our project utilized including visual prompts and preparation guide to assist both service users and staff participants facilitate access to concepts discussed within our focus group sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cloe Benz
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Australia
| | | | - Richard Norman
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Australia
| | - Suzanne Robinson
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Australia
- Deakin Health Economics, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Australia
| | | | | | - Delia Hendrie
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Australia
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Hall C, Daire J, Hendrie D. A scoping review considering the processes involved in changing abortion laws in low- and middle-income countries. Health Policy Plan 2023; 38:1181-1197. [PMID: 37702199 DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czad081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Providing legal and safe abortion is promoted as one of the key global strategies for reducing maternal mortality. Following the landmark 1994 International Conference on Population and Development, low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are shifting towards more liberal abortion legislation. Whilst the existing literature has predominantly focused on agenda setting and individual country contexts, there is a need to understand the universal policy process of changing abortion laws. Drawing on the heuristic policy stages model and policy analysis triangle, this paper explores the processes involved in changing abortion laws in LMICs and discusses the influencing factors. We conducted a search for peer-reviewed literature in ProQuest, Scopus, Global Health (Ovid), PubMed and CINAHL. Initially, the search was conducted in February 2021 and was then re-run in May 2023. A total of 25 studies were included in the analysis. Following a descriptive, thematic and interpretive analysis of the extracted data, we have drawn out the key stages involved in changing abortion laws in LMICs: (1) establishing the need for changing abortion laws in a local context; (2) generating local evidence to support changes in abortion laws; (3) drafting of new and/or amendments of existing abortion laws; (4) adoption and enactment of changes in abortion laws; (5) translating the legal provisions into services and (6) assessing the impact of changes in abortion laws on maternal health. Our analysis explores the influence of actors and contextual factors, and we also discuss the policy solutions and decisions made by governments. The findings demonstrate that while the timing of change in abortion law was found to be dependent on the context of individual settings, the process and factors that influenced the change were remarkably consistent across geographies. Further research is required to evaluate the link between changes in abortion laws and maternal health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Hall
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Judith Daire
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Delia Hendrie
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
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Benz C, Scott‐Jeffs W, Revitt J, Brabon C, Fermanis C, Hawkes M, Keane C, Dyke R, Cooper S, Locantro M, Welsh M, Norman R, Hendrie D, Robinson S. Co-designing a telepractice journey map with disability customers and clinicians: Partnering with users to understand challenges from their perspective. Health Expect 2023; 27:e13919. [PMID: 37990612 PMCID: PMC10726283 DOI: 10.1111/hex.13919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Telepractice has the potential to align with the directive to reduce inequalities by United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 10. Telepractice additionally addresses a national digital health strategic plan for accessible digitally enabled models of care. To plan improvements, it is essential to understand the experience of telepractice for people with disability, which may be achieved through an approach such as journey mapping. The current article provides both a disability-specific case study and a methodological guide for the inclusion of customers and clinicians in the meaningful redevelopment of services. The Perth, Australia-based case study aimed to gain insights into the experience of telepractice for people with disability. The methodological aim describes using co-design to produce a journey map in collaboration with customers and clinicians, for potential replication in a wide range of health and social care contexts. METHOD Interview transcripts gathered from a cohort of customer participants (n = 17) were used to inform the journey map. A group of customers (n = 5) and clinicians plus one manager (n = 5) distributed the findings onto a customer experience journey map during a co-design workshop. The journey map describes the emotional experience and actions taken, along five phases of a timeline through telepractice service interactions: (1) before, (2) selecting telepractice, (3) telepractice preparation, (4) during telepractice sessions and (5) after. RESULTS A journey map visualisation of customer experiences was produced that identified strengths of telepractice service delivery (flexibility) while noting challenges (with technology) as opportunities for improvement. The consensus of participants was the desire to have access to telepractice currently and in the future, in addition to in-person delivery. CONCLUSION These findings are valuable in the context of advocating for the incorporation of customers and clinicians through co-design workshops in the content analysis and creation of a journey map that is representative of the lived experience of accessing telepractice services. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION The paper forms part of a larger co-design process that included customer participants throughout the design and planning of the project, inclusion of a peer researcher and the co-designers in the workshops, journey map and this article production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cloe Benz
- School of Population HealthCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert Dyke
- Rocky BayMosman ParkWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | | | | | - Mai Welsh
- Rocky BayMosman ParkWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Richard Norman
- School of Population HealthCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Delia Hendrie
- School of Population HealthCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Suzanne Robinson
- School of Population HealthCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Deakin Health EconomicsInstitute for Health Transformation, Deakin UniversityBurwoodVictoriaAustralia
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Benz C, Dantas J, Welsh M, Norman R, Hendrie D, Robinson S. Telepractice implementation experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic, a qualitative exploration of Australian disability allied health providers: A diamond in the rough. Digit Health 2023; 9:20552076231211283. [PMID: 37936961 PMCID: PMC10627019 DOI: 10.1177/20552076231211283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Telepractice has existed for decades, but as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, it gained value and increased desirability across the disability service and health sectors, as a mitigation strategy for the viral transmission risk. The increased desirability of telepractice encouraged organisations to invest and correspondingly enhance access to services delivered remotely via digital technology including allied health therapy interventions. The investment and uptake of telepractice provided greater learning opportunities and ability to investigate telepractice implementation in specific contexts such as disability services, enabling service providers the ability to tailor to specific population needs. Methods This study investigated the experience of telepractice implementation during the COVID-19 pandemic from 13 allied health clinicians and managers of disability organisations across Australia between November 2021 and February 2022. A contextualist and critical realist theory was applied through the study, with reflective thematic analysis used as the data analysis method and findings described using a metaphor method centring on diamond formation. The method selection aimed to produce findings grounded in qualitative methodology and methods while remaining accessible to the disability community. Results An exploration and analysis of the data by the authors identified six themes addressing the experiences of participants and used the metaphor of diamond formation to describe changes in allied health clinicians and disability organisations during the COVID-19 influenced telepractice implementation. Conclusion The allied health clinicians and managers who participated in this study demonstrated an overall sense of hope that telepractice would be a viable and sustainable delivery pathway for services in the future. This article endorses the integration of a planned telepractice delivery pathway that capitalises on the momentum created by the COVID-19 pandemic in a purposeful and accessible way that looks to enhance rather than replace current practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cloe Benz
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | - Jaya Dantas
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | - Mai Welsh
- Clinical Department, Rocky Bay, Mosman Park, Australia
| | - Richard Norman
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | - Delia Hendrie
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | - Suzanne Robinson
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
- Deakin Health Economics, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
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Benz C, Norman R, Hendrie D, Welsh M, Huntley M, Robinson S. Use of Teletherapy for allied health interventions in community-based disability services: A scoping review of user perspectives. Health Soc Care Community 2022; 30:e3934-e3948. [PMID: 36373233 PMCID: PMC10099871 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.14105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the experiences and perspectives of users of teletherapy living with a disability and working with them, offers the potential to improve its capacity to meet their requirements. Literature examining the effectiveness of interventions delivered via teletherapy often fail to explore the motivators and implementation needs of the users. The scoping review aimed to examine the research evidence addressing user perspectives of teletherapy in delivery of allied health interventions to the disability community. The Joanna Briggs scoping review protocol methodology was employed with searches completed across five databases (ProQuest, CINAHL (EBSCO), Medline (OVID), Scopus, Google Scholar) in September 2021. The search yielded a total of 1365 results, 147 progressed to full text screening and 22 articles included in thematic analysis. Findings were split into themes addressing organisational and implementation based considerations for teletherapy, and secondly the social and contextual considerations of the Target Participants. The two areas of interest were addressed under each theme some of which include resourcing and upskilling, financial, challenging the status quo, moving from hands on to coaching and the utilisation of a hybrid model of intervention delivery. Teletherapy is viewed as creating a distinct set of benefits and challenges compared to in person service delivery, which impact individual members of the disability community differently. The scoping review identifies a strong need from recipients to trial teletherapy and experience it personally to facilitate understanding of how it can best suit an individual. More than being viewed as an alternative to in person services, teletherapy is viewed by users as better suited as a complementary service with flexibility of hybrid model opportunities valued above exclusive use of one over the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cloe Benz
- School of Population HealthFaculty of Health SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyAustralia
| | - Richard Norman
- School of Population HealthFaculty of Health SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyAustralia
| | - Delia Hendrie
- School of Population HealthFaculty of Health SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyAustralia
| | | | | | - Suzanne Robinson
- School of Population HealthFaculty of Health SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyAustralia
- Deakin Health Economics, Institute for Health TransformationDeakin UniveristyMelbourneAustralia
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Ireland K, Hendrie D, Ledwith T, Singh A. Strategies to address barriers and improve bowel cancer screening participation in Indigenous populations, particularly in rural and remote communities: A scoping review. Health Promot J Austr 2022; 34:544-560. [PMID: 36239440 DOI: 10.1002/hpja.672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Participation in bowel cancer screening programs is low in Indigenous* Australian populations, particularly in rural and remote communities. There is growing evidence of strategies to increase screening rates among Indigenous Australians, however there is limited strategies specific to rural and remote communities. OBJECTIVE This review aims to identify strategies that may increase bowel cancer screening rates among Indigenous populations, particularly in rural and remote communities. METHODOLOGY A literature search was undertaken which included peer-reviewed qualitative and quantitative articles of any study design, and grey literature. Evidence from New Zealand, Canada, United Kingdom, and Australia were included, and descriptive numerical and thematic analyses were conducted. The identified strategies were categorised using the National Cancer Policy Board's organisational framework. RESULTS 19 strategies were identified from 23 included articles. The most frequently used strategies were recommendation from a general practitioner, culturally appropriate education resources, and non-responder follow up. Four strategies were specific to rural and remote communities including alternative distribution of kits and mobile screening. 13 strategies aim to address the Knowledge category of the framework, four address Attitudes, four address Ability, and six address Reinforcement. SO WHAT?: Several strategies are available to increase bowel cancer screening in Indigenous populations, with very few strategies specifically relating to rural and remote communities. Multiple strategies may maximise the likelihood of participation in screening amongst Indigenous Australians. Implementation may require system-level and local-level changes. * Throughout this review, the term Indigenous is used to refer to populations who are native to a particular place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri Ireland
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University
| | - Delia Hendrie
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University
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13
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Moon K, Mckinnon E, Croft K, Hendrie D, Patole S, Simmer K, Rao S. Early versus late parenteral nutrition in term and late preterm infants: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:514. [PMID: 36042439 PMCID: PMC9429301 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03569-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the wide use of parenteral nutrition (PN) in neonatal intensive care units (NICU), there is limited evidence regarding the optimal time to commence PN in term and late preterm infants. The recommendations from the recently published ESPGHAN/ESPEN/ESPR/CPEN and NICE guidelines are substantially different in this area, and surveys have reported variations in clinical practice. The aim of this randomised controlled trial (RCT) is to evaluate the benefits and risks of early versus late PN in term and late preterm infants. METHODS/DESIGN This study is a single-centre, non-blinded RCT in the NICU of Perth Children's Hospital, Western Australia.A total of 60 infants born ≥34 weeks of gestation who have a high likelihood of intolerance to enteral nutrition (EN) for at least 3-5 days will be randomised to early (day 1 or day 2 of admission) or late commencement (day 6 of admission) of PN after informed parental consent. In both groups, EN will be commenced as early as clinically feasible. Primary outcomes are plasma phenylalanine and plasma F2-isoprostane levels on Day 4 and Day 8 of admission. Secondary outcomes are total and individual plasma amino acid profiles, plasma and red blood cell fatty acid profiles, in-hospital all-cause mortality, hospital-acquired infections, length of hospital/NICU stay, z scores and changes in z scores at discharge for weight, height and head circumference, time to full EN, duration of respiratory (mechanical, non-invasive) support, duration of inotropic support, the incidence of hyper and hypoglycaemia, incidence of metabolic acidosis, liver function, blood urea nitrogen, and C-reactive protein (CRP). DISCUSSION This RCT will examine the effects of early versus late PN in term and late preterm infants by comparing key biochemical and clinical outcomes and has the potential to identify underlying pathways for beneficial or harmful effects related to the timing of commencement of PN in such infants. TRIAL REGISTRATION ANZCTR; ACTRN12620000324910 (3rd March 2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwi Moon
- Pharmacy Department, Perth Children's Hospital, 15 Hospital Ave, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia. .,Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | | | - Kevin Croft
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Delia Hendrie
- School of Public Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sanjay Patole
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Neonatology, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA, Australia
| | - Karen Simmer
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Shripada Rao
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Neonatology, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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Bryazka D, Reitsma MB, Griswold MG, Abate KH, Abbafati C, Abbasi-Kangevari M, Abbasi-Kangevari Z, Abdoli A, Abdollahi M, Abdullah AYM, Abhilash ES, Abu-Gharbieh E, Acuna JM, Addolorato G, Adebayo OM, Adekanmbi V, Adhikari K, Adhikari S, Adnani QES, Afzal S, Agegnehu WY, Aggarwal M, Ahinkorah BO, Ahmad AR, Ahmad S, Ahmad T, Ahmadi A, Ahmadi S, Ahmed H, Ahmed Rashid T, Akunna CJ, Al Hamad H, Alam MZ, Alem DT, Alene KA, Alimohamadi Y, Alizadeh A, Allel K, Alonso J, Alvand S, Alvis-Guzman N, Amare F, Ameyaw EK, Amiri S, Ancuceanu R, Anderson JA, Andrei CL, Andrei T, Arabloo J, Arshad M, Artamonov AA, Aryan Z, Asaad M, Asemahagn MA, Astell-Burt T, Athari SS, Atnafu DD, Atorkey P, Atreya A, Ausloos F, Ausloos M, Ayano G, Ayanore MAA, Ayinde OO, Ayuso-Mateos JL, Azadnajafabad S, Azanaw MM, Azangou-Khyavy M, Azari Jafari A, Azzam AY, Badiye AD, Bagheri N, Bagherieh S, Bairwa M, Bakkannavar SM, Bakshi RK, Balchut/Bilchut AH, Bärnighausen TW, Barra F, Barrow A, Baskaran P, Belo L, Bennett DA, Benseñor IM, Bhagavathula AS, Bhala N, Bhalla A, Bhardwaj N, Bhardwaj P, Bhaskar S, Bhattacharyya K, Bhojaraja VS, Bintoro BS, Blokhina EAE, Bodicha BBA, Boloor A, Bosetti C, Braithwaite D, Brenner H, Briko NI, Brunoni AR, Butt ZA, Cao C, Cao Y, Cárdenas R, Carvalho AF, Carvalho M, Castaldelli-Maia JM, Castelpietra G, Castro-de-Araujo LFS, Cattaruzza MS, Chakraborty PA, Charan J, Chattu VK, Chaurasia A, Cherbuin N, Chu DT, Chudal N, Chung SC, Churko C, Ciobanu LG, Cirillo M, Claro RM, Costanzo S, Cowden RG, Criqui MH, Cruz-Martins N, Culbreth GT, Dachew BA, Dadras O, Dai X, Damiani G, Dandona L, Dandona R, Daniel BD, Danielewicz A, Darega Gela J, Davletov K, de Araujo JAP, de Sá-Junior AR, Debela SA, Dehghan A, Demetriades AK, Derbew Molla M, Desai R, Desta AA, Dias da Silva D, Diaz D, Digesa LE, Diress M, Dodangeh M, Dongarwar D, Dorostkar F, Dsouza HL, Duko B, Duncan BB, Edvardsson K, Ekholuenetale M, Elgar FJ, Elhadi M, Elmonem MA, Endries AY, Eskandarieh S, Etemadimanesh A, Fagbamigbe AF, Fakhradiyev IR, Farahmand F, Farinha CSES, Faro A, Farzadfar F, Fatehizadeh A, Fauk NK, Feigin VL, Feldman R, Feng X, Fentaw Z, Ferrero S, Ferro Desideri L, Filip I, Fischer F, Francis JM, Franklin RC, Gaal PA, Gad MM, Gallus S, Galvano F, Ganesan B, Garg T, Gebrehiwot MGD, Gebremeskel TG, Gebremichael MA, Gemechu TR, Getacher L, Getachew ME, Getachew Obsa A, Getie A, Ghaderi A, Ghafourifard M, Ghajar A, Ghamari SH, Ghandour LA, Ghasemi Nour M, Ghashghaee A, Ghozy S, Glozah FN, Glushkova EV, Godos J, Goel A, Goharinezhad S, Golechha M, Goleij P, Golitaleb M, Greaves F, Grivna M, Grosso G, Gudayu TW, Gupta B, Gupta R, Gupta S, Gupta VB, Gupta VK, Hafezi-Nejad N, Haj-Mirzaian A, Hall BJ, Halwani R, Handiso TB, Hankey GJ, Hariri S, Haro JM, Hasaballah AI, Hassanian-Moghaddam H, Hay SI, Hayat K, Heidari G, Heidari M, Hendrie D, Herteliu C, Heyi DZ, Hezam K, Hlongwa MM, Holla R, Hossain MM, Hossain S, Hosseini SK, hosseinzadeh M, Hostiuc M, Hostiuc S, Hu G, Huang J, Hussain S, Ibitoye SE, Ilic IM, Ilic MD, Immurana M, Irham LM, Islam MM, Islam RM, Islam SMS, Iso H, Itumalla R, Iwagami M, Jabbarinejad R, Jacob L, Jakovljevic M, Jamalpoor Z, Jamshidi E, Jayapal SK, Jayarajah UU, Jayawardena R, Jebai R, Jeddi SA, Jema AT, Jha RP, Jindal HA, Jonas JB, Joo T, Joseph N, Joukar F, Jozwiak JJ, Jürisson M, Kabir A, Kabthymer RH, Kamble BD, Kandel H, Kanno GG, Kapoor N, Karaye IM, Karimi SE, Kassa BG, Kaur RJ, Kayode GA, Keykhaei M, Khajuria H, Khalilov R, Khan IA, Khan MAB, Kim H, Kim J, Kim MS, Kimokoti RW, Kivimäki M, Klymchuk V, Knudsen AKS, Kolahi AA, Korshunov VA, Koyanagi A, Krishan K, Krishnamoorthy Y, Kumar GA, Kumar N, Kumar N, Lacey B, Lallukka T, Lasrado S, Lau J, Lee SW, Lee WC, Lee YH, Lim LL, Lim SS, Lobo SW, Lopukhov PD, Lorkowski S, Lozano R, Lucchetti G, Madadizadeh F, Madureira-Carvalho ÁM, Mahjoub S, Mahmoodpoor A, Mahumud RA, Makki A, Malekpour MR, Manjunatha N, Mansouri B, Mansournia MA, Martinez-Raga J, Martinez-Villa FA, Matzopoulos R, Maulik PK, Mayeli M, McGrath JJ, Meena JK, Mehrabi Nasab E, Menezes RG, Mensink GBM, Mentis AFA, Meretoja A, Merga BT, Mestrovic T, Miao Jonasson J, Miazgowski B, Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá AC, Miller TR, Mini GK, Mirica A, Mirijello A, Mirmoeeni S, Mirrakhimov EM, Misra S, Moazen B, Mobarakabadi M, Moccia M, Mohammad Y, Mohammadi E, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Mohammed TA, Moka N, Mokdad AH, Momtazmanesh S, Moradi Y, Mostafavi E, Mubarik S, Mullany EC, Mulugeta BT, Murillo-Zamora E, Murray CJL, Mwita JC, Naghavi M, Naimzada MD, Nangia V, Nayak BP, Negoi I, Negoi RI, Nejadghaderi SA, Nepal S, Neupane SPP, Neupane Kandel S, Nigatu YT, Nowroozi A, Nuruzzaman KM, Nzoputam CI, Obamiro KO, Ogbo FA, Oguntade AS, Okati-Aliabad H, Olakunde BO, Oliveira GMM, Omar Bali A, Omer E, Ortega-Altamirano DV, Otoiu A, Otstavnov SS, Oumer B, P A M, Padron-Monedero A, Palladino R, Pana A, Panda-Jonas S, Pandey A, Pandey A, Pardhan S, Parekh T, Park EK, Parry CDH, Pashazadeh Kan F, Patel J, Pati S, Patton GC, Paudel U, Pawar S, Peden AE, Petcu IR, Phillips MR, Pinheiro M, Plotnikov E, Pradhan PMS, Prashant A, Quan J, Radfar A, Rafiei A, Raghav PR, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman A, Rahman MM, Rahman M, Rahmani AM, Rahmani S, Ranabhat CL, Ranasinghe P, Rao CR, Rasali DP, Rashidi MM, Ratan ZA, Rawaf DL, Rawaf S, Rawal L, Renzaho AMN, Rezaei N, Rezaei S, Rezaeian M, Riahi SM, Romero-Rodríguez E, Roth GA, Rwegerera GM, Saddik B, Sadeghi E, Sadeghian R, Saeed U, Saeedi F, Sagar R, Sahebkar A, Sahoo H, Sahraian MA, Saif-Ur-Rahman KM, Salahi S, Salimzadeh H, Samy AM, Sanmarchi F, Santric-Milicevic MM, Sarikhani Y, Sathian B, Saya GK, Sayyah M, Schmidt MI, Schutte AE, Schwarzinger M, Schwebel DC, Seidu AA, Senthil Kumar N, SeyedAlinaghi S, Seylani A, Sha F, Shahin S, Shahraki-Sanavi F, Shahrokhi S, Shaikh MA, Shaker E, Shakhmardanov MZ, Shams-Beyranvand M, Sheikhbahaei S, Sheikhi RA, Shetty A, Shetty JK, Shiferaw DS, Shigematsu M, Shiri R, Shirkoohi R, Shivakumar KM, Shivarov V, Shobeiri P, Shrestha R, Sidemo NB, Sigfusdottir ID, Silva DAS, Silva NTD, Singh JA, Singh S, Skryabin VY, Skryabina AA, Sleet DA, Solmi M, SOLOMON YONATAN, Song S, Song Y, Sorensen RJD, Soshnikov S, Soyiri IN, Stein DJ, Subba SH, Szócska M, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tabuchi T, Taheri M, Tan KK, Tareke M, Tarkang EE, Temesgen G, Temesgen WA, Temsah MH, Thankappan KR, Thapar R, Thomas NK, Tiruneh C, Todorovic J, Torrado M, Touvier M, Tovani-Palone MR, Tran MTN, Trias-Llimós S, Tripathy JP, Vakilian A, Valizadeh R, Varmaghani M, Varthya SB, Vasankari TJ, Vos T, Wagaye B, Waheed Y, Walde MT, Wang C, Wang Y, Wang YP, Westerman R, Wickramasinghe ND, Wubetu AD, Xu S, Yamagishi K, Yang L, Yesera GEE, Yigit A, Yiğit V, Yimaw AEAE, Yon DK, Yonemoto N, Yu C, Zadey S, Zahir M, Zare I, Zastrozhin MS, Zastrozhina A, Zhang ZJ, Zhong C, Zmaili M, Zuniga YMH, Gakidou E. Population-level risks of alcohol consumption by amount, geography, age, sex, and year: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020. Lancet 2022; 400:185-235. [PMID: 35843246 PMCID: PMC9289789 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00847-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The health risks associated with moderate alcohol consumption continue to be debated. Small amounts of alcohol might lower the risk of some health outcomes but increase the risk of others, suggesting that the overall risk depends, in part, on background disease rates, which vary by region, age, sex, and year. METHODS For this analysis, we constructed burden-weighted dose-response relative risk curves across 22 health outcomes to estimate the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL) and non-drinker equivalence (NDE), the consumption level at which the health risk is equivalent to that of a non-drinker, using disease rates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020 for 21 regions, including 204 countries and territories, by 5-year age group, sex, and year for individuals aged 15-95 years and older from 1990 to 2020. Based on the NDE, we quantified the population consuming harmful amounts of alcohol. FINDINGS The burden-weighted relative risk curves for alcohol use varied by region and age. Among individuals aged 15-39 years in 2020, the TMREL varied between 0 (95% uncertainty interval 0-0) and 0·603 (0·400-1·00) standard drinks per day, and the NDE varied between 0·002 (0-0) and 1·75 (0·698-4·30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals aged 40 years and older, the burden-weighted relative risk curve was J-shaped for all regions, with a 2020 TMREL that ranged from 0·114 (0-0·403) to 1·87 (0·500-3·30) standard drinks per day and an NDE that ranged between 0·193 (0-0·900) and 6·94 (3·40-8·30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals consuming harmful amounts of alcohol in 2020, 59·1% (54·3-65·4) were aged 15-39 years and 76·9% (73·0-81·3) were male. INTERPRETATION There is strong evidence to support recommendations on alcohol consumption varying by age and location. Stronger interventions, particularly those tailored towards younger individuals, are needed to reduce the substantial global health loss attributable to alcohol. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Mosedale A, Hendrie D, Geelhoed E, Zurynski Y, Robinson S. Realist evaluation of the impact of the research translation process on health system sustainability: a study protocol. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e045172. [PMID: 35697458 PMCID: PMC9196166 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sustainability at a system level relates to the capacity of the system to be able to service the ongoing health needs of the population. It is a multifaceted concept encompassing both the affordability and efficiency of a system and the system's ability to adapt and change.To address issues that currently threaten health system sustainability, healthcare leaders, policy makers, clinicians and researchers are searching for solutions to ensure the delivery of safe, value-based care into the future. The timely translation of research evidence into sustainable interventions that can be adopted into the health system is one way of bolstering the sustainability of the system as a whole. We present a protocol for the realist evaluation of a research translation funding programme to understand how the research translation process contributes to health system sustainability and value-based healthcare. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Underpinned by the realist evaluation framework, we will: (1) Develop the Initial Program Theory (IPT) of the research translation process; (2) Test the program theory through case study analysis; and (3) Refine and consolidate the theory through stakeholder consultation. The evaluation uses a case example of a research translation programme, chosen for its representation of a microcosm of the broader health system and the heterogeneity of service improvement activities taking place within it. Across the three phases, analysis of data from documents about the research translation program and interviews and focus groups with stakeholders and program users will draw on the context (C), mechanism (M), outcome (O) formula that is core to realist evaluation. In addition, system dynamic methods will capture the feedback loops and complex relationships among the IPT and context-mechanism-outcome configurations. This approach to evaluation of a research translation funding programme may be adapted to similar programmes operating in other settings. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Curtin University Human Research Ethics Committee, Western Australia, approved this study (approval number: HRE2020-0464). Results will be published in scientific journals, and communicated to respondents and relevant partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby Mosedale
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Delia Hendrie
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Geelhoed
- School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Yvonne Zurynski
- Australian Institute of Health Innnovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Suzanne Robinson
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Ryder C, Wilson R, D'Angelo S, O'Reilly GM, Mitra B, Hunter K, Kim Y, Rushworth N, Tee J, Hendrie D, Fitzgerald MC, Curtis K. Indigenous Data Sovereignty and Governance: The Australian Traumatic Brain Injury National Data Project. Nat Med 2022; 28:888-889. [PMID: 35440783 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-01774-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Ryder
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. .,The George Institute for Global Health, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Roland Wilson
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Shane D'Angelo
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gerard M O'Reilly
- National Trauma Research Institute, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Emergency and Trauma Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Biswadev Mitra
- National Trauma Research Institute, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Emergency and Trauma Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate Hunter
- The George Institute for Global Health, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yen Kim
- National Trauma Research Institute, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nick Rushworth
- Brain Injury Australia, Putney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jin Tee
- National Trauma Research Institute, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Neurosurgery, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Delia Hendrie
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mark C Fitzgerald
- National Trauma Research Institute, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Trauma Service, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate Curtis
- Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,Emergency Department, Wollongong Hospital, Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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Mosedale A, Geelhoed E, Zurynski Y, Robinson S, Chai K, Hendrie D. An impact review of a Western Australian research translation program. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265394. [PMID: 35358218 PMCID: PMC8970471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The translation gap between knowledge production and implementation into clinical practice and policy is an ongoing challenge facing researchers, funders, clinicians and policy makers globally. Research generated close to practice and in collaboration with end users is an approach that is recognised as an effective strategy to facilitate an improvement in the relevance and use of health research as well as building research capacity amongst end users. The Research Translation Projects (RTP) program funded by the Western Australian (WA) Department of Health facilitates clinical and academic collaboration through competitive funding of short-term research projects. Its aim is to improve healthcare practice while also finding efficiencies that can be delivered to the WA health system. A mixed methods approach was adopted to evaluate the research impact of the RTP program, at completion of the two-year funding period, across a range of impact domains through the adaptation and application of the Canadian Academy of Health Sciences’ (CAHS) framework for research impact. In addition, further analysis was undertaken to address specific objectives of the RTP program more closely, in particular research capacity building and collaboration and health system Inefficiencies targeted by the program. Social network analysis was applied to assess the extent and growth of collaboration across WA health organisations over time. Results indicated that the ‘bottom up’ approach to research translation has triggered modest, yet positive outcomes across impact domains including advancing knowledge, collaboration and capacity building as well as contributing to changes in policy and practice. Additionally, the projects identified opportunities by which inefficiencies in the health system can be addressed. Further work is required to better understand the pathways by which short-term outcomes can be translated into more long-term impacts and the mechanisms that trigger this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby Mosedale
- School of Population Health, Health Economics and Data Analytics, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Elizabeth Geelhoed
- School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Yvonne Zurynski
- Australian Institute of Health and Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Suzanne Robinson
- School of Population Health, Health Economics and Data Analytics, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kevin Chai
- School of Population Health, Health Economics and Data Analytics, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Curtin Institute for Computation, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Delia Hendrie
- School of Population Health, Health Economics and Data Analytics, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Tsou C, Robinson S, Boyd J, Jamieson A, Blakeman R, Yeung J, McDonnell J, Waters S, Bosich K, Hendrie D. Effectiveness of Telehealth in Rural and Remote Emergency Departments: Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e30632. [PMID: 34842537 PMCID: PMC8665379 DOI: 10.2196/30632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Emergency telehealth has been used to improve access of patients residing in rural and remote areas to specialist care in the hope of mitigating the significant health disparities that they experience. Patient disposition decisions in rural and remote emergency departments (EDs) can be complex and largely dependent on the expertise and experience available at local (receiving-end) hospitals. Although there has been some synthesis of evidence of the effectiveness of emergency telehealth in clinical practice in rural and remote EDs for nonacute presentations, there has been limited evaluation of the influence of contextual factors such as clinical area and acuity of presentation on these findings. Objective The aims of this systematic review are to examine the outcome measures used in studying the effectiveness of telehealth in rural and remote EDs and to analyze the clinical context in which these outcome measures were used and interpreted. Methods The search strategy used Medical Subject Headings and equivalent lists of subject descriptors to find articles covering 4 key domains: telehealth or telemedicine, EDs, effectiveness, and rural and remote. Studies were selected using the Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcomes of Interest, and Study Design framework. This search strategy was applied to MEDLINE (Ovid), Cochrane Library, Scopus, CINAHL, ProQuest, and EconLit, as well as the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination databases (eg, National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database) for the search period from January 1, 1990, to May 23, 2020. Qualitative synthesis was performed on the outcome measures used in the included studies, in particular the clinical contexts within which they were interpreted. Results A total of 21 full-text articles were included for qualitative analysis. Telehealth use in rural and remote EDs demonstrated effectiveness in achieving improved or equivalent clinical effectiveness, appropriate care processes, and—depending on the context—improvement in speed of care, as well as favorable service use patterns. The definition of effectiveness varied across the clinical areas and contexts of the studies, and different measures have been used to affirm the safety and clinical effectiveness of telehealth in rural and remote EDs. The acuity of patient presentation emerged as a dominant consideration in the interpretation of interlinking time-sensitive clinical effectiveness and patient disposition measures such as transfer and discharge rates, local hospital admission, length of stay, and ED length of stay. These, together with clinical area and acuity of presentation, are the outcome determination criteria that emerged from this review. Conclusions Emergency telehealth studies typically use multiple outcome measures to determine the effectiveness of the services. The outcome determination criteria that emerged from this analysis are useful when defining the favorable direction for each outcome measure of interest. The findings of this review have implications for emergency telehealth service design and policies. Trial Registration PROSPERO CRD42019145903; https://tinyurl.com/ndmkr8ry
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Tsou
- School of Population Health, Curtin Univeristy, Bentley, Australia.,Innovation & Development, WA Country Health Service, Perth, Australia
| | - Suzanne Robinson
- School of Population Health, Curtin Univeristy, Bentley, Australia
| | - James Boyd
- Digital Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Andrew Jamieson
- Innovation & Development, WA Country Health Service, Perth, Australia
| | - Robert Blakeman
- Consumer and Community Health Research Network, Nedlands, Australia.,Consumer and Mental Health WA, Cloverdale, Australia
| | - Justin Yeung
- Command Centre, WA Country Health Service, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Stephanie Waters
- Innovation & Development, WA Country Health Service, Perth, Australia
| | - Kylie Bosich
- Command Centre, WA Country Health Service, Perth, Australia
| | - Delia Hendrie
- School of Population Health, Curtin Univeristy, Bentley, Australia
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Hendrie D, Lyle G, Cameron M. Lives Saved in Low- and Middle-Income Countries by Road Safety Initiatives Funded by Bloomberg Philanthropies and Implemented by Their Partners between 2007-2018. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph182111185. [PMID: 34769702 PMCID: PMC8583449 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 12 years, Bloomberg Philanthropies (BP) and its partner organisations have implemented a global road safety program in low- and middle-income countries. The program was implemented to address the historically increasing number of road fatalities and the inadequate funding to reduce them. This study evaluates the performance of the program by estimating lives saved from road safety interventions implemented during the program period (2007–2018) through to 2030. We estimated that 311,758 lives will have been saved by 2030, with 97,148 lives saved up until 2018 when the evaluation was conducted and a further 214,608 lives projected to be saved if these changes are sustained until 2030. Legislative changes alone accounted for 75% of lives saved. Concurrent activities related to reducing drink driving, implementing legislative changes, and social marketing campaigns run in conjunction with police enforcement and other road safety activities accounted for 57% of the total estimated lives saved. Saving 311,758 lives with funding of USD $259 million indicates a cost-effectiveness ratio of USD $831 per life saved. The potential health gains achieved through the number of lives saved from the road safety initiatives funded by Bloomberg Philanthropies represent a considerable return on investment. This study demonstrates the extent to which successful, cost-effective road safety initiatives can reduce road fatalities in low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Hendrie
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth 6102, Australia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-9266-9068
| | - Greg Lyle
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth 6102, Australia;
| | - Max Cameron
- Monash University Accident Research Centre (MUARC), Clayton, Melbourne 3800, Australia;
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Micah AE, Cogswell IE, Cunningham B, Ezoe S, Harle AC, Maddison ER, McCracken D, Nomura S, Simpson KE, Stutzman HN, Tsakalos G, Wallace LE, Zhao Y, Zende RR, Abbafati C, Abdelmasseh M, Abedi A, Abegaz KH, Abhilash ES, Abolhassani H, Abrigo MRM, Adhikari TB, Afzal S, Ahinkorah BO, Ahmadi S, Ahmed H, Ahmed MB, Ahmed Rashid T, Ajami M, Aji B, Akalu Y, Akunna CJ, Al Hamad H, Alam K, Alanezi FM, Alanzi TM, Alemayehu Y, Alhassan RK, Alinia C, Aljunid SM, Almustanyir SA, Alvis-Guzman N, Alvis-Zakzuk NJ, Amini S, Amini-Rarani M, Amu H, Ancuceanu R, Andrei CL, Andrei T, Angell B, Anjomshoa M, Antonio CAT, Antony CM, Aqeel M, Arabloo J, Arab-Zozani M, Aripov T, Arrigo A, Ashraf T, Atnafu DD, Ausloos M, Avila-Burgos L, Awan AT, Ayano G, Ayanore MA, Azari S, Azhar GS, Babalola TK, Bahrami MA, Baig AA, Banach M, Barati N, Bärnighausen TW, Barrow A, Basu S, Baune BT, Bayati M, Benzian H, Berman AE, Bhagavathula AS, Bhardwaj N, Bhardwaj P, Bhaskar S, Bibi S, Bijani A, Bodolica V, Bragazzi NL, Braithwaite D, Breitborde NJK, Breusov AV, Briko NI, Busse R, Cahuana-Hurtado L, Callander EJ, Cámera LA, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Catalá-López F, Charan J, Chatterjee S, Chattu SK, Chattu VK, Chen S, Cicero AFG, Dadras O, Dahlawi SMA, Dai X, Dalal K, Dandona L, Dandona R, Davitoiu DV, De Neve JW, de Sá-Junior AR, Denova-Gutiérrez E, Dhamnetiya D, Dharmaratne SD, Doshmangir L, Dube J, Ehsani-Chimeh E, El Sayed Zaki M, El Tantawi M, Eskandarieh S, Farzadfar F, Ferede TY, Fischer F, Foigt NA, Freitas A, Friedman SD, Fukumoto T, Fullman N, Gaal PA, Gad MM, Garcia-Gordillo MA, Garg T, Ghafourifard M, Ghashghaee A, Gholamian A, Gholamrezanezhad A, Ghozali G, Gilani SA, Glăvan IR, Glushkova EV, Goharinezhad S, Golechha M, Goli S, Guha A, Gupta VB, Gupta VK, Haakenstad A, Haider MR, Hailu A, Hamidi S, Hanif A, Harapan H, Hartono RK, Hasaballah AI, Hassan S, Hassanein MH, Hayat K, Hegazy MI, Heidari G, Hendrie D, Heredia-Pi I, Herteliu C, Hezam K, Holla R, Hossain SJ, Hosseinzadeh M, Hostiuc S, Huda TM, Hwang BF, Iavicoli I, Idrisov B, Ilesanmi OS, Irvani SSN, Islam SMS, Ismail NE, Isola G, Jahani MA, Jahanmehr N, Jakovljevic M, Janodia MD, Javaheri T, Jayapal SK, Jayawardena R, Jazayeri SB, Jha RP, Jonas JB, Joo T, Joukar F, Jürisson M, Kaambwa B, Kalhor R, Kanchan T, Kandel H, Karami Matin B, Karimi SE, Kassahun G, Kayode GA, Kazemi Karyani A, Keikavoosi-Arani L, Khader YS, Khajuria H, Khalilov R, Khammarnia M, Khan J, Khubchandani J, Kianipour N, Kim GR, Kim YJ, Kisa A, Kisa S, Kohler S, Kosen S, Koteeswaran R, Koulmane Laxminarayana SL, Koyanagi A, Krishan K, Kumar GA, Kusuma D, Lamnisos D, Lansingh VC, Larsson AO, Lasrado S, Le LKD, Lee SWH, Lee YY, Lim SS, Lobo SW, Lozano R, Magdy Abd El Razek H, Magdy Abd El Razek M, Mahdavi MM, Majeed A, Makki A, Maleki A, Malekzadeh R, Manda AL, Mansour-Ghanaei F, Mansournia MA, Marrugo Arnedo CA, Martinez-Valle A, Masoumi SZ, Maude RJ, McKee M, Medina-Solís CE, Menezes RG, Meretoja A, Meretoja TJ, Mesregah MK, Mestrovic T, Milevska Kostova N, Miller TR, Mini GK, Mirica A, Mirrakhimov EM, Mohajer B, Mohamed TA, Mohammadi M, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Mohammed S, Moitra M, Mokdad AH, Molokhia M, Moni MA, Moradi Y, Morze J, Mousavi SM, Mpundu-Kaambwa C, Muriithi MK, Muthupandian S, Nagarajan AJ, Naimzada MD, Nangia V, Naqvi AA, Narayana AI, Nascimento BR, Naveed M, Nayak BP, Nazari J, Ndejjo R, Negoi I, Neupane Kandel S, Nguyen TH, Nonvignon J, Noubiap JJ, Nwatah VE, Oancea B, Ojelabi FAO, Olagunju AT, Olakunde BO, Olgiati S, Olusanya JO, Onwujekwe OE, Otoiu A, Otstavnov N, Otstavnov SS, Owolabi MO, Padubidri JR, Palladino R, Panda-Jonas S, Park EC, Pashazadeh Kan F, Pawar S, Pazoki Toroudi H, Pereira DM, Perianayagam A, Pesudovs K, Piccinelli C, Postma MJ, Prada SI, Rabiee M, Rabiee N, Rahim F, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman MHU, Rahman M, Rahmani AM, Ram U, Ranabhat CL, Ranasinghe P, Rao CR, Rathi P, Rawaf DL, Rawaf S, Rawal L, Rawassizadeh R, Reiner Jr RC, Renzaho AMN, Reshmi B, Riaz MA, Ripon RK, Saad AM, Sahraian MA, Sahu M, Salama JS, Salehi S, Samy AM, Sanabria J, Sanmarchi F, Santos JV, Santric-Milicevic MM, Sathian B, Savic M, Saxena D, Sayyah M, Schwendicke F, Senthilkumaran S, Sepanlou SG, Seylani A, Shahabi S, Shaikh MA, Sheikh A, Shetty A, Shetty PH, Shibuya K, Shrime MG, Shuja KH, Singh JA, Skryabin VY, Skryabina AA, Soltani S, Soofi M, Spurlock EE, Stefan SC, Szerencsés V, Szócska M, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Taddele BW, Tefera YG, Thavamani A, Tobe-Gai R, Topor-Madry R, Tovani-Palone MR, Tran BX, Tudor Car L, Ullah A, Ullah S, Umar N, Undurraga EA, Valdez PR, Vasankari TJ, Villafañe JH, Violante FS, Vlassov V, Vo B, Vollmer S, Vos T, Vu GT, Vu LG, Wamai RG, Werdecker A, Woldekidan MA, Wubishet BL, Xu G, Yaya S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi V, Yiğit V, Yip P, Yirdaw BW, Yonemoto N, Younis MZ, Yu C, Yunusa I, Zahirian Moghadam T, Zandian H, Zastrozhin MS, Zastrozhina A, Zhang ZJ, Ziapour A, Zuniga YMH, Hay SI, Murray CJL, Dieleman JL. Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19: a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990-2050. Lancet 2021; 398:1317-1343. [PMID: 34562388 PMCID: PMC8457757 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01258-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. METHODS We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US$, 2020 US$ per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US$ per capita, and as a proportion of gross domestic product. We used various models to generate future health spending to 2050. FINDINGS In 2019, health spending globally reached $8·8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8·7-8·8) or $1132 (1119-1143) per person. Spending on health varied within and across income groups and geographical regions. Of this total, $40·4 billion (0·5%, 95% UI 0·5-0·5) was development assistance for health provided to low-income and middle-income countries, which made up 24·6% (UI 24·0-25·1) of total spending in low-income countries. We estimate that $54·8 billion in development assistance for health was disbursed in 2020. Of this, $13·7 billion was targeted toward the COVID-19 health response. $12·3 billion was newly committed and $1·4 billion was repurposed from existing health projects. $3·1 billion (22·4%) of the funds focused on country-level coordination and $2·4 billion (17·9%) was for supply chain and logistics. Only $714·4 million (7·7%) of COVID-19 development assistance for health went to Latin America, despite this region reporting 34·3% of total recorded COVID-19 deaths in low-income or middle-income countries in 2020. Spending on health is expected to rise to $1519 (1448-1591) per person in 2050, although spending across countries is expected to remain varied. INTERPRETATION Global health spending is expected to continue to grow, but remain unequally distributed between countries. We estimate that development organisations substantially increased the amount of development assistance for health provided in 2020. Continued efforts are needed to raise sufficient resources to mitigate the pandemic for the most vulnerable, and to help curtail the pandemic for all. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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O'Reilly GM, Curtis K, Kim Y, Rushworth N, Mitra B, Tee J, Hunter K, Ryder C, Hendrie D, Fitzgerald MC. Establishing determinants and quality indicators for getting home alive following moderate to severe traumatic brain injury: the Australian Traumatic Brain Injury National Data Project. Emerg Med Australas 2021; 33:1121-1123. [PMID: 34528396 DOI: 10.1111/1742-6723.13861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) contributes to a significant burden across Australia. However, the data required to inform targeted equitable system-level improvements in emergency TBI care do not exist. The incidence and determinants of outcomes following moderate to severe TBI in Australia remain unknown. The variation in the impact of moderate to severe TBI, according to patient demographics and injury mechanism, is poorly defined. The Australian Traumatic Brain Injury National Data Project will lead to a clear understanding, across Australia and pre-specified subgroups (including Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples), of the incidence, determinants and impact of priority outcomes following moderate to severe TBI, including survival to discharge home. Furthermore, this project will establish a set of national clinical quality indicators for patients experiencing a moderate to severe TBI. The Australian Traumatic Brain Injury National Data Project will inform where to target emergency care system-wide improvements. Without baseline data, efforts are wasted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard M O'Reilly
- National Trauma Research Institute, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Emergency and Trauma Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate Curtis
- Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,Emergency Department, Wollongong Hospital, Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yesul Kim
- National Trauma Research Institute, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nick Rushworth
- Brain Injury Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Biswadev Mitra
- National Trauma Research Institute, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Emergency and Trauma Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jin Tee
- National Trauma Research Institute, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Neurosurgery, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate Hunter
- The George Institute for Global Health, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Courtney Ryder
- The George Institute for Global Health, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Delia Hendrie
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mark C Fitzgerald
- National Trauma Research Institute, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Trauma Service, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Finn JC, Brink D, Mckenzie N, Garcia A, Tohira H, Perkins GD, Arendts G, Fatovich DM, Hendrie D, McQuillan B, Summers Q, Celenza A, Mukherjee A, Smedley B, Pereira G, Ball S, Williams T, Bailey P. Prehospital continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for acute respiratory distress: a randomised controlled trial. Emerg Med J 2021; 39:37-44. [PMID: 33771819 DOI: 10.1136/emermed-2020-210256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) versus usual care for prehospital patients with severe respiratory distress. METHODS We conducted a parallel group, individual patient, non-blinded randomised controlled trial in Western Australia between March 2016 and December 2018. Eligible patients were aged ≥40 years with acute severe respiratory distress of non-traumatic origin and unresponsive to initial treatments by emergency medical service (EMS) paramedics. Patients were randomised (1:1) to usual care or usual care plus CPAP. The primary outcomes were change in dyspnoea score and change in RR at ED arrival, and hospital length of stay. RESULTS 708 patients were randomly assigned (opaque sealed envelope) to usual care (n=346) or CPAP (n=362). Compared with usual care, patients randomised to CPAP had a greater reduction in dyspnoea scores (usual care -1.0, IQR -3.0 to 0.0 vs CPAP -3.5, IQR -5.2 to -2.0), median difference -2.0 (95% CI -2.5 to -1.6); and RR (usual care -4.0, IQR -9.0 to 0.0 min-1 vs CPAP -8.0, IQR -14.0 to -4.0 min-1), median difference -4.0 (95% CI -5.0 to -4.0) min-1. There was no difference in hospital length of stay (usual care 4.2, IQR 2.1 to 7.8 days vs CPAP 4.8, IQR 2.5 to 7.9 days) for the n=624 cases admitted to hospital, median difference 0.36 (95% CI -0.17 to 0.90). CONCLUSIONS The use of prehospital CPAP by EMS paramedics reduced dyspnoea and tachypnoea in patients with acute respiratory distress but did not impact hospital length of stay. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ACTRN12615001180505.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith C Finn
- Prehospital, Resuscitation, and Emergency Care Research Unit (PRECRU), Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia .,St John Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Deon Brink
- Prehospital, Resuscitation, and Emergency Care Research Unit (PRECRU), Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,St John Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nicole Mckenzie
- Prehospital, Resuscitation, and Emergency Care Research Unit (PRECRU), Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Critical Care Division, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Antony Garcia
- St John Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hideo Tohira
- Prehospital, Resuscitation, and Emergency Care Research Unit (PRECRU), Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gavin D Perkins
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands, UK
| | - Glenn Arendts
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Emergency Department, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Daniel M Fatovich
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Clinical Research in Emergency Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Delia Hendrie
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Brendan McQuillan
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Quentin Summers
- Respiratory Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Antonio Celenza
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Emergency Department, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ashes Mukherjee
- Emergency Department, Armadale Kelmscott District Memorial Hospital, Armadale, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ben Smedley
- Emergency Department, Rockingham General Hospital, Cooloongup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gavin Pereira
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Stephen Ball
- Prehospital, Resuscitation, and Emergency Care Research Unit (PRECRU), Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,St John Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Teresa Williams
- Critical Care Division, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Paul Bailey
- Prehospital, Resuscitation, and Emergency Care Research Unit (PRECRU), Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,St John Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Tsou C, Robinson S, Boyd J, Kamath S, Yeung J, Waters S, Gifford K, Jamieson A, Hendrie D. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of TeleStroke consultations to support the care of patients who had a stroke presenting to regional emergency departments in Western Australia: an economic evaluation case study protocol. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e043836. [PMID: 33408213 PMCID: PMC7789446 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Western Australia (WA) Acute TeleStroke Programme commenced incrementally across regional WA during 2016-2017. Since the introduction of the TeleStroke Programme, there has been monitoring of service outputs, including regional patient access to tertiary stroke specialist advice and reperfusion treatment; however, the impact of consultation with a stroke specialist via telehealth (videoconferencing or telephone) on the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of stroke care and the drivers of cost-effectiveness has not been systematically evaluated. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The aim of the case study was to examine the impact of consultation with a stroke specialist via telehealth on the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of stroke and transient ischaemic attack care using a mixed methods approach. A categorical decision tree model will be constructed in collaboration with clinicians and programme managers. A before and after comparison using state-wide administrative datasets will be used to run the base model. If sample size and statistical power permits, the cases and comparators will be matched by stroke type and presence of CT scan at the initial site of presentation, age category and presenting hospital. The drivers of cost-effectiveness will be explored through stakeholder interviews. Data from the qualitative analysis will be cross-referenced with trends emerging from the quantitative dataset and used to guide the factors to be involved in subgroup and sensitivity analysis. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics approval for this case study has been granted from the Western Australian Country Health Service Human Research and Ethics Committee (RGS3076). Reciprocal approval has been granted from Curtin University Human Research Ethics Office (HRE2019-0740). Findings will be disseminated publicly through conference presentation and peer-review publications. Interim findings will be released as internal reports to inform the service development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Tsou
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Suzanne Robinson
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - James Boyd
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shruthi Kamath
- Western Australia Country Health Service, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Justin Yeung
- Western Australia Country Health Service, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Stephanie Waters
- Western Australia Country Health Service, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Karen Gifford
- Western Australia Country Health Service, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew Jamieson
- Western Australia Country Health Service, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Delia Hendrie
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
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Couzos S, Smith D, Stephens M, Preston R, Hendrie D, Loller H, Tremlett M, Nugent A, Vaughan F, Crowther S, Boyle D, Buettner P, Biros E. Integrating pharmacists into Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services (IPAC project): Protocol for an interventional, non-randomised study to improve chronic disease outcomes. Res Social Adm Pharm 2020; 16:1431-1441. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2019.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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James SL, Castle CD, Dingels ZV, Fox JT, Hamilton EB, Liu Z, Roberts NLS, Sylte DO, Bertolacci GJ, Cunningham M, Henry NJ, LeGrand KE, Abdelalim A, Abdollahpour I, Abdulkader RS, Abedi A, Abegaz KH, Abosetugn AE, Abushouk AI, Adebayo OM, Adsuar JC, Advani SM, Agudelo-Botero M, Ahmad T, Ahmed MB, Ahmed R, Eddine Aichour MT, Alahdab F, Alanezi FM, Alema NM, Alemu BW, Alghnam SA, Ali BA, Ali S, Alinia C, Alipour V, Aljunid SM, Almasi-Hashiani A, Almasri NA, Altirkawi K, Abdeldayem Amer YS, Andrei CL, Ansari-Moghaddam A, T Antonio CA, Anvari D, Yaw Appiah SC, Arabloo J, Arab-Zozani M, Arefi Z, Aremu O, Ariani F, Arora A, Asaad M, Ayala Quintanilla BP, Ayano G, Ayanore MA, Azarian G, Badawi A, Badiye AD, Baig AA, Bairwa M, Bakhtiari A, Balachandran A, Banach M, Banerjee SK, Banik PC, Banstola A, Barker-Collo SL, Bärnighausen TW, Barzegar A, Bayati M, Bazargan-Hejazi S, Bedi N, Behzadifar M, Belete H, Bennett DA, Bensenor IM, Berhe K, Bhagavathula AS, Bhardwaj P, Bhat AG, Bhattacharyya K, Bhutta ZA, Bibi S, Bijani A, Boloor A, Borges G, Borschmann R, Borzì AM, Boufous S, Braithwaite D, Briko NI, Brugha T, Budhathoki SS, Car J, Cárdenas R, Carvalho F, Castaldelli-Maia JM, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Castelpietra G, Catalá-López F, Cerin E, Chandan JS, Chapman JR, Chattu VK, Chattu SK, Chatziralli I, Chaudhary N, Cho DY, Choi JYJ, Kabir Chowdhury MA, Christopher DJ, Chu DT, Cicuttini FM, Coelho JM, Costa VM, Dahlawi SMA, Daryani A, Dávila-Cervantes CA, Leo DD, Demeke FM, Demoz GT, Demsie DG, Deribe K, Desai R, Nasab MD, Silva DDD, Dibaji Forooshani ZS, Do HT, Doyle KE, Driscoll TR, Dubljanin E, Adema BD, Eagan AW, Elemineh DA, El-Jaafary SI, El-Khatib Z, Ellingsen CL, Zaki MES, Eskandarieh S, Eyawo O, Faris PS, Faro A, Farzadfar F, Fereshtehnejad SM, Fernandes E, Ferrara P, Fischer F, Folayan MO, Fomenkov AA, Foroutan M, Francis JM, Franklin RC, Fukumoto T, Geberemariyam BS, Gebremariam H, Gebremedhin KB, Gebremeskel LG, Gebremeskel GG, Gebremichael B, Gedefaw GA, Geta B, Getenet AB, Ghafourifard M, Ghamari F, Gheshlagh RG, Gholamian A, Gilani SA, Gill TK, Goudarzian AH, Goulart AC, Grada A, Grivna M, Guimarães RA, Guo Y, Gupta G, Haagsma JA, Hall BJ, Hamadeh RR, Hamidi S, Handiso DW, Haro JM, Hasanzadeh A, Hassan S, Hassanipour S, Hassankhani H, Hassen HY, Havmoeller R, Hendrie D, Heydarpour F, Híjar M, Ho HC, Hoang CL, Hole MK, Holla R, Hossain N, Hosseinzadeh M, Hostiuc S, Hu G, Ibitoye SE, Ilesanmi OS, Inbaraj LR, Naghibi Irvani SS, Mofizul Islam M, Shariful Islam SM, Ivers RQ, Jahani MA, Jakovljevic M, Jalilian F, Jayaraman S, Jayatilleke AU, Jha RP, John-Akinola YO, Jonas JB, Jones KM, Joseph N, Joukar F, Jozwiak JJ, Jungari SB, Jürisson M, Kabir A, Kahsay A, Kalankesh LR, Kalhor R, Kamil TA, Kanchan T, Kapoor N, Karami M, Kasaeian A, Kassaye HG, Kavetskyy T, Kayode GA, Keiyoro PN, Kelbore AG, Khader YS, Khafaie MA, Khalid N, Khalil IA, Khalilov R, Khan M, Khan EA, Khan J, Khanna T, Khazaei S, Khazaie H, Khundkar R, Kiirithio DN, Kim YE, Kim YJ, 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T, Wolde HF, Woldeyes DH, Wondmeneh TG, Wondmieneh AB, Wu AM, Wyper GMA, Yadav R, Yadollahpour A, Yano Y, Yaya S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi V, Ye P, Yip P, Yisma E, Yonemoto N, Yoon SJ, Youm Y, Younis MZ, Yousefi Z, Yu C, Yu Y, Moghadam TZ, Zaidi Z, Zaman SB, Zamani M, Zandian H, Zarei F, Zhang ZJ, Zhang Y, Ziapour A, Zodpey S, Dandona R, Dharmaratne SD, Hay SI, Mokdad AH, Pigott DM, Reiner RC, Vos T. Estimating global injuries morbidity and mortality: methods and data used in the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study. Inj Prev 2020; 26:i125-i153. [PMID: 32839249 PMCID: PMC7571362 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While there is a long history of measuring death and disability from injuries, modern research methods must account for the wide spectrum of disability that can occur in an injury, and must provide estimates with sufficient demographic, geographical and temporal detail to be useful for policy makers. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study used methods to provide highly detailed estimates of global injury burden that meet these criteria. METHODS In this study, we report and discuss the methods used in GBD 2017 for injury morbidity and mortality burden estimation. In summary, these methods included estimating cause-specific mortality for every cause of injury, and then estimating incidence for every cause of injury. Non-fatal disability for each cause is then calculated based on the probabilities of suffering from different types of bodily injury experienced. RESULTS GBD 2017 produced morbidity and mortality estimates for 38 causes of injury. Estimates were produced in terms of incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, cause-specific mortality, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life-years for a 28-year period for 22 age groups, 195 countries and both sexes. CONCLUSIONS GBD 2017 demonstrated a complex and sophisticated series of analytical steps using the largest known database of morbidity and mortality data on injuries. GBD 2017 results should be used to help inform injury prevention policy making and resource allocation. We also identify important avenues for improving injury burden estimation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer L James
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chris D Castle
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zachary V Dingels
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jack T Fox
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erin B Hamilton
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zichen Liu
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicholas L S Roberts
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dillon O Sylte
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gregory J Bertolacci
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matthew Cunningham
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nathaniel J Henry
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kate E LeGrand
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Ibrahim Abdollahpour
- Neuroscience Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Aidin Abedi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kedir Hussein Abegaz
- Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
- Radiotherapy Center, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | | | - Jose C Adsuar
- Sport Science Department, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Shailesh M Advani
- Social Behavioral Research Branch, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Cancer Prevention and Control, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Marcela Agudelo-Botero
- School of Medicine, Center for Politics, Population and Health Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tauseef Ahmad
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Southeast University Nanjing, Nanjing, China
- Microbiology Department, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | | | - Rushdia Ahmed
- James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Fares Alahdab
- Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Fahad Mashhour Alanezi
- Department of Computer Sciences, Imam Abdulrehman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Biresaw Wassihun Alemu
- Medicine and Health Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
- Midwifery Department, Arba Minch University, Injbara, Ethiopia
| | - Suliman A Alghnam
- Department of Population Health Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Saqib Ali
- Department of Information Systems, College of Economics and Political Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Cyrus Alinia
- Department of Health Care Management and Economics, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
| | - Vahid Alipour
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Health Economics Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Syed Mohamed Aljunid
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
- International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
| | | | - Nihad A Almasri
- Physiotherapy Department, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Yasser Sami Abdeldayem Amer
- Clinical Practice Guidelines Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Alexandria Center for Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | | | - Carl Abelardo T Antonio
- Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Davood Anvari
- Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah
- Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jalal Arabloo
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Arab-Zozani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Zohreh Arefi
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Olatunde Aremu
- School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Filippo Ariani
- Regional Centre for the Analysis of Data on Occupational and Work-related Injuries and Diseases, Local Health Unit Tuscany Centre, Florence, Italy
| | - Amit Arora
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Oral Health Services, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Malke Asaad
- Plastic Surgery Department, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla
- The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- General Office for Research and Technological Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
| | - Getinet Ayano
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Martin Amogre Ayanore
- Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Ghasem Azarian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alaa Badawi
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashish D Badiye
- Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India
| | - Atif Amin Baig
- Biochemistry Unit, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
- School of Health Sciences, Univeristi Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mohan Bairwa
- Institute of Health Management Research, Indian Institute of Health Management Research University, Jaipur, India
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ahad Bakhtiari
- Health Policy and Management Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arun Balachandran
- Department of Demography, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Population Research Centre, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bengaluru, India
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Palash Chandra Banik
- Department of Noncommunicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Amrit Banstola
- Department of Research, Public Health Perspective Nepal, Pokhara-Lekhnath Metropolitan City, Nepal
| | | | - Till Winfried Bärnighausen
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Akbar Barzegar
- Occupational Health Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohsen Bayati
- Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi
- Department of Psychiatry, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Neeraj Bedi
- Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India
- Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Masoud Behzadifar
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Habte Belete
- Psychiatry Department, Bahir Dar University, Bhair Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Derrick A Bennett
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Isabela M Bensenor
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kidanemaryam Berhe
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula
- Department of Internal Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralova, Czech Republic
| | - Pankaj Bhardwaj
- Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
- Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
| | - Anusha Ganapati Bhat
- Internal Medicine Department, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Krittika Bhattacharyya
- Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
- Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Bibi
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ali Bijani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Archith Boloor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
| | - Guilherme Borges
- Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Reseach, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antonio Maria Borzì
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Soufiane Boufous
- Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research Department, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dejana Braithwaite
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Nikolay Ivanovich Briko
- Department of Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Traolach Brugha
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Josip Car
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Global eHealth Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rosario Cárdenas
- Department of Population and Health, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Félix Carvalho
- Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela
- Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
- Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Giulio Castelpietra
- Primary Care Services Area, Central Health Directorate, Region Friuli Venezia Giulia, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Ferrán Catalá-López
- National School of Public Health, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ester Cerin
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joht S Chandan
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jens Robert Chapman
- Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Swedish Brain and Spine Specialists, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Irini Chatziralli
- 2nd Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens, Haidari, Greece
- Ophthalmology Independent Consultant, Athens, Greece
| | - Neha Chaudhary
- Pediatrics Department, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Neonatology Department, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Youngwhan Cho
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jee-Young J Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury
- Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | - Dinh-Toi Chu
- Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Flavia M Cicuttini
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - João M Coelho
- Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto - Serviço de Oftalmologia, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vera M Costa
- Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Saad M A Dahlawi
- Department of Environmental Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Daryani
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | - Diego De Leo
- Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Gebre Teklemariam Demoz
- School of Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
- Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Kebede Deribe
- Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Rupak Desai
- Division of Cardiology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Hoa Thi Do
- Center of Excellence in Public Health Nutrition, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Kerrie E Doyle
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tim Robert Driscoll
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Bereket Duko Adema
- Public Health Department, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
- Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Arielle Wilder Eagan
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Social Services, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Ziad El-Khatib
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- World Health Programme, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christian Lycke Ellingsen
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Sharareh Eskandarieh
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Oghenowede Eyawo
- Epidemiology and Population Health, York University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pawan Sirwan Faris
- Biology Department, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andre Faro
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil
| | - Farshad Farzadfar
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad
- Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Pietro Ferrara
- Research Centre on Public Health (CESP), University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Florian Fischer
- Department of Population Medicine and Health Services Research, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | | | - Masoud Foroutan
- Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
| | - Joel Msafiri Francis
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Richard Charles Franklin
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, Australia
- Royal Life Saving Society, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Takeshi Fukumoto
- Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Gene Expression & Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Hadush Gebremariam
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | | | - Leake G Gebremeskel
- School of Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
- Pharmacy Department, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Getnet Azeze Gedefaw
- Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Birhanu Geta
- Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | | | - Mansour Ghafourifard
- Department of Medical Surgery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farhad Ghamari
- Occupational Health Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Asadollah Gholamian
- Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Syed Amir Gilani
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
- Chairman BOG, Afro-Asian Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tiffany K Gill
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Alessandra C Goulart
- Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Internal Medicine Department, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ayman Grada
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michal Grivna
- Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rafael Alves Guimarães
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Yuming Guo
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD), World Health Organization (WHO), New Delhi, India
| | - Juanita A Haagsma
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Brian James Hall
- Global and Community Mental Health Research Group, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Randah R Hamadeh
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Samer Hamidi
- School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Josep Maria Haro
- Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Research and Development Unit, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Amir Hasanzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shoaib Hassan
- Centre for International Health and Section for Ethics and Health Economics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Soheil Hassanipour
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Hadi Hassankhani
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Independent Consultant, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Yimam Hassen
- Department of Public Health, Mizan-Tepi University, Tepi, Ethiopia
- Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Rasmus Havmoeller
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Delia Hendrie
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Heydarpour
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Martha Híjar
- Research Coordination, AC Environments Foundation, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- CISS, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca. Mexico
| | - Hung Chak Ho
- Department of Urban Planning and Design, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Linh Hoang
- Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Michael K Hole
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ramesh Holla
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Naznin Hossain
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Industrial Gases Limited, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Mehdi Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Computer Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Computer Science Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Sorin Hostiuc
- Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Clinical Legal Medicine Department, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Guoqing Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | | | | | | | - Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani
- Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Mofizul Islam
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebecca Q Ivers
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Mihajlo Jakovljevic
- Department for Health Care and Public Health, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Farzad Jalilian
- Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sudha Jayaraman
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Achala Upendra Jayatilleke
- Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
- Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Ravi Prakash Jha
- Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | | | - Jost B Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kelly M Jones
- Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nitin Joseph
- Community Medicine Department, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
| | - Farahnaz Joukar
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
| | | | - Mikk Jürisson
- Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ali Kabir
- Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amaha Kahsay
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Leila R Kalankesh
- Department of Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rohollah Kalhor
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Teshome Abegaz Kamil
- School of Public Health, Department of Health informatics and Health Innovation, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Tanuj Kanchan
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Neeti Kapoor
- Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India
| | - Manoochehr Karami
- Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Amir Kasaeian
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Taras Kavetskyy
- Department of Applied Physics, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin Voivodeship, Poland
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University, Drohobych, Ukraine
| | - Gbenga A Kayode
- International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Yousef Saleh Khader
- Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nauman Khalid
- School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ibrahim A Khalil
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rovshan Khalilov
- Department of Physiology, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Maseer Khan
- Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ejaz Ahmad Khan
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Junaid Khan
- Department of Population Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Tripti Khanna
- Department of Health Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
- Centre for Ethics, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Salman Khazaei
- Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Habibolah Khazaie
- Department of Psychiatry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Roba Khundkar
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University Global Surgery Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Young-Eun Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun Jin Kim
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
| | - Daniel Kim
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sezer Kisa
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Adnan Kisa
- School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hamidreza Komaki
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Brain Engineering Research Center, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shivakumar K M Kondlahalli
- Public Health Dentistry Department, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed to be University, Karad, India
| | - Ali Koolivand
- Environmental Health Engineering, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov
- Department of Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- CIBERSAM, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Moritz U G Kraemer
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kewal Krishan
- Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Barthelemy Kuate Defo
- Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Burcu Kucuk Bicer
- Department of Public Health, Yuksek Ihtisas University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nuworza Kugbey
- Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
- Department of Psychology and Health Promotion, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nithin Kumar
- Community Medicine Department, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
| | - Manasi Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Narinder Kumar
- Orthopaedics Department, Base Hospital Lucknow Cantt, Lucknow, India
| | - Girikumar Kumaresh
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
| | - Faris Hasan Lami
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Van C Lansingh
- HelpMeSee, New York, NY, USA
- International Relations, Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Savita Lasrado
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology (ENT), Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India
| | - Arman Latifi
- Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Paolo Lauriola
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- Clinical Medicine and Community Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Janet L Leasher
- College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Shaun Wen Huey Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
- School of Pharmacy, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Shanshan Li
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Department of Systems, Populations and Leadership, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alan D Lopez
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paulo A Lotufo
- Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ronan A Lyons
- Health Data Research UK, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Daiane Borges Machado
- Center for Integration of Data and Health Knowledge, FIOCRUZ: Cidacs Center for Integration of Data and Health Knowledge, Salvador, Brazil
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, England
| | - Mohammed Madadin
- Pathology Department, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Marek Majdan
- Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Azeem Majeed
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Venkatesh Maled
- Health Education and Research Department, SDM College of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Dharwad, India
- Health University, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Deborah Carvalho Malta
- Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Navid Manafi
- Ophthalmology Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Ophthalmology Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Amir Manafi
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ana-Laura Manda
- Surgery Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Narayana Manjunatha
- Psychiatry Department, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mansournia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Joemer C Maravilla
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi
- Department of Midwifery-Reproductive Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Benjamin Ballard Massenburg
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Pallab K Maulik
- Research Department, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
- School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Man Mohan Mehndiratta
- Neurology Department, Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital Society, New Delhi, India
- Department of Neurology, Govind Ballabh Institute of Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Peter T N Memiah
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Walter Mendoza
- Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru
| | - Ritesh G Menezes
- Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Tuomo J Meretoja
- Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Atte Meretoja
- Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Tomislav Mestrovic
- Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia
- University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
| | - Bartosz Miazgowski
- Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
- Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Miazgowski
- Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases & Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ted R Miller
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, USA
| | - G K Mini
- Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
- Global Institute of Public Health (GIPH), Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Centre, Trivandrum, India
| | - Andreea Mirica
- Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
- President's Office, National Institute of Statistics, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Erkin M Mirrakhimov
- Faculty of Internal Medicine, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
- Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh
- Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Prasanna Mithra
- Community Medicine Department, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
| | - Babak Moazen
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Masoud Moghadaszadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Efat Mohamadi
- Health Equity Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Mohammad
- Internal Medicine Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aso Mohammad Darwesh
- Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | | | | | - Shafiu Mohammed
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | | | - Farnam Mohebi
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Iran National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad A Mohseni Bandpei
- Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mariam Molokhia
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lorenzo Monasta
- Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
| | - Yoshan Moodley
- Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Masoud Moradi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ghobad Moradi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Maziar Moradi-Lakeh
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Shane Douglas Morrison
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Atalay Goshu Muluneh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Kamarul Imran Musa
- School of Medical Sciences, Science University of Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Ghulam Mustafa
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Mehdi Naderi
- Clinical Research Development Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan
- Research and Analytics, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India
- Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India
| | - Gurudatta Naik
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mukhammad David Naimzada
- Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Experimental Surgery and Oncology Laboratory, Kursk State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kursk, Russia
| | - Farid Najafi
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Bruno Ramos Nascimento
- Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Morteza Naserbakht
- Mental Health Research Center, IUMS, Tehran, Iran
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, IUMS, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vinod Nayak
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Javad Nazari
- Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
- Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ionut Negoi
- Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of General Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Trang Huyen Nguyen
- Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Cuong Tat Nguyen
- Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Diep Ngoc Nguyen
- Project of ADB, National Institute of Nutrition, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Industrial Management Department, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Rajan Nikbakhsh
- Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum
- Public Health Department, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kota Semarang, Indonesia
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chukwudi A Nnaji
- Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Richard Ofori-Asenso
- Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Independent Consultant, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Onome Bright Oghenetega
- Reproductive Health Sciences, Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - In-Hwan Oh
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea
| | - Andrew T Olagunju
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Tinuke O Olagunju
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ahmed Omar Bali
- Diplomacy and Public Relations Department, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
| | - Obinna E Onwujekwe
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Heather M Orpana
- Applied Research Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erika Ota
- Department of Global Health Nursing, St. Luke's International University, Chuo-ku, Japan
| | - Nikita Otstavnov
- Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Academic Department, Unium Ltd, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stanislav S Otstavnov
- Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Department of Project Management, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mahesh P A
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India
| | | | - Smita Pakhale
- Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Keyvan Pakshir
- Parasitology and Mycology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Eun-Kee Park
- Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Sangram Kishor Patel
- Research and Evaluation Department, Population Council, New Delhi, India
- Indian Institute of Health Management Research University, Jaipur, India
| | - Ashish Pathak
- Department of Pediatircs, RD Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, India
- Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Kebreab Paulos
- Department of Midwifery, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Amy E Peden
- Royal Life Saving Society, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Jeevan Pereira
- Department of Orthopedics, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, India
| | - Michael R Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Roman V Polibin
- Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, Sechenon University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Suzanne Polinder
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Farshad Pourmalek
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Akram Pourshams
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Poustchi
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Swayam Prakash
- Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Parul Puri
- Department of Population Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Zahiruddin Quazi Syed
- Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rabiee
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Radfar
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- College of Graduate Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - Anwar Rafay
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ata Rafiee
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alireza Rafiei
- Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Fakher Rahim
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siavash Rahimi
- Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Muhammad Aziz Rahman
- School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions, Federation University Australia, Berwick, Victoria, Australia
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Fatemeh Rajati
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ivo Rakovac
- European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, World Health Organization (WHO), Moscow, Russia
| | - Sowmya J Rao
- Department of Oral Pathology, Srinivas Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, India
| | - Vahid Rashedi
- School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Tehran, Iran
| | - Prateek Rastogi
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Priya Rathi
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Salman Rawaf
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Academic Public Health Department, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Lal Rawal
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Reza Rawassizadeh
- Department of Computer Science, Metropolitan College, Boston University, Boston, USA
| | - Vishnu Renjith
- Neurology Department, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Serge Resnikoff
- Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Organization for the Prevention of Blindness, Paris, France
| | - Aziz Rezapour
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ana Isabel Ribeiro
- EPIUnit - Public Health Institute University Porto (ISPUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jennifer Rickard
- Surgery Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Surgery Department, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Carlos Miguel Rios González
- Research Directorate, Nihon Gakko University, Fernando de la Mora, Paraguay
- Research Direction, Universidad Nacional de Caaguazú, Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay
| | - Leonardo Roever
- Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Luca Ronfani
- Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gholamreza Roshandel
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Basema Saddik
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hamid Safarpour
- Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Safdarian
- Department of Neuroscience, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Payman Salamati
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hosni Salem
- Urology Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Inbal Salz
- Health and Disability Intelligence Group, Ministry of Health, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Abdallah M Samy
- Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Juan Sanabria
- Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lidia Sanchez Riera
- Rheumatology Department, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
- Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, Syndey, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Milena M Santric Milicevic
- Institute of Social Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Centre-School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Abdur Razzaque Sarker
- Health Economics, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Arash Sarveazad
- Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Brijesh Sathian
- Surgery Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Monika Sawhney
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Mehdi Sayyah
- Education Development Center, Faculty Member of Education Development Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - David C Schwebel
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | - Feng Sha
- Center for Biomedical Information Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Faramarz Shaahmadi
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Saeed Shahabi
- Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | | | - Aziz Sheikh
- Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jae Il Shin
- College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, South Korea
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rahman Shiri
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Soraya Siabani
- Department of Health Education & Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Inga Dora Sigfusdottir
- Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jasvinder A Singh
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Dhirendra Narain Sinha
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India
- Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Amin Soheili
- Medical Surgical Nursing Department, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
- Emergency Nursing Department, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Joan B Soriano
- Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ireneous N Soyiri
- Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull City, UK
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark A Stokes
- Department of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Bryan L Sykes
- Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos
- Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Karen M Tabb
- School of Social Work, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Yonatal Mesfin Tefera
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Rekha Thapar
- Community Medicine Department, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
| | - Mariya Vladimirovna Titova
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Biology Department, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Hamid Reza Tohidinik
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Roman Topor-Madry
- Institute of Public Health, Krakow, Poland
- The Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Khanh Bao Tran
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Bach Xuan Tran
- Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jaya Prasad Tripathy
- Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
| | - Alexander C Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | | | - Lorainne Tudor Car
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Irfan Ullah
- Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
- TB Culture Laboratory, Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | - Saif Ullah
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Era Upadhyay
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | | | - Pascual R Valdez
- Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Yousef Veisani
- Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian
- Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Francesco S Violante
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Occupational Health Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vasily Vlassov
- Department of Health Care Administration and Economics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yasir Waheed
- Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yuan-Pang Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Taweewat Wiangkham
- Department of Physical Therapy, Naresuan University, Meung District, Thailand
| | - Haileab Fekadu Wolde
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Dawit Habte Woldeyes
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Adam Belay Wondmieneh
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Nursing, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Grant M A Wyper
- Public Health Science Directorate, NHS Health Scotland, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Rajaram Yadav
- Department of Population Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Ali Yadollahpour
- Medical Physics Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Yuichiro Yano
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sanni Yaya
- School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi
- Health Services Management Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Health Management, Policy and Economics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Pengpeng Ye
- Division of Injury Prevention and Mental Health Improvement, National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Paul Yip
- Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Engida Yisma
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Naohiro Yonemoto
- Department of Psychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seok-Jun Yoon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoosik Youm
- Department of Sociology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mustafa Z Younis
- Department of Health Policy & Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zabihollah Yousefi
- Department of Environmental Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Environmental Health, Academy of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
| | - Chuanhua Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Yu
- School of Public Health and Management, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Telma Zahirian Moghadam
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Zoubida Zaidi
- Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria
| | - Sojib Bin Zaman
- Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mohammad Zamani
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Hamed Zandian
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
- Department of Community Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Zarei
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Health Education, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zhi-Jiang Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunquan Zhang
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Arash Ziapour
- Department of Health Education & Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sanjay Zodpey
- Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
| | - Rakhi Dandona
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
| | - Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Simon I Hay
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ali H Mokdad
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David M Pigott
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert C Reiner
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Theo Vos
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Haagsma JA, James SL, Castle CD, Dingels ZV, Fox JT, Hamilton EB, Liu Z, Lucchesi LR, Roberts NLS, Sylte DO, Adebayo OM, Ahmadi A, Ahmed MB, Aichour MTE, Alahdab F, Alghnam SA, Aljunid SM, Al-Raddadi RM, Alsharif U, Altirkawi K, Anjomshoa M, Antonio CAT, Appiah SCY, Aremu O, Arora A, Asayesh H, Assadi R, Awasthi A, Ayala Quintanilla BP, Balalla S, Banstola A, Barker-Collo SL, Bärnighausen TW, Bazargan-Hejazi S, Bedi N, Behzadifar M, Behzadifar M, Benjet C, Bennett DA, Bensenor IM, Bhaumik S, Bhutta ZA, Bijani A, Borges G, Borschmann R, Bose D, Boufous S, Brazinova A, Campuzano Rincon JC, Cárdenas R, Carrero JJ, Carvalho F, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Catalá-López F, Choi JYJ, Christopher DJ, Crowe CS, Dalal K, Daryani A, Davitoiu DV, Degenhardt L, De Leo D, De Neve JW, Deribe K, Dessie GA, deVeber GA, Dharmaratne SD, Doan LP, Dolan KA, Driscoll TR, Dubey M, El-Khatib Z, Ellingsen CL, El Sayed Zaki M, Endries AY, Eskandarieh S, Faro A, Fereshtehnejad SM, Fernandes E, Filip I, Fischer F, Franklin RC, Fukumoto T, Gezae KE, Gill TK, Goulart AC, Grada A, Guo Y, Gupta R, Haghparast Bidgoli H, Haj-Mirzaian A, Haj-Mirzaian A, Hamadeh RR, Hamidi S, Haro JM, Hassankhani H, Hassen HY, Havmoeller R, Hendrie D, Henok A, Híjar M, Hole MK, Homaie Rad E, Hossain N, Hostiuc S, Hu G, Igumbor EU, Ilesanmi OS, Irvani SSN, Islam SMS, Ivers RQ, Jacobsen KH, Jahanmehr N, Jakovljevic M, Jayatilleke AU, Jha RP, Jonas JB, Jorjoran Shushtari Z, Jozwiak JJ, Jürisson M, Kabir A, Kalani R, Kasaeian A, Kelbore AG, Kengne AP, Khader YS, Khafaie MA, Khalid N, Khan EA, Khoja AT, Kiadaliri AA, Kim YE, Kim D, Kisa A, Koyanagi A, Kuate Defo B, Kucuk Bicer B, Kumar M, Lalloo R, Lam H, Lami FH, Lansingh VC, Leasher JL, Li S, Linn S, Lunevicius R, Machado FR, Magdy Abd El Razek H, Magdy Abd El Razek M, Mahotra NB, Majdan M, Majeed A, Malekzadeh R, Malik MA, Malta DC, Manda AL, Mansournia MA, Massenburg BB, Maulik PK, Meheretu HAA, Mehndiratta MM, Melese A, Mendoza W, Mengesha MM, Meretoja TJ, Meretoja A, Mestrovic T, Miazgowski T, Miller TR, Mini GK, Mirrakhimov EM, Moazen B, Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N, Mohammadibakhsh R, Mohammed S, Molokhia M, Monasta L, Mondello S, Montero-Zamora PA, Moodley Y, Moosazadeh M, Moradi G, Moradi-Lakeh M, Morawska L, Velásquez IM, Morrison SD, Moschos MM, Mousavi SM, Murthy S, Musa KI, Naik G, Najafi F, Nangia V, Nascimento BR, Ndwandwe DE, Negoi I, Nguyen TH, Nguyen SH, Nguyen LH, Nguyen HLT, Ningrum DNA, Nirayo YL, Ofori-Asenso R, Ogbo FA, Oh IH, Oladimeji O, Olagunju AT, Olagunju TO, Olivares PR, Orpana HM, Otstavnov SS, P A M, Pakhale S, Park EK, Patton GC, Pesudovs K, Phillips MR, Polinder S, Prakash S, Radfar A, Rafay A, Rafiei A, Rahimi S, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman MA, Rai RK, Ramezanzadeh K, Rawaf S, Rawaf DL, Renzaho AMN, Resnikoff S, Rezaeian S, Roever L, Ronfani L, Roshandel G, Sabde YD, Saddik B, Salamati P, Salimi Y, Salz I, Samy AM, Sanabria J, Sanchez Riera L, Santric Milicevic MM, Satpathy M, Sawhney M, Sawyer SM, Saxena S, Saylan M, Schneider IJC, Schwebel DC, Seedat S, Sepanlou SG, Shaikh MA, Shams-Beyranvand M, Shamsizadeh M, Sharif-Alhoseini M, Sheikh A, Shen J, Shigematsu M, Shiri R, Shiue I, Silva JP, Singh JA, Sinha DN, Soares Filho AM, Soriano JB, Soshnikov S, Soyiri IN, Starodubov VI, Stein DJ, Stokes MA, Sufiyan MB, Sunshine JE, Sykes BL, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tabb KM, Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Tessema GA, Thakur JS, Tran KB, Tran BX, Tudor Car L, Uthman OA, Uzochukwu BSC, Valdez PR, Varavikova E, Vasconcelos AMN, Venketasubramanian N, Violante FS, Vlassov V, Waheed Y, Wang YP, Wijeratne T, Winkler AS, Yadav P, Yano Y, Yenesew MA, Yip P, Yisma E, Yonemoto N, Younis MZ, Yu C, Zafar S, Zaidi Z, Zaman SB, Zamani M, Zhao Y, Zodpey S, Hay SI, Lopez AD, Mokdad AH, Vos T. Burden of injury along the development spectrum: associations between the Socio-demographic Index and disability-adjusted life year estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Inj Prev 2020; 26:i12-i26. [PMID: 31915273 PMCID: PMC7571356 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidemiological transition of non-communicable diseases replacing infectious diseases as the main contributors to disease burden has been well documented in global health literature. Less focus, however, has been given to the relationship between sociodemographic changes and injury. The aim of this study was to examine the association between disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from injury for 195 countries and territories at different levels along the development spectrum between 1990 and 2017 based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 estimates. METHODS Injury mortality was estimated using the GBD mortality database, corrections for garbage coding and CODEm-the cause of death ensemble modelling tool. Morbidity estimation was based on surveys and inpatient and outpatient data sets for 30 cause-of-injury with 47 nature-of-injury categories each. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI) is a composite indicator that includes lagged income per capita, average educational attainment over age 15 years and total fertility rate. RESULTS For many causes of injury, age-standardised DALY rates declined with increasing SDI, although road injury, interpersonal violence and self-harm did not follow this pattern. Particularly for self-harm opposing patterns were observed in regions with similar SDI levels. For road injuries, this effect was less pronounced. CONCLUSIONS The overall global pattern is that of declining injury burden with increasing SDI. However, not all injuries follow this pattern, which suggests multiple underlying mechanisms influencing injury DALYs. There is a need for a detailed understanding of these patterns to help to inform national and global efforts to address injury-related health outcomes across the development spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanita A Haagsma
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Spencer L James
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Chris D Castle
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Zachary V Dingels
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jack T Fox
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Erin B Hamilton
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Zichen Liu
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lydia R Lucchesi
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nicholas L S Roberts
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dillon O Sylte
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Alireza Ahmadi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | | | - Fares Alahdab
- Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Suliman A Alghnam
- Department of Population Health Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Mohamed Aljunid
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
- International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
| | - Rajaa M Al-Raddadi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ubai Alsharif
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Mina Anjomshoa
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Carl Abelardo T Antonio
- Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah
- Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Olatunde Aremu
- School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Amit Arora
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Oral Health Services, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Reza Assadi
- Education Development Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla
- The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- General Office for Research and Technological Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
| | - Shivanthi Balalla
- School of Public Health, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Amrit Banstola
- Department of Research, Public Health Perspective Nepal, Pokhara-Lekhnath Metropolitan City, Nepal
| | | | - Till Winfried Bärnighausen
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi
- Department of Psychiatry, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Neeraj Bedi
- Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Masoud Behzadifar
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Meysam Behzadifar
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Corina Benjet
- Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Research, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Derrick A Bennett
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Isabela M Bensenor
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ali Bijani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Guilherme Borges
- Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Research, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dipan Bose
- Transport & Digital Development, World Bank, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Soufiane Boufous
- Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research Department, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon
- National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- School of Medicine, University of the Valley of Cuernavaca, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Rosario Cárdenas
- Department of Population and Health, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan J Carrero
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela
- Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
- Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Ferrán Catalá-López
- National School of Public Health, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jee-Young J Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | - Koustuv Dalal
- Institute of Public Health Kalyani, Kalyani, India
- School of Health Science, Orebro University, Orebro, Sweden
| | - Ahmad Daryani
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Dragos Virgil Davitoiu
- Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Emergency Hospital Sf. Pantelimon, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Louisa Degenhardt
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Diego De Leo
- Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jan-Walter De Neve
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kebede Deribe
- Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Gabrielle Aline deVeber
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Linh Phuong Doan
- Center of Excellence in Health Service Management, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Kate A Dolan
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tim Robert Driscoll
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Manisha Dubey
- United Nations World Food Programme, New Delhi, India
| | - Ziad El-Khatib
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- World Health Programme, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Aman Yesuf Endries
- Public Health Department, Saint Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sharareh Eskandarieh
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andre Faro
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil
| | - Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Irina Filip
- Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, California, USA
- School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, Arizona, USA
| | - Florian Fischer
- Department of Population Medicine and Health Services Research, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Richard Charles Franklin
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, Australia
| | - Takeshi Fukumoto
- Gene Expression & Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Tiffany K Gill
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alessandra C Goulart
- Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Internal Medicine Department, University Hospital, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ayman Grada
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuming Guo
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rahul Gupta
- March of Dimes, Arlington, Virginia, USA
- School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | | | - Arvin Haj-Mirzaian
- Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arya Haj-Mirzaian
- Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Randah R Hamadeh
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Samer Hamidi
- School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Josep Maria Haro
- Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Research and Development Unit, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Hadi Hassankhani
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Independent Consultant, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Yimam Hassen
- Department of Public Health, Mizan-Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia
- Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Rasmus Havmoeller
- Clinical Sciences, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Delia Hendrie
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andualem Henok
- Department of Public Health, Mizan-Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia
| | - Martha Híjar
- Research Coordination, AC Environments Foundation, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- CISS, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Michael K Hole
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, University of Texas Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Enayatollah Homaie Rad
- Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Naznin Hossain
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Industrial Gases Limited, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Sorin Hostiuc
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Clinical Legal Medicine Department, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Guoqing Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ehimario U Igumbor
- School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Public Health, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa
| | | | - Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani
- Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebecca Q Ivers
- Injury Division, The George Institute for Global Health, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kathryn H Jacobsen
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Nader Jahanmehr
- School of Management and Medical Education, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mihajlo Jakovljevic
- Department for Health Care and Public Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Achala Upendra Jayatilleke
- Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
- Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Ravi Prakash Jha
- Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Jost B Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
| | - Mikk Jürisson
- Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ali Kabir
- Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rizwan Kalani
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Amir Kasaeian
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Andre Pascal Kengne
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Yousef Saleh Khader
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ramtha, Jordan
| | - Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nauman Khalid
- School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ejaz Ahmad Khan
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah T Khoja
- Department of Public Health, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Young-Eun Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Daniel Kim
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adnan Kisa
- School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- CIBERSAM, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Barthelemy Kuate Defo
- Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Burcu Kucuk Bicer
- Department of Public Health, Yuksek Ihtisas University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Manasi Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ratilal Lalloo
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hilton Lam
- Institute of Health Policy and Development Studies, National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines
| | - Faris Hasan Lami
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Van C Lansingh
- HelpMeSee, New York City, New York, USA
- International Relations Department, Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Janet L Leasher
- College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Shanshan Li
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shai Linn
- School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Raimundas Lunevicius
- Department of General Surgery, Aintree University Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Surgery, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Flavia R Machado
- Anesthesiology, Pain and Intensive Care Department, Federal University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marek Majdan
- Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Azeem Majeed
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Manzoor Ahmad Malik
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Haridwar, India
- Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Deborah Carvalho Malta
- Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana-Laura Manda
- Surgery Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mohammad Ali Mansournia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Pallab K Maulik
- Research Department, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
- School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hailemariam Abiy Alemu Meheretu
- Department of Nursing, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
- School of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Man Mohan Mehndiratta
- Neurology Department, Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital Society, New Delhi, India
- Neurology Department, Govind Ballabh Institute of Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Addisu Melese
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Walter Mendoza
- Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru
| | | | - Tuomo J Meretoja
- Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Atte Meretoja
- Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tomislav Mestrovic
- Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia
- University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
| | - Tomasz Miazgowski
- Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases & Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ted R Miller
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland, USA
| | - G K Mini
- Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
- Global Institute of Public Health (GIPH), Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Centre, Trivandrum, India
| | - Erkin M Mirrakhimov
- Faculty of Internal Medicine, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
- Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Babak Moazen
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | - Shafiu Mohammed
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Mariam Molokhia
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lorenzo Monasta
- Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Department of Neurology, Oasi Research Institute, Troina, Italy
| | - Pablo A Montero-Zamora
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
- Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Yoshan Moodley
- Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mahmood Moosazadeh
- Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ghobad Moradi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Maziar Moradi-Lakeh
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | - Marilita M Moschos
- 1st Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Seyyed Meysam Mousavi
- Health Management Reserach Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Health Management and Economics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Srinivas Murthy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kamarul Imran Musa
- School of Medical Sciences, Science University of Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Gurudatta Naik
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Farid Najafi
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Bruno Ramos Nascimento
- Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Ionut Negoi
- Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- General Surgery Department, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Trang Huyen Nguyen
- Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Son Hoang Nguyen
- Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Long Hoang Nguyen
- Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | | | - Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum
- Public Health Department, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kota Semarang, Indonesia
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | - Richard Ofori-Asenso
- Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Independent Consultant, Accra, Ghana
| | - Felix Akpojene Ogbo
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - In-Hwan Oh
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea
| | - Olanrewaju Oladimeji
- HAST, Human Sciences Research Council, Durban, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Osakhati, Namibia
| | - Andrew T Olagunju
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Tinuke O Olagunju
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pedro R Olivares
- Institute of Physical Activity and Health, Autonomous University of Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Heather M Orpana
- Applied Research Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stanislav S Otstavnov
- Analytical Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Committee for the Comprehensive Assessment of Medical Devices and Information Technology, Health Technology Assessment Association, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mahesh P A
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India
| | - Smita Pakhale
- Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eun-Kee Park
- Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea
| | - George C Patton
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Population Health Department, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Konrad Pesudovs
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael R Phillips
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Suzanne Polinder
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Swayam Prakash
- Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Amir Radfar
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
- College of Graduate Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, Arizona, USA
| | - Anwar Rafay
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Alireza Rafiei
- Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Siavash Rahimi
- Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Muhammad Aziz Rahman
- School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions, Federation University, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- National Centre for Farmer Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rajesh Kumar Rai
- Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India
- Department of Economics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kiana Ramezanzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salman Rawaf
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Academic Public Health Department, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - David Laith Rawaf
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, UK
- University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Andre M N Renzaho
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Serge Resnikoff
- Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Organization for the Prevention of Blindness, Paris, France
| | | | - Leonardo Roever
- Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Luca Ronfani
- Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gholamreza Roshandel
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Yogesh Damodar Sabde
- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhopal, India
| | - Basema Saddik
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Payman Salamati
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yahya Salimi
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Inbal Salz
- Health and Disability Intelligence Group, Ministry of Health, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Abdallah M Samy
- Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Juan Sanabria
- Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Lidia Sanchez Riera
- Rheumatology Department, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
- Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, Syndey, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Milena M Santric Milicevic
- Institute of Social Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Centre-School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maheswar Satpathy
- UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India
- Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Monika Sawhney
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Susan M Sawyer
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sonia Saxena
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mete Saylan
- Market Access Department, Bayer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ione J C Schneider
- School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Ararangua, Brazil
| | - David C Schwebel
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sadaf G Sepanlou
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Mehran Shams-Beyranvand
- School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
- School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Morteza Shamsizadeh
- Chronic Diseases (Home Care) Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aziz Sheikh
- Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jiabin Shen
- Center for Pediatric Trauma Research, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Rahman Shiri
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ivy Shiue
- Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | | | - Jasvinder A Singh
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Medicine Service, US Department of Veteran Affairs, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Dhirendra Narain Sinha
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India
- Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Adauto Martins Soares Filho
- Department of Diseases and Noncommunicable Diseases and Health Promotion, Federal Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Joan B Soriano
- Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergey Soshnikov
- Department of Research Development, Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Ministry of Health (FRIHOI), Moscow, Russia
| | - Ireneous N Soyiri
- Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull City, UK
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Vladimir I Starodubov
- Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Ministry of Health (FRIHOI), Moscow, Russia
| | - Dan J Stein
- Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark A Stokes
- Department of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Jacob E Sunshine
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bryan L Sykes
- Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos
- Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Karen M Tabb
- School of Social Work, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Community Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gizachew Assefa Tessema
- Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jarnail Singh Thakur
- School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Khanh Bao Tran
- Molecular Medicine and Pathology Department, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Bach Xuan Tran
- Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Lorainne Tudor Car
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | | | | | - Pascual R Valdez
- Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elena Varavikova
- Central Research Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Ministry of Health (FRIHOI), Moscow, Russia
| | - Ana Maria Nogales Vasconcelos
- Department of Statistics, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Directorate of Social Studies and Policies, Federal District Planning Company, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian
- Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Francesco S Violante
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Occupational Health Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vasily Vlassov
- Department of Health Care Administration and Economics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yasir Waheed
- Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yuan-Pang Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tissa Wijeratne
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrea Sylvia Winkler
- Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Priyanka Yadav
- Centre for the Study of Regional Development, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Yuichiro Yano
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Paul Yip
- Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Engida Yisma
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Naohiro Yonemoto
- Department of Psychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mustafa Z Younis
- Health Economics & Finance, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanhua Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shamsa Zafar
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zoubida Zaidi
- Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria
| | - Sojib Bin Zaman
- Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mohammad Zamani
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Yong Zhao
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sanjay Zodpey
- Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
| | - Simon I Hay
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alan D Lopez
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ali H Mokdad
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Theo Vos
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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James SL, Castle CD, Dingels ZV, Fox JT, Hamilton EB, Liu Z, S Roberts NL, Sylte DO, Henry NJ, LeGrand KE, Abdelalim A, Abdoli A, Abdollahpour I, Abdulkader RS, Abedi A, Abosetugn AE, Abushouk AI, Adebayo OM, Agudelo-Botero M, Ahmad T, Ahmed R, Ahmed MB, Eddine Aichour MT, Alahdab F, Alamene GM, Alanezi FM, Alebel A, Alema NM, Alghnam SA, Al-Hajj S, Ali BA, Ali S, Alikhani M, Alinia C, Alipour V, Aljunid SM, Almasi-Hashiani A, Almasri NA, Altirkawi K, Abdeldayem Amer YS, Amini S, Loreche Amit AM, Andrei CL, Ansari-Moghaddam A, T Antonio CA, Yaw Appiah SC, Arabloo J, Arab-Zozani M, Arefi Z, Aremu O, Ariani F, Arora A, Asaad M, Asghari B, Awoke N, Ayala Quintanilla BP, Ayano G, Ayanore MA, Azari S, Azarian G, Badawi A, Badiye AD, Bagli E, Baig AA, Bairwa M, Bakhtiari A, Balachandran A, Banach M, Banerjee SK, Banik PC, Banstola A, Barker-Collo SL, Bärnighausen TW, Barrero LH, Barzegar A, Bayati M, Baye BA, Bedi N, Behzadifar M, Bekuma TT, Belete H, Benjet C, Bennett DA, Bensenor IM, Berhe K, Bhardwaj P, Bhat AG, Bhattacharyya K, Bibi S, Bijani A, Bin Sayeed MS, Borges G, Borzì AM, Boufous S, Brazinova A, Briko NI, Budhathoki SS, Car J, Cárdenas R, Carvalho F, Castaldelli-Maia JM, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Castelpietra G, Catalá-López F, Cerin E, Chandan JS, Chanie WF, Chattu SK, Chattu VK, Chatziralli I, Chaudhary N, Cho DY, Kabir Chowdhury MA, Chu DT, Colquhoun SM, Constantin MM, Costa VM, Damiani G, Daryani A, Dávila-Cervantes CA, Demeke FM, Demis AB, Demoz GT, Demsie DG, Derakhshani A, Deribe K, Desai R, Nasab MD, da Silva DD, Dibaji Forooshani ZS, Doyle KE, Driscoll TR, Dubljanin E, Adema BD, Eagan AW, Eftekhari A, Ehsani-Chimeh E, Sayed Zaki ME, Elemineh DA, El-Jaafary SI, El-Khatib Z, Ellingsen CL, Emamian MH, Endalew DA, Eskandarieh S, Faris PS, Faro A, Farzadfar F, Fatahi Y, Fekadu W, Ferede TY, Fereshtehnejad SM, Fernandes E, Ferrara P, Feyissa GT, Filip I, Fischer F, Folayan MO, Foroutan M, Francis JM, Franklin RC, Fukumoto T, Geberemariyam BS, Gebre AK, Gebremedhin KB, Gebremeskel GG, Gebremichael B, Gedefaw GA, Geta B, Ghafourifard M, Ghamari F, Ghashghaee A, Gholamian A, Gill TK, Goulart AC, Grada A, Grivna M, Mohialdeen Gubari MI, Guimarães RA, Guo Y, Gupta G, Haagsma JA, Hafezi-Nejad N, Bidgoli HH, Hall BJ, Hamadeh RR, Hamidi S, Haro JM, Hasan MM, Hasanzadeh A, Hassanipour S, Hassankhani H, Hassen HY, Havmoeller R, Hayat K, Hendrie D, Heydarpour F, Híjar M, Ho HC, Hoang CL, Hole MK, Holla R, Hossain N, Hosseinzadeh M, Hostiuc S, Hu G, Ibitoye SE, Ilesanmi OS, Ilic I, Ilic MD, Inbaraj LR, Indriasih E, Naghibi Irvani SS, Shariful Islam SM, Islam MM, Ivers RQ, Jacobsen KH, Jahani MA, Jahanmehr N, Jakovljevic M, Jalilian F, Jayaraman S, Jayatilleke AU, Jha RP, John-Akinola YO, Jonas JB, Joseph N, Joukar F, Jozwiak JJ, Jungari SB, Jürisson M, Kabir A, Kadel R, Kahsay A, Kalankesh LR, Kalhor R, Kamil TA, Kanchan T, Kapoor N, Karami M, Kasaeian A, Kassaye HG, Kavetskyy T, Kebede HK, Keiyoro PN, Kelbore AG, Kelkay B, Khader YS, Khafaie MA, Khalid N, Khalil IA, Khalilov R, Khammarnia M, Khan EA, Khan M, Khanna T, Khazaie H, Shadmani FK, Khundkar R, Kiirithio DN, Kim YE, Kim D, Kim YJ, Kisa A, Kisa S, Komaki H, M Kondlahalli SK, Korshunov VA, Koyanagi A, G Kraemer MU, Krishan K, Bicer BK, Kugbey N, Kumar V, Kumar N, Kumar GA, Kumar M, Kumaresh G, Kurmi OP, Kuti O, Vecchia CL, Lami FH, Lamichhane P, Lang JJ, Lansingh VC, Laryea DO, Lasrado S, Latifi A, Lauriola P, Leasher JL, Huey Lee SW, Lenjebo TL, Levi M, Li S, Linn S, Liu X, Lopez AD, Lotufo PA, Lunevicius R, Lyons RA, Madadin M, El Razek MMA, Mahotra NB, Majdan M, Majeed A, Malagon-Rojas JN, Maled V, Malekzadeh R, Malta DC, Manafi N, Manafi A, Manda AL, Manjunatha N, Mansour-Ghanaei F, Mansouri B, Mansournia MA, Maravilla JC, March LM, Mason-Jones AJ, Masoumi SZ, Massenburg BB, Maulik PK, Meles GG, Melese A, Melketsedik ZA, N Memiah PT, Mendoza W, Menezes RG, Mengesha MB, Mengesha MM, Meretoja TJ, Meretoja A, Merie HE, Mestrovic T, Miazgowski B, Miazgowski T, Miller TR, Mini GK, Mirica A, Mirrakhimov EM, Mirzaei-Alavijeh M, Mithra P, Moazen B, Moghadaszadeh M, Mohamadi E, Mohammad Y, Mohammad KA, Darwesh AM, Gholi Mezerji NM, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Mohammadoo-Khorasani M, Mohammadpourhodki R, Mohammed S, Mohammed JA, Mohebi F, Molokhia M, Monasta L, Moodley Y, Moosazadeh M, Moradi M, Moradi G, Moradi-Lakeh M, Moradpour F, Morawska L, Velásquez IM, Morisaki N, Morrison SD, Mossie TB, Muluneh AG, Murthy S, Musa KI, Mustafa G, Nabhan AF, Nagarajan AJ, Naik G, Naimzada MD, Najafi F, Nangia V, Nascimento BR, Naserbakht M, Nayak V, Ndwandwe DE, Negoi I, Ngunjiri JW, Nguyen CT, Thi Nguyen HL, Nikbakhsh R, Anggraini Ningrum DN, Nnaji CA, Nyasulu PS, Ogbo FA, Oghenetega OB, Oh IH, Okunga EW, Olagunju AT, Olagunju TO, Bali AO, Onwujekwe OE, Asante KO, Orpana HM, Ota E, Otstavnov N, Otstavnov SS, A MP, Padubidri JR, Pakhale S, Pakshir K, Panda-Jonas S, Park EK, Patel SK, Pathak A, Pati S, Patton GC, Paulos K, Peden AE, Filipino Pepito VC, Pereira J, Pham HQ, Phillips MR, Pinheiro M, Polibin RV, Polinder S, Poustchi H, Prakash S, Angga Pribadi DR, Puri P, Syed ZQ, Rabiee M, Rabiee N, Radfar A, Rafay A, Rafiee A, Rafiei A, Rahim F, Rahimi S, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman MA, Rajabpour-Sanati A, Rajati F, Rakovac I, Ranganathan K, Rao SJ, Rashedi V, Rastogi P, Rathi P, Rawaf S, Rawal L, Rawassizadeh R, Renjith V, N Renzaho AM, Resnikoff S, Rezapour A, Ribeiro AI, Rickard J, Rios González CM, Ronfani L, Roshandel G, Saad AM, Sabde YD, Sabour S, Saddik B, Safari S, Safari-Faramani R, Safarpour H, Safdarian M, Sajadi SM, Salamati P, Salehi F, Zahabi SS, Rashad Salem MR, Salem H, Salman O, Salz I, Samy AM, Sanabria J, Riera LS, Santric Milicevic MM, Sarker AR, Sarveazad A, Sathian B, Sawhney M, Sawyer SM, Saxena S, Sayyah M, Schwebel DC, Seedat S, Senthilkumaran S, Sepanlou SG, Seyedmousavi S, Sha F, Shaahmadi F, Shahabi S, Shaikh MA, Shams-Beyranvand M, Shamsizadeh M, Sharif-Alhoseini M, Sharifi H, Sheikh A, Shigematsu M, Shin JI, Shiri R, Siabani S, Sigfusdottir ID, Singh PK, Singh JA, Sinha DN, Smarandache CG, R Smith EU, Soheili A, Soleymani B, Soltanian AR, Soriano JB, Sorrie MB, Soyiri IN, Stein DJ, Stokes MA, Sufiyan MB, Rasul Suleria HA, Sykes BL, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tabb KM, Taddele BW, Tadesse DB, Tamiru AT, Tarigan IU, Tefera YM, Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Tekle MG, Tekulu GH, Tesema AK, Tesfay BE, Thapar R, Tilahune AB, Tlaye KG, Tohidinik HR, Topor-Madry R, Tran BX, Tran KB, Tripathy JP, Tsai AC, Car LT, Ullah S, Ullah I, Umar M, Unnikrishnan B, Upadhyay E, Uthman OA, Valdez PR, Vasankari TJ, Venketasubramanian N, Violante FS, Vlassov V, Waheed Y, Weldesamuel GT, Werdecker A, Wiangkham T, Wolde HF, Woldeyes DH, Wondafrash DZ, Wondmeneh TG, Wondmieneh AB, Wu AM, Yadav R, Yadollahpour A, Yano Y, Yaya S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi V, Yip P, Yisma E, Yonemoto N, Yoon SJ, Youm Y, Younis MZ, Yousefi Z, Yu Y, Yu C, Yusefzadeh H, Moghadam TZ, Zaidi Z, Zaman SB, Zamani M, Zamanian M, Zandian H, Zarei A, Zare F, Zhang ZJ, Zhang Y, Zodpey S, Dandona L, Dandona R, Degenhardt L, Dharmaratne SD, Hay SI, Mokdad AH, Reiner RC, Sartorius B, Vos T. Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Inj Prev 2020; 26:i96-i114. [PMID: 32332142 PMCID: PMC7571366 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries. METHODS We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). FINDINGS In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100 000. In 1990, there were 354 064 302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338 174 876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100 000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100 000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505). INTERPRETATION Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer L James
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chris D Castle
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zachary V Dingels
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jack T Fox
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erin B Hamilton
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zichen Liu
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicholas L S Roberts
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dillon O Sylte
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nathaniel J Henry
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kate E LeGrand
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Amir Abdoli
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Ibrahim Abdollahpour
- Neuroscience Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Aidin Abedi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Oladimeji M Adebayo
- Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Marcela Agudelo-Botero
- School of Medicine Center for Politics, Population and Health Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tauseef Ahmad
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Southeast University Nanjing, Nanjing, China
- Department of Microbiology, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Rushdia Ahmed
- James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Fares Alahdab
- Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Fahad Mashhour Alanezi
- Department of Computer Sciences, Imam Abdulrehman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Animut Alebel
- Department of Nursing, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | | | - Suliman A Alghnam
- Department of Population Health Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samar Al-Hajj
- Faculty of Health Sciences - Health Management and Policy, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- British Columbia Injury Research Prevention Unit, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali
- Medical Technical Institute, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ishik University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Saqib Ali
- Department of Information Systems, College of Economics and Political Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Mahtab Alikhani
- School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Department of Health Services Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Cyrus Alinia
- Department of Health Care Management and Economics, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
| | - Vahid Alipour
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Health Economics Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Syed Mohamed Aljunid
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
- International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
| | | | - Nihad A Almasri
- Physiotherapy Department, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Yasser Sami Abdeldayem Amer
- Clinical Practice Guidelines Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Alexandria Center for Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Saeed Amini
- Health Services Management Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Arianna Maever Loreche Amit
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
- Online Programs for Applied Learning, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Carl Abelardo T Antonio
- Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah
- Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jalal Arabloo
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Arab-Zozani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Zohreh Arefi
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Olatunde Aremu
- School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Filippo Ariani
- Regional Centre for the Analysis of Data on Occupational and Work-related Injuries and Diseases, Local Health Unit Tuscany Centre, Florence, Italy
| | - Amit Arora
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Oral Health Services, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Malke Asaad
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Babak Asghari
- Department of Microbiology, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Azad Tabriz University, Iran
| | - Nefsu Awoke
- Department of Nursing, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla
- The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- General Office for Research and Technological Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
| | - Getinet Ayano
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Martin Amogre Ayanore
- Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Samad Azari
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Azarian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alaa Badawi
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashish D Badiye
- Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India
| | - Eleni Bagli
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Atif Amin Baig
- Biochemistry Unit, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
- School of Health Sciences, Univeristi Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mohan Bairwa
- Institute of Health Management Research, Indian Institute of Health Management Research University, Jaipur, India
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ahad Bakhtiari
- Health Policy And Management Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arun Balachandran
- Department of Demography, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Population Research Centre, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bengaluru, India
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Palash Chandra Banik
- Department of Noncommunicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Amrit Banstola
- Department of Research, Public Health Perspective Nepal, Pokhara-Lekhnath Metropolitan City, Nepal
| | | | - Till Winfried Bärnighausen
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lope H Barrero
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Pontifical Javeriana University, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Akbar Barzegar
- Occupational Health Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohsen Bayati
- Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Neeraj Bedi
- Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India
- Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Masoud Behzadifar
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Tariku Tesfaye Bekuma
- Institute of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Habte Belete
- Department of Psychiatry, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Corina Benjet
- Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Reseach, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Derrick A Bennett
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Isabela M Bensenor
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kidanemaryam Berhe
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Pankaj Bhardwaj
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
- Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
| | - Anusha Ganapati Bhat
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Krittika Bhattacharyya
- Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
- Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Sadia Bibi
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ali Bijani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Guilherme Borges
- Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Reseach, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Antonio Maria Borzì
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Soufiane Boufous
- Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research Department, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Nikolay Ivanovich Briko
- Department of Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine, I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Josip Car
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Global eHealth Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rosario Cárdenas
- Department of Population and Health, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Félix Carvalho
- Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela
- Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
- Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Giulio Castelpietra
- Primary Care Services Area, Central Health Directorate, Region Friuli Venezia Giulia, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Ferrán Catalá-López
- National School of Public Health, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ester Cerin
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joht S Chandan
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | | | - Irini Chatziralli
- 2nd Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens, Haidari, Greece
- Ophthalmology Private Practice Office, Independent Consultant, Athens, Greece
| | - Neha Chaudhary
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Youngwhan Cho
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury
- Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Dinh-Toi Chu
- Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Samantha M Colquhoun
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Action, ACT, Australia
| | - Maria-Magdalena Constantin
- Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- 2nd Department of Dermatology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vera M Costa
- Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Giovanni Damiani
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ahmad Daryani
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | | | - Asmamaw Bizuneh Demis
- Department of Nursing, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
- School of Nursing, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Gebre Teklemariam Demoz
- School of Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
- Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Kebede Deribe
- Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Rupak Desai
- Division of Cardiology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kerrie E Doyle
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Tim Robert Driscoll
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Bereket Duko Adema
- Public Health Department, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
- Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Arielle Wilder Eagan
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Social Services, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aziz Eftekhari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Ehsani-Chimeh
- National Institute for Health Researches, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Ziad El-Khatib
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- World Health Programme, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Lycke Ellingsen
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mohammad Hassan Emamian
- Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | | | - Sharareh Eskandarieh
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pawan Sirwan Faris
- Biology Department, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
- Biology and Biotechnolaniogy"L Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andre Faro
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil
| | - Farshad Farzadfar
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Fatahi
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Wubalem Fekadu
- Department of Psychiatry, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Department of Psychiatry, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tomas Y Ferede
- Nursing Department, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad
- Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Pietro Ferrara
- Research Centre on Public Health (CESP), University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Garumma Tolu Feyissa
- Department of Health Education & Behavioral Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Irina Filip
- Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, USA
- School of Health Sciences, A T Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - Florian Fischer
- Department of Population Medicine and Health Services Research, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Masoud Foroutan
- Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
| | - Joel Msafiri Francis
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Richard Charles Franklin
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
- Royal Life Saving Society, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Takeshi Fukumoto
- Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Gene Expression & Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Getnet Azeze Gedefaw
- Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Birhanu Geta
- Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Mansour Ghafourifard
- Department of Medical Surgery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farhad Ghamari
- Occupational Health Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ghashghaee
- Department of Health Services Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asadollah Gholamian
- Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Tiffany K Gill
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Alessandra C Goulart
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ayman Grada
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michal Grivna
- Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Rafael Alves Guimarães
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Yuming Guo
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD), World Health Organization (WHO), New Delhi, India
| | - Juanita A Haagsma
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nima Hafezi-Nejad
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Brian James Hall
- Global and Community Mental Health Research Group, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Randah R Hamadeh
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Samer Hamidi
- School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Josep Maria Haro
- Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Research and Development Unit, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Md Mehedi Hasan
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia
| | - Amir Hasanzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheil Hassanipour
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Hadi Hassankhani
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Independent Consultant, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Yimam Hassen
- Department of Public Health, Mizan-Tepi University, Tepi, Ethiopia
- Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Rasmus Havmoeller
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Khezar Hayat
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
| | - Delia Hendrie
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Heydarpour
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Martha Híjar
- Research Coordination, AC Environments Foundation, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- CISS, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Hung Chak Ho
- Department of Urban Planning and Design, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Linh Hoang
- Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Michael K Hole
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ramesh Holla
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Naznin Hossain
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Industrial Gases Limited, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Mehdi Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Computer Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Computer Science Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Sorin Hostiuc
- Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Clinical Legal Medicine Department, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Guoqing Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | | | | | - Irena Ilic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena D Ilic
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | | | - Endang Indriasih
- Center for Health Resource and Services Research and Development, National Institute of Health Research & Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani
- Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M Mofizul Islam
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rebecca Q Ivers
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kathryn H Jacobsen
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | | | - Nader Jahanmehr
- School of Management and Medical Education, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mihajlo Jakovljevic
- Department for Health Care and Public Health, I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Farzad Jalilian
- Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sudha Jayaraman
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Achala Upendra Jayatilleke
- Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
- Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Ravi Prakash Jha
- Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | | | - Jost B Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Nitin Joseph
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
| | - Farahnaz Joukar
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
| | | | - Mikk Jürisson
- Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ali Kabir
- Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rajendra Kadel
- Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | - Amaha Kahsay
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Leila R Kalankesh
- Department of Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rohollah Kalhor
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Teshome Abegaz Kamil
- School of Public Health, Department of Health Informatics and Health Innovation, A C S Medical College and Hospital, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Tanuj Kanchan
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Neeti Kapoor
- Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India
| | - Manoochehr Karami
- Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Amir Kasaeian
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Taras Kavetskyy
- Department of Applied Physics, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin Voivodeship, Poland
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University, Drohobych, Ukraine
| | | | | | | | - Bayew Kelkay
- Department of Midwifery, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yousef Saleh Khader
- Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nauman Khalid
- School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ibrahim A Khalil
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rovshan Khalilov
- Department of Physiology, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Mohammad Khammarnia
- Health Care Management, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, zahedan, Iran
| | - Ejaz Ahmad Khan
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Maseer Khan
- Faculty of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tripti Khanna
- Department of Health Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
- Centre for Ethics, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Habibolah Khazaie
- Department of Psychiatry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Roba Khundkar
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University Global Surgery Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Young-Eun Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Daniel Kim
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yun Jin Kim
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
| | - Adnan Kisa
- School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sezer Kisa
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hamidreza Komaki
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Brain Engineering Research Center, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov
- Department of Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine, I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- CIBERSAM, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Moritz U G Kraemer
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kewal Krishan
- Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Burcu Kucuk Bicer
- Department of Public Health, Yuksek Ihtisas University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nuworza Kugbey
- Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
- Department of Psychology and Health Promotion, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nithin Kumar
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
| | - G Anil Kumar
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
| | - Manasi Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Girikumar Kumaresh
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Om P Kurmi
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Oluwatosin Kuti
- Health and Nutrition Section, United Nations Childrens' Fund (UNICEF), Accra, Ghana
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Community Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Faris Hasan Lami
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | - Justin J Lang
- Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Van C Lansingh
- HelpMeSee, New York, NY, USA
- International Relations, Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico
| | | | - Savita Lasrado
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology (ENT), Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India
| | - Arman Latifi
- Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Paolo Lauriola
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Italian National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Janet L Leasher
- College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Shaun Wen Huey Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
- School of Pharmacy, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | | | - Miriam Levi
- Regional Centre for the Analysis of Data on Occupational and Work-related Injuries and Diseases, Local Health Unit Tuscany Centre, Florence, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Shanshan Li
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shai Linn
- School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Department of Systems, Populations and Leadership, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alan D Lopez
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paulo A Lotufo
- Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raimundas Lunevicius
- Department of General Surgery, Aintree University Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Surgery, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ronan A Lyons
- Health Data Research UK, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Mohammed Madadin
- College of Medicine, Pathology Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Marek Majdan
- Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Azeem Majeed
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jeadran N Malagon-Rojas
- Public Health Research Department, National Health Institute Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
- Faculty of Medicine, El Bosque University, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Venkatesh Maled
- Health Education and Research Department, SDM College of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Dharwad, India
- Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Deborah Carvalho Malta
- Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Navid Manafi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Ophthalmology Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Amir Manafi
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ana-Laura Manda
- Surgery Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Narayana Manjunatha
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Borhan Mansouri
- Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mansournia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Joemer C Maravilla
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lyn M March
- Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi
- Department of Midwifery-Reproductive Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Benjamin Ballard Massenburg
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Pallab K Maulik
- Research Department, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
- School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Addisu Melese
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Peter T N Memiah
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Walter Mendoza
- Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru
| | - Ritesh G Menezes
- Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meresa Berwo Mengesha
- College of Health Science, Department of Midwifery, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
| | | | - Tuomo J Meretoja
- Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Atte Meretoja
- Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Tomislav Mestrovic
- Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, ZoraProfozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia
- University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
| | - Bartosz Miazgowski
- Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Miazgowski
- Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases & Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ted R Miller
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, USA
| | - G K Mini
- Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
- Global Institute of Public Health (GIPH), Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Centre, Trivandrum, India
| | - Andreea Mirica
- Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
- President's Office, National Institute of Statistics Romania, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Erkin M Mirrakhimov
- Faculty of Internal Medicine, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
- Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh
- Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Prasanna Mithra
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
| | - Babak Moazen
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Masoud Moghadaszadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Efat Mohamadi
- Health Equity Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Mohammad
- Internal Medicine Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Aso Mohammad Darwesh
- Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | | | | | - Milad Mohammadoo-Khorasani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | | | - Shafiu Mohammed
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | | | - Farnam Mohebi
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Iran National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mariam Molokhia
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lorenzo Monasta
- Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
| | - Yoshan Moodley
- Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mahmood Moosazadeh
- Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Masoud Moradi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ghobad Moradi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Maziar Moradi-Lakeh
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Moradpour
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Naho Morisaki
- Department of Social Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Japan
| | - Shane Douglas Morrison
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Atalay Goshu Muluneh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Srinivas Murthy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kamarul Imran Musa
- School of Medical Sciences, Science University of Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Ghulam Mustafa
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Ashraf F Nabhan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Knowledge Translation and Utilization, Egyptian Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Egypt
| | - Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan
- Research and Analytics, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India
- Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India
| | - Gurudatta Naik
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mukhammad David Naimzada
- Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Experimental Surgery and Oncology Laboratory, Kursk State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kursk, Russia
| | - Farid Najafi
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Bruno Ramos Nascimento
- Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Morteza Naserbakht
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Mental Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vinod Nayak
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | | | - Ionut Negoi
- Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of General Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Cuong Tat Nguyen
- Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Rajan Nikbakhsh
- Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum
- Public Health Department, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kota Semarang, Indonesia
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chukwudi A Nnaji
- Cochrane Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Peter S Nyasulu
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Felix Akpojene Ogbo
- Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Onome Bright Oghenetega
- Reproductive Health Sciences, Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - In-Hwan Oh
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea
| | | | - Andrew T Olagunju
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Tinuke O Olagunju
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ahmed Omar Bali
- Diplomacy and Public Relations Department, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
| | - Obinna E Onwujekwe
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Kwaku Oppong Asante
- Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Discipline of Psychology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Heather M Orpana
- Applied Research Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Erika Ota
- Department of Global Health Nursing, St Luke's International University, Chuo-ku, Japan
| | - Nikita Otstavnov
- Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Academic department, Unium Ltd, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stanislav S Otstavnov
- Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Department of Project Management, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mahesh P A
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India
| | | | - Smita Pakhale
- Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa ON, Canada
| | - Keyvan Pakshir
- Parasitology and Mycology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Eun-Kee Park
- Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Sangram Kishor Patel
- Research and Evaluation, Population Council, New Delhi, India
- Indian Institute of Health Management Research University Delhi, Jaipur, India
| | - Ashish Pathak
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pediatircs, RD Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, India
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - George C Patton
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Population Health Theme, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kebreab Paulos
- Department of Midwifery, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Amy E Peden
- Royal Life Saving Society, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Jeevan Pereira
- Department of Orthopedics, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, India
| | - Hai Quang Pham
- Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Michael R Phillips
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Marina Pinheiro
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Roman V Polibin
- Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, Sechenon University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Suzanne Polinder
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hossein Poustchi
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Swayam Prakash
- Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Parul Puri
- Department of Population Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Zahiruddin Quazi Syed
- Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
| | - Mohammad Rabiee
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Radfar
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- College of Graduate Health Sciences, A T Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - Anwar Rafay
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ata Rafiee
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Alireza Rafiei
- Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Fakher Rahim
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siavash Rahimi
- Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Muhammad Aziz Rahman
- School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Fatemeh Rajati
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ivo Rakovac
- European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, World Health Organization (WHO), Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Sowmya J Rao
- Department of Oral Pathology, Srinivas Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, India
| | - Vahid Rashedi
- School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Tehran, Iran
| | - Prateek Rastogi
- Forensic Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
| | - Priya Rathi
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
| | - Salman Rawaf
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Academic Public Health Department, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Lal Rawal
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Reza Rawassizadeh
- Department of Computer Science, Metropolitan College, Boston University, Boston, USA
| | - Vishnu Renjith
- Neurology Department, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Andre M N Renzaho
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Aziz Rezapour
- Organization for the Prevention of Blindness, Paris, France
| | - Ana Isabel Ribeiro
- EPIUnit - Public Health Institute University Porto (ISPUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jennifer Rickard
- Surgery Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Surgery Department, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Carlos Miguel Rios González
- Research Directorate, Nihon Gakko University, Fernando de la Mora, Paraguay
- Research Direction, Universidad Nacional de Caaguazú, Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay
| | - Luca Ronfani
- Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gholamreza Roshandel
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Anas M Saad
- Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yogesh Damodar Sabde
- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhopal, India
| | - Siamak Sabour
- Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Basema Saddik
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saeed Safari
- Emergency Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Safari-Faramani
- Faculty of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hamid Safarpour
- Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Safdarian
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Payman Salamati
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farkhonde Salehi
- Taleghani Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Saleh Salehi Zahabi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Research Deputy, Taleghani Hospital, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Hosni Salem
- Department of Urology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omar Salman
- Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Global Health Institute, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Inbal Salz
- Health and Disability Intelligence Group, Ministry of Health, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Abdallah M Samy
- Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Juan Sanabria
- Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lidia Sanchez Riera
- Rheumatology Department, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
- Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, Syndey, NSW, Australia
| | - Milena M Santric Milicevic
- Institute of Social Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Centre-School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Abdur Razzaque Sarker
- Health Economics, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Arash Sarveazad
- Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Brijesh Sathian
- Surgery Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Monika Sawhney
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Susan M Sawyer
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sonia Saxena
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mehdi Sayyah
- Faculty member of Education Development Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - David C Schwebel
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Sadaf G Sepanlou
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Feng Sha
- Center for Biomedical Information Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Faramarz Shaahmadi
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Saeed Shahabi
- Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | | | - Morteza Shamsizadeh
- Chronic Diseases (Home Care) Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Sharifi
- HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Aziz Sheikh
- Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jae Il Shin
- College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, South Korea
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rahman Shiri
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Soraya Siabani
- Department of Health Education & Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Inga Dora Sigfusdottir
- Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jasvinder A Singh
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Dhirendra Narain Sinha
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India
- Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Catalin-Gabriel Smarandache
- 2nd Department of Surgery-SUUB, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- 2nd Surgery Department, Bucharest Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Emma U R Smith
- Pain Management Research Institute (PMRI), Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
- Michael J Cousins Pain Management & Research Centre, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Amin Soheili
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
- Emergency Nursing Department, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Bija Soleymani
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Soltanian
- Department of Biostatistics, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Joan B Soriano
- Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ireneous N Soyiri
- Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull City, UK
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dan J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark A Stokes
- Department of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - Bryan L Sykes
- Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos
- Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Karen M Tabb
- School of Social Work, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Biruk Wogayehu Taddele
- Department of Public Health, Arbaminch College of Health Sciences, Arbaminch town sikela, Ethiopia
| | - Degena Bahrey Tadesse
- Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
- Axum College of Health Science, mekelle, Ethiopia
| | | | - Ingan Ukur Tarigan
- Center for Health Resource and Services Research and Development, National Institute of Health Research & Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yonatal Mesfin Tefera
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | - Rekha Thapar
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
| | | | | | - Hamid Reza Tohidinik
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Roman Topor-Madry
- Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- The Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Bach Xuan Tran
- Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Khanh Bao Tran
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jaya Prasad Tripathy
- Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
| | - Alexander C Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Lorainne Tudor Car
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Saif Ullah
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, A T Still University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Ullah
- Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
- TB Culture Laboratory, Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | - Maida Umar
- Research Department, National Institute of Population Studies (NIPS), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
| | - Era Upadhyay
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | | | - Pascual R Valdez
- Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian
- Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Francesco S Violante
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Occupational Health Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vasily Vlassov
- Department of Health Care Administration and Economics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yasir Waheed
- Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Andrea Werdecker
- Demographic Change and Ageing Research Area, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
- Center of Population and Health, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Taweewat Wiangkham
- Department of Physical Therapy, Naresuan University, Meung District, Thailand
| | - Haileab Fekadu Wolde
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Dawit Habte Woldeyes
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- Department of Pharmacology, Addis Ababa University, Addis ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Adam Belay Wondmieneh
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Nursing, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Rajaram Yadav
- Department of Population Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Ali Yadollahpour
- Medical Physics Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Yuichiro Yano
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sanni Yaya
- School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON, Canada
| | - Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi
- Health Services Management Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Health Management, Policy and Economics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Paul Yip
- Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Engida Yisma
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Naohiro Yonemoto
- Department of Psychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seok-Jun Yoon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoosik Youm
- Department of Sociology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mustafa Z Younis
- Department of Health Policy & Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zabihollah Yousefi
- Department of Environmental Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health, Academy of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
| | - Yong Yu
- School of Public Health and Management, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Chuanhua Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hasan Yusefzadeh
- Department of Health Care Management and Economics, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
| | - Telma Zahirian Moghadam
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Zoubida Zaidi
- Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria
| | - Sojib Bin Zaman
- Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mohammad Zamani
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Maryam Zamanian
- Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Hamed Zandian
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
- Department of Community Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Ahmad Zarei
- Department of Environment Health Engineering, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Zare
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Health Education, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zhi-Jiang Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunquan Zhang
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sanjay Zodpey
- Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
| | - Lalit Dandona
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rakhi Dandona
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
| | - Louisa Degenhardt
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Simon I Hay
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ali H Mokdad
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert C Reiner
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Benn Sartorius
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Theo Vos
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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James SL, Lucchesi LR, Bisignano C, Castle CD, Dingels ZV, Fox JT, Hamilton EB, Henry NJ, Krohn KJ, Liu Z, McCracken D, Nixon MR, Roberts NLS, Sylte DO, Adsuar JC, Arora A, Briggs AM, Collado-Mateo D, Cooper C, Dandona L, Dandona R, Ellingsen CL, Fereshtehnejad SM, Gill TK, Haagsma JA, Hendrie D, Jürisson M, Kumar GA, Lopez AD, Miazgowski T, Miller TR, Mini GK, Mirrakhimov EM, Mohamadi E, Olivares PR, Rahim F, Riera LS, Villafaina S, Yano Y, Hay SI, Lim SS, Mokdad AH, Naghavi M, Murray CJL. The global burden of falls: global, regional and national estimates of morbidity and mortality from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Inj Prev 2020; 26:i3-i11. [PMID: 31941758 PMCID: PMC7571347 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Falls can lead to severe health loss including death. Past research has shown that falls are an important cause of death and disability worldwide. The Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (GBD 2017) provides a comprehensive assessment of morbidity and mortality from falls. METHODS Estimates for mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were produced for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017 for all ages using the GBD 2017 framework. Distributions of the bodily injury (eg, hip fracture) were estimated using hospital records. RESULTS Globally, the age-standardised incidence of falls was 2238 (1990-2532) per 100 000 in 2017, representing a decline of 3.7% (7.4 to 0.3) from 1990 to 2017. Age-standardised prevalence was 5186 (4622-5849) per 100 000 in 2017, representing a decline of 6.5% (7.6 to 5.4) from 1990 to 2017. Age-standardised mortality rate was 9.2 (8.5-9.8) per 100 000 which equated to 695 771 (644 927-741 720) deaths in 2017. Globally, falls resulted in 16 688 088 (15 101 897-17 636 830) YLLs, 19 252 699 (13 725 429-26 140 433) YLDs and 35 940 787 (30 185 695-42 903 289) DALYs across all ages. The most common injury sustained by fall victims is fracture of patella, tibia or fibula, or ankle. Globally, age-specific YLD rates increased with age. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the burden of falls is substantial. Investing in further research, fall prevention strategies and access to care is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer L James
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lydia R Lucchesi
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Catherine Bisignano
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Chris D Castle
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Zachary V Dingels
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jack T Fox
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Erin B Hamilton
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nathaniel J Henry
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kris J Krohn
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Zichen Liu
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Darrah McCracken
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Molly R Nixon
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nicholas L S Roberts
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dillon O Sylte
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jose C Adsuar
- Sport Science Department, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Amit Arora
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Oral Health Services, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew M Briggs
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
- Ageing and Life Course, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Collado-Mateo
- Sport Science Department, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
- Faculty of Education, Autonomous University of Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Cyrus Cooper
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lalit Dandona
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
| | - Rakhi Dandona
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
| | - Christian Lycke Ellingsen
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Tiffany K Gill
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Juanita A Haagsma
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Delia Hendrie
- School of Public health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mikk Jürisson
- Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - G Anil Kumar
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
| | - Alan D Lopez
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, QLD, Australia
| | - Tomasz Miazgowski
- Department of Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ted R Miller
- School of Public health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland, USA
| | - G K Mini
- Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
- Global Institute of Public Health (GIPH), Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Centre, Trivandrum, India
| | - Erkin M Mirrakhimov
- Faculty of General Medicine, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
- Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Efat Mohamadi
- Health Equity Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pedro R Olivares
- Institute of Physical Activity and Health, Autonomous University of Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Fakher Rahim
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lidia Sanchez Riera
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
- Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, Syndey, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Yuichiro Yano
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Simon I Hay
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen S Lim
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ali H Mokdad
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mohsen Naghavi
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christopher J L Murray
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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James SL, Lucchesi LR, Bisignano C, Castle CD, Dingels ZV, Fox JT, Hamilton EB, Liu Z, McCracken D, Nixon MR, Sylte DO, Roberts NLS, Adebayo OM, Aghamolaei T, Alghnam SA, Aljunid SM, Almasi-Hashiani A, Badawi A, Behzadifar M, Behzadifar M, Bekru ET, Bennett DA, Chapman JR, Deribe K, Duko Adema B, Fatahi Y, Gelaw BK, Getahun EA, Hendrie D, Henok A, Hidru HD, Hosseinzadeh M, Hu G, Jahani MA, Jakovljevic M, Jalilian F, Joseph N, Karami M, Kelbore AG, Khan MN, Kim YJ, Koul PA, La Vecchia C, Linn S, Majdzadeh R, Mehndiratta MM, Memiah PTN, Mengesha MM, Merie HE, R Miller T, Mirzaei-Alavijeh M, Mohammad Darwesh A, Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N, Mohammadibakhsh R, Moodley Y, Moradi-Lakeh M, Musa KI, Nascimento BR, Nikbakhsh R, Nyasulu PS, Omar Bali A, Onwujekwe OE, Pati S, Pourmirza Kalhori R, Salehi F, Shahabi S, Shallo SA, Shamsizadeh M, Sharafi Z, Shukla SR, Sobhiyeh MR, Soriano JB, Sykes BL, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tadesse DBB, Tefera YM, Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Tlou B, Topor-Madry R, Wiangkham T, Yaseri M, Yaya S, Yenesew MA, Younis MZ, Ziapour A, Zodpey S, Pigott DM, Reiner RC, Hay SI, Lopez AD, Mokdad AH. Morbidity and mortality from road injuries: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Inj Prev 2020; 26:i46-i56. [PMID: 31915274 PMCID: PMC7571357 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global burden of road injuries is known to follow complex geographical, temporal and demographic patterns. While health loss from road injuries is a major topic of global importance, there has been no recent comprehensive assessment that includes estimates for every age group, sex and country over recent years. METHODS We used results from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study to report incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, deaths, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life years for all locations in the GBD 2017 hierarchy from 1990 to 2017 for road injuries. Second, we measured mortality-to-incidence ratios by location. Third, we assessed the distribution of the natures of injury (eg, traumatic brain injury) that result from each road injury. RESULTS Globally, 1 243 068 (95% uncertainty interval 1 191 889 to 1 276 940) people died from road injuries in 2017 out of 54 192 330 (47 381 583 to 61 645 891) new cases of road injuries. Age-standardised incidence rates of road injuries increased between 1990 and 2017, while mortality rates decreased. Regionally, age-standardised mortality rates decreased in all but two regions, South Asia and Southern Latin America, where rates did not change significantly. Nine of 21 GBD regions experienced significant increases in age-standardised incidence rates, while 10 experienced significant decreases and two experienced no significant change. CONCLUSIONS While road injury mortality has improved in recent decades, there are worsening rates of incidence and significant geographical heterogeneity. These findings indicate that more research is needed to better understand how road injuries can be prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer L James
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lydia R Lucchesi
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Catherine Bisignano
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Chris D Castle
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Zachary V Dingels
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jack T Fox
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Erin B Hamilton
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Zichen Liu
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Darrah McCracken
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Molly R Nixon
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dillon O Sylte
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nicholas L S Roberts
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Teamur Aghamolaei
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Suliman A Alghnam
- Department of Population Health Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Mohamed Aljunid
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
- International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
| | | | - Alaa Badawi
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Masoud Behzadifar
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Meysam Behzadifar
- Hepatitis Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Eyasu Tamru Bekru
- College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Derrick A Bennett
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jens Robert Chapman
- Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Swedish Brain and Spine Specialists, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kebede Deribe
- Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Yousef Fatahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Delia Hendrie
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andualem Henok
- Department of Public Health, Mizan-Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia
| | - Hagos de Hidru
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
| | - Mehdi Hosseinzadeh
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Computer Science Department, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
| | - Guoqing Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | | | - Mihajlo Jakovljevic
- N.A.Semashko Department of Public Health and Healthcare, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Farzad Jalilian
- Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nitin Joseph
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore, India
| | - Manoochehr Karami
- Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | | | - Md Nuruzzaman Khan
- Department of Population Sciences, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
- Department of Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yun Jin Kim
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
| | - Parvaiz A Koul
- Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Community Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Shai Linn
- School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Reza Majdzadeh
- Community-Based Participatory-Research (CBPR) Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Knowledge Utilization Research Center (KURC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Man Mohan Mehndiratta
- Neurology Department, Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital Society, New Delhi, India
- Department of Neurology, New Delhi, India
| | - Peter T N Memiah
- Department of Public Health, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida, USA
| | | | | | - Ted R Miller
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland, United States
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh
- Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Aso Mohammad Darwesh
- Information Technology Department, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
| | | | | | - Yoshan Moodley
- Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Maziar Moradi-Lakeh
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamarul Imran Musa
- School of Medical Sciences, Science University of Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Bruno Ramos Nascimento
- Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rajan Nikbakhsh
- Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peter S Nyasulu
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ahmed Omar Bali
- Department of Diplomacy and Public Relations, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
| | - Obinna E Onwujekwe
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Farkhonde Salehi
- Taleghani Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Saeed Shahabi
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Morteza Shamsizadeh
- Chronic Diseases (Home Care) Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Zeinab Sharafi
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Sharvari Rahul Shukla
- Symbiosis Institute of Health Sciences, Symbiosis International University, Pune, India
| | - Mohammad Reza Sobhiyeh
- Departments of Vascular & Endovascular Surgery, General Surgery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Peripheral Vascular Intervention Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Joan B Soriano
- Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Respiratory Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERES), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bryan L Sykes
- Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos
- Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Degena Bahray Bahrey Tadesse
- Nursing Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Aksum, Ethiopia
- Axum College of Health Science, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Yonatal Mesfin Tefera
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Community Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Boikhutso Tlou
- Department of Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Roman Topor-Madry
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- The Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Taweewat Wiangkham
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Meung District, Thailand
| | - Mehdi Yaseri
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanni Yaya
- School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Mustafa Z Younis
- Health Economics & Finance, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
- Research Center for Public Health, Tsinghua University, Peking, China
| | - Arash Ziapour
- Health Promotion Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanjay Zodpey
- Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
| | - David M Pigott
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Robert C Reiner
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Simon I Hay
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alan D Lopez
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ali H Mokdad
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Deshpande A, Miller-Petrie MK, Lindstedt PA, Baumann MM, Johnson KB, Blacker BF, Abbastabar H, Abd-Allah F, Abdelalim A, Abdollahpour I, Abegaz KH, Abejie AN, Abreu LG, Abrigo MR, Abualhasan A, Accrombessi MMK, Adamu AA, Adebayo OM, Adedeji IA, Adedoyin RA, Adekanmbi V, Adetokunboh OO, Adhikari TB, Afarideh M, Agudelo-Botero M, Ahmadi M, Ahmadi K, Ahmed MB, Ahmed AE, Akalu TY, Akanda AS, Alahdab F, Al-Aly Z, Alam S, Alam N, Alamene GM, Alanzi TM, Albright J, Albujeer A, Alcalde-Rabanal JE, Alebel A, Alemu ZA, Ali M, Alijanzadeh M, Alipour V, Aljunid SM, Almasi A, Almasi-Hashiani A, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Altirkawi KA, Alvis-Guzman N, Alvis-Zakzuk NJ, Amini S, Amit AML, Amul GGH, Andrei CL, Anjomshoa M, Ansariadi A, Antonio CAT, Antony B, Antriyandarti E, Arabloo J, Aref HMA, Aremu O, Armoon B, Arora A, Aryal KK, Arzani A, Asadi-Aliabadi M, Asmelash D, Atalay HT, Athari SM, Athari SS, Atre SR, Ausloos M, Awasthi S, Awoke N, Ayala Quintanilla BP, Ayano G, Ayanore MA, Aynalem YA, Azari S, Azman AS, Babaee E, Badawi A, Bagherzadeh M, Bakkannavar SM, Balakrishnan S, Banach M, Banoub JAM, Barac A, Barboza MA, Bärnighausen TW, Basu S, Bay VD, Bayati M, Bedi N, Beheshti M, Behzadifar M, Behzadifar M, Bejarano Ramirez DF, Bell ML, Bennett DA, Benzian H, Berbada DA, Bernstein RS, Bhat AG, Bhattacharyya K, Bhaumik S, Bhutta ZA, Bijani A, Bikbov B, Bin Sayeed MS, Biswas RK, Bohlouli S, Boufous S, Brady OJ, Briko AN, Briko NI, Britton GB, Brown A, Burugina Nagaraja S, Butt ZA, Cámera LA, Campos-Nonato IR, Campuzano Rincon JC, Cano J, Car J, Cárdenas R, Carvalho F, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Castro F, Cerin E, Chalise B, Chattu VK, Chin KL, Christopher DJ, Chu DT, Cormier NM, Costa VM, Cromwell EA, Dadi AFF, Dahiru T, Dahlawi SMA, Dandona R, Dandona L, Dang AK, Daoud F, Darwesh AM, Darwish AH, Daryani A, Das JK, Das Gupta R, Dash AP, Dávila-Cervantes CA, Davis Weaver N, De la Hoz FP, De Neve JW, Demissie DB, Demoz GT, Denova-Gutiérrez E, Deribe K, Desalew A, Dharmaratne SD, Dhillon P, Dhimal M, Dhungana GP, Diaz D, Dipeolu IO, Do HT, Dolecek C, Doyle KE, Dubljanin E, Duraes AR, Edinur HA, Effiong A, Eftekhari A, El Nahas N, El Sayed Zaki M, El Tantawi M, Elhabashy HR, El-Jaafary SI, El-Khatib Z, Elkout H, Elsharkawy A, Enany S, Endalew DA, Eshrati B, Eskandarieh S, Etemadi A, Ezekannagha O, Faraon EJA, Fareed M, Faro A, Farzadfar F, Fasil AF, Fazlzadeh M, Feigin VL, Fekadu W, Fentahun N, Fereshtehnejad SM, Fernandes E, Filip I, Fischer F, Flohr C, Foigt NA, Folayan MO, Foroutan M, Franklin RC, Frostad JJ, Fukumoto T, Gad MM, Garcia GM, Gatotoh AM, Gayesa RT, Gebremedhin KB, Geramo YCD, Gesesew HA, Gezae KE, Ghashghaee A, Ghazi Sherbaf F, Gill TK, Gill PS, Ginindza TG, Girmay A, Gizaw Z, Goodridge A, Gopalani SV, Goulart BNG, Goulart AC, Grada A, Green MS, Gubari MIM, Gugnani HC, Guido D, Guimarães RA, Guo Y, Gupta R, Gupta R, Ha GH, Haagsma JA, Hafezi-Nejad N, Haile DH, Haile MT, Hall BJ, Hamidi S, Handiso DW, Haririan H, Hariyani N, Hasaballah AI, Hasan MM, Hasanzadeh A, Hassen HY, Hayelom DH, Hegazy MI, Heibati B, Heidari B, Hendrie D, Henok A, Herteliu C, Heydarpour F, Hidru HDD, Hird TR, Hoang CL, Hollerich GI, Hoogar P, Hossain N, Hosseinzadeh M, Househ M, Hu G, Humayun A, Hussain SA, Hussen MAA, Ibitoye SE, Ilesanmi OS, Ilic MD, Imani-Nasab MH, Iqbal U, Irvani SSN, Islam SMS, Ivers RQ, Iwu CJ, Jahanmehr N, Jakovljevic M, Jalali A, Jayatilleke AU, Jenabi E, Jha RP, Jha V, Ji JS, Jonas JB, Jozwiak JJ, Kabir A, Kabir Z, Kanchan T, Karch A, Karki S, Kasaeian A, Kasahun GG, Kasaye HK, Kassa GG, Kassa GM, Kayode GA, Kebede MM, Keiyoro PN, Ketema DB, Khader YS, Khafaie MA, Khalid N, Khalilov R, Khan EA, Khan J, Khan MN, Khatab K, Khater MM, Khater AM, Khayamzadeh M, Khazaei M, Khosravi MH, Khubchandani J, Kiadaliri A, Kim YJ, Kimokoti RW, Kisa S, Kisa A, Kochhar S, Kolola T, Komaki H, Kosen S, Koul PA, Koyanagi A, Krishan K, Kuate Defo B, Kugbey N, Kumar P, Kumar GA, Kumar M, Kusuma D, La Vecchia C, Lacey B, Lal A, Lal DK, Lam H, Lami FH, Lansingh VC, Lasrado S, Lebedev G, Lee PH, LeGrand KE, Leili M, Lenjebo TL, Leshargie CT, Levine AJ, Lewycka S, Li S, Linn S, Liu S, Lopez JCF, Lopukhov PD, Magdy Abd El Razek M, Mahadeshwara Prasad D, Mahasha PW, Mahotra NB, Majeed A, Malekzadeh R, Malta DC, Mamun AA, Manafi N, Mansournia MA, Mapoma CC, Martinez G, Martini S, Martins-Melo FR, Mathur MR, Mayala BK, Mazidi M, McAlinden C, Meharie BG, Mehndiratta MM, Mehrabi Nasab E, Mehta KM, Mekonnen T, Mekonnen TC, Meles GG, Meles HG, Memiah PTN, Memish ZA, Mendoza W, Menezes RG, Mereta ST, Meretoja TJ, Mestrovic T, Metekiya WM, Metekiya WM, Miazgowski B, Miller TR, Mini GK, Mirrakhimov EM, Moazen B, Mohajer B, Mohammad Y, Mohammad DK, Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N, Mohammadibakhsh R, Mohammed S, Mohammed JA, Mohammed H, Mohebi F, Mokdad AH, Moodley Y, Moradi M, Moradi G, Moradi-Joo M, Moraga P, Morales L, Mosapour A, Mosser JF, Mouodi S, Mousavi SM, Mozaffor M, Munro SB, Muriithi MK, Murray CJL, Musa KI, Mustafa G, Muthupandian S, Naderi M, Nagarajan AJ, Naghavi M, Naik G, Nangia V, Nascimento BR, Nazari J, Ndwandwe DE, Negoi I, Netsere HB, Ngunjiri JW, Nguyen CT, Nguyen HLT, Nguyen QP, Nigatu SG, Ningrum DNA, Nnaji CA, Nojomi M, Norheim OF, Noubiap JJ, Oancea B, Ogbo FA, Oh IH, Olagunju AT, Olusanya JO, Olusanya BO, Onwujekwe OE, Ortega-Altamirano DV, Osarenotor O, Osei FB, Owolabi MO, P A M, Padubidri JR, Pakhale S, Pana A, Park EK, Patel SK, Pathak A, Patle A, Paulos K, Pepito VCF, Perico N, Pervaiz A, Pescarini JM, Pesudovs K, Pham HQ, Pigott DM, Pilgrim T, Pirsaheb M, Poljak M, Pollock I, Postma MJ, Pourmalek F, Pourshams A, Prada SI, Preotescu L, Quintana H, Rabiee N, Rabiee M, Radfar A, Rafiei A, Rahim F, Rahimi S, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman MA, Rahman MHU, Rajati F, Ranabhat CL, Rao PC, Rasella D, Rath GK, Rawaf S, Rawal L, Rawasia WF, Remuzzi G, Renjith V, Renzaho AM, Resnikoff S, Riahi SM, Ribeiro AI, Rickard J, Roever L, Ronfani L, Rubagotti E, Rubino S, Saad AM, Sabour S, Sadeghi E, Saeedi Moghaddam S, Safari Y, Sagar R, Sahraian MA, Sajadi SM, Salahshoor MR, Salam N, Saleem A, Salem H, Salem MR, Salimi Y, Salimzadeh H, Samy AM, Sanabria J, Santos IS, Santric-Milicevic MM, Sao Jose BP, Saraswathy SYI, Sarrafzadegan N, Sartorius B, Sathian B, Sathish T, Satpathy M, Sawhney M, Sayyah M, Sbarra AN, Schaeffer LE, Schwebel DC, Senbeta AM, Senthilkumaran S, Sepanlou SG, Serván-Mori E, Shafieesabet A, Shaheen AA, Shahid I, Shaikh MA, Shalash AS, Shams-Beyranvand M, Shamsi M, Shamsizadeh M, Shannawaz M, Sharafi K, Sharma R, Sheikh A, Shetty BSK, Shiferaw WS, Shigematsu M, Shin JI, Shiri R, Shirkoohi R, Shivakumar KM, Si S, Siabani S, Siddiqi TJ, Silva DAS, Singh V, Singh NP, Singh BBS, Singh JA, Singh A, Sinha DN, Sisay MM, Skiadaresi E, Smith DL, Soares Filho AM, Sobhiyeh MR, Sokhan A, Soriano JB, Sorrie MB, Soyiri IN, Spurlock EE, Sreeramareddy CT, Sudaryanto A, Sufiyan MB, Suleria HAR, Sykes BL, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tabuchi T, Tadesse DB, Tarigan IU, Taye B, Tefera YM, Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Tekelemedhin SW, Tekle MG, Temsah MH, Tesfay BE, Tesfay FH, Tessema ZT, Thankappan KR, ThekkePurakkal AS, Thomas N, Thompson RL, Thomson AJ, Topor-Madry R, Tovani-Palone MR, Traini E, Tran BX, Tran KB, Ullah I, Unnikrishnan B, Usman MS, Uthman OA, Uzochukwu BSC, Valdez PR, Varughese S, Veisani Y, Violante FS, Vollmer S, W/hawariat FG, Waheed Y, Wallin MT, Wang YP, Wang Y, Wangdi K, Weiss DJ, Weldesamuel GT, Werkneh AA, Westerman R, Wiangkham T, Wiens KE, Wijeratne T, Wiysonge CS, Wolde HF, Wondafrash DZ, Wonde TE, Worku GT, Yadollahpour A, Yahyazadeh Jabbari SH, Yamada T, Yaseri M, Yatsuya H, Yeshaneh A, Yilma MT, Yip P, Yisma E, Yonemoto N, Younis MZ, Yousof HASA, Yu C, Yusefzadeh H, Zadey S, Zahirian Moghadam T, Zaidi Z, Zaman SB, Zamani M, Zandian H, Zar HJ, Zerfu TA, Zhang Y, Ziapour A, Zodpey S, Zuniga YMH, Hay SI, Reiner RC. Mapping geographical inequalities in access to drinking water and sanitation facilities in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17. Lancet Glob Health 2020; 8:e1162-e1185. [PMID: 32827479 PMCID: PMC7443708 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30278-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities is an essential human right, recognised in the Sustainable Development Goals as crucial for preventing disease and improving human wellbeing. Comprehensive, high-resolution estimates are important to inform progress towards achieving this goal. We aimed to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of access to drinking water and sanitation facilities. METHODS We used a Bayesian geostatistical model and data from 600 sources across more than 88 low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) to estimate access to drinking water and sanitation facilities on continuous continent-wide surfaces from 2000 to 2017, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. We estimated mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subcategories of facilities for drinking water (piped water on or off premises, other improved facilities, unimproved, and surface water) and sanitation facilities (septic or sewer sanitation, other improved, unimproved, and open defecation) with use of ordinal regression. We also estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths in children younger than 5 years attributed to unsafe facilities and estimated deaths that were averted by increased access to safe facilities in 2017, and analysed geographical inequality in access within LMICs. FINDINGS Across LMICs, access to both piped water and improved water overall increased between 2000 and 2017, with progress varying spatially. For piped water, the safest water facility type, access increased from 40·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 39·4-40·7) to 50·3% (50·0-50·5), but was lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, where access to piped water was mostly concentrated in urban centres. Access to both sewer or septic sanitation and improved sanitation overall also increased across all LMICs during the study period. For sewer or septic sanitation, access was 46·3% (95% UI 46·1-46·5) in 2017, compared with 28·7% (28·5-29·0) in 2000. Although some units improved access to the safest drinking water or sanitation facilities since 2000, a large absolute number of people continued to not have access in several units with high access to such facilities (>80%) in 2017. More than 253 000 people did not have access to sewer or septic sanitation facilities in the city of Harare, Zimbabwe, despite 88·6% (95% UI 87·2-89·7) access overall. Many units were able to transition from the least safe facilities in 2000 to safe facilities by 2017; for units in which populations primarily practised open defecation in 2000, 686 (95% UI 664-711) of the 1830 (1797-1863) units transitioned to the use of improved sanitation. Geographical disparities in access to improved water across units decreased in 76·1% (95% UI 71·6-80·7) of countries from 2000 to 2017, and in 53·9% (50·6-59·6) of countries for access to improved sanitation, but remained evident subnationally in most countries in 2017. INTERPRETATION Our estimates, combined with geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden, identify where efforts to increase access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities are most needed. By highlighting areas with successful approaches or in need of targeted interventions, our estimates can enable precision public health to effectively progress towards universal access to safe water and sanitation. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Nepal A, Hendrie D, Selvey LA, Robinson S. Factors influencing the inappropriate use of antibiotics in the Rupandehi district of Nepal. Int J Health Plann Manage 2020; 36:42-59. [PMID: 32841415 DOI: 10.1002/hpm.3061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health crisis. A major driver of resistance is inappropriate antibiotic use, resulting from practices of prescribers, dispensers and patients. The purpose of this study was to identify the perception of service providers and policymakers about the inappropriate use of antibiotics in Nepal. METHODS A qualitative study was conducted to explore factors influencing antibiotic use. Participants included 17 service providers and policymakers from the Rupandehi district in Nepal, with a semi-structured interview schedule adopted. Data were analysed using thematic analysis to identify themes relating to the inappropriate use of antibiotics. RESULTS Inappropriate use of antibiotics was found to result from the interaction of demand and supply factors, together with a weak regulatory environment. Lack of knowledge by consumers and financial constraints resulted in practices such as self-medication and pressure being placed on providers to prescribe or dispense antibiotics. An insufficient choice of antibiotics, and health services not having investigation facilities, was also factors leading to inappropriate use of antibiotics. Additionally, in the private sector, the profit motive arising from incentives provided by pharmaceutical companies contributed to prescribing or dispensing antibiotics inappropriately. CONCLUSION Promoting appropriate antibiotic use is critical to reduce the growing public health threat of antibiotic resistance. A multi-faceted approach involving policymakers, providers, and the general public using both educational and regulatory measures is required to address this problem in Nepal, and potentially also in other low-income countries with a similar healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anant Nepal
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Delia Hendrie
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Linda A Selvey
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
| | - Suzanne Robinson
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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Tsou C, Robinson S, Boyd J, Jamieson A, Blakeman R, Bosich K, Yeung J, Waters S, Hendrie D. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of telehealth in rural and remote emergency departments: a systematic review protocol. Syst Rev 2020; 9:82. [PMID: 32303253 PMCID: PMC7164257 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-020-01349-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergency telehealth has been used to improve accessibility of rural and remote patients to specialist care. Evidence to date has demonstrated effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of telehealth in rural and remote emergency departments within a variety of contexts. However, systematic reviews to date have not focused on the rural and remote emergency departments. The purpose of this study is to review the outcome measures used in evaluations of emergency telehealth in rural and remote settings and assess evidence relating to their effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. METHODS Randomised controlled trials, non-randomised controlled trials, and full and partial economic evaluations (e.g. cost-effectiveness, cost-benefit, and cost-utility analyses) of telehealth in rural and remote emergency departments will be included. Comprehensive literature searches will be conducted in multiple electronic databases (from 1990 onwards): MEDLINE (Ovid), Cochrane Library, Scopus, CINAHL, ProQuest, EconLit, CRD databases (e.g. NHS Economic Evaluation database), and Tufts Cost-Effectiveness Registry. Two authors will independently screen all citations, full-text articles, and abstract data. The methodological quality (or risk of bias) of individual studies will be appraised using an appropriate tool. A systematic narrative synthesis will be provided with information presented in the text and tables to summarise and explain the characteristics and findings of the studies. If feasible, we will conduct random effects meta-analysis. DISCUSSION This review will identify gaps in the current body of evidence relating to the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of rural and remote emergency telehealth services. By confining to articles written in the English language, this analysis may be subjected to publication bias and results need to be interpreted accordingly. We believe the results of this review could be valuable for the design of future economic evaluations of emergency telehealth services implemented in the rural and remote context. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42019145903.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Tsou
- Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia.
| | - Suzanne Robinson
- Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - James Boyd
- La Trobe University, Plenty Rd & Kingsbury Dr, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Andrew Jamieson
- WA Country Health Service, 189 Wellington Street, Perth, WA, 6000, Australia
| | - Robert Blakeman
- Consumer and Community Health Research Network, Level 6, 6 Verdun Street, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Kylie Bosich
- WA Country Health Service (Command Centre), Royal Perth Hospital, Level 6, Wellington Street, Perth, WA, 6000, Australia
| | - Justin Yeung
- WA Country Health Service (Command Centre), Royal Perth Hospital, Level 6, Wellington Street, Perth, WA, 6000, Australia
| | - Stephanie Waters
- WA Country Health Service, Royal Perth Hospital, Level 6, Wellington Street, Perth, WA, 6000, Australia
| | - Delia Hendrie
- Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
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Franklin RC, Peden AE, Hamilton EB, Bisignano C, Castle CD, Dingels ZV, Hay SI, Liu Z, Mokdad AH, Roberts NLS, Sylte DO, Vos T, Abady GG, Abosetugn AE, Ahmed R, Alahdab F, Andrei CL, Antonio CAT, Arabloo J, Arba AAK, Badiye AD, Bakkannavar SM, Banach M, Banik PC, Banstola A, Barker-Collo SL, Barzegar A, Bayati M, Bhardwaj P, Bhaumik S, Bhutta ZA, Bijani A, Boloor A, Carvalho F, Chowdhury MAK, Chu DT, Colquhoun SM, Dagne H, Dagnew B, Dandona L, Dandona R, Daryani A, Dharmaratne SD, Dibaji Forooshani ZS, Do HT, Driscoll TR, Eagan AW, El-Khatib Z, Fernandes E, Filip I, Fischer F, Gebremichael B, Gupta G, Haagsma JA, Hassan S, Hendrie D, Hoang CL, Hole MK, Holla R, Hostiuc S, Househ M, Ilesanmi OS, Inbaraj LR, Irvani SSN, Islam MM, Ivers RQ, Jayatilleke AU, Joukar F, Kalhor R, Kanchan T, Kapoor N, Kasaeian A, Khan M, Khan EA, Khubchandani J, Krishan K, Kumar GA, Lauriola P, Lopez AD, Madadin M, Majdan M, Maled V, Manafi N, Manafi A, McKee M, Meles HG, Menezes RG, Meretoja TJ, Miller TR, Mithra P, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Mohammadpourhodki R, Mohebi F, Molokhia M, Mustafa G, Negoi I, Nguyen CT, Nguyen HLT, Olagunju AT, Olagunju TO, Padubidri JR, Pakshir K, Pathak A, Polinder S, Pribadi DRA, Rabiee N, Radfar A, Rana SM, Rickard J, Safari S, Salamati P, Samy AM, Sarker AR, Schwebel DC, Senthilkumaran S, Shaahmadi F, Shaikh MA, Shin JI, Singh PK, Soheili A, Stokes MA, Suleria HAR, Tarigan IU, Temsah MH, Tesfay BE, Valdez PR, Veisani Y, Ye P, Yonemoto N, Yu C, Yusefzadeh H, Zaman SB, Zhang ZJ, James SL. The burden of unintentional drowning: global, regional and national estimates of mortality from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study. Inj Prev 2020; 26:i83-i95. [PMID: 32079663 PMCID: PMC7571364 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Drowning is a leading cause of injury-related mortality globally. Unintentional drowning (International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 10 codes W65-74 and ICD9 E910) is one of the 30 mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive causes of injury-related mortality in the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. This study’s objective is to describe unintentional drowning using GBD estimates from 1990 to 2017. Methods Unintentional drowning from GBD 2017 was estimated for cause-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs), age, sex, country, region, Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile, and trends from 1990 to 2017. GBD 2017 used standard GBD methods for estimating mortality from drowning. Results Globally, unintentional drowning mortality decreased by 44.5% between 1990 and 2017, from 531 956 (uncertainty interval (UI): 484 107 to 572 854) to 295 210 (284 493 to 306 187) deaths. Global age-standardised mortality rates decreased 57.4%, from 9.3 (8.5 to 10.0) in 1990 to 4.0 (3.8 to 4.1) per 100 000 per annum in 2017. Unintentional drowning-associated mortality was generally higher in children, males and in low-SDI to middle-SDI countries. China, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh accounted for 51.2% of all drowning deaths in 2017. Oceania was the region with the highest rate of age-standardised YLLs in 2017, with 45 434 (40 850 to 50 539) YLLs per 100 000 across both sexes. Conclusions There has been a decline in global drowning rates. This study shows that the decline was not consistent across countries. The results reinforce the need for continued and improved policy, prevention and research efforts, with a focus on low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Charles Franklin
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, Australia.,Royal Life Saving Society, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amy E Peden
- Royal Life Saving Society, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Erin B Hamilton
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Catherine Bisignano
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Chris D Castle
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Zachary V Dingels
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Simon I Hay
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Zichen Liu
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ali H Mokdad
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nicholas L S Roberts
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dillon O Sylte
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Theo Vos
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Gdiom Gebreheat Abady
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
| | | | - Rushdia Ahmed
- James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fares Alahdab
- Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Carl Abelardo T Antonio
- Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines.,Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jalal Arabloo
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ashish D Badiye
- Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India
| | - Shankar M Bakkannavar
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.,Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Palash Chandra Banik
- Department of Non-Communicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Amrit Banstola
- Department of Research, Public Health Perspective Nepal, Pokhara-Lekhnath Metropolitan City, Nepal
| | | | - Akbar Barzegar
- Occupational Health Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohsen Bayati
- Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Pankaj Bhardwaj
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India.,Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Deemed University, Wardha, India
| | | | - Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ali Bijani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Archith Boloor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
| | - Félix Carvalho
- Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury
- Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Dinh-Toi Chu
- Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Samantha M Colquhoun
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Action, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Henok Dagne
- Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Baye Dagnew
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Lalit Dandona
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
| | - Rakhi Dandona
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
| | - Ahmad Daryani
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Hoa Thi Do
- Center of Excellence in Public Health Nutrition, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tim Robert Driscoll
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Arielle Wilder Eagan
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Social Services, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ziad El-Khatib
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,World Health Programme, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Irina Filip
- Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, California, USA.,School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Arizona, Missouri, USA
| | - Florian Fischer
- Department of Population Medicine and Health Services Research, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Gaurav Gupta
- Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD), World Health Organization (WHO), New Delhi, India
| | - Juanita A Haagsma
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Shoaib Hassan
- Centre for International Health and Section for Ethics and Health Economics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Delia Hendrie
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Chi Linh Hoang
- Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Michael K Hole
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, University of Texas Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Ramesh Holla
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Sorin Hostiuc
- Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,Clinical Legal Medicine Department, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mowafa Househ
- Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.,Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community Development, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani
- Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Mofizul Islam
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca Q Ivers
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Achala Upendra Jayatilleke
- Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.,Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Farahnaz Joukar
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Rohollah Kalhor
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin, Iran.,Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Tanuj Kanchan
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Neeti Kapoor
- Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India
| | - Amir Kasaeian
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maseer Khan
- Epidemiology Department, Faculty of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ejaz Ahmad Khan
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jagdish Khubchandani
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA
| | - Kewal Krishan
- Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - G Anil Kumar
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
| | - Paolo Lauriola
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alan D Lopez
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mohammed Madadin
- Pathology Department, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marek Majdan
- Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Venkatesh Maled
- Health Education and Research Department, SDM College of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Dharwad, India.,Health University, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Navid Manafi
- Ophthalmology Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Ophthalmology Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ali Manafi
- Plastic Surgery Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Martin McKee
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Ritesh G Menezes
- Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tuomo J Meretoja
- Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ted R Miller
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland, USA
| | - Prasanna Mithra
- Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
| | | | | | - Farnam Mohebi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Iran National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mariam Molokhia
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ghulam Mustafa
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan.,Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Ionut Negoi
- General Surgery Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,General Surgery Department, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cuong Tat Nguyen
- Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Andrew T Olagunju
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Tinuke O Olagunju
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jagadish Rao Padubidri
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Keyvan Pakshir
- Parasitology and Mycology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ashish Pathak
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Pediatrics, RD Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, India
| | - Suzanne Polinder
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Radfar
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA.,College of Graduate Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, Arizona, USA
| | - Saleem Muhammad Rana
- University Institute of Public Health, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.,Public Health Department, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Jennifer Rickard
- Surgery Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Surgery Department, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Saeed Safari
- Emergency Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payman Salamati
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdallah M Samy
- Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdur Razzaque Sarker
- Health Economics, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - David C Schwebel
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Faramarz Shaahmadi
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | | | - Jae Il Shin
- College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, South Korea.,Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Amin Soheili
- Medical Surgical Nursing Department, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran.,Emergency Nursing Department, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mark A Stokes
- Department of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Ingan Ukur Tarigan
- Center for Health Resource and Services Research and Development, National Institute of Health Research & Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Mohamad-Hani Temsah
- Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Pascual R Valdez
- Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yousef Veisani
- Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Pengpeng Ye
- Division of Injury Prevention and Mental Health Improvement, National Center for Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Naohiro Yonemoto
- Department of Psychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chuanhua Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hasan Yusefzadeh
- Department of Health Economics and Management, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
| | - Sojib Bin Zaman
- Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zhi-Jiang Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Spencer L James
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Nepal A, Hendrie D, Robinson S, Selvey LA. Analysis of patterns of antibiotic prescribing in public health facilities in Nepal. J Infect Dev Ctries 2020; 14:18-27. [PMID: 32088680 DOI: 10.3855/jidc.11817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inappropriate use of antibiotics is recognised as a leading cause of antibiotic resistance. Little is known about antibiotic prescribing practices at public health facilities in low- and middle-income countries. We examined patterns of antibiotic prescribing in public health facilities in Nepal and explored factors influencing these practices. METHODOLOGY A cross-sectional study of antibiotic prescribing in public health facilities was conducted in the Rupandehi district of Nepal. Six public health facilities were selected based on WHO guidelines, and data were extracted from administrative records for 6,860 patient encounters. Patterns of antibiotic prescribing were investigated using descriptive statistics. Chi-squared tests and logistic regressions were applied to explore factors associated with antibiotic prescribing. RESULTS Of patients attending public health facilities, the proportion prescribed at least one antibiotic (44.7%) was approximately twice the WHO recommended value (20.0 to 26.8%). The antibiotic prescribing rate for hospital inpatients (64.6%) was higher than for other facilities, with the prescribing rate also high in primary health care centres (50.4%) and health posts (52.2%). The most frequently (29.9%) prescribed antibiotic classes were third-generation cephalosporins. Females (p = 0.005) and younger (p < 0.001) patients were more likely to be prescribed antibiotics. High prescribing rates of antibiotics for selected diseases appeared contrary to international recommendations. CONCLUSION Antibiotic prescribing in public health facilities was high compared with WHO guidelines, suggesting the need for strategies to reduce misuse of antibiotics. This study provides useful information to assist in formulating policies and guidelines to promote more appropriate use of antibiotics in Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anant Nepal
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Delia Hendrie
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Suzanne Robinson
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Linda A Selvey
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston Rd, Queensland, Australia.
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Nepal A, Hendrie D, Robinson S, Selvey LA. Knowledge, attitudes and practices relating to antibiotic use among community members of the Rupandehi District in Nepal. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1558. [PMID: 31771595 PMCID: PMC6880381 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7924-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development of antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest threats to global public health. Inappropriate use of antibiotics is recognised as a leading cause of antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to explore the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) towards antibiotic use among adults in Nepal. Methods A quantitative survey was conducted with 220 community members of the Rupandehi district of Nepal, with cluster sampling techniques applied to select households. Interviews were carried out face-to-face using a structured questionnaire. Responses were presented using descriptive analysis, with chi-squared tests and regression analysis applied to identify factors associated with KAP about antibiotic use and the Spearman’s rank order correlation coefficient calculated to examine the relationship between responses to the KAP questions. Results The sample comprised more females (54%) than males, the average age of respondents was 38.5 years and almost 60% of respondents lived in rural areas. Respondents had relatively good knowledge about aspects of antibiotic use other than identifying antibiotics. The concept of antibiotic resistance was well known but imperfectly understood. Half of respondents (50.9%) were unsure whether skipping doses would contribute to the development of antibiotic resistance, 88.2% indicated they would go to another doctor if not prescribed an antibiotic when they thought one was needed and nearly half (47.7%) believed antibiotics helped them get better more quickly if they had a fever. Most respondents reported correct practices accessing and using antibiotics, however, 84.6% at least sometimes preferred an antibiotic when they have a cough and sore throat. Logistic regression showed respondents with higher levels of education tended to have better knowledge, more appropriate attitudes and better practices about antibiotic use. Rural respondents were less likely to have better knowledge about antibiotic use, while females were more likely to report better practices. Conclusion The study provides baseline evidence about the knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding antibiotic use among the population of the Rupandehl district. Its findings will be useful in designing effective and targeted interventions to decrease misconceptions about antibiotic use and to increase awareness about the risks of inappropriate use of antibiotics in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anant Nepal
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia.
| | - Delia Hendrie
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
| | - Suzanne Robinson
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
| | - Linda A Selvey
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston Rd, Herston, Qld, 4006, Australia
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Lyle G, Hendrie D. Predicting general practitioner utilisation at a small area level across Western Australia. Aust J Prim Health 2019; 25:570-576. [PMID: 31747536 DOI: 10.1071/py19084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Equitable delivery of GP services is a key goal in universal healthcare systems. In Australia, information to evaluate equitable delivery is limited, especially at finer geographic scales, leaving an information void that needs to be filled to inform, prioritise and target interventions. To fill this void, GP utilisation was estimated by combining responses on GP utilisation from a national survey differentiated by demographic and area-based socioeconomic and remoteness characteristics with similar characteristics represented geographically at a fine scale. These estimates were then compared to actual GP utilisation to evaluate their predictive reliability. Comparable estimates were found in the greater metropolitan area, with 76% of areas having estimated GP utilisation within ±10% of actual utilisation. Larger discrepancies were found as areas became remoter, with 84% of areas reporting estimated utilisation that was higher than actual utilisation. Comparing the geographic differences between estimated and actual utilisation allowed us to examine the reliability of our methodology. Given the identified limitations, a proxy for GP utilisation at a small area level can be created, a dataset that is not currently published at this geography. This approach has the potential to be applied Australia-wide, providing another valuable tool to evaluate the equitable delivery of primary health care nationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Lyle
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley Campus, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; and Corresponding author.
| | - Delia Hendrie
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley Campus, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Private pharmacies are widely established in most low/middle-income countries (LMICs) including Nepal, and are often considered as a patient's first point of contact for seeking healthcare. The aim of this study was to investigate the pattern of antibiotic dispensing in private pharmacies through exit interviews with patients to review their medication information. DESIGN AND SETTING Cross-sectional study. Data collection was carried out in 60 days at 33 randomly selected private pharmacies in the Rupandehi district of Nepal. PARTICIPANTS Patients attending private pharmacies (n=1537). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The pattern of antibiotic prescribing and dispensing was investigated using WHO's core prescribing indicator, 'the percentage of patients prescribed an antibiotic'. Frequency distributions were presented based on patients' characteristics, sources of antibiotic, registration status of pharmacies and education of the pharmacist or drug retailer, and disease or condition. χ2 tests and regression analysis were applied to explore factors associated with the pattern of antibiotic dispensing. RESULTS Of patients attending private pharmacies, the proportion receiving at least one antibiotic (38.4%) was above the WHO recommended value (20.0%-26.8%). The most commonly dispensed antibiotics were cefixime (16.9%) and the third-generation cephalosporins (38.0%) class. High dispensing rates of antibiotics for selected conditions (eg, respiratory infections, diarrhoeal cases) appeared contrary to international recommendations. The percentage of antibiotic dispensed was highest for patients who obtained their medicines from unlicensed pharmacies (59.1%). Young people were more likely to receive antibiotics than other age groups. CONCLUSIONS The antibiotic dispensing pattern from private pharmacies in Nepal was high compared with WHO guidelines, suggesting initiatives to reduce inappropriate use of antibiotics should be implemented. The findings of this study may be generalisable to other LMICs in order to assist in developing policies and guidelines to promote more appropriate dispensing and prescribing practices of antibiotics and limit the spread of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anant Nepal
- Executive Board, Nepal Karuna Sewa Samaj, Palpa, Nepal
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Delia Hendrie
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Suzanne Robinson
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Linda A Selvey
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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MUG, Krishan K, Krohn KJ, Kugbey N, Kumar GA, Kumar M, Kumar P, Kuupiel D, Lacey B, Lad SD, Lami FH, Larsson AO, Lee PH, Leili M, Levine AJ, Li S, Lim LL, Listl S, Longbottom J, Lopez JCF, Lorkowski S, Magdeldin S, Abd El Razek HM, Abd El Razek MM, Majeed A, Maleki A, Malekzadeh R, Malta DC, Mamun AA, Manafi N, Manda AL, Mansourian M, Martins-Melo FR, Masaka A, Massenburg BB, Maulik PK, Mayala BK, Mazidi M, McKee M, Mehrotra R, Mehta KM, Meles GG, Mendoza W, Menezes RG, Meretoja A, Meretoja TJ, Mestrovic T, Miller TR, Miller-Petrie MK, Mills EJ, Milne GJ, Mini GK, Mir SM, Mirjalali H, Mirrakhimov EM, Mohamadi E, Mohammad DK, Darwesh AM, Mezerji NMG, Mohammed AS, Mohammed S, Mokdad AH, Molokhia M, Monasta L, Moodley Y, Moosazadeh M, Moradi G, Moradi M, Moradi Y, Moradi-Lakeh M, Moradinazar M, Moraga P, Morawska L, Mosapour A, Mousavi SM, Mueller UO, Muluneh AG, Mustafa G, Nabavizadeh B, Naderi M, Nagarajan AJ, Nahvijou A, Najafi F, Nangia V, Ndwandwe DE, Neamati N, Negoi I, Negoi RI, Ngunjiri JW, Thi Nguyen HL, Nguyen LH, Nguyen SH, Nielsen KR, Ningrum DNA, Nirayo YL, Nixon MR, Nnaji CA, Nojomi M, Noroozi M, Nosratnejad S, Noubiap JJ, Motlagh SN, Ofori-Asenso R, Ogbo FA, Oladimeji KE, Olagunju AT, Olfatifar M, Olum S, Olusanya BO, Oluwasanu MM, Onwujekwe OE, Oren E, Ortega-Altamirano DDV, Ortiz A, Osarenotor O, Osei FB, Osgood-Zimmerman AE, Otstavnov SS, Owolabi MO, P A M, Pagheh AS, Pakhale S, Panda-Jonas S, Pandey A, Park EK, Parsian H, Pashaei T, Patel SK, Pepito VCF, Pereira A, Perkins S, Pickering BV, Pilgrim T, Pirestani M, Piroozi B, Pirsaheb M, Plana-Ripoll O, Pourjafar H, Puri P, Qorbani M, Quintana H, Rabiee M, Rabiee N, Radfar A, Rafiei A, Rahim F, Rahimi Z, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahimzadeh S, Rajati F, Raju SB, Ramezankhani A, Ranabhat CL, Rasella D, Rashedi V, Rawal L, Reiner RC, Renzaho AMN, Rezaei S, Rezapour A, Riahi SM, Ribeiro AI, Roever L, Roro EM, Roser M, Roshandel G, Roshani D, Rostami A, Rubagotti E, Rubino S, Sabour S, Sadat N, Sadeghi E, 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Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017. Nature 2019; 574:353-358. [PMID: 31619795 PMCID: PMC6800389 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1545-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Since 2000, many countries have achieved considerable success in improving child survival, but localized progress remains unclear. To inform efforts towards United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.2-to end preventable child deaths by 2030-we need consistently estimated data at the subnational level regarding child mortality rates and trends. Here we quantified, for the period 2000-2017, the subnational variation in mortality rates and number of deaths of neonates, infants and children under 5 years of age within 99 low- and middle-income countries using a geostatistical survival model. We estimated that 32% of children under 5 in these countries lived in districts that had attained rates of 25 or fewer child deaths per 1,000 live births by 2017, and that 58% of child deaths between 2000 and 2017 in these countries could have been averted in the absence of geographical inequality. This study enables the identification of high-mortality clusters, patterns of progress and geographical inequalities to inform appropriate investments and implementations that will help to improve the health of all populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Burstein
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nathaniel J Henry
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael L Collison
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laurie B Marczak
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Amber Sligar
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stefanie Watson
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Neal Marquez
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Amir Abdoli
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ibrahim Abdollahpour
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | | | - Michael R M Abrigo
- Research Department, Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Quezon City, The Philippines
| | - Dilaram Acharya
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea
- Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu University, Devdaha, Nepal
| | | | | | - Davoud Adham
- School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mahdi Afshari
- Department of Community Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Aghaali
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Keivan Ahmadi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Mehdi Ahmadi
- Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rushdia Ahmed
- James P. Grant School of Public Health, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Chalachew Genet Akal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Joshua O Akinyemi
- Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Fares Alahdab
- Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Noore Alam
- Prevention Division, Queensland Health, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Kefyalew Addis Alene
- Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | - Cyrus Alinia
- Department of Health Care Management and Economics, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
| | - Vahid Alipour
- Health Economics Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Syed Mohamed Aljunid
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
- International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
| | - Mohammed J Almalki
- Faculty of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi
- Medical Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
| | | | - Nelson Alvis-Guzman
- Research Group in Health Economics, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
- Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | | | - Saeed Amini
- Health Services Management Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Arianna Maever Loreche Amit
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, The Philippines
- Online Programs for Applied Learning, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zohreh Anbari
- Health Services Management Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Sofia Androudi
- Department of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Mina Anjomshoa
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Ansari
- Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine-Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Carl Abelardo T Antonio
- Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, The Philippines
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jalal Arabloo
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Arefi
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Olatunde Aremu
- School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Bahram Armoon
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | - Amit Arora
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- Oral Health Services, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Al Artaman
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Anvar Asadi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ashraf-Ganjouei
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Assadi
- Education Development Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bahar Ataeinia
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sachin R Atre
- Center for Clinical Global Health Education, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Dr D. Y. Patil Medical College, Pune, India
| | - Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla
- The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- General Office for Research and Technological Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
| | - Martin Amogre Ayanore
- Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Samad Azari
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Babaee
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Alaa Badawi
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Soghra Bagheri
- Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Nafiseh Baheiraei
- Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences Division, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- Division of Diseases, Advanced Technologies Research Group, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Balouchi
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aleksandra Barac
- Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Quique Bassat
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mohsen Bayati
- Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Neeraj Bedi
- Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Ettore Beghi
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Masoud Behzadifar
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Meysam Behzadifar
- Hepatitis Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Yared Belete Belay
- Pharmacoepidemiology and Social Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Brent Bell
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michelle L Bell
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Robert S Bernstein
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Suraj Bhattarai
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Nepal Academy of Science & Technology, Patan, Nepal
| | - Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- The Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ali Bijani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Somayeh Bohlouli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nicholas J K Breitborde
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Health Department, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gabrielle Britton
- Neuroscience Department, Institute for Scientific Research and High Technology Services, City of Knowledge, Panama
- Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama, Panama
| | - Annie J Browne
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Reinhard Busse
- Department for Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zahid A Butt
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Josip Car
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Global Ehealth Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rosario Cárdenas
- Department of Population and Health, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela
- Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
- Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Ester Cerin
- Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Pranab Chatterjee
- Division of Epidemiology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Dinh-Toi Chu
- Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Cyrus Cooper
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Vera M Costa
- Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Koustuv Dalal
- Institute of Public Health Kalyani, Kalyani, India
- School of Health Science, Orebro University, Orebro, Sweden
| | - Lalit Dandona
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
| | - Rakhi Dandona
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
| | - Farah Daoud
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ahmad Daryani
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Rajat Das Gupta
- James P. Grant School of Public Health, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ian Davis
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicole Davis Weaver
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dragos Virgil Davitoiu
- Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Emergency Hospital St Pantelimon, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Jan-Walter De Neve
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Gebre Teklemariam Demoz
- School of Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
- Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kebede Deribe
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Rupak Desai
- Division of Cardiology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Aniruddha Deshpande
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Sagnik Dey
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Meghnath Dhimal
- Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Daniel Diaz
- Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico
| | - Leila Doshmangir
- Department of Health Policy and Economy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Andre R Duraes
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Diretoria Médica, Roberto Santos General Hospital, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Laura Dwyer-Lindgren
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lucas Earl
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Roya Ebrahimi
- Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | | | - Andem Effiong
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Aziz Eftekhari
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Basic Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Elham Ehsani-Chimeh
- National Institute for Health Researchers, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iman El Sayed
- Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Maha El Tantawi
- Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Preventive Dental Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziad El-Khatib
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mohammad Hassan Emamian
- Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Shymaa Enany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Sharareh Eskandarieh
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Oghenowede Eyawo
- Epidemiology and Population Health, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Maha Ezalarab
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Mohammad Fareed
- College of Medicine, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roghiyeh Faridnia
- Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Andre Faro
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil
| | - Ali Akbar Fazaeli
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Fazlzadeh
- Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Netsanet Fentahun
- Department of Public Health Nutrition, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad
- Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - João C Fernandes
- Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry, Catholic University of Portugal, Porto, Portugal
| | - Irina Filip
- Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, USA
- Department of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - Florian Fischer
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Nataliya A Foigt
- Institute of Gerontology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Joel Msafiri Francis
- Clinical Medicine and Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Takeshi Fukumoto
- Gene Expression & Regulation Program, Cancer Institute (W.I.A.), Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Nancy Fullman
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Silvano Gallus
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Bradford D Gessner
- Vaccines Department, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA, USA
- Agency of Preventive Medicine, Paris, France
| | - Birhanu Geta
- Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Peter W Gething
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Reza Ghadimi
- Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | | | - Mahsa Ghajarzadeh
- Department of Neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ghashghaee
- Department of Health Services Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Tiffany K Gill
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nick Golding
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nelson G M Gomes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Porto, Portugal
| | - Philimon N Gona
- Nursing and Health Sciences Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sameer Vali Gopalani
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia
| | - Giuseppe Gorini
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Section, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Nicholas Graetz
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Felix Greaves
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Health Improvement Directorate, Public Health England, London, UK
| | | | - Yuming Guo
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Arvin Haj-Mirzaian
- Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arya Haj-Mirzaian
- Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brian James Hall
- Global and Community Mental Health Research Group, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Samer Hamidi
- School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Josep Maria Haro
- Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Research and Development Unit, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi De Llobregat, Spain
| | - Milad Hasankhani
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Edris Hasanpoor
- Healthcare Management, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Amir Hasanzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Hadi Hassankhani
- School of Nursing and Midwifery Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Independent Consultant, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Yimam Hassen
- Public Health Department, Mizan-Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia
- Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Delia Hendrie
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Heydarpour
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Thomas R Hird
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Population Health, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chi Linh Hoang
- Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Gillian Hollerich
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Enayatollah Homaie Rad
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | | | - Naznin Hossain
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mostafa Hosseini
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hosseinzadeh
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Computer Science Department, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
| | - Mihaela Hostiuc
- Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bucharest Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sorin Hostiuc
- Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Clinical Legal Medicine, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mowafa Househ
- Division of Information and Computing Technology, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- Qatar Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed Hsairi
- Faculty of Medicine Tunis, Medicine School of Tunis, Baab Saadoun, Tunisia
| | | | | | - Usman Iqbal
- Global Health and Development Department, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani
- Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazrul Islam
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mikk Jürisson
- Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Amir Jalali
- Psychiatric Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Javad Javidnia
- Department of Medical Mycology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Achala Upendra Jayatilleke
- Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
- Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Ensiyeh Jenabi
- School of Midwifery, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - John S Ji
- Environmental Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
| | | | - Kimberly Johnson
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jost B Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
| | - Ali Kabir
- Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amaha Kahsay
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Hamed Kalani
- Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Rohollah Kalhor
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Manoochehr Karami
- Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Surendra Karki
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amir Kasaeian
- Hematologic Malignancies Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nicholas J Kassebaum
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Grant Rodgers Kemp
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Roghayeh Khabiri
- Tabriz Health Management Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Saleh Khader
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ramtha, Jordan
| | - Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ejaz Ahmad Khan
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Junaid Khan
- Population Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Muhammad Shahzeb Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine, John H. Stroger Jr Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Young-Ho Khang
- Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Khaled Khatab
- Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
- Department of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, USA
| | - Amir Khater
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, National Hepatology and Tropical Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona M Khater
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Mohammad Khazaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Salman Khazaei
- Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Maryam Khazaei-Pool
- Department of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Jagdish Khubchandani
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA
| | - Neda Kianipour
- Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Yun Jin Kim
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
| | | | - Damaris K Kinyoki
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adnan Kisa
- Department of Health Management and Health Economics, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Health Services Policy and Management, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Sezer Kisa
- Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tufa Kolola
- Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
| | | | - Parvaiz A Koul
- Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERSAM, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi De Llobregat, Spain
| | - Moritz U G Kraemer
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kewal Krishan
- Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kris J Krohn
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nuworza Kugbey
- Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
- Psychology and Health Promotion, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - G Anil Kumar
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
| | - Manasi Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Desmond Kuupiel
- Department of Public Health Medicine, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Nursing, St John of God Hospital, Duayaw Nkwanta, Ghana
| | - Ben Lacey
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Oxford, UK
| | - Sheetal D Lad
- Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Faris Hasan Lami
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Academy of Medical Science, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Anders O Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paul H Lee
- School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mostafa Leili
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Aubrey J Levine
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shanshan Li
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lee-Ling Lim
- Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Stefan Listl
- Department of Dentistry, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Section for Translational Health Economics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joshua Longbottom
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jaifred Christian F Lopez
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, The Philippines
- Alliance for Improving Health Outcomes, Quezon City, The Philippines
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (NUTRICARD), Jena, Germany
| | - Sameh Magdeldin
- Physiology Department, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | | | | | - Azeem Majeed
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Afshin Maleki
- Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Deborah Carvalho Malta
- Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Abdullah A Mamun
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Navid Manafi
- Ophthalmology Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department Ophthalmology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ana-Laura Manda
- Surgery Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Morteza Mansourian
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Anthony Masaka
- Faculty of Health and Education, Botho University-Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | - Pallab K Maulik
- School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Research Department, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
| | - Benjamin K Mayala
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mohsen Mazidi
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin McKee
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ravi Mehrotra
- Preventive Oncology Department, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India
| | - Kala M Mehta
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Walter Mendoza
- Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru
| | - Ritesh G Menezes
- Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atte Meretoja
- Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tuomo J Meretoja
- Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomislav Mestrovic
- Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia
- University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
| | - Ted R Miller
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
- Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, USA
| | - Molly K Miller-Petrie
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Edward J Mills
- Health, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - George J Milne
- Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - G K Mini
- Department of Public Health, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, India
| | - Seyed Mostafa Mir
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirjalali
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Erkin M Mirrakhimov
- Faculty of General Medicine, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
- Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Efat Mohamadi
- Health Equity Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dara K Mohammad
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Food Technology, College of Agriculture, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Aso Mohammad Darwesh
- Information Technology Department, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
| | | | | | - Shafiu Mohammed
- Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Ali H Mokdad
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mariam Molokhia
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lorenzo Monasta
- Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
| | - Yoshan Moodley
- Department of Public Health Medicine, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mahmood Moosazadeh
- Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ghobad Moradi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Masoud Moradi
- Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Yousef Moradi
- Department of Epidemiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maziar Moradi-Lakeh
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Moradinazar
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Paula Moraga
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Abbas Mosapour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Meysam Mousavi
- Department of Health Management and Economics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ulrich Otto Mueller
- Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
- Center for Population and Health, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Atalay Goshu Muluneh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Ghulam Mustafa
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Behnam Nabavizadeh
- Department of Urology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Naderi
- Operating Room Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan
- Research and Analytics, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India
- Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India
| | - Azin Nahvijou
- Cancer Research Center of Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Najafi
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | | | - Nahid Neamati
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ionut Negoi
- Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- General Surgery Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ruxandra Irina Negoi
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Cardiology, Cardio-aid, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | | | - Long Hoang Nguyen
- Center for Excellence in Behavioral Health, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Son Hoang Nguyen
- Center for Excellence in Behavioral Health, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Katie R Nielsen
- Global Health Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum
- State University of Semarang, Public Health Science Department, Kota Semarang, Indonesia
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | - Molly R Nixon
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chukwudi A Nnaji
- Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
- Public Health Science Department, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marzieh Nojomi
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Noroozi
- University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Nosratnejad
- Department of Health Economics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | - Richard Ofori-Asenso
- Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Independent Consultant, Accra, Ghana
| | - Felix Akpojene Ogbo
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kelechi E Oladimeji
- Department of Public Health Medicine, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Center for the Aid Program of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA) TB and HIV Pathogenesis Unit, United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), Durban, South Africa
| | - Andrew T Olagunju
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Meysam Olfatifar
- Gastroenterology and Liver Disease Research Center, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solomon Olum
- Department of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda
- Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Obinna E Onwujekwe
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Eyal Oren
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Alberto Ortiz
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, The Institute for Health Research Foundation Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Frank B Osei
- Faculty of Geoinformation Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana
| | | | - Stanislav S Otstavnov
- Analytical Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Committee for the Comprehensive Assessment of Medical Devices and Information Technology, Health Technology Assessment Association, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mayowa Ojo Owolabi
- Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Mahesh P A
- Department of Tb & Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India
| | - Abdol Sattar Pagheh
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Smita Pakhale
- Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Eun-Kee Park
- Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hadi Parsian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Tahereh Pashaei
- Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Sangram Kishor Patel
- Research and Evaluation, Population Council, New Delhi, India
- Indian Institute of Health Management Research University, Jaipur, India
| | | | - Alexandre Pereira
- Department of Genetics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samantha Perkins
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brandon V Pickering
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas Pilgrim
- Department of Cardiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Majid Pirestani
- Parasitology and Entomology Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bakhtiar Piroozi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | | | | | - Hadi Pourjafar
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
- Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Parul Puri
- International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Mostafa Qorbani
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hedley Quintana
- Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama, Panama
| | - Mohammad Rabiee
- Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Radfar
- College of Graduate Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA
- Medichem, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alireza Rafiei
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Fakher Rahim
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Zohreh Rahimi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shadi Rahimzadeh
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rajati
- Department of Health Education & Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sree Bhushan Raju
- Department of Nephrology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - Azra Ramezankhani
- Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Critical Care Quality Improvement Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Chhabi Lal Ranabhat
- Policy Research Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Institute for Poverty Alleviation and International Development, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Davide Rasella
- Institute of Public Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Vahid Rashedi
- School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lal Rawal
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- Social Science and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert C Reiner
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andre M N Renzaho
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Satar Rezaei
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Aziz Rezapour
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Riahi
- Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Leonardo Roever
- Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Elias Merdassa Roro
- Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Max Roser
- Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gholamreza Roshandel
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Daem Roshani
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Ali Rostami
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Enrico Rubagotti
- School of Biotechnology, Ikiam Amazon Regional University, Tena, Ecuador
- Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Salvatore Rubino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Siamak Sabour
- Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nafis Sadat
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ehsan Sadeghi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Reza Saeedi
- Department of Health, Safety and Environment (HSE), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yahya Safari
- Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Roya Safari-Faramani
- Faculty of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mahdi Safdarian
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Nasir Salam
- Department of Pathology, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Payman Salamati
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- School of Health and Policy Management, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Farkhonde Salehi
- Taleghani Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Saleh Salehi Zahabi
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Taleghani Hospital, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Yahya Salimi
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hamideh Salimzadeh
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Joshua A Salomon
- Center for Health Policy & Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Abdallah M Samy
- Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Bruno Piassi Sao Jose
- Post-graduate Program in Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy
- Department of Community Medicine, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, India
- PSG-FAIMER South Asia Regional Institute, Coimbatore, India
| | - Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez
- Department of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Applied and Environmental Sciences, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Benn Sartorius
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Brijesh Sathian
- Surgery Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Sonia Saxena
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alyssa N Sbarra
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lauren E Schaeffer
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David C Schwebel
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sadaf G Sepanlou
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi
- Center of Expertise in Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Faramarz Shaahmadi
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | | | - Mehran Shams-Beyranvand
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Amir Shamshirian
- Medical Laboratory Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Morteza Shamsizadeh
- Chronic Diseases (Home Care) Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Sharif
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Karaj Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Basic Sciences, Karaj Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Sharifi
- HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Jayendra Sharma
- Policy and Planning Division, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajesh Sharma
- University School of Management and Entrepreneurship, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India
| | - Aziz Sheikh
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Chloe Shields
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Rahman Shiri
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ivy Shiue
- Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Kerem Shuval
- School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tariq J Siddiqi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - João Pedro Silva
- Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jasvinder A Singh
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Dhirendra Narain Sinha
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India
- Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Malede Mequanent Sisay
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Department of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Næstved-Slagelse-Ringsted Hospitals, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Solomon Sisay
- Medical Division, German Leprosy and TB Relief Association Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Karen Sliwa
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - David L Smith
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ranjani Somayaji
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Moslem Soofi
- Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Joan B Soriano
- Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Agus Sudaryanto
- Department of Nursing, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Kartasura, Indonesia
| | | | - Bryan L Sykes
- Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - P N Sylaja
- Neurology Department, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
| | - Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos
- Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Karen M Tabb
- School of Social Work, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Takahiro Tabuchi
- Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nuno Taveira
- University Institute 'Egas Moniz', Monte Da Caparica, Portugal
- Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy of Lisbon, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mohamad-Hani Temsah
- Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi
- Anesthesiology Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Syrian Expatriate Medical Association (SEMA), Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Quyen G To
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Bach Xuan Tran
- Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Khanh Bao Tran
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Irfan Ullah
- Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
- TB Culture Laboratory, Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shariq Usman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Amir Vahedian-Azimi
- Department of Education and Health, Trauma Research Center, Tehran, Iran
- Critical and Intensive Care Department, Trauma Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pascual R Valdez
- Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Job F M van Boven
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of General Practice, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Yasser Vasseghian
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Yousef Veisani
- Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian
- Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Francesco S Violante
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Occupational Health Unit, Sant'orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sergey Konstantinovitch Vladimirov
- Department of Information Technologies and Management, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Department of Information and Internet Technologies, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasily Vlassov
- Department of Health Care Administration and Economy, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Theo Vos
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Giang Thu Vu
- Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | | | - Yasir Waheed
- Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Jon Wakefield
- Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Haidong Wang
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yafeng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan-Pang Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joseph L Ward
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Robert G Weintraub
- Cardiology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Ronny Westerman
- Competence Center of Mortality-Follow-Up, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Charles Shey Wiysonge
- Cochrane South Africa, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- Department of Pharmacology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Lauren Woyczynski
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- Zhejiang Spine Research Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Gelin Xu
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Abbas Yadegar
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tomohide Yamada
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi
- Department of Health Management, Policy and Economics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Health Services Management Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Christopher Sabo Yilgwan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
- Department of Pediatrics, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Paul Yip
- Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Naohiro Yonemoto
- Department of Psychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Javad Yoosefi Lebni
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mustafa Z Younis
- Health Economics & Finance, Global Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
- Research Center for Public Health, Tsinghua University, Peking, China
| | - Mahmoud Yousefifard
- Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Chuanhua Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hasan Yusefzadeh
- Department of Health Management and Economics, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Erfan Zabeh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
- Electrical Engineering, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Telma Zahirian Moghadam
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Sojib Bin Zaman
- Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mohammad Zamani
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Hamed Zandian
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
- Department of Community Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Alireza Zangeneh
- Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Taddese Alemu Zerfu
- Maternal and Child Wellbeing Unit, African Population Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya
- Public Health Department, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | - Yunquan Zhang
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Arash Ziapour
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanjay Zodpey
- Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
| | - Christopher J L Murray
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Simon I Hay
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Improving maternal health remains a health priority at the global and national levels. As part of the global strategy, many low/middle-income countries (LMICs) have implemented free primary healthcare policies for different service packages including maternal health. Free maternal healthcare policies aim to improve maternal health by removing the financial burden of accessing maternal healthcare services. The objective of this scoping review is to assess evaluations of free maternal healthcare policies and the impact on maternal health in LMICs. This will help identify theoretical and methodological approaches (or gaps if any) for evaluating the impact of free maternal healthcare policies to inform future work. It will also provide an evidence base for policymakers and other stakeholder with an interest in planning, funding and implementing evidence based and effective interventions to improving maternal health outcomes. METHODS The scoping review will follow the methodological framework proposed by Arksey and O'Malley and refined by Joanna Briggs Institute. It will involve a literature search of the PubMed, Scopus ScienceDirect, Web of Science and CINAHL databases for peer-reviewed journal articles related to the impact of free maternal health policies in LMICs published from 2000 to the present. Two reviewers will screen and appraise eligible articles using preset criteria based on the 'population-concept-context' framework. A data extraction framework will be used to extract and chart data from the reviewed articles. The results will be analysed using descriptive numerical summary analysis and qualitative thematic analysis. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval is not required as the scoping review will synthesise information from publicly available materials. Dissemination will be through publication in a peer-reviewed journal and presentation at relevant conferences and workshops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Poima Seki
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Delia Hendrie
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Judith Daire
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Chang AY, Cowling K, Micah AE, Chapin A, Chen CS, Ikilezi G, Sadat N, Tsakalos G, Wu J, Younker T, Zhao Y, Zlavog BS, Abbafati C, Ahmed AE, Alam K, Alipour V, Aljunid SM, Almalki MJ, Alvis-Guzman N, Ammar W, Andrei CL, Anjomshoa M, Antonio CAT, Arabloo J, Aremu O, Ausloos M, Avila-Burgos L, Awasthi A, Ayanore MA, Azari S, Azzopardi-Muscat N, Bagherzadeh M, Bärnighausen TW, Baune BT, Bayati M, Belay YB, Belay YA, Belete H, Berbada DA, Berman AE, Beuran M, Bijani A, Busse R, Cahuana-Hurtado L, Cámera LA, Catalá-López F, Chauhan BG, Constantin MM, Crowe CS, Cucu A, Dalal K, De Neve JW, Deiparine S, Demeke FM, Do HP, Dubey M, El Tantawi M, Eskandarieh S, Esmaeili R, Fakhar M, Fazaeli AA, Fischer F, Foigt NA, Fukumoto T, Fullman N, Galan A, Gamkrelidze A, Gezae KE, Ghajar A, Ghashghaee A, Goginashvili K, Haakenstad A, Haghparast Bidgoli H, Hamidi S, Harb HL, Hasanpoor E, Hassen HY, Hay SI, Hendrie D, Henok A, Heredia-Pi I, Herteliu C, Hoang CL, Hole MK, Homaie Rad E, Hossain N, Hosseinzadeh M, Hostiuc S, Ilesanmi OS, Irvani SSN, Jakovljevic M, Jalali A, James SL, Jonas JB, Jürisson M, Kadel R, Karami Matin B, Kasaeian A, Kasaye HK, Kassaw MW, Kazemi Karyani A, Khabiri R, Khan J, Khan MN, Khang YH, Kisa A, Kissimova-Skarbek K, Kohler S, Koyanagi A, Krohn KJ, Leung R, Lim LL, Lorkowski S, Majeed A, Malekzadeh R, Mansourian M, Mantovani LG, Massenburg BB, McKee M, Mehta V, Meretoja A, Meretoja TJ, Milevska Kostova N, Miller TR, Mirrakhimov EM, Mohajer B, Mohammad Darwesh A, Mohammed S, Mohebi F, Mokdad AH, Morrison SD, Mousavi SM, Muthupandian S, Nagarajan AJ, Nangia V, Negoi I, Nguyen CT, Nguyen HLT, Nguyen SH, Nosratnejad S, Oladimeji O, Olgiati S, Olusanya JO, Onwujekwe OE, Otstavnov SS, Pana A, Pereira DM, Piroozi B, Prada SI, Qorbani M, Rabiee M, Rabiee N, Rafiei A, Rahim F, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Ram U, Ranabhat CL, Ranta A, Rawaf DL, Rawaf S, Rezaei S, Roro EM, Rostami A, Rubino S, Salahshoor M, Samy AM, Sanabria J, Santos JV, Santric Milicevic MM, Sao Jose BP, Savic M, Schwendicke F, Sepanlou SG, Sepehrimanesh M, Sheikh A, Shrime MG, Sisay S, Soltani S, Soofi M, Soofi M, Srinivasan V, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Torre A, Tovani-Palone MR, Tran BX, Tran KB, Undurraga EA, Valdez PR, van Boven JFM, Vargas V, Veisani Y, Violante FS, Vladimirov SK, Vlassov V, Vollmer S, Vu GT, Wolfe CDA, Yonemoto N, Younis MZ, Yousefifard M, Zaman SB, Zangeneh A, Zegeye EA, Ziapour A, Chew A, Murray CJL, Dieleman JL. Past, present, and future of global health financing: a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 195 countries, 1995-2050. Lancet 2019; 393:2233-2260. [PMID: 31030984 PMCID: PMC6548764 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(19)30841-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comprehensive and comparable estimates of health spending in each country are a key input for health policy and planning, and are necessary to support the achievement of national and international health goals. Previous studies have tracked past and projected future health spending until 2040 and shown that, with economic development, countries tend to spend more on health per capita, with a decreasing share of spending from development assistance and out-of-pocket sources. We aimed to characterise the past, present, and predicted future of global health spending, with an emphasis on equity in spending across countries. METHODS We estimated domestic health spending for 195 countries and territories from 1995 to 2016, split into three categories-government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private health spending-and estimated development assistance for health (DAH) from 1990 to 2018. We estimated future scenarios of health spending using an ensemble of linear mixed-effects models with time series specifications to project domestic health spending from 2017 through 2050 and DAH from 2019 through 2050. Data were extracted from a broad set of sources tracking health spending and revenue, and were standardised and converted to inflation-adjusted 2018 US dollars. Incomplete or low-quality data were modelled and uncertainty was estimated, leading to a complete data series of total, government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending, and DAH. Estimates are reported in 2018 US dollars, 2018 purchasing-power parity-adjusted dollars, and as a percentage of gross domestic product. We used demographic decomposition methods to assess a set of factors associated with changes in government health spending between 1995 and 2016 and to examine evidence to support the theory of the health financing transition. We projected two alternative future scenarios based on higher government health spending to assess the potential ability of governments to generate more resources for health. FINDINGS Between 1995 and 2016, health spending grew at a rate of 4·00% (95% uncertainty interval 3·89-4·12) annually, although it grew slower in per capita terms (2·72% [2·61-2·84]) and increased by less than $1 per capita over this period in 22 of 195 countries. The highest annual growth rates in per capita health spending were observed in upper-middle-income countries (5·55% [5·18-5·95]), mainly due to growth in government health spending, and in lower-middle-income countries (3·71% [3·10-4·34]), mainly from DAH. Health spending globally reached $8·0 trillion (7·8-8·1) in 2016 (comprising 8·6% [8·4-8·7] of the global economy and $10·3 trillion [10·1-10·6] in purchasing-power parity-adjusted dollars), with a per capita spending of US$5252 (5184-5319) in high-income countries, $491 (461-524) in upper-middle-income countries, $81 (74-89) in lower-middle-income countries, and $40 (38-43) in low-income countries. In 2016, 0·4% (0·3-0·4) of health spending globally was in low-income countries, despite these countries comprising 10·0% of the global population. In 2018, the largest proportion of DAH targeted HIV/AIDS ($9·5 billion, 24·3% of total DAH), although spending on other infectious diseases (excluding tuberculosis and malaria) grew fastest from 2010 to 2018 (6·27% per year). The leading sources of DAH were the USA and private philanthropy (excluding corporate donations and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation). For the first time, we included estimates of China's contribution to DAH ($644·7 million in 2018). Globally, health spending is projected to increase to $15·0 trillion (14·0-16·0) by 2050 (reaching 9·4% [7·6-11·3] of the global economy and $21·3 trillion [19·8-23·1] in purchasing-power parity-adjusted dollars), but at a lower growth rate of 1·84% (1·68-2·02) annually, and with continuing disparities in spending between countries. In 2050, we estimate that 0·6% (0·6-0·7) of health spending will occur in currently low-income countries, despite these countries comprising an estimated 15·7% of the global population by 2050. The ratio between per capita health spending in high-income and low-income countries was 130·2 (122·9-136·9) in 2016 and is projected to remain at similar levels in 2050 (125·9 [113·7-138·1]). The decomposition analysis identified governments' increased prioritisation of the health sector and economic development as the strongest factors associated with increases in government health spending globally. Future government health spending scenarios suggest that, with greater prioritisation of the health sector and increased government spending, health spending per capita could more than double, with greater impacts in countries that currently have the lowest levels of government health spending. INTERPRETATION Financing for global health has increased steadily over the past two decades and is projected to continue increasing in the future, although at a slower pace of growth and with persistent disparities in per-capita health spending between countries. Out-of-pocket spending is projected to remain substantial outside of high-income countries. Many low-income countries are expected to remain dependent on development assistance, although with greater government spending, larger investments in health are feasible. In the absence of sustained new investments in health, increasing efficiency in health spending is essential to meet global health targets. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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James SL, Theadom A, Ellenbogen RG, Bannick MS, Montjoy-Venning W, Lucchesi LR, Abbasi N, Abdulkader R, Abraha HN, Adsuar JC, Afarideh M, Agrawal S, Ahmadi A, Ahmed MB, Aichour AN, Aichour I, Aichour MTE, Akinyemi RO, Akseer N, Alahdab F, Alebel A, Alghnam SA, Ali BA, Alsharif U, Altirkawi K, Andrei CL, Anjomshoa M, Ansari H, Ansha MG, Antonio CAT, Appiah SCY, Ariani F, Asefa NG, Asgedom SW, Atique S, Awasthi A, Ayala Quintanilla BP, Ayuk TB, Azzopardi PS, Badali H, Badawi A, Balalla S, Banstola A, Barker-Collo SL, Bärnighausen TW, Bedi N, Behzadifar M, Behzadifar M, Bekele BB, Belachew AB, Belay YA, Bennett DA, Bensenor IM, Berhane A, Beuran M, Bhalla A, Bhaumik S, Bhutta ZA, Biadgo B, Biffino M, Bijani A, Bililign N, Birungi C, Boufous S, Brazinova A, Brown AW, Car M, Cárdenas R, Carrero JJ, Carvalho F, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Catalá-López F, Chaiah Y, Champs AP, Chang JC, Choi JYJ, Christopher DJ, Cooper C, Crowe CS, Dandona L, Dandona R, Daryani A, Davitoiu DV, Degefa MG, Demoz GT, Deribe K, Djalalinia S, Do HP, Doku DT, Drake TM, Dubey M, Dubljanin E, El-Khatib Z, Ofori-Asenso R, Eskandarieh S, Esteghamati A, Esteghamati S, Faro A, Farzadfar F, Farzaei MH, Fereshtehnejad SM, Fernandes E, Feyissa GT, Filip I, Fischer F, Fukumoto T, Ganji M, Gankpe FG, Gebre AK, Gebrehiwot TT, Gezae KE, Gopalkrishna G, Goulart AC, Haagsma JA, Haj-Mirzaian A, Haj-Mirzaian A, Hamadeh RR, Hamidi S, Haro JM, Hassankhani H, Hassen HY, Havmoeller R, Hawley C, Hay SI, Hegazy MI, Hendrie D, Henok A, Hibstu DT, Hoffman HJ, Hole MK, Homaie Rad E, Hosseini SM, Hostiuc S, Hu G, Hussen MA, Ilesanmi OS, Irvani SSN, Jakovljevic M, Jayaraman S, Jha RP, Jonas JB, Jones KM, Jorjoran Shushtari Z, Jozwiak JJ, Jürisson M, Kabir A, Kahsay A, Kahssay M, Kalani R, Karch A, Kasaeian A, Kassa GM, Kassa TD, Kassa ZY, Kengne AP, Khader YS, Khafaie MA, Khalid N, Khalil I, Khan EA, Khan MS, Khang YH, Khazaie H, Khoja AT, Khubchandani J, Kiadaliri AA, Kim D, Kim YE, Kisa A, Koyanagi A, Krohn KJ, Kuate Defo B, Kucuk Bicer B, Kumar GA, Kumar M, Lalloo R, Lami FH, Lansingh VC, Laryea DO, Latifi A, Leshargie CT, Levi M, Li S, Liben ML, Lotufo PA, Lunevicius R, Mahotra NB, Majdan M, Majeed A, Malekzadeh R, Manda AL, Mansournia MA, Massenburg BB, Mate KKV, Mehndiratta MM, Mehta V, Meles H, Melese A, Memiah PTN, Mendoza W, Mengistu G, Meretoja A, Meretoja TJ, Mestrovic T, Miazgowski T, Miller TR, Mini GK, Mirica A, Mirrakhimov EM, Moazen B, Mohammadi M, Mohammed S, Mokdad AH, Molokhia M, Monasta L, Mondello S, Moosazadeh M, Moradi G, Moradi M, Moradi-Lakeh M, Moradinazar M, Morrison SD, Moschos MM, Mousavi SM, Murthy S, Musa KI, Mustafa G, Naghavi M, Naik G, Najafi F, Nangia V, Nascimento BR, Negoi I, Nguyen TH, Nichols E, Ningrum DNA, Nirayo YL, Nyasulu PS, Ogbo FA, Oh IH, Okoro A, Olagunju AT, Olagunju TO, Olivares PR, Otstavnov SS, Owolabi MO, P A M, Pakhale S, Pandey AR, Pesudovs K, Pinilla-Monsalve GD, Polinder S, Poustchi H, Prakash S, Qorbani M, Radfar A, Rafay A, Rafiei A, Rahimi-Movaghar A, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman M, Rahman MA, Rai RK, Rajati F, Ram U, Rawaf DL, Rawaf S, Reiner RC, Reis C, Renzaho AMN, Resnikoff S, Rezaei S, Rezaeian S, Roever L, Ronfani L, Roshandel G, Roy N, Ruhago GM, Saddik B, Safari H, Safiri S, Sahraian MA, Salamati P, Saldanha RDF, Samy AM, Sanabria J, Santos JV, Santric Milicevic MMM, Sartorius B, Satpathy M, Savuon K, Schneider IJC, Schwebel DC, Sepanlou SG, Shabaninejad H, Shaikh MAA, Shams-Beyranvand M, Sharif M, Sharif-Alhoseini M, Shariful Islam SM, She J, Sheikh A, Shen J, Sheth KN, Shibuya K, Shiferaw MS, Shigematsu M, Shiri R, Shiue I, Shoman H, Siabani S, Siddiqi TJ, Silva JP, Silveira DGA, Sinha DN, Smith M, Soares Filho AM, Sobhani S, Soofi M, Soriano JB, Soyiri IN, Stein DJ, Stokes MA, Sufiyan MB, Sunguya BF, Sunshine JE, Sykes BL, Szoeke CEI, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Te Ao BJ, Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Tekle MG, Temsah MH, Temsah O, Topor-Madry R, Tortajada-Girbés M, Tran BX, Tran KB, Tudor Car L, Ukwaja KN, Ullah I, Usman MS, Uthman OA, Valdez PR, Vasankari TJ, Venketasubramanian N, Violante FS, Wagnew FWS, Waheed Y, Wang YP, Weldegwergs KG, Werdecker A, Wijeratne T, Winkler AS, Wyper GMA, Yano Y, Yaseri M, Yasin YJ, Ye P, Yimer EM, Yip P, Yisma E, Yonemoto N, Yoon SJ, Yost MG, Younis MZ, Yousefifard M, Yu C, Zaidi Z, Zaman SB, Zamani M, Zenebe ZM, Zodpey S, Feigin VL, Vos T, Murray CJL. Global, regional, and national burden of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol 2019; 18:56-87. [PMID: 30497965 PMCID: PMC6291456 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(18)30415-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 917] [Impact Index Per Article: 183.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI) are increasingly recognised as global health priorities in view of the preventability of most injuries and the complex and expensive medical care they necessitate. We aimed to measure the incidence, prevalence, and years of life lived with disability (YLDs) for TBI and SCI from all causes of injury in every country, to describe how these measures have changed between 1990 and 2016, and to estimate the proportion of TBI and SCI cases caused by different types of injury. METHODS We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study 2016 to measure the global, regional, and national burden of TBI and SCI by age and sex. We measured the incidence and prevalence of all causes of injury requiring medical care in inpatient and outpatient records, literature studies, and survey data. By use of clinical record data, we estimated the proportion of each cause of injury that required medical care that would result in TBI or SCI being considered as the nature of injury. We used literature studies to establish standardised mortality ratios and applied differential equations to convert incidence to prevalence of long-term disability. Finally, we applied GBD disability weights to calculate YLDs. We used a Bayesian meta-regression tool for epidemiological modelling, used cause-specific mortality rates for non-fatal estimation, and adjusted our results for disability experienced with comorbid conditions. We also analysed results on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index, a compound measure of income per capita, education, and fertility. FINDINGS In 2016, there were 27·08 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 24·30-30·30 million) new cases of TBI and 0·93 million (0·78-1·16 million) new cases of SCI, with age-standardised incidence rates of 369 (331-412) per 100 000 population for TBI and 13 (11-16) per 100 000 for SCI. In 2016, the number of prevalent cases of TBI was 55·50 million (53·40-57·62 million) and of SCI was 27·04 million (24·98-30·15 million). From 1990 to 2016, the age-standardised prevalence of TBI increased by 8·4% (95% UI 7·7 to 9·2), whereas that of SCI did not change significantly (-0·2% [-2·1 to 2·7]). Age-standardised incidence rates increased by 3·6% (1·8 to 5·5) for TBI, but did not change significantly for SCI (-3·6% [-7·4 to 4·0]). TBI caused 8·1 million (95% UI 6·0-10·4 million) YLDs and SCI caused 9·5 million (6·7-12·4 million) YLDs in 2016, corresponding to age-standardised rates of 111 (82-141) per 100 000 for TBI and 130 (90-170) per 100 000 for SCI. Falls and road injuries were the leading causes of new cases of TBI and SCI in most regions. INTERPRETATION TBI and SCI constitute a considerable portion of the global injury burden and are caused primarily by falls and road injuries. The increase in incidence of TBI over time might continue in view of increases in population density, population ageing, and increasing use of motor vehicles, motorcycles, and bicycles. The number of individuals living with SCI is expected to increase in view of population growth, which is concerning because of the specialised care that people with SCI can require. Our study was limited by data sparsity in some regions, and it will be important to invest greater resources in collection of data for TBI and SCI to improve the accuracy of future assessments. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Dicker D, Nguyen G, Abate D, Abate KH, Abay SM, Abbafati C, Abbasi N, Abbastabar H, Abd-Allah F, Abdela J, Abdelalim A, Abdel-Rahman O, Abdi A, Abdollahpour I, Abdulkader RS, Abdurahman AA, Abebe HT, Abebe M, Abebe Z, Abebo TA, Aboyans V, Abraha HN, Abrham AR, Abu-Raddad LJ, Abu-Rmeileh NME, Accrombessi MMK, Acharya P, Adebayo OM, Adedeji IA, Adedoyin RA, Adekanmbi V, Adetokunboh OO, Adhena BM, Adhikari TB, Adib MG, Adou AK, Adsuar JC, Afarideh M, Afshin A, Agarwal G, Aggarwal R, Aghayan SA, Agrawal S, Agrawal A, Ahmadi M, Ahmadi A, Ahmadieh H, Ahmed MLCB, Ahmed S, Ahmed MB, Aichour AN, Aichour I, Aichour MTE, Akanda AS, Akbari ME, Akibu M, Akinyemi RO, Akinyemiju T, Akseer N, Alahdab F, Al-Aly Z, Alam K, Alebel A, Aleman AV, Alene KA, Al-Eyadhy A, Ali R, Alijanzadeh M, Alizadeh-Navaei R, Aljunid SM, Alkerwi A, Alla F, Allebeck P, Allen CA, Alonso J, Al-Raddadi RM, Alsharif U, Altirkawi K, Alvis-Guzman N, Amare AT, Amini E, Ammar W, Amoako YA, Anber NH, Andrei CL, Androudi S, Animut MD, Anjomshoa M, Anlay DZ, Ansari H, Ansariadi A, Ansha MG, Antonio CAT, Appiah SCY, Aremu O, Areri HA, Ärnlöv J, Arora M, Artaman A, Aryal KK, Asadi-Lari M, Asayesh H, Asfaw ET, Asgedom SW, Assadi R, Ataro Z, Atey TMM, Athari SS, Atique S, Atre SR, Atteraya MS, Attia EF, Ausloos M, Avila-Burgos L, Avokpaho EFGA, Awasthi A, Awuah B, Ayala Quintanilla BP, Ayele HT, Ayele Y, Ayer R, Ayuk TB, Azzopardi PS, Azzopardi-Muscat N, Badali H, Badawi A, Balakrishnan K, Bali AG, Banach M, Banstola A, Barac A, Barboza MA, Barquera S, Barrero LH, Basaleem H, Bassat Q, Basu A, Basu S, Baune BT, Bazargan-Hejazi S, Bedi N, Beghi E, Behzadifar M, Behzadifar M, Béjot Y, Bekele BB, Belachew AB, Belay AG, Belay E, Belay SA, Belay YA, Bell ML, Bello AK, Bennett DA, Bensenor IM, Berhane A, Berman AE, Bernabe E, Bernstein RS, Bertolacci GJ, Beuran M, Beyranvand T, Bhala N, Bhatia E, Bhatt S, Bhattarai S, Bhaumik S, Bhutta ZA, Biadgo B, Bijani A, Bikbov B, Bililign N, Bin Sayeed MS, Birlik SM, Birungi C, 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Reinig N, Reis C, Remuzzi G, Renzaho AMN, Resnikoff S, Rezaei S, Rezaeian S, Rezai MS, Riahi SM, Ribeiro ALP, Riojas H, Rios-Blancas MJ, Roba KT, Robinson SR, Roever L, Ronfani L, Roshandel G, Roshchin DO, Rostami A, Rothenbacher D, Rubagotti E, Ruhago GM, Saadat S, Sabde YD, Sachdev PS, Saddik B, Sadeghi E, Moghaddam SS, Safari H, Safari Y, Safari-Faramani R, Safdarian M, Safi S, Safiri S, Sagar R, Sahebkar A, Sahraian MA, Sajadi HS, Salahshoor MR, Salam N, Salama JS, Salamati P, Saldanha RDF, Salimi Y, Salimzadeh H, Salz I, Sambala EZ, Samy AM, Sanabria J, Sanchez-Niño MD, Santos IS, Santos JV, Santric Milicevic MM, Sao Jose BP, Sardana M, Sarker AR, Sarrafzadegan N, Sartorius B, Sarvi S, Sathian B, Satpathy M, Savic M, Sawant AR, Sawhney M, Saxena S, Sayyah M, Scaria V, Schaeffner E, Schelonka K, Schmidt MI, Schneider IJC, Schöttker B, Schutte AE, Schwebel DC, Schwendicke F, Scott JG, Sekerija M, Sepanlou SG, Serván-Mori E, Shabaninejad H, Shackelford KA, Shafieesabet A, Shaheen AA, Shaikh MA, Shakir RA, Shams-Beyranvand M, Shamsi M, Shamsizadeh M, Sharafi H, Sharafi K, Sharif M, Sharif-Alhoseini M, Sharma M, Sharma J, Sharma R, She J, Sheikh A, Sheth KN, Shi P, Shibuya K, Shifa GT, Shiferaw MS, Shigematsu M, Shiri R, Shirkoohi R, Shiue I, Shokraneh F, Shrime MG, Shukla SR, Si S, Siabani S, Siddiqi TJ, Sigfusdottir ID, Sigurvinsdottir R, Silpakit N, Silva DAS, Silva JP, Silveira DGA, Singam NSV, Singh JA, Singh V, Sinha AP, Sinha DN, Sitas F, Skirbekk V, Sliwa K, Soares Filho AM, Sobaih BH, Sobhani S, Soofi M, Soriano JB, Soyiri IN, Sposato LA, Sreeramareddy CT, Srinivasan V, Srivastava RK, Starodubov VI, Stathopoulou V, Steel N, Stein DJ, Steiner C, Stewart LG, Stokes MA, Sudaryanto A, Sufiyan MB, Sulo G, Sunguya BF, Sur PJ, Sutradhar I, Sykes BL, Sylaja PN, Sylte DO, Szoeke CEI, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tabuchi T, Tadakamadla SK, Takahashi K, Tandon N, Tassew AA, Tassew SG, Tavakkoli M, Taveira N, Tawye NY, Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Tekalign TG, Tekle MG, Temesgen H, Temsah MH, Temsah O, Terkawi AS, Teshale MY, Tessema B, Teweldemedhin M, Thakur JS, Thankappan KR, Thirunavukkarasu S, Thomas LA, Thomas N, Thrift AG, Tilahun B, To QG, Tobe-Gai R, Tonelli M, Topor-Madry R, Topouzis F, Torre AE, Tortajada-Girbés M, Tovani-Palone MR, Towbin JA, Tran BX, Tran KB, Tripathi S, Tripathy SP, Truelsen TC, Truong NT, Tsadik AG, Tsilimparis N, Tudor Car L, Tuzcu EM, Tyrovolas S, Ukwaja KN, Ullah I, Usman MS, Uthman OA, Uzun SB, Vaduganathan M, Vaezi A, Vaidya G, Valdez PR, Varavikova E, Varughese S, Vasankari TJ, Vasconcelos AMN, Venketasubramanian N, Vidavalur R, Villafaina S, Violante FS, Vladimirov SK, Vlassov V, Vollset SE, Vos T, Vosoughi K, Vujcic IS, Wagner GR, Wagnew FWS, Waheed Y, Wang Y, Wang YP, Wassie MM, Weiderpass E, Weintraub RG, Weiss DJ, Weiss J, Weldegebreal F, Weldegwergs KG, Werdecker A, Westerman R, Whiteford HA, Widecka J, Widecka K, Wijeratne T, Winkler AS, Wiysonge CS, Wolfe CDA, Wondemagegn SA, Wu S, Wyper GMA, Xu G, Yadav R, Yakob B, Yamada T, Yan LL, Yano Y, Yaseri M, Yasin YJ, Ye P, Yearwood JA, Yentür GK, Yeshaneh A, Yimer EM, Yip P, Yisma E, Yonemoto N, Yoon SJ, York HW, Yotebieng M, Younis MZ, Yousefifard M, Yu C, Zachariah G, Zadnik V, Zafar S, Zaidi Z, Zaman SB, Zamani M, Zare Z, Zeeb H, Zeleke MM, Zenebe ZM, Zerfu TA, Zhang K, Zhang X, Zhou M, Zhu J, Zodpey S, Zucker I, Zuhlke LJJ, Lopez AD, Gakidou E, Murray CJL. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2018; 392:1684-1735. [PMID: 30496102 PMCID: PMC6227504 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31891-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 575] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessments of age-specific mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Affairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally. METHODS The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specific mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in different components of the analysis have been further standardised and improved; and the analysis has been extended backwards in time by two decades to start in 1950. FINDINGS Globally, 18·7% (95% uncertainty interval 18·4-19·0) of deaths were registered in 1950 and that proportion has been steadily increasing since, with 58·8% (58·2-59·3) of all deaths being registered in 2015. At the global level, between 1950 and 2017, life expectancy increased from 48·1 years (46·5-49·6) to 70·5 years (70·1-70·8) for men and from 52·9 years (51·7-54·0) to 75·6 years (75·3-75·9) for women. Despite this overall progress, there remains substantial variation in life expectancy at birth in 2017, which ranges from 49·1 years (46·5-51·7) for men in the Central African Republic to 87·6 years (86·9-88·1) among women in Singapore. The greatest progress across age groups was for children younger than 5 years; under-5 mortality dropped from 216·0 deaths (196·3-238·1) per 1000 livebirths in 1950 to 38·9 deaths (35·6-42·83) per 1000 livebirths in 2017, with huge reductions across countries. Nevertheless, there were still 5·4 million (5·2-5·6) deaths among children younger than 5 years in the world in 2017. Progress has been less pronounced and more variable for adults, especially for adult males, who had stagnant or increasing mortality rates in several countries. The gap between male and female life expectancy between 1950 and 2017, while relatively stable at the global level, shows distinctive patterns across super-regions and has consistently been the largest in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, and smallest in south Asia. Performance was also variable across countries and time in observed mortality rates compared with those expected on the basis of development. INTERPRETATION This analysis of age-sex-specific mortality shows that there are remarkably complex patterns in population mortality across countries. The findings of this study highlight global successes, such as the large decline in under-5 mortality, which reflects significant local, national, and global commitment and investment over several decades. However, they also bring attention to mortality patterns that are a cause for concern, particularly among adult men and, to a lesser extent, women, whose mortality rates have stagnated in many countries over the time period of this study, and in some cases are increasing. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Roth GA, Abate D, Abate KH, Abay SM, Abbafati C, Abbasi N, Abbastabar H, Abd-Allah F, Abdela J, Abdelalim A, Abdollahpour I, Abdulkader RS, Abebe HT, Abebe M, Abebe Z, Abejie AN, Abera SF, Abil OZ, Abraha HN, Abrham AR, Abu-Raddad LJ, Accrombessi MMK, Acharya D, Adamu AA, Adebayo OM, Adedoyin RA, Adekanmbi V, Adetokunboh OO, Adhena BM, Adib MG, Admasie A, Afshin A, Agarwal G, Agesa KM, Agrawal A, Agrawal S, Ahmadi A, Ahmadi M, Ahmed MB, Ahmed S, Aichour AN, Aichour I, Aichour MTE, Akbari ME, Akinyemi RO, Akseer N, Al-Aly Z, Al-Eyadhy A, Al-Raddadi RM, Alahdab F, Alam K, Alam T, Alebel A, Alene KA, Alijanzadeh M, Alizadeh-Navaei R, Aljunid SM, Alkerwi A, Alla F, Allebeck P, Alonso J, Altirkawi K, Alvis-Guzman N, Amare AT, Aminde LN, Amini E, Ammar W, Amoako YA, Anber NH, Andrei CL, Androudi S, Animut MD, Anjomshoa M, Ansari H, Ansha MG, Antonio CAT, Anwari P, Aremu O, Ärnlöv J, Arora A, Arora M, Artaman A, Aryal KK, Asayesh H, Asfaw ET, Ataro Z, Atique S, Atre SR, Ausloos M, Avokpaho EFGA, Awasthi A, Quintanilla BPA, Ayele Y, Ayer R, Azzopardi PS, Babazadeh A, Bacha U, Badali H, Badawi A, Bali AG, Ballesteros KE, Banach M, Banerjee K, Bannick MS, Banoub JAM, Barboza MA, Barker-Collo SL, Bärnighausen TW, Barquera S, Barrero LH, Bassat Q, Basu S, Baune BT, Baynes HW, Bazargan-Hejazi S, Bedi N, Beghi E, Behzadifar M, Behzadifar M, Béjot Y, Bekele BB, Belachew AB, Belay E, Belay YA, Bell ML, Bello AK, Bennett DA, Bensenor IM, Berman AE, Bernabe E, Bernstein RS, Bertolacci GJ, Beuran M, Beyranvand T, Bhalla A, Bhattarai S, Bhaumik S, Bhutta ZA, Biadgo B, Biehl MH, Bijani A, Bikbov B, Bilano V, Bililign N, Bin Sayeed MS, Bisanzio D, Biswas T, Blacker BF, Basara BB, Borschmann R, Bosetti C, Bozorgmehr K, Brady OJ, Brant LC, Brayne C, Brazinova A, Breitborde NJK, Brenner H, Briant PS, Britton G, Brugha T, Busse R, Butt ZA, Callender CSKH, Campos-Nonato IR, Campuzano Rincon JC, Cano J, Car M, Cárdenas R, Carreras G, Carrero JJ, Carter A, Carvalho F, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Castillo Rivas J, Castle CD, Castro C, Castro F, Catalá-López F, Cerin E, Chaiah Y, Chang JC, Charlson FJ, Chaturvedi P, Chiang PPC, Chimed-Ochir O, Chisumpa VH, Chitheer A, Chowdhury R, Christensen H, Christopher DJ, Chung SC, Cicuttini FM, Ciobanu LG, Cirillo M, Cohen AJ, Cooper LT, Cortesi PA, Cortinovis M, Cousin E, Cowie BC, Criqui MH, Cromwell EA, Crowe CS, Crump JA, Cunningham M, Daba AK, Dadi AF, Dandona L, Dandona R, Dang AK, Dargan PI, Daryani A, Das SK, Gupta RD, Neves JD, Dasa TT, Dash AP, Davis AC, Davis Weaver N, Davitoiu DV, Davletov K, De La Hoz FP, De Neve JW, Degefa MG, Degenhardt L, Degfie TT, Deiparine S, Demoz GT, Demtsu BB, Denova-Gutiérrez E, Deribe K, Dervenis N, Des Jarlais DC, Dessie GA, Dey S, Dharmaratne SD, Dicker D, Dinberu MT, Ding EL, Dirac MA, Djalalinia S, Dokova K, Doku DT, Donnelly CA, Dorsey ER, Doshi PP, Douwes-Schultz D, Doyle KE, Driscoll TR, Dubey M, Dubljanin E, Duken EE, Duncan BB, Duraes AR, Ebrahimi H, Ebrahimpour S, Edessa D, Edvardsson D, Eggen AE, El Bcheraoui C, El Sayed Zaki M, El-Khatib Z, Elkout H, Ellingsen CL, Endres M, Endries AY, Er B, Erskine HE, Eshrati B, Eskandarieh S, Esmaeili R, Esteghamati A, Fakhar M, Fakhim H, Faramarzi M, Fareed M, Farhadi F, Farinha CSES, Faro A, Farvid MS, Farzadfar F, Farzaei MH, Feigin VL, Feigl AB, Fentahun N, Fereshtehnejad SM, Fernandes E, Fernandes JC, Ferrari AJ, Feyissa GT, Filip I, Finegold S, Fischer F, Fitzmaurice C, Foigt NA, Foreman KJ, Fornari C, Frank TD, Fukumoto T, Fuller JE, Fullman N, Fürst T, Furtado JM, Futran ND, Gallus S, Garcia-Basteiro AL, Garcia-Gordillo MA, Gardner WM, Gebre AK, Gebrehiwot TT, Gebremedhin AT, Gebremichael B, Gebremichael TG, Gelano TF, Geleijnse JM, Genova-Maleras R, Geramo YCD, Gething PW, Gezae KE, Ghadami MR, Ghadimi R, Ghasemi Falavarjani K, Ghasemi-Kasman M, Ghimire M, Gibney KB, Gill PS, Gill TK, Gillum RF, Ginawi IA, Giroud M, Giussani G, Goenka S, Goldberg EM, Goli S, Gómez-Dantés H, Gona PN, Gopalani SV, Gorman TM, Goto A, Goulart AC, Gnedovskaya EV, Grada A, Grosso G, Gugnani HC, Guimaraes ALS, Guo Y, Gupta PC, Gupta R, Gupta R, Gupta T, Gutiérrez RA, Gyawali B, Haagsma JA, Hafezi-Nejad N, Hagos TB, Hailegiyorgis TT, Hailu GB, Haj-Mirzaian A, Haj-Mirzaian A, Hamadeh RR, Hamidi S, Handal AJ, Hankey GJ, Harb HL, Harikrishnan S, Haro JM, Hasan M, Hassankhani H, Hassen HY, Havmoeller R, Hay RJ, Hay SI, He Y, Hedayatizadeh-Omran A, Hegazy MI, Heibati B, Heidari M, Hendrie D, Henok A, Henry NJ, Herteliu C, Heydarpour F, Heydarpour P, Heydarpour S, Hibstu DT, Hoek HW, Hole MK, Homaie Rad E, Hoogar P, Hosgood HD, Hosseini SM, Hosseinzadeh M, Hostiuc M, Hostiuc S, Hotez PJ, Hoy DG, Hsiao T, Hu G, Huang JJ, Husseini A, Hussen MM, Hutfless S, Idrisov B, Ilesanmi OS, Iqbal U, Irvani SSN, Irvine CMS, Islam N, Islam SMS, Islami F, Jacobsen KH, Jahangiry L, Jahanmehr N, Jain SK, Jakovljevic M, Jalu MT, James SL, Javanbakht M, Jayatilleke AU, Jeemon P, Jenkins KJ, Jha RP, Jha V, Johnson CO, Johnson SC, Jonas JB, Joshi A, Jozwiak JJ, Jungari SB, Jürisson M, Kabir Z, Kadel R, Kahsay A, Kalani R, Karami M, Karami Matin B, Karch A, Karema C, Karimi-Sari H, Kasaeian A, Kassa DH, Kassa GM, Kassa TD, Kassebaum NJ, Katikireddi SV, Kaul A, Kazemi Z, Karyani AK, Kazi DS, Kefale AT, Keiyoro PN, Kemp GR, Kengne AP, Keren A, Kesavachandran CN, Khader YS, Khafaei B, Khafaie MA, Khajavi A, Khalid N, Khalil IA, Khan EA, Khan MS, Khan MA, Khang YH, Khater MM, Khoja AT, Khosravi A, Khosravi MH, Khubchandani J, Kiadaliri AA, Kibret GD, Kidanemariam ZT, Kiirithio DN, Kim D, Kim YE, Kim YJ, Kimokoti RW, Kinfu Y, Kisa A, Kissimova-Skarbek K, Kivimäki M, Knudsen AKS, Kocarnik JM, Kochhar S, Kokubo Y, Kolola T, Kopec JA, Koul PA, Koyanagi A, Kravchenko MA, Krishan K, Kuate Defo B, Kucuk Bicer B, Kumar GA, Kumar M, Kumar P, Kutz MJ, Kuzin I, Kyu HH, Lad DP, Lad SD, Lafranconi A, Lal DK, Lalloo R, Lallukka T, Lam JO, Lami FH, Lansingh VC, Lansky S, Larson HJ, Latifi A, Lau KMM, Lazarus JV, Lebedev G, Lee PH, Leigh J, Leili M, Leshargie CT, Li S, Li Y, Liang J, Lim LL, Lim SS, Limenih MA, Linn S, Liu S, Liu Y, Lodha R, Lonsdale C, Lopez AD, Lorkowski S, Lotufo PA, Lozano R, Lunevicius R, Ma S, Macarayan ERK, Mackay MT, MacLachlan JH, Maddison ER, Madotto F, Magdy Abd El Razek H, Magdy Abd El Razek M, Maghavani DP, Majdan M, Majdzadeh R, Majeed A, Malekzadeh R, Malta DC, Manda AL, Mandarano-Filho LG, Manguerra H, Mansournia MA, Mapoma CC, Marami D, Maravilla JC, Marcenes W, Marczak L, Marks A, Marks GB, Martinez G, Martins-Melo FR, Martopullo I, März W, Marzan MB, Masci JR, Massenburg BB, Mathur MR, Mathur P, Matzopoulos R, Maulik PK, Mazidi M, McAlinden C, McGrath JJ, McKee M, McMahon BJ, Mehata S, Mehndiratta MM, Mehrotra R, Mehta KM, Mehta V, Mekonnen TC, Melese A, Melku M, Memiah PTN, Memish ZA, Mendoza W, Mengistu DT, Mengistu G, Mensah GA, Mereta ST, Meretoja A, Meretoja TJ, Mestrovic T, Mezgebe HB, Miazgowski B, Miazgowski T, Millear AI, Miller TR, Miller-Petrie MK, Mini GK, Mirabi P, Mirarefin M, Mirica A, Mirrakhimov EM, Misganaw AT, Mitiku H, Moazen B, Mohammad KA, Mohammadi M, Mohammadifard N, Mohammed MA, Mohammed S, Mohan V, Mokdad AH, Molokhia M, Monasta L, Moradi G, Moradi-Lakeh M, Moradinazar M, Moraga P, Morawska L, Moreno Velásquez I, Morgado-Da-Costa J, Morrison SD, Moschos MM, Mouodi S, Mousavi SM, Muchie KF, Mueller UO, Mukhopadhyay S, Muller K, Mumford JE, Musa J, Musa KI, Mustafa G, Muthupandian S, Nachega JB, Nagel G, Naheed A, Nahvijou A, Naik G, Nair S, Najafi F, Naldi L, Nam HS, Nangia V, Nansseu JR, Nascimento BR, Natarajan G, Neamati N, Negoi I, Negoi RI, Neupane S, Newton CRJ, Ngalesoni FN, Ngunjiri JW, Nguyen AQ, Nguyen G, Nguyen HT, Nguyen HT, Nguyen LH, Nguyen M, Nguyen TH, Nichols E, Ningrum DNA, Nirayo YL, Nixon MR, Nolutshungu N, Nomura S, Norheim OF, Noroozi M, Norrving B, Noubiap JJ, Nouri HR, Nourollahpour Shiadeh M, Nowroozi MR, Nyasulu PS, Odell CM, Ofori-Asenso R, Ogbo FA, Oh IH, Oladimeji O, Olagunju AT, Olivares PR, Olsen HE, Olusanya BO, Olusanya JO, Ong KL, Ong SKS, Oren E, Orpana HM, Ortiz A, Ortiz JR, Otstavnov SS, Øverland S, Owolabi MO, Özdemir R, P A M, Pacella R, Pakhale S, Pakhare AP, Pakpour AH, Pana A, Panda-Jonas S, Pandian JD, Parisi A, Park EK, Parry CDH, Parsian H, Patel S, Pati S, Patton GC, Paturi VR, Paulson KR, Pereira A, Pereira DM, Perico N, Pesudovs K, Petzold M, Phillips MR, Piel FB, Pigott DM, Pillay JD, Pirsaheb M, Pishgar F, Polinder S, Postma MJ, Pourshams A, Poustchi H, Pujar A, Prakash S, Prasad N, Purcell CA, Qorbani M, Quintana H, Quistberg DA, Rade KW, Radfar A, Rafay A, Rafiei A, Rahim F, Rahimi K, Rahimi-Movaghar A, Rahman M, Rahman MHU, Rahman MA, Rai RK, Rajsic S, Ram U, Ranabhat CL, Ranjan P, Rao PC, Rawaf DL, Rawaf S, Razo-García C, Reddy KS, Reiner RC, Reitsma MB, Remuzzi G, Renzaho AMN, Resnikoff S, Rezaei S, Rezaeian S, Rezai MS, Riahi SM, Ribeiro ALP, Rios-Blancas MJ, Roba KT, Roberts NLS, Robinson SR, Roever L, Ronfani L, Roshandel G, Rostami A, Rothenbacher D, Roy A, Rubagotti E, Sachdev PS, Saddik B, Sadeghi E, Safari H, Safdarian M, Safi S, Safiri S, Sagar R, Sahebkar A, Sahraian MA, Salam N, Salama JS, Salamati P, Saldanha RDF, Saleem Z, Salimi Y, Salvi SS, Salz I, Sambala EZ, Samy AM, Sanabria J, Sanchez-Niño MD, Santomauro DF, Santos IS, Santos JV, Milicevic MMS, Sao Jose BP, Sarker AR, Sarmiento-Suárez R, Sarrafzadegan N, Sartorius B, Sarvi S, Sathian B, Satpathy M, Sawant AR, Sawhney M, Saxena S, Sayyah M, Schaeffner E, Schmidt MI, Schneider IJC, Schöttker B, Schutte AE, Schwebel DC, Schwendicke F, Scott JG, Sekerija M, Sepanlou SG, Serván-Mori E, Seyedmousavi S, Shabaninejad H, Shackelford KA, Shafieesabet A, Shahbazi M, Shaheen AA, Shaikh MA, Shams-Beyranvand M, Shamsi M, Shamsizadeh M, Sharafi K, Sharif M, Sharif-Alhoseini M, Sharma R, She J, Sheikh A, Shi P, Shiferaw MS, Shigematsu M, Shiri R, Shirkoohi R, Shiue I, Shokraneh F, Shrime MG, Si S, Siabani S, Siddiqi TJ, Sigfusdottir ID, Sigurvinsdottir R, Silberberg DH, Silva DAS, Silva JP, Silva NTD, Silveira DGA, Singh JA, Singh NP, Singh PK, Singh V, Sinha DN, Sliwa K, Smith M, Sobaih BH, Sobhani S, Sobngwi E, Soneji SS, Soofi M, Sorensen RJD, Soriano JB, Soyiri IN, Sposato LA, Sreeramareddy CT, Srinivasan V, Stanaway JD, Starodubov VI, Stathopoulou V, Stein DJ, Steiner C, Stewart LG, Stokes MA, Subart ML, Sudaryanto A, Sufiyan MB, Sur PJ, Sutradhar I, Sykes BL, Sylaja PN, Sylte DO, Szoeke CEI, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tabuchi T, Tadakamadla SK, Takahashi K, Tandon N, Tassew SG, Taveira N, Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Tekalign TG, Tekle MG, Temsah MH, Temsah O, Terkawi AS, Teshale MY, Tessema B, Tessema GA, Thankappan KR, Thirunavukkarasu S, Thomas N, Thrift AG, Thurston GD, Tilahun B, To QG, Tobe-Gai R, Tonelli M, Topor-Madry R, Torre AE, Tortajada-Girbés M, Touvier M, Tovani-Palone MR, Tran BX, Tran KB, Tripathi S, Troeger CE, Truelsen TC, Truong NT, Tsadik AG, Tsoi D, Tudor Car L, Tuzcu EM, Tyrovolas S, Ukwaja KN, Ullah I, Undurraga EA, Updike RL, Usman MS, Uthman OA, Uzun SB, Vaduganathan M, Vaezi A, Vaidya G, Valdez PR, Varavikova E, Vasankari TJ, Venketasubramanian N, Villafaina S, Violante FS, Vladimirov SK, Vlassov V, Vollset SE, Vos T, Wagner GR, Wagnew FS, Waheed Y, Wallin MT, Walson JL, Wang Y, Wang YP, Wassie MM, Weiderpass E, Weintraub RG, Weldegebreal F, Weldegwergs KG, Werdecker A, Werkneh AA, West TE, Westerman R, Whiteford HA, Widecka J, Wilner LB, Wilson S, Winkler AS, Wiysonge CS, Wolfe CDA, Wu S, Wu YC, Wyper GMA, Xavier D, Xu G, Yadgir S, Yadollahpour A, Yahyazadeh Jabbari SH, Yakob B, Yan LL, Yano Y, Yaseri M, Yasin YJ, Yentür GK, Yeshaneh A, Yimer EM, Yip P, Yirsaw BD, Yisma E, Yonemoto N, Yonga G, Yoon SJ, Yotebieng M, Younis MZ, Yousefifard M, Yu C, Zadnik V, Zaidi Z, Zaman SB, Zamani M, Zare Z, Zeleke AJ, Zenebe ZM, Zhang AL, Zhang K, Zhou M, Zodpey S, Zuhlke LJ, Naghavi M, Murray CJL. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2018; 392:1736-1788. [PMID: 30496103 PMCID: PMC6227606 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736%2818%2932203-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global development goals increasingly rely on country-specific estimates for benchmarking a nation's progress. To meet this need, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 estimated global, regional, national, and, for selected locations, subnational cause-specific mortality beginning in the year 1980. Here we report an update to that study, making use of newly available data and improved methods. GBD 2017 provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 282 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2017. METHODS The causes of death database is composed of vital registration (VR), verbal autopsy (VA), registry, survey, police, and surveillance data. GBD 2017 added ten VA studies, 127 country-years of VR data, 502 cancer-registry country-years, and an additional surveillance country-year. Expansions of the GBD cause of death hierarchy resulted in 18 additional causes estimated for GBD 2017. Newly available data led to subnational estimates for five additional countries-Ethiopia, Iran, New Zealand, Norway, and Russia. Deaths assigned International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes for non-specific, implausible, or intermediate causes of death were reassigned to underlying causes by redistribution algorithms that were incorporated into uncertainty estimation. We used statistical modelling tools developed for GBD, including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm), to generate cause fractions and cause-specific death rates for each location, year, age, and sex. Instead of using UN estimates as in previous versions, GBD 2017 independently estimated population size and fertility rate for all locations. Years of life lost (YLLs) were then calculated as the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. All rates reported here are age-standardised. FINDINGS At the broadest grouping of causes of death (Level 1), non-communicable diseases (NCDs) comprised the greatest fraction of deaths, contributing to 73·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 72·5-74·1) of total deaths in 2017, while communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) causes accounted for 18·6% (17·9-19·6), and injuries 8·0% (7·7-8·2). Total numbers of deaths from NCD causes increased from 2007 to 2017 by 22·7% (21·5-23·9), representing an additional 7·61 million (7·20-8·01) deaths estimated in 2017 versus 2007. The death rate from NCDs decreased globally by 7·9% (7·0-8·8). The number of deaths for CMNN causes decreased by 22·2% (20·0-24·0) and the death rate by 31·8% (30·1-33·3). Total deaths from injuries increased by 2·3% (0·5-4·0) between 2007 and 2017, and the death rate from injuries decreased by 13·7% (12·2-15·1) to 57·9 deaths (55·9-59·2) per 100 000 in 2017. Deaths from substance use disorders also increased, rising from 284 000 deaths (268 000-289 000) globally in 2007 to 352 000 (334 000-363 000) in 2017. Between 2007 and 2017, total deaths from conflict and terrorism increased by 118·0% (88·8-148·6). A greater reduction in total deaths and death rates was observed for some CMNN causes among children younger than 5 years than for older adults, such as a 36·4% (32·2-40·6) reduction in deaths from lower respiratory infections for children younger than 5 years compared with a 33·6% (31·2-36·1) increase in adults older than 70 years. Globally, the number of deaths was greater for men than for women at most ages in 2017, except at ages older than 85 years. Trends in global YLLs reflect an epidemiological transition, with decreases in total YLLs from enteric infections, respiratory infections and tuberculosis, and maternal and neonatal disorders between 1990 and 2017; these were generally greater in magnitude at the lowest levels of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). At the same time, there were large increases in YLLs from neoplasms and cardiovascular diseases. YLL rates decreased across the five leading Level 2 causes in all SDI quintiles. The leading causes of YLLs in 1990-neonatal disorders, lower respiratory infections, and diarrhoeal diseases-were ranked second, fourth, and fifth, in 2017. Meanwhile, estimated YLLs increased for ischaemic heart disease (ranked first in 2017) and stroke (ranked third), even though YLL rates decreased. Population growth contributed to increased total deaths across the 20 leading Level 2 causes of mortality between 2007 and 2017. Decreases in the cause-specific mortality rate reduced the effect of population growth for all but three causes: substance use disorders, neurological disorders, and skin and subcutaneous diseases. INTERPRETATION Improvements in global health have been unevenly distributed among populations. Deaths due to injuries, substance use disorders, armed conflict and terrorism, neoplasms, and cardiovascular disease are expanding threats to global health. For causes of death such as lower respiratory and enteric infections, more rapid progress occurred for children than for the oldest adults, and there is continuing disparity in mortality rates by sex across age groups. Reductions in the death rate of some common diseases are themselves slowing or have ceased, primarily for NCDs, and the death rate for selected causes has increased in the past decade. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Lozano R, Fullman N, Abate D, Abay SM, Abbafati C, Abbasi N, Abbastabar H, Abd-Allah F, Abdela J, Abdelalim A, Abdel-Rahman O, Abdi A, Abdollahpour I, Abdulkader RS, Abebe ND, Abebe Z, Abejie AN, Abera SF, Abil OZ, Aboyans V, Abraha HN, Abrham AR, Abu-Raddad LJ, Abu-Rmeileh NM, Abyu GY, Accrombessi MMK, Acharya D, Acharya P, Adamu AA, Adebayo OM, Adedeji IA, Adedoyin RA, Adekanmbi V, Adetokunboh OO, Adhena BM, Adhikari TB, Adib MG, Adou AK, Adsuar JC, Afarideh M, Afshari M, Afshin A, Agarwal G, Aghayan SA, Agius D, Agrawal A, Agrawal S, Ahmadi A, Ahmadi M, Ahmadieh H, Ahmed MB, Ahmed S, Akalu TY, Akanda AS, Akbari ME, Akibu M, Akinyemi RO, Akinyemiju T, Akseer N, Alahdab F, Al-Aly Z, Alam K, Alam T, Albujeer A, Alebel A, Alene KA, Al-Eyadhy A, Alhabib S, Ali R, Alijanzadeh M, Alizadeh-Navaei R, Aljunid SM, Alkerwi A, Alla F, Allebeck P, Allen CA, Almasi A, Al-Maskari F, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Alonso J, Al-Raddadi RM, Alsharif U, Altirkawi K, Alvis-Guzman N, Amare AT, Amenu K, Amini E, Ammar 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Zucker I, Zuhlke LJJ, Lim SS, Murray CJL. Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2018; 392:2091-2138. [PMID: 30496107 PMCID: PMC6227911 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32281-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of "leaving no one behind", it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990-2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. METHODS We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. FINDINGS The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59·4 (IQR 35·4-67·3), ranging from a low of 11·6 (95% uncertainty interval 9·6-14·0) to a high of 84·9 (83·1-86·7). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. INTERPRETATION The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains-curative interventions in the case of NCDs-towards multisectoral, prevention-oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the SDGs. What is clear is that our actions-or inaction-today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Stanaway JD, Afshin A, Gakidou E, Lim SS, Abate D, Abate KH, Abbafati C, Abbasi N, Abbastabar H, Abd-Allah F, Abdela J, Abdelalim A, Abdollahpour I, Abdulkader RS, Abebe M, Abebe Z, Abera SF, Abil OZ, Abraha HN, Abrham AR, Abu-Raddad LJ, Abu-Rmeileh NME, Accrombessi MMK, Acharya D, Acharya P, Adamu AA, Adane AA, Adebayo OM, Adedoyin RA, Adekanmbi V, Ademi Z, Adetokunboh OO, Adib MG, Admasie A, Adsuar JC, Afanvi KA, Afarideh M, Agarwal G, Aggarwal A, Aghayan SA, Agrawal A, Agrawal S, Ahmadi A, Ahmadi M, Ahmadieh H, Ahmed MB, Aichour AN, Aichour I, Aichour MTE, Akbari ME, Akinyemiju T, Akseer N, Al-Aly Z, Al-Eyadhy A, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Alahdab F, Alam K, Alam S, Alam T, Alashi A, Alavian SM, Alene KA, Ali K, Ali SM, Alijanzadeh M, Alizadeh-Navaei R, Aljunid SM, Alkerwi A, Alla F, Alsharif U, Altirkawi K, Alvis-Guzman N, Amare AT, Ammar W, Anber NH, Anderson JA, Andrei CL, Androudi S, Animut MD, Anjomshoa M, Ansha MG, Antó JM, Antonio CAT, Anwari P, Appiah LT, Appiah SCY, Arabloo J, Aremu O, Ärnlöv J, Artaman A, Aryal KK, Asayesh H, Ataro Z, Ausloos M, Avokpaho EFGA, Awasthi A, Ayala Quintanilla BP, Ayer R, Ayuk TB, Azzopardi PS, Babazadeh A, Badali H, Badawi A, Balakrishnan K, Bali AG, Ball K, Ballew SH, Banach M, Banoub JAM, Barac A, Barker-Collo SL, Bärnighausen TW, Barrero LH, Basu S, Baune BT, Bazargan-Hejazi S, Bedi N, Beghi E, Behzadifar M, Behzadifar M, Béjot Y, Bekele BB, Bekru ET, Belay E, Belay YA, Bell ML, Bello AK, Bennett DA, Bensenor IM, Bergeron G, Berhane A, Bernabe E, Bernstein RS, Beuran M, Beyranvand T, Bhala N, Bhalla A, Bhattarai S, Bhutta ZA, Biadgo B, Bijani A, Bikbov B, Bilano V, Bililign N, Bin Sayeed MS, Bisanzio D, Biswas T, Bjørge T, Blacker BF, Bleyer A, Borschmann R, Bou-Orm IR, Boufous S, Bourne R, Brady OJ, Brauer M, Brazinova A, Breitborde NJK, Brenner H, Briko AN, Britton G, Brugha T, Buchbinder R, Burnett RT, Busse R, Butt ZA, Cahill LE, Cahuana-Hurtado L, Campos-Nonato IR, Cárdenas R, Carreras G, Carrero JJ, Carvalho F, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Castillo Rivas J, Castro F, Catalá-López F, Causey K, Cercy KM, Cerin E, Chaiah Y, Chang HY, Chang JC, Chang KL, Charlson FJ, Chattopadhyay A, Chattu VK, Chee ML, Cheng CY, Chew A, Chiang PPC, Chimed-Ochir O, Chin KL, Chitheer A, Choi JYJ, Chowdhury R, Christensen H, Christopher DJ, Chung SC, Cicuttini FM, Cirillo M, Cohen AJ, Collado-Mateo D, Cooper C, Cooper OR, Coresh J, Cornaby L, Cortesi PA, Cortinovis M, Costa M, Cousin E, Criqui MH, Cromwell EA, Cundiff DK, Daba AK, Dachew BA, Dadi AF, Damasceno AAM, Dandona L, Dandona R, Darby SC, Dargan PI, Daryani A, Das Gupta R, Das Neves J, Dasa TT, Dash AP, Davitoiu DV, Davletov K, De la Cruz-Góngora V, De La Hoz FP, De Leo D, De Neve JW, Degenhardt L, Deiparine S, Dellavalle RP, Demoz GT, Denova-Gutiérrez E, Deribe K, Dervenis N, Deshpande A, Des Jarlais DC, Dessie GA, Deveber GA, Dey S, Dharmaratne SD, Dhimal M, Dinberu MT, Ding EL, Diro HD, Djalalinia S, Do HP, Dokova K, Doku DT, Doyle KE, Driscoll TR, Dubey M, Dubljanin E, Duken EE, Duncan BB, Duraes AR, Ebert N, Ebrahimi H, Ebrahimpour S, Edvardsson D, Effiong A, Eggen AE, El Bcheraoui C, El-Khatib Z, Elyazar IR, Enayati A, Endries AY, Er B, Erskine HE, Eskandarieh S, Esteghamati A, Estep K, Fakhim H, Faramarzi M, Fareed M, Farid TA, Farinha CSES, Farioli A, Faro A, Farvid MS, Farzaei MH, Fatima B, Fay KA, Fazaeli AA, Feigin VL, Feigl AB, Fereshtehnejad SM, Fernandes E, Fernandes JC, Ferrara G, Ferrari AJ, Ferreira ML, Filip I, Finger JD, Fischer F, Foigt NA, Foreman KJ, Fukumoto T, Fullman N, Fürst T, Furtado JM, Futran ND, Gall S, Gallus S, Gamkrelidze A, Ganji M, Garcia-Basteiro AL, Gardner WM, Gebre AK, Gebremedhin AT, Gebremichael TG, Gelano TF, Geleijnse JM, Geramo YCD, Gething PW, Gezae KE, Ghadimi R, Ghadiri K, Ghasemi Falavarjani K, Ghasemi-Kasman M, Ghimire M, Ghosh R, Ghoshal AG, Giampaoli S, Gill PS, Gill TK, Gillum RF, Ginawi IA, Giussani G, Gnedovskaya EV, Godwin WW, Goli S, Gómez-Dantés H, Gona PN, Gopalani SV, Goulart AC, Grada A, Grams ME, Grosso G, Gugnani HC, Guo Y, Gupta R, Gupta R, Gupta T, Gutiérrez RA, Gutiérrez-Torres DS, Haagsma JA, Habtewold TD, Hachinski V, Hafezi-Nejad N, Hagos TB, Hailegiyorgis TT, Hailu GB, Haj-Mirzaian A, Haj-Mirzaian A, Hamadeh RR, Hamidi S, Handal AJ, Hankey GJ, Hao Y, Harb HL, Harikrishnan S, Haro JM, Hassankhani H, Hassen HY, Havmoeller R, Hawley CN, Hay SI, Hedayatizadeh-Omran A, Heibati B, Heidari B, Heidari M, Hendrie D, Henok A, Heredia-Pi I, Herteliu C, Heydarpour F, Heydarpour S, Hibstu DT, Higazi TB, Hilawe EH, Hoek HW, Hoffman HJ, Hole MK, Homaie Rad E, Hoogar P, Hosgood HD, Hosseini SM, Hosseinzadeh M, Hostiuc M, Hostiuc S, Hoy DG, Hsairi M, Hsiao T, Hu G, Hu H, Huang JJ, Hussen MA, Huynh CK, Iburg KM, Ikeda N, Ilesanmi OS, Iqbal U, Irvani SSN, Irvine CMS, Islam SMS, Islami F, Jackson MD, Jacobsen KH, Jahangiry L, Jahanmehr N, Jain SK, Jakovljevic M, James SL, Jassal SK, Jayatilleke AU, Jeemon P, Jha RP, Jha V, Ji JS, Jonas JB, Jonnagaddala J, Jorjoran Shushtari Z, Joshi A, Jozwiak JJ, Jürisson M, Kabir Z, Kahsay A, Kalani R, Kanchan T, Kant S, Kar C, Karami M, Karami Matin B, Karch A, Karema C, Karimi N, Karimi SM, Kasaeian A, Kassa DH, Kassa GM, Kassa TD, Kassebaum NJ, Katikireddi SV, Kaul A, Kawakami N, Kazemi Z, Karyani AK, Kefale AT, Keiyoro PN, Kemp GR, Kengne AP, Keren A, Kesavachandran CN, Khader YS, Khafaei B, Khafaie MA, Khajavi A, Khalid N, Khalil IA, Khan G, Khan MS, Khan MA, Khang YH, Khater MM, Khazaei M, Khazaie H, Khoja AT, Khosravi A, Khosravi MH, Kiadaliri AA, Kiirithio DN, Kim CI, Kim D, Kim YE, Kim YJ, Kimokoti RW, Kinfu Y, Kisa A, Kissimova-Skarbek K, Kivimäki M, Knibbs LD, Knudsen AKS, Kochhar S, Kokubo Y, Kolola T, Kopec JA, Kosen S, Koul PA, Koyanagi A, Kravchenko MA, Krishan K, Krohn KJ, Kromhout H, Kuate Defo B, Kucuk Bicer B, Kumar GA, Kumar M, Kuzin I, Kyu HH, Lachat C, Lad DP, Lad SD, Lafranconi A, Lalloo R, Lallukka T, Lami FH, Lang JJ, Lansingh VC, Larson SL, Latifi A, Lazarus JV, Lee PH, Leigh J, Leili M, Leshargie CT, Leung J, Levi M, Lewycka S, Li S, Li Y, Liang J, Liang X, Liao Y, Liben ML, Lim LL, Linn S, Liu S, Lodha R, Logroscino G, Lopez AD, Lorkowski S, Lotufo PA, Lozano R, Lucas TCD, Lunevicius R, Ma S, Macarayan ERK, Machado ÍE, Madotto F, Mai HT, Majdan M, Majdzadeh R, Majeed A, Malekzadeh R, Malta DC, Mamun AA, Manda AL, Manguerra H, Mansournia MA, Mantovani LG, Maravilla JC, Marcenes W, Marks A, Martin RV, Martins SCO, Martins-Melo FR, März W, Marzan MB, Massenburg BB, Mathur MR, Mathur P, Matsushita K, Maulik PK, Mazidi M, McAlinden C, McGrath JJ, McKee M, Mehrotra R, Mehta KM, Mehta V, Meier T, Mekonnen FA, Melaku YA, Melese A, Melku M, Memiah PTN, Memish ZA, Mendoza W, Mengistu DT, Mensah GA, Mensink GBM, Mereta ST, Meretoja A, Meretoja TJ, Mestrovic T, Mezgebe HB, Miazgowski B, Miazgowski T, Millear AI, Miller TR, Miller-Petrie MK, Mini GK, Mirarefin M, Mirica A, Mirrakhimov EM, Misganaw AT, Mitiku H, Moazen B, Mohajer B, Mohammad KA, Mohammadi M, Mohammadifard N, Mohammadnia-Afrouzi M, Mohammed S, Mohebi F, Mokdad AH, Molokhia M, Momeniha F, Monasta L, Moodley Y, Moradi G, Moradi-Lakeh M, Moradinazar M, Moraga P, Morawska L, Morgado-Da-Costa J, Morrison SD, Moschos MM, Mouodi S, Mousavi SM, Mozaffarian D, Mruts KB, Muche AA, Muchie KF, Mueller UO, Muhammed OS, Mukhopadhyay S, Muller K, Musa KI, Mustafa G, Nabhan AF, Naghavi M, Naheed A, Nahvijou A, Naik G, Naik N, Najafi F, Nangia V, Nansseu JR, Nascimento BR, Neal B, Neamati N, Negoi I, Negoi RI, Neupane S, Newton CRJ, Ngunjiri JW, Nguyen AQ, Nguyen G, Nguyen HT, Nguyen HLT, Nguyen HT, Nguyen M, Nguyen NB, Nichols E, Nie J, Ningrum DNA, Nirayo YL, Nishi N, Nixon MR, Nojomi M, Nomura S, Norheim OF, Noroozi M, Norrving B, Noubiap JJ, Nouri HR, Nourollahpour Shiadeh M, Nowroozi MR, Nsoesie EO, Nyasulu PS, Obermeyer CM, Odell CM, Ofori-Asenso R, Ogbo FA, Oh IH, Oladimeji O, Olagunju AT, Olagunju TO, Olivares PR, Olsen HE, Olusanya BO, Olusanya JO, Ong KL, Ong SK, Oren E, Orpana HM, Ortiz A, Ota E, Otstavnov SS, Øverland S, Owolabi MO, P A M, Pacella R, Pakhare AP, Pakpour AH, Pana A, Panda-Jonas S, Park EK, Parry CDH, Parsian H, Patel S, Pati S, Patil ST, Patle A, Patton GC, Paudel D, Paulson KR, Paz Ballesteros WC, Pearce N, Pereira A, Pereira DM, Perico N, Pesudovs K, Petzold M, Pham HQ, Phillips MR, Pillay JD, Piradov MA, Pirsaheb M, Pischon T, Pishgar F, Plana-Ripoll O, Plass D, Polinder S, Polkinghorne KR, Postma MJ, Poulton R, Pourshams A, Poustchi H, Prabhakaran D, Prakash S, Prasad N, Purcell CA, Purwar MB, Qorbani M, Radfar A, Rafay A, Rafiei A, Rahim F, Rahimi Z, Rahimi-Movaghar A, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman M, Rahman MHU, Rahman MA, Rai RK, Rajati F, Rajsic S, Raju SB, Ram U, Ranabhat CL, Ranjan P, Rath GK, Rawaf DL, Rawaf S, Reddy KS, Rehm CD, Rehm J, Reiner RC, Reitsma MB, Remuzzi G, Renzaho AMN, Resnikoff S, Reynales-Shigematsu LM, Rezaei S, Ribeiro ALP, Rivera JA, Roba KT, Rodríguez-Ramírez S, Roever L, Román Y, Ronfani L, Roshandel G, Rostami A, Roth GA, Rothenbacher D, Roy A, Rubagotti E, Rushton L, Sabanayagam C, Sachdev PS, Saddik B, Sadeghi E, Saeedi Moghaddam S, Safari H, Safari Y, Safari-Faramani R, Safdarian M, Safi S, Safiri S, Sagar R, Sahebkar A, Sahraian MA, Sajadi HS, Salam N, Salamati P, Saleem Z, Salimi Y, Salimzadeh H, Salomon JA, Salvi DD, Salz I, Samy AM, Sanabria J, Sanchez-Niño MD, Sánchez-Pimienta TG, Sanders T, Sang Y, Santomauro DF, Santos IS, Santos JV, Santric Milicevic MM, Sao Jose BP, Sardana M, Sarker AR, Sarmiento-Suárez R, Sarrafzadegan N, Sartorius B, Sarvi S, Sathian B, Satpathy M, Sawant AR, Sawhney M, Saylan M, Sayyah M, Schaeffner E, Schmidt MI, Schneider IJC, Schöttker B, Schutte AE, Schwebel DC, Schwendicke F, Scott JG, Seedat S, Sekerija M, Sepanlou SG, Serre ML, Serván-Mori E, Seyedmousavi S, Shabaninejad H, Shaddick G, Shafieesabet A, Shahbazi M, Shaheen AA, Shaikh MA, Shamah Levy T, Shams-Beyranvand M, Shamsi M, Sharafi H, Sharafi K, Sharif M, Sharif-Alhoseini M, Sharifi H, Sharma J, Sharma M, Sharma R, She J, Sheikh A, Shi P, Shibuya K, Shiferaw MS, Shigematsu M, Shin MJ, Shiri R, Shirkoohi R, Shiue I, Shokraneh F, Shoman H, Shrime MG, Shupler MS, Si S, Siabani S, Sibai AM, Siddiqi TJ, Sigfusdottir ID, Sigurvinsdottir R, Silva DAS, Silva JP, Silveira DGA, Singh JA, Singh NP, Singh V, Sinha DN, Skiadaresi E, Skirbekk V, Smith DL, Smith M, Sobaih BH, Sobhani S, Somayaji R, Soofi M, Sorensen RJD, Soriano JB, Soyiri IN, Spinelli A, Sposato LA, Sreeramareddy CT, Srinivasan V, Starodubov VI, Steckling N, Stein DJ, Stein MB, Stevanovic G, Stockfelt L, Stokes MA, Sturua L, Subart ML, Sudaryanto A, Sufiyan MB, Sulo G, Sunguya BF, Sur PJ, Sykes BL, Szoeke CEI, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tabuchi T, Tadakamadla SK, Takahashi K, Tandon N, Tassew SG, Tavakkoli M, Taveira N, Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Tekalign TG, Tekelemedhin SW, Tekle MG, Temesgen H, Temsah MH, Temsah O, Terkawi AS, Tessema B, Teweldemedhin M, Thankappan KR, Theis A, Thirunavukkarasu S, Thomas HJ, Thomas ML, Thomas N, Thurston GD, Tilahun B, Tillmann T, To QG, Tobollik M, Tonelli M, Topor-Madry R, Torre AE, Tortajada-Girbés M, Touvier M, Tovani-Palone MR, Towbin JA, Tran BX, Tran KB, Truelsen TC, Truong NT, Tsadik AG, Tudor Car L, Tuzcu EM, Tymeson HD, Tyrovolas S, Ukwaja KN, Ullah I, Updike RL, Usman MS, Uthman OA, Vaduganathan M, Vaezi A, Valdez PR, Van Donkelaar A, Varavikova E, Varughese S, Vasankari TJ, Venkateswaran V, Venketasubramanian N, Villafaina S, Violante FS, Vladimirov SK, Vlassov V, Vollset SE, Vos T, Vosoughi K, Vu GT, Vujcic IS, Wagnew FS, Waheed Y, Waller SG, Walson JL, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wang YP, Weiderpass E, Weintraub RG, Weldegebreal F, Werdecker A, Werkneh AA, West JJ, Westerman R, Whiteford HA, Widecka J, Wijeratne T, Winkler AS, Wiyeh AB, Wiysonge CS, Wolfe CDA, Wong TY, Wu S, Xavier D, Xu G, Yadgir S, Yadollahpour A, Yahyazadeh Jabbari SH, Yamada T, Yan LL, Yano Y, Yaseri M, Yasin YJ, Yeshaneh A, Yimer EM, Yip P, Yisma E, Yonemoto N, Yoon SJ, Yotebieng M, Younis MZ, Yousefifard M, Yu C, Zaidi Z, Zaman SB, Zamani M, Zavala-Arciniega L, Zhang AL, Zhang H, Zhang K, Zhou M, Zimsen SRM, Zodpey S, Murray CJL. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2018; 392:1923-1994. [PMID: 30496105 PMCID: PMC6227755 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32225-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2618] [Impact Index Per Article: 436.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk-outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk-outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk-outcome associations. METHODS We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017. FINDINGS In 2017, 34·1 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 33·3-35·0) deaths and 1·21 billion (1·14-1·28) DALYs were attributable to GBD risk factors. Globally, 61·0% (59·6-62·4) of deaths and 48·3% (46·3-50·2) of DALYs were attributed to the GBD 2017 risk factors. When ranked by risk-attributable DALYs, high systolic blood pressure (SBP) was the leading risk factor, accounting for 10·4 million (9·39-11·5) deaths and 218 million (198-237) DALYs, followed by smoking (7·10 million [6·83-7·37] deaths and 182 million [173-193] DALYs), high fasting plasma glucose (6·53 million [5·23-8·23] deaths and 171 million [144-201] DALYs), high body-mass index (BMI; 4·72 million [2·99-6·70] deaths and 148 million [98·6-202] DALYs), and short gestation for birthweight (1·43 million [1·36-1·51] deaths and 139 million [131-147] DALYs). In total, risk-attributable DALYs declined by 4·9% (3·3-6·5) between 2007 and 2017. In the absence of demographic changes (ie, population growth and ageing), changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs would have led to a 23·5% decline in DALYs during that period. Conversely, in the absence of changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs, demographic changes would have led to an 18·6% increase in DALYs during that period. The ratios of observed risk exposure levels to exposure levels expected based on SDI (O/E ratios) increased globally for unsafe drinking water and household air pollution between 1990 and 2017. This result suggests that development is occurring more rapidly than are changes in the underlying risk structure in a population. Conversely, nearly universal declines in O/E ratios for smoking and alcohol use indicate that, for a given SDI, exposure to these risks is declining. In 2017, the leading Level 4 risk factor for age-standardised DALY rates was high SBP in four super-regions: central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia; north Africa and Middle East; south Asia; and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania. The leading risk factor in the high-income super-region was smoking, in Latin America and Caribbean was high BMI, and in sub-Saharan Africa was unsafe sex. O/E ratios for unsafe sex in sub-Saharan Africa were notably high, and those for alcohol use in north Africa and the Middle East were notably low. INTERPRETATION By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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James SL, Abate D, Abate KH, Abay SM, Abbafati C, Abbasi N, Abbastabar H, Abd-Allah F, Abdela J, Abdelalim A, Abdollahpour I, Abdulkader RS, Abebe Z, Abera SF, Abil OZ, Abraha HN, Abu-Raddad LJ, Abu-Rmeileh NME, Accrombessi MMK, Acharya D, Acharya P, Ackerman IN, Adamu AA, Adebayo OM, Adekanmbi V, Adetokunboh OO, Adib MG, Adsuar JC, Afanvi KA, Afarideh M, Afshin A, Agarwal G, Agesa KM, Aggarwal R, Aghayan SA, Agrawal S, Ahmadi A, Ahmadi M, Ahmadieh H, Ahmed MB, Aichour AN, Aichour I, Aichour MTE, Akinyemiju T, Akseer N, Al-Aly Z, Al-Eyadhy A, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Al-Raddadi RM, Alahdab F, Alam K, Alam T, Alashi A, Alavian SM, Alene KA, Alijanzadeh M, Alizadeh-Navaei R, Aljunid SM, Alkerwi A, Alla F, Allebeck P, Alouani MML, Altirkawi K, Alvis-Guzman N, Amare AT, Aminde LN, Ammar W, Amoako YA, Anber NH, Andrei CL, Androudi S, Animut MD, Anjomshoa M, Ansha MG, Antonio CAT, Anwari P, Arabloo J, Arauz A, Aremu O, Ariani F, Armoon B, Ärnlöv J, Arora A, Artaman A, Aryal KK, Asayesh H, Asghar RJ, Ataro Z, Atre SR, Ausloos M, Avila-Burgos L, Avokpaho EFGA, Awasthi A, Ayala Quintanilla BP, Ayer R, Azzopardi PS, Babazadeh A, Badali H, Badawi A, Bali AG, Ballesteros KE, Ballew SH, Banach M, Banoub JAM, Banstola A, Barac A, Barboza MA, Barker-Collo SL, Bärnighausen TW, Barrero LH, Baune BT, Bazargan-Hejazi S, Bedi N, Beghi E, Behzadifar M, Behzadifar M, Béjot Y, Belachew AB, Belay YA, Bell ML, Bello AK, Bensenor IM, Bernabe E, Bernstein RS, Beuran M, Beyranvand T, Bhala N, Bhattarai S, Bhaumik S, Bhutta ZA, Biadgo B, Bijani A, Bikbov B, Bilano V, Bililign N, Bin Sayeed MS, Bisanzio D, Blacker BF, Blyth FM, Bou-Orm IR, Boufous S, Bourne R, Brady OJ, Brainin M, Brant LC, Brazinova A, Breitborde NJK, Brenner H, Briant PS, Briggs AM, Briko AN, Britton G, Brugha T, Buchbinder R, Busse R, Butt ZA, Cahuana-Hurtado L, Cano J, Cárdenas R, Carrero JJ, Carter A, Carvalho F, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Castillo Rivas J, Castro F, Catalá-López F, Cercy KM, Cerin E, Chaiah Y, Chang AR, Chang HY, Chang JC, Charlson FJ, Chattopadhyay A, Chattu VK, Chaturvedi P, Chiang PPC, Chin KL, Chitheer A, Choi JYJ, Chowdhury R, Christensen H, Christopher DJ, Cicuttini FM, Ciobanu LG, Cirillo M, Claro RM, Collado-Mateo D, Cooper C, Coresh J, Cortesi PA, Cortinovis M, Costa M, Cousin E, Criqui MH, Cromwell EA, Cross M, Crump JA, Dadi AF, Dandona L, Dandona R, Dargan PI, Daryani A, Das Gupta R, Das Neves J, Dasa TT, Davey G, Davis AC, Davitoiu DV, De Courten B, De La Hoz FP, De Leo D, De Neve JW, Degefa MG, Degenhardt L, Deiparine S, Dellavalle RP, Demoz GT, Deribe K, Dervenis N, Des Jarlais DC, Dessie GA, Dey S, Dharmaratne SD, Dinberu MT, Dirac MA, Djalalinia S, Doan L, Dokova K, Doku DT, Dorsey ER, Doyle KE, Driscoll TR, Dubey M, Dubljanin E, Duken EE, Duncan BB, Duraes AR, Ebrahimi H, Ebrahimpour S, Echko MM, Edvardsson D, Effiong A, Ehrlich JR, El Bcheraoui C, El Sayed Zaki M, El-Khatib Z, Elkout H, Elyazar IRF, Enayati A, Endries AY, Er B, Erskine HE, Eshrati B, Eskandarieh S, Esteghamati A, Esteghamati S, Fakhim H, Fallah Omrani V, Faramarzi M, Fareed M, Farhadi F, Farid TA, Farinha CSES, Farioli A, Faro A, Farvid MS, Farzadfar F, Feigin VL, Fentahun N, Fereshtehnejad SM, Fernandes E, Fernandes JC, Ferrari AJ, Feyissa GT, Filip I, Fischer F, Fitzmaurice C, Foigt NA, Foreman KJ, Fox J, Frank TD, Fukumoto T, Fullman N, Fürst T, Furtado JM, Futran ND, Gall S, Ganji M, Gankpe FG, Garcia-Basteiro AL, Gardner WM, Gebre AK, Gebremedhin AT, Gebremichael TG, Gelano TF, Geleijnse JM, Genova-Maleras R, Geramo YCD, Gething PW, Gezae KE, Ghadiri K, Ghasemi Falavarjani K, Ghasemi-Kasman M, Ghimire M, Ghosh R, Ghoshal AG, Giampaoli S, Gill PS, Gill TK, Ginawi IA, Giussani G, Gnedovskaya EV, Goldberg EM, Goli S, Gómez-Dantés H, Gona PN, Gopalani SV, Gorman TM, Goulart AC, Goulart BNG, Grada A, Grams ME, Grosso G, Gugnani HC, Guo Y, Gupta PC, Gupta R, Gupta R, Gupta T, Gyawali B, Haagsma JA, Hachinski V, Hafezi-Nejad N, Haghparast Bidgoli H, Hagos TB, Hailu GB, Haj-Mirzaian A, Haj-Mirzaian A, Hamadeh RR, Hamidi S, Handal AJ, Hankey GJ, Hao Y, Harb HL, Harikrishnan S, Haro JM, Hasan M, Hassankhani H, Hassen HY, Havmoeller R, Hawley CN, Hay RJ, Hay SI, Hedayatizadeh-Omran A, Heibati B, Hendrie D, Henok A, Herteliu C, Heydarpour S, Hibstu DT, Hoang HT, Hoek HW, Hoffman HJ, Hole MK, Homaie Rad E, Hoogar P, Hosgood HD, Hosseini SM, Hosseinzadeh M, Hostiuc M, Hostiuc S, Hotez PJ, Hoy DG, Hsairi M, Htet AS, Hu G, Huang JJ, Huynh CK, Iburg KM, Ikeda CT, Ileanu B, Ilesanmi OS, Iqbal U, Irvani SSN, Irvine CMS, Islam SMS, Islami F, Jacobsen KH, Jahangiry L, Jahanmehr N, Jain SK, Jakovljevic M, Javanbakht M, Jayatilleke AU, Jeemon P, Jha RP, Jha V, Ji JS, Johnson CO, Jonas JB, Jozwiak JJ, Jungari SB, Jürisson M, Kabir Z, Kadel R, Kahsay A, Kalani R, Kanchan T, Karami M, Karami Matin B, Karch A, Karema C, Karimi N, Karimi SM, Kasaeian A, Kassa DH, Kassa GM, Kassa TD, Kassebaum NJ, Katikireddi SV, Kawakami N, Karyani AK, Keighobadi MM, Keiyoro PN, Kemmer L, Kemp GR, Kengne AP, Keren A, Khader YS, Khafaei B, Khafaie MA, Khajavi A, Khalil IA, Khan EA, Khan MS, Khan MA, Khang YH, Khazaei M, Khoja AT, Khosravi A, Khosravi MH, Kiadaliri AA, Kiirithio DN, Kim CI, Kim D, Kim P, Kim YE, Kim YJ, Kimokoti RW, Kinfu Y, Kisa A, Kissimova-Skarbek K, Kivimäki M, Knudsen AKS, Kocarnik JM, Kochhar S, Kokubo Y, Kolola T, Kopec JA, Kosen S, Kotsakis GA, Koul PA, Koyanagi A, Kravchenko MA, Krishan K, Krohn KJ, Kuate Defo B, Kucuk Bicer B, Kumar GA, Kumar M, Kyu HH, Lad DP, Lad SD, Lafranconi A, Lalloo R, Lallukka T, Lami FH, Lansingh VC, Latifi A, Lau KMM, Lazarus JV, Leasher JL, Ledesma JR, Lee PH, Leigh J, Leung J, Levi M, Lewycka S, Li S, Li Y, Liao Y, Liben ML, Lim LL, Lim SS, Liu S, Lodha R, Looker KJ, Lopez AD, Lorkowski S, Lotufo PA, Low N, Lozano R, Lucas TCD, Lucchesi LR, Lunevicius R, Lyons RA, Ma S, Macarayan ERK, Mackay MT, Madotto F, Magdy Abd El Razek H, Magdy Abd El Razek M, Maghavani DP, Mahotra NB, Mai HT, Majdan M, Majdzadeh R, Majeed A, Malekzadeh R, Malta DC, Mamun AA, Manda AL, Manguerra H, Manhertz T, Mansournia MA, Mantovani LG, Mapoma CC, Maravilla JC, Marcenes W, Marks A, Martins-Melo FR, Martopullo I, März W, Marzan MB, Mashamba-Thompson TP, Massenburg BB, Mathur MR, Matsushita K, Maulik PK, Mazidi M, McAlinden C, McGrath JJ, McKee M, Mehndiratta MM, Mehrotra R, Mehta KM, Mehta V, Mejia-Rodriguez F, Mekonen T, Melese A, Melku M, Meltzer M, Memiah PTN, Memish ZA, Mendoza W, Mengistu DT, Mengistu G, Mensah GA, Mereta ST, Meretoja A, Meretoja TJ, Mestrovic T, Mezerji NMG, Miazgowski B, Miazgowski T, Millear AI, Miller TR, Miltz B, Mini GK, Mirarefin M, Mirrakhimov EM, Misganaw AT, Mitchell PB, Mitiku H, Moazen B, Mohajer B, Mohammad KA, Mohammadifard N, Mohammadnia-Afrouzi M, Mohammed MA, Mohammed S, Mohebi F, Moitra M, Mokdad AH, Molokhia M, Monasta L, Moodley Y, Moosazadeh M, Moradi G, Moradi-Lakeh M, Moradinazar M, Moraga P, Morawska L, Moreno Velásquez I, Morgado-Da-Costa J, Morrison SD, Moschos MM, Mountjoy-Venning WC, Mousavi SM, Mruts KB, Muche AA, Muchie KF, Mueller UO, Muhammed OS, Mukhopadhyay S, Muller K, Mumford JE, Murhekar M, Musa J, Musa KI, Mustafa G, Nabhan AF, Nagata C, Naghavi M, Naheed A, Nahvijou A, Naik G, Naik N, Najafi F, Naldi L, Nam HS, Nangia V, Nansseu JR, Nascimento BR, Natarajan G, Neamati N, Negoi I, Negoi RI, Neupane S, Newton CRJ, Ngunjiri JW, Nguyen AQ, Nguyen HT, Nguyen HLT, Nguyen HT, Nguyen LH, Nguyen M, Nguyen NB, Nguyen SH, Nichols E, Ningrum DNA, Nixon MR, Nolutshungu N, Nomura S, Norheim OF, Noroozi M, Norrving B, Noubiap JJ, Nouri HR, Nourollahpour Shiadeh M, Nowroozi MR, Nsoesie EO, Nyasulu PS, Odell CM, Ofori-Asenso R, Ogbo FA, Oh IH, Oladimeji O, Olagunju AT, Olagunju TO, Olivares PR, Olsen HE, Olusanya BO, Ong KL, Ong SK, Oren E, Ortiz A, Ota E, Otstavnov SS, Øverland S, Owolabi MO, P A M, Pacella R, Pakpour AH, Pana A, Panda-Jonas S, Parisi A, Park EK, Parry CDH, Patel S, Pati S, Patil ST, Patle A, Patton GC, Paturi VR, Paulson KR, Pearce N, Pereira DM, 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Werdecker A, West TE, Whiteford HA, Widecka J, Wijeratne T, Wilner LB, Wilson S, Winkler AS, Wiyeh AB, Wiysonge CS, Wolfe CDA, Woolf AD, Wu S, Wu YC, Wyper GMA, Xavier D, Xu G, Yadgir S, Yadollahpour A, Yahyazadeh Jabbari SH, Yamada T, Yan LL, Yano Y, Yaseri M, Yasin YJ, Yeshaneh A, Yimer EM, Yip P, Yisma E, Yonemoto N, Yoon SJ, Yotebieng M, Younis MZ, Yousefifard M, Yu C, Zadnik V, Zaidi Z, Zaman SB, Zamani M, Zare Z, Zeleke AJ, Zenebe ZM, Zhang K, Zhao Z, Zhou M, Zodpey S, Zucker I, Vos T, Murray CJL. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2018; 392:1789-1858. [PMID: 30496104 PMCID: PMC6227754 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32279-7#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016 has led to an increase in life expectancy, an ageing global population, and an expansion of the non-fatal burden of disease and injury. These studies have also shown how a substantial portion of the world's population experiences non-fatal health loss with considerable heterogeneity among different causes, locations, ages, and sexes. Ongoing objectives of the GBD study include increasing the level of estimation detail, improving analytical strategies, and increasing the amount of high-quality data. METHODS We estimated incidence and prevalence for 354 diseases and injuries and 3484 sequelae. We used an updated and extensive body of literature studies, survey data, surveillance data, inpatient admission records, outpatient visit records, and health insurance claims, and additionally used results from cause of death models to inform estimates using a total of 68 781 data sources. Newly available clinical data from India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Nepal, China, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were incorporated, as well as updated claims data from the USA and new claims data from Taiwan (province of China) and Singapore. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between rates of incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death for each condition. YLDs were estimated as the product of a prevalence estimate and a disability weight for health states of each mutually exclusive sequela, adjusted for comorbidity. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary development indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Additionally, we calculated differences between male and female YLDs to identify divergent trends across sexes. GBD 2017 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting. FINDINGS Globally, for females, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias in both 1990 and 2017. For males, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and tuberculosis including latent tuberculosis infection in both 1990 and 2017. In terms of YLDs, low back pain, headache disorders, and dietary iron deficiency were the leading Level 3 causes of YLD counts in 1990, whereas low back pain, headache disorders, and depressive disorders were the leading causes in 2017 for both sexes combined. All-cause age-standardised YLD rates decreased by 3·9% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1-4·6) from 1990 to 2017; however, the all-age YLD rate increased by 7·2% (6·0-8·4) while the total sum of global YLDs increased from 562 million (421-723) to 853 million (642-1100). The increases for males and females were similar, with increases in all-age YLD rates of 7·9% (6·6-9·2) for males and 6·5% (5·4-7·7) for females. We found significant differences between males and females in terms of age-standardised prevalence estimates for multiple causes. The causes with the greatest relative differences between sexes in 2017 included substance use disorders (3018 cases [95% UI 2782-3252] per 100 000 in males vs s1400 [1279-1524] per 100 000 in females), transport injuries (3322 [3082-3583] vs 2336 [2154-2535]), and self-harm and interpersonal violence (3265 [2943-3630] vs 5643 [5057-6302]). INTERPRETATION Global all-cause age-standardised YLD rates have improved only slightly over a period spanning nearly three decades. However, the magnitude of the non-fatal disease burden has expanded globally, with increasing numbers of people who have a wide spectrum of conditions. A subset of conditions has remained globally pervasive since 1990, whereas other conditions have displayed more dynamic trends, with different ages, sexes, and geographies across the globe experiencing varying burdens and trends of health loss. This study emphasises how global improvements in premature mortality for select conditions have led to older populations with complex and potentially expensive diseases, yet also highlights global achievements in certain domains of disease and injury. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Murray CJL, Callender CSKH, Kulikoff XR, Srinivasan V, Abate D, Abate KH, Abay SM, Abbasi N, Abbastabar H, Abdela J, Abdelalim A, Abdel-Rahman O, Abdi A, Abdoli N, Abdollahpour I, Abdulkader RS, Abebe HT, Abebe M, Abebe Z, Abebo TA, Abejie AN, Aboyans V, Abraha HN, Abreu DMX, Abrham AR, Abu-Raddad LJ, Abu-Rmeileh NME, Accrombessi MMK, Acharya P, Adamu AA, Adebayo OM, Adedeji IA, Adekanmbi V, Adetokunboh OO, Adhena BM, Adhikari TB, Adib MG, Adou AK, Adsuar JC, Afarideh M, Afshin A, Agarwal G, Agesa KM, Aghayan SA, Agrawal S, Ahmadi A, Ahmadi M, Ahmed MB, Ahmed S, Aichour AN, Aichour I, Aichour MTE, Akanda AS, Akbari ME, Akibu M, Akinyemi RO, Akinyemiju T, Akseer N, Alahdab F, Al-Aly Z, Alam K, Alebel A, Aleman AV, Alene KA, Al-Eyadhy A, Ali R, Alijanzadeh M, Alizadeh-Navaei R, Aljunid SM, Alkerwi A, Alla F, Allebeck P, Almasi A, Alonso J, Al-Raddadi RM, Alsharif U, Altirkawi K, Alvis-Guzman N, Amare AT, Ammar W, Anber NH, Andrei CL, Androudi S, Animut MD, Ansari H, Ansha MG, Antonio CAT, Appiah SCY, Aremu O, Areri HA, Arian N, Ärnlöv J, Artaman A, Aryal KK, Asayesh H, Asfaw ET, Asgedom SW, Assadi R, Atey TMM, Atique S, Atteraya MS, Ausloos M, Avokpaho EFGA, Awasthi A, Ayala Quintanilla BP, Ayele Y, Ayer R, Ayuk TB, Azzopardi PS, Babalola TK, Babazadeh A, Badali H, Badawi A, Bali AG, Banach M, Barker-Collo SL, Bärnighausen TW, Barrero LH, Basaleem H, Bassat Q, Basu A, Baune BT, Baynes HW, Beghi E, Behzadifar M, Behzadifar M, Bekele BB, Belachew AB, Belay AG, Belay E, Belay SA, Belay YA, Bell ML, Bello AK, Bennett DA, Bensenor IM, Bergeron G, Berhane A, Berman AE, Bernabe E, Bernstein RS, Bertolacci GJ, Beuran M, Bhattarai S, Bhaumik S, Bhutta ZA, Biadgo B, Bijani A, Bikbov B, Bililign N, Bin Sayeed MS, Birlik SM, Birungi C, Biswas T, Bizuneh H, Bleyer A, Basara BB, Bosetti C, Boufous S, Brady OJ, Bragazzi NL, Brainin M, Brazinova A, Breitborde NJK, Brenner H, Brewer JD, Briant PS, Britton G, Burstein R, Busse R, Butt ZA, Cahuana-Hurtado L, Campos-Nonato IR, Campuzano Rincon JC, Cano J, Car M, Cárdenas R, Carrero JJ, Carvalho F, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Castillo Rivas J, Castro F, Catalá-López F, Çavlin A, Cerin E, Chalek J, Chang HY, Chang JC, Chattopadhyay A, Chaturvedi P, Chiang PPC, Chin KL, Chisumpa VH, Chitheer A, Choi JYJ, Chowdhury R, Christopher DJ, Cicuttini FM, Ciobanu LG, Cirillo M, Claro RM, Collado-Mateo D, Comfort H, Constantin MM, Conti S, Cooper C, Cooper LT, Cornaby L, Cortesi PA, Cortinovis M, Costa M, Cromwell E, Crowe CS, Cukelj P, Cunningham M, Daba AK, Dachew BA, Dandona L, Dandona R, Dargan PI, Daryani A, Das Gupta R, Das Neves J, Dasa TT, Dash AP, Weaver ND, Davitoiu DV, Davletov K, De Leo D, De Neve JW, Degefa MG, Degenhardt L, Degfie TT, Deiparine S, Demoz GT, Demtsu B, Denova-Gutiérrez E, Deribe K, Dervenis N, Des Jarlais DC, Dessie GA, Dharmaratne SD, Dhimal M, Dicker D, Ding EL, Dinsa GD, Djalalinia S, Do HP, Dokova K, Doku DT, Dolan KA, Doyle KE, Driscoll TR, Dubey M, Dubljanin E, Duken EE, Duraes AR, Ebrahimpour S, Edvardsson D, El Bcheraoui C, El-Khatib Z, Elyazar IR, Enayati A, Endries AY, Ermakov SP, Eshrati B, Eskandarieh S, Esmaeili R, Esteghamati A, Esteghamati S, Estep K, Fakhim H, Farag T, Faramarzi M, Fareed M, Farinha CSES, Faro A, Farvid MS, Farzadfar F, Farzaei MH, Fay KA, Fazeli MS, Feigin VL, Feigl AB, Feizy F, Fenny AP, Fentahun N, Fereshtehnejad SM, Fernandes E, Feyissa GT, Filip I, Finegold S, Fischer F, Flor LS, Foigt NA, Foreman KJ, Fornari C, Fürst T, Fukumoto T, Fuller JE, Fullman N, Gakidou E, Gallus S, Gamkrelidze A, Ganji M, Gankpe FG, Garcia GM, Garcia-Gordillo MÁ, Gebre AK, Gebre T, Gebregergs GB, Gebrehiwot TT, Gebremedhin AT, Gelano TF, Gelaw YA, Geleijnse JM, Genova-Maleras R, Gething P, Gezae KE, Ghadami MR, Ghadimi R, Ghadiri K, Ghasemi Falavarjani K, Ghasemi-Kasman M, Ghiasvand H, Ghimire M, Ghoshal AG, Gill PS, Gill TK, Giussani G, Gnedovskaya EV, Goli S, Gomez RS, Gómez-Dantés H, Gona PN, Goodridge A, Gopalani SV, Goulart AC, Goulart BNG, Grada A, 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Sambala EZ, Samy AM, Sanabria J, Sanchez-Niño MD, Santos IS, Santric Milicevic MM, Sao Jose BP, Sardana M, Sarker AR, Sarmiento-Suárez R, Saroshe S, Sarrafzadegan N, Sartorius B, Sarvi S, Sathian B, Satpathy M, Sawant AR, Sawhney M, Saxena S, Schaeffner E, Schelonka K, Schneider IJC, Schwebel DC, Schwendicke F, Seedat S, Sekerija M, Sepanlou SG, Serván-Mori E, Shabaninejad H, Shackelford KA, Shafieesabet A, Shaheen AA, Shaikh MA, Shakir RA, Shams-Beyranvand M, Shamsi M, Shamsizadeh M, Sharafi H, Sharafi K, Sharif M, Sharif-Alhoseini M, Sharma J, Sharma R, She J, Sheikh A, Shi P, Shibuya K, Shigematsu M, Shiri R, Shirkoohi R, Shiue I, Shokraneh F, Shukla SR, Si S, Siabani S, Sibai AM, Siddiqi TJ, Sigfusdottir ID, Sigurvinsdottir R, Silpakit N, Silva DAS, Silva JP, Silveira DGA, Singam NSV, Singh JA, Singh NP, Singh V, Sinha DN, Sliwa K, Soares Filho AM, Sobaih BH, Sobhani S, Soofi M, Soriano JB, Soyiri IN, Sreeramareddy CT, Starodubov VI, Steiner C, Stewart LG, Stokes MA, Strong M, 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Widecka J, Widecka K, Wijeratne T, Winkler AS, Wiysonge CS, Wolfe CDA, Wu S, Wyper GMA, Xu G, Yamada T, Yano Y, Yaseri M, Yasin YJ, Ye P, Yentür GK, Yeshaneh A, Yimer EM, Yip P, Yisma E, Yonemoto N, Yoon SJ, Yotebieng M, Younis MZ, Yousefifard M, Yu C, Zadnik V, Zaidi Z, Zaman SB, Zamani M, Zare Z, Zeleke MM, Zenebe ZM, Zerfu TA, Zhang X, Zhao XJ, Zhou M, Zhu J, Zimsen SRM, Zodpey S, Zoeckler L, Lopez AD, Lim SS. Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2018; 392:1995-2051. [PMID: 30496106 PMCID: PMC6227915 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32278-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population estimates underpin demographic and epidemiological research and are used to track progress on numerous international indicators of health and development. To date, internationally available estimates of population and fertility, although useful, have not been produced with transparent and replicable methods and do not use standardised estimates of mortality. We present single-calendar year and single-year of age estimates of fertility and population by sex with standardised and replicable methods. METHODS We estimated population in 195 locations by single year of age and single calendar year from 1950 to 2017 with standardised and replicable methods. We based the estimates on the demographic balancing equation, with inputs of fertility, mortality, population, and migration data. Fertility data came from 7817 location-years of vital registration data, 429 surveys reporting complete birth histories, and 977 surveys and censuses reporting summary birth histories. We estimated age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs; the annual number of livebirths to women of a specified age group per 1000 women in that age group) by use of spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and used the ASFRs to estimate total fertility rates (TFRs; the average number of children a woman would bear if she survived through the end of the reproductive age span [age 10-54 years] and experienced at each age a particular set of ASFRs observed in the year of interest). Because of sparse data, fertility at ages 10-14 years and 50-54 years was estimated from data on fertility in women aged 15-19 years and 45-49 years, through use of linear regression. Age-specific mortality data came from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 estimates. Data on population came from 1257 censuses and 761 population registry location-years and were adjusted for underenumeration and age misreporting with standard demographic methods. Migration was estimated with the GBD Bayesian demographic balancing model, after incorporating information about refugee migration into the model prior. Final population estimates used the cohort-component method of population projection, with inputs of fertility, mortality, and migration data. Population uncertainty was estimated by use of out-of-sample predictive validity testing. With these data, we estimated the trends in population by age and sex and in fertility by age between 1950 and 2017 in 195 countries and territories. FINDINGS From 1950 to 2017, TFRs decreased by 49·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 46·4-52·0). The TFR decreased from 4·7 livebirths (4·5-4·9) to 2·4 livebirths (2·2-2·5), and the ASFR of mothers aged 10-19 years decreased from 37 livebirths (34-40) to 22 livebirths (19-24) per 1000 women. Despite reductions in the TFR, the global population has been increasing by an average of 83·8 million people per year since 1985. The global population increased by 197·2% (193·3-200·8) since 1950, from 2·6 billion (2·5-2·6) to 7·6 billion (7·4-7·9) people in 2017; much of this increase was in the proportion of the global population in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The global annual rate of population growth increased between 1950 and 1964, when it peaked at 2·0%; this rate then remained nearly constant until 1970 and then decreased to 1·1% in 2017. Population growth rates in the southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania GBD super-region decreased from 2·5% in 1963 to 0·7% in 2017, whereas in sub-Saharan Africa, population growth rates were almost at the highest reported levels ever in 2017, when they were at 2·7%. The global average age increased from 26·6 years in 1950 to 32·1 years in 2017, and the proportion of the population that is of working age (age 15-64 years) increased from 59·9% to 65·3%. At the national level, the TFR decreased in all countries and territories between 1950 and 2017; in 2017, TFRs ranged from a low of 1·0 livebirths (95% UI 0·9-1·2) in Cyprus to a high of 7·1 livebirths (6·8-7·4) in Niger. The TFR under age 25 years (TFU25; number of livebirths expected by age 25 years for a hypothetical woman who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) in 2017 ranged from 0·08 livebirths (0·07-0·09) in South Korea to 2·4 livebirths (2·2-2·6) in Niger, and the TFR over age 30 years (TFO30; number of livebirths expected for a hypothetical woman ageing from 30 to 54 years who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) ranged from a low of 0·3 livebirths (0·3-0·4) in Puerto Rico to a high of 3·1 livebirths (3·0-3·2) in Niger. TFO30 was higher than TFU25 in 145 countries and territories in 2017. 33 countries had a negative population growth rate from 2010 to 2017, most of which were located in central, eastern, and western Europe, whereas population growth rates of more than 2·0% were seen in 33 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2017, less than 65% of the national population was of working age in 12 of 34 high-income countries, and less than 50% of the national population was of working age in Mali, Chad, and Niger. INTERPRETATION Population trends create demographic dividends and headwinds (ie, economic benefits and detriments) that affect national economies and determine national planning needs. Although TFRs are decreasing, the global population continues to grow as mortality declines, with diverse patterns at the national level and across age groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide transparent and replicable estimates of population and fertility, which can be used to inform decision making and to monitor progress. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Naghavi M, Marczak LB, Kutz M, Shackelford KA, Arora M, Miller-Petrie M, Aichour MTE, Akseer N, Al-Raddadi RM, Alam K, Alghnam SA, Antonio CAT, Aremu O, Arora A, Asadi-Lari M, Assadi R, Atey TM, Avila-Burgos L, Awasthi A, Ayala Quintanilla BP, Barker-Collo SL, Bärnighausen TW, Bazargan-Hejazi S, Behzadifar M, Behzadifar M, Bennett JR, Bhalla A, Bhutta ZA, Bilal AI, Borges G, Borschmann R, Brazinova A, Campuzano Rincon JC, Carvalho F, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Dandona L, Dandona R, Dargan PI, De Leo D, Dharmaratne SD, Ding EL, Phuc Do H, Doku DT, Doyle KE, Driscoll TR, Edessa D, El-Khatib Z, Endries AY, Esteghamati A, Faro A, Farzadfar F, Feigin VL, Fischer F, Foreman KJ, Franklin RC, Fullman N, Futran ND, Gebrehiwot TT, Gutiérrez RA, Hafezi-Nejad N, Haghparast Bidgoli H, Hailu GB, Haro JM, Hassen HY, Hawley C, Hendrie D, Híjar M, Hu G, Ilesanmi OS, Jakovljevic M, James SL, Jayaraman S, Jonas JB, Kahsay A, Kasaeian A, Keiyoro PN, Khader Y, Khalil IA, Khang YH, Khubchandani J, Ahmad Kiadaliri A, Kieling C, Kim YJ, Kosen S, Krohn KJ, Kumar GA, Lami FH, Lansingh VC, Larson HJ, Linn S, Lunevicius R, Magdy Abd El Razek H, Magdy Abd El Razek M, Malekzadeh R, Carvalho Malta D, Mason-Jones AJ, Matzopoulos R, Memiah PTN, Mendoza W, Meretoja TJ, Mezgebe HB, Miller TR, Mohammed S, Moradi-Lakeh M, Mori R, Nand D, Tat Nguyen C, Le Nguyen Q, Ningrum DNA, Akpojene Ogbo F, Olagunju AT, Patton GC, Phillips MR, Polinder S, Pourmalek F, Qorbani M, Rahimi-Movaghar A, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman M, Rai RK, Ranabhat CL, Rawaf DL, Rawaf S, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Safdarian M, Safiri S, Sagar R, Salama JS, Sanabria J, Santric Milicevic MM, Sarmiento-Suárez R, Sartorius B, Satpathy M, Schwebel DC, Seedat S, Sepanlou SG, Shaikh MA, Sharew NT, Shiue I, Singh JA, Sisay M, Skirbekk V, Soares Filho AM, Stein DJ, Stokes MA, Sufiyan MB, Swaroop M, Sykes BL, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tadese F, Tran BX, Thanh Tran T, Ukwaja KN, Vasankari TJ, Vlassov V, Werdecker A, Ye P, Yip P, Yonemoto N, Younis MZ, Zaidi Z, El Sayed Zaki M, Hay SI, Lim SS, Lopez AD, Mokdad AH, Vos T, Murray CJL. Global Mortality From Firearms, 1990-2016. JAMA 2018; 320:792-814. [PMID: 30167700 PMCID: PMC6143020 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2018.10060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Importance Understanding global variation in firearm mortality rates could guide prevention policies and interventions. Objective To estimate mortality due to firearm injury deaths from 1990 to 2016 in 195 countries and territories. Design, Setting, and Participants This study used deidentified aggregated data including 13 812 location-years of vital registration data to generate estimates of levels and rates of death by age-sex-year-location. The proportion of suicides in which a firearm was the lethal means was combined with an estimate of per capita gun ownership in a revised proxy measure used to evaluate the relationship between availability or access to firearms and firearm injury deaths. Exposures Firearm ownership and access. Main Outcomes and Measures Cause-specific deaths by age, sex, location, and year. Results Worldwide, it was estimated that 251 000 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 195 000-276 000) people died from firearm injuries in 2016, with 6 countries (Brazil, United States, Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, and Guatemala) accounting for 50.5% (95% UI, 42.2%-54.8%) of those deaths. In 1990, there were an estimated 209 000 (95% UI, 172 000 to 235 000) deaths from firearm injuries. Globally, the majority of firearm injury deaths in 2016 were homicides (64.0% [95% UI, 54.2%-68.0%]; absolute value, 161 000 deaths [95% UI, 107 000-182 000]); additionally, 27% were firearm suicide deaths (67 500 [95% UI, 55 400-84 100]) and 9% were unintentional firearm deaths (23 000 [95% UI, 18 200-24 800]). From 1990 to 2016, there was no significant decrease in the estimated global age-standardized firearm homicide rate (-0.2% [95% UI, -0.8% to 0.2%]). Firearm suicide rates decreased globally at an annualized rate of 1.6% (95% UI, 1.1-2.0), but in 124 of 195 countries and territories included in this study, these levels were either constant or significant increases were estimated. There was an annualized decrease of 0.9% (95% UI, 0.5%-1.3%) in the global rate of age-standardized firearm deaths from 1990 to 2016. Aggregate firearm injury deaths in 2016 were highest among persons aged 20 to 24 years (for men, an estimated 34 700 deaths [95% UI, 24 900-39 700] and for women, an estimated 3580 deaths [95% UI, 2810-4210]). Estimates of the number of firearms by country were associated with higher rates of firearm suicide (P < .001; R2 = 0.21) and homicide (P < .001; R2 = 0.35). Conclusions and Relevance This study estimated between 195 000 and 276 000 firearm injury deaths globally in 2016, the majority of which were firearm homicides. Despite an overall decrease in rates of firearm injury death since 1990, there was variation among countries and across demographic subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Naghavi
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Laurie B Marczak
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Michael Kutz
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
| | | | - Megha Arora
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Molly Miller-Petrie
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
| | | | - Nadia Akseer
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rajaa M Al-Raddadi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khurshid Alam
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Suliman A Alghnam
- Department of Population Health, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Carl Abelardo T Antonio
- Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Olatunde Aremu
- Department of Public and Community Health, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, England
| | - Amit Arora
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Oral Health Services, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mohsen Asadi-Lari
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- International Relations Department, Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Assadi
- Education Development Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Leticia Avila-Burgos
- Center of Health System Research, The National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Ashish Awasthi
- Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
| | - Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla
- The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- General Office for Research and Technological Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Till Winfried Bärnighausen
- Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi
- Department of Psychiatry, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles
| | - Masoud Behzadifar
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorranmabad, Iran
| | - Meysam Behzadifar
- Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorranmabad, Iran
| | - James R Bennett
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Ashish Bhalla
- Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Arebu Issa Bilal
- School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Guilherme Borges
- Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon
- National Institute of Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Valle de Cuernavaca, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Félix Carvalho
- Ucibio, Requimte, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela
- Colombian National Health Observatory, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota, Colombia
- Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Lalit Dandona
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
| | - Rakhi Dandona
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
| | - Paul I Dargan
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diego De Leo
- Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt, QLD, Australia
| | - Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Eric L Ding
- Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Nutrition, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Huyen Phuc Do
- Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - David Teye Doku
- Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kerrie E Doyle
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University (RMIT), Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Tim Robert Driscoll
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dumessa Edessa
- School of Pharmacy, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Ziad El-Khatib
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aman Yesuf Endries
- Department of Public Health, Saint Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alireza Esteghamati
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andre Faro
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil
| | - Farshad Farzadfar
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Valery L Feigin
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
- National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Florian Fischer
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Kyle J Foreman
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Richard Charles Franklin
- College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
| | - Nancy Fullman
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Neal D Futran
- School of Medicine Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle
| | | | - Reyna Alma Gutiérrez
- Epidemiological and Psychosocial Investigations, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramon de la Fuente, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nima Hafezi-Nejad
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | - Josep Maria Haro
- Research Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu (CIBERSAM), Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hamid Yimam Hassen
- Department of Public Health, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia
- Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Caitlin Hawley
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Delia Hendrie
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Martha Híjar
- Research Coordination, Fundación Entornos AC, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- CISS, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Guoqing Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | | | | | - Spencer L James
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Sudha Jayaraman
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| | - Jost B Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Amaha Kahsay
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Amir Kasaeian
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Hematologic Malignancies Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peter Njenga Keiyoro
- School of Continuing and Distance Education, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Yousef Khader
- Public Health and Community Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Alramtha, Jordan
| | - Ibrahim A Khalil
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Young-Ho Khang
- Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Health Policy and Management, SNU Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jagdish Khubchandani
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | | | - Christian Kieling
- Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Division, Hospital of Clinics of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Yun Jin Kim
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
| | | | - Kristopher J Krohn
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - G Anil Kumar
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
| | - Faris Hasan Lami
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Academy of Medical Science, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Van C Lansingh
- Helpmesee, New York, New York
- Department of International Relations, Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Heidi Jane Larson
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shai Linn
- School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Raimundas Lunevicius
- General Surgery Department, Aintree University Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust (NHS), Liverpool, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Deborah Carvalho Malta
- Departamento Materno Infantil e Saúde Publica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Richard Matzopoulos
- Burden of Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Peter T N Memiah
- Department of Public Health, University of West Florida, Pensacola
| | - Walter Mendoza
- Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru
| | - Tuomo J Meretoja
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Ted R Miller
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA, Australia
- Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland
| | - Shafiu Mohammed
- Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Maziar Moradi-Lakeh
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rintaro Mori
- Department of Health Policy, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Japan
| | - Devina Nand
- Health Information Unit, Ministry of Health, Suva, Fiji
- Accamargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cuong Tat Nguyen
- Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Quyen Le Nguyen
- Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum
- Public Health Department, Semarang State University, Kota Semarang, Indonesia
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | - Andrew T Olagunju
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - George C Patton
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael R Phillips
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suzanne Polinder
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Farshad Pourmalek
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mostafa Qorbani
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahfuzar Rahman
- Research and Evaluation Division, BRAC (Bangladesh Rehabilitation Assistance Committee), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rajesh Kumar Rai
- Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India
- Department of Economics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Chhabi Lal Ranabhat
- Institute for Poverty Alleviation and International Development, Yonsei University, South Korea
| | - David Laith Rawaf
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education & Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Salman Rawaf
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mahdi Safdarian
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Safiri
- Managerial Epidemiology Research Center, Department of Public Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Rajesh Sagar
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Joseph S Salama
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Juan Sanabria
- Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
- Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Milena M Santric Milicevic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Social Medicine, Centre School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez
- Department of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Benn Sartorius
- Department of Public Health Medicine, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Maheswar Satpathy
- UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - David C Schwebel
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sadaf G Sepanlou
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | | | - Ivy Shiue
- Instituts Für Medizinische Epidemiologie, Biometrie Und Informatik, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Haale, Germany
| | - Jasvinder A Singh
- School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Mekonnen Sisay
- School of Pharmacy, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Adauto Martins Soares Filho
- Department of Diseases and Noncommunicable Diseases and Health Promotion, Federal Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Dan J Stein
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | - Mamta Swaroop
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Bryan L Sykes
- Department of Criminology, Law, & Society, University of California Irvine
| | | | - Fentaw Tadese
- Department of Public Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Bach Xuan Tran
- Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tung Thanh Tran
- Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Vasily Vlassov
- Department of Health Care Management and Economics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrea Werdecker
- Demographic Change and Ageing, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Pengpeng Ye
- Division of Injury Prevention and Mental Health Improvement, National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xicheng District, China
| | - Paul Yip
- Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Naohiro Yonemoto
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mustafa Z Younis
- Healthcare Management-Health Economics & Finance/Global Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, Missouri
- Research Center for Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zoubida Zaidi
- Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Algiers, Algeria
| | | | - Simon I Hay
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Stephen S Lim
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Alan D Lopez
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ali H Mokdad
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Theo Vos
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
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Dieleman JL, Sadat N, Chang AY, Fullman N, Abbafati C, Acharya P, Adou AK, Ahmad Kiadaliri A, Alam K, Alizadeh-Navaei R, Alkerwi A, Ammar W, Antonio CAT, Aremu O, Asgedom SW, Atey TM, Avila-Burgos L, Ayer R, Badali H, Banach M, Banstola A, Barac A, Belachew AB, Birungi C, Bragazzi NL, Breitborde NJK, Cahuana-Hurtado L, Car J, Catalá-López F, Chapin A, Chen CS, Dandona L, Dandona R, Daryani A, Dharmaratne SD, Dubey M, Edessa D, Eldrenkamp E, Eshrati B, Faro A, Feigl AB, Fenny AP, Fischer F, Foigt N, Foreman KJ, Ghimire M, Goli S, Hailu AD, Hamidi S, Harb HL, Hay SI, Hendrie D, Ikilezi G, Javanbakht M, John D, Jonas JB, Kaldjian A, Kasaeian A, Kasahun YC, Khalil IA, Khang YH, Khubchandani J, Kim YJ, Kinge JM, Kosen S, Krohn KJ, Kumar GA, Lafranconi A, Lam H, Listl S, Magdy Abd El Razek H, Magdy Abd El Razek M, Majeed A, Malekzadeh R, Malta DC, Martinez G, Mensah GA, Meretoja A, Micah A, Miller TR, Mirrakhimov EM, Mlashu FW, Mohammed E, Mohammed S, Moses M, Mousavi SM, Naghavi M, Nangia V, Ngalesoni FN, Nguyen CT, Nguyen TH, Niriayo Y, Noroozi M, Owolabi MO, Patel T, Pereira DM, Polinder S, Qorbani M, Rafay A, Rafiei A, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rai RK, Ram U, Ranabhat CL, Ray SE, Reiner RC, Sajadi HS, Santoro R, Santos JV, Sarker AR, Sartorius B, Satpathy M, Sepanlou SG, Shaikh MA, Sharif M, She J, Sheikh A, Shrime MG, Sisay M, Soneji S, Soofi M, Sorensen RJD, Tadesse H, Tao T, Templin T, Tesema AG, Thapa S, Tobe-Gai R, Topor-Madry R, Tran BX, Tran KB, Tran TT, Undurraga EA, Vasankari T, Violante FS, Werdecker A, Wijeratne T, Xu G, Yonemoto N, Younis MZ, Yu C, Zaki MES, Zlavog B, Murray CJL. Trends in future health financing and coverage: future health spending and universal health coverage in 188 countries, 2016-40. Lancet 2018; 391:1783-1798. [PMID: 29678341 PMCID: PMC5946843 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30697-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) requires health financing systems that provide prepaid pooled resources for key health services without placing undue financial stress on households. Understanding current and future trajectories of health financing is vital for progress towards UHC. We used historical health financing data for 188 countries from 1995 to 2015 to estimate future scenarios of health spending and pooled health spending through to 2040. METHODS We extracted historical data on gross domestic product (GDP) and health spending for 188 countries from 1995 to 2015, and projected annual GDP, development assistance for health, and government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private health spending from 2015 through to 2040 as a reference scenario. These estimates were generated using an ensemble of models that varied key demographic and socioeconomic determinants. We generated better and worse alternative future scenarios based on the global distribution of historic health spending growth rates. Last, we used stochastic frontier analysis to investigate the association between pooled health resources and UHC index, a measure of a country's UHC service coverage. Finally, we estimated future UHC performance and the number of people covered under the three future scenarios. FINDINGS In the reference scenario, global health spending was projected to increase from US$10 trillion (95% uncertainty interval 10 trillion to 10 trillion) in 2015 to $20 trillion (18 trillion to 22 trillion) in 2040. Per capita health spending was projected to increase fastest in upper-middle-income countries, at 4·2% (3·4-5·1) per year, followed by lower-middle-income countries (4·0%, 3·6-4·5) and low-income countries (2·2%, 1·7-2·8). Despite global growth, per capita health spending was projected to range from only $40 (24-65) to $413 (263-668) in 2040 in low-income countries, and from $140 (90-200) to $1699 (711-3423) in lower-middle-income countries. Globally, the share of health spending covered by pooled resources would range widely, from 19·8% (10·3-38·6) in Nigeria to 97·9% (96·4-98·5) in Seychelles. Historical performance on the UHC index was significantly associated with pooled resources per capita. Across the alternative scenarios, we estimate UHC reaching between 5·1 billion (4·9 billion to 5·3 billion) and 5·6 billion (5·3 billion to 5·8 billion) lives in 2030. INTERPRETATION We chart future scenarios for health spending and its relationship with UHC. Ensuring that all countries have sustainable pooled health resources is crucial to the achievement of UHC. FUNDING The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Lyle G, Hendrie D, Miller TR, Randall S, Davison E. Linked data systems for injury surveillance and targeted prevention planning: Identifying geographical differences in injury in Western Australia, 2009-2012. Health Promot J Austr 2018; 29:208-219. [PMID: 30159991 DOI: 10.1002/hpja.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
ISSUE ADDRESSED Injuries are a leading preventable cause of disease burden in Australia. Understanding how injuries vary by geographical location is important to guide health promotion planning. Therefore, the geographical and temporal distribution of injury across Western Australia from 2009 to 2012 is explored. METHODS Three Western Australian health datasets were linked and the expected number of injury cases per postcode calculated. A Standardised Injury Ratio was calculated by comparing the observed and expected number of injury cases. Priority areas and associated injury mechanisms were identified by postcode based on injury rates and temporal trends. RESULTS Injury levels varied across health region, health district and postcode. All nonmetropolitan regions had at least one health district classified as High or Medium-High priority. In contrast, neither metropolitan health region had health districts in these categories. Adopting the finer postcode level of analysis showed localised injury priority areas, even within health districts not classified as High or Medium-High injury areas. Postcodes classified as High or Medium-High injury priority were located alongside those with lower priority categories. CONCLUSION Injury prevention priority areas had consistent trends both geographically and over time. Finer scale analysis can provide public health policy makers with more robust information to plan, evaluate and support a range of injury prevention programs. SO WHAT?: The use of linked data systems and spatial analysis can assist health promotion decision-makers and practitioners by demonstrating area-based differences in injury prevention allowing effective targeting of limited resources to populations at the highest risk of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Lyle
- Centre for Population Health Research, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Delia Hendrie
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ted R Miller
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Pacific Institute of Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD, USA
| | - Sean Randall
- Centre for Data Linkage, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Erica Davison
- Health Department Western Australia, East Perth, WA, Australia
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