151
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Magaret CA, Benkeser DC, Williamson BD, Borate BR, Carpp LN, Georgiev IS, Setliff I, Dingens AS, Simon N, Carone M, Simpkins C, Montefiori D, Alter G, Yu WH, Juraska M, Edlefsen PT, Karuna S, Mgodi NM, Edugupanti S, Gilbert PB. Prediction of VRC01 neutralization sensitivity by HIV-1 gp160 sequence features. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1006952. [PMID: 30933973 PMCID: PMC6459550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) VRC01 is being evaluated for its efficacy to prevent HIV-1 infection in the Antibody Mediated Prevention (AMP) trials. A secondary objective of AMP utilizes sieve analysis to investigate how VRC01 prevention efficacy (PE) varies with HIV-1 envelope (Env) amino acid (AA) sequence features. An exhaustive analysis that tests how PE depends on every AA feature with sufficient variation would have low statistical power. To design an adequately powered primary sieve analysis for AMP, we modeled VRC01 neutralization as a function of Env AA sequence features of 611 HIV-1 gp160 pseudoviruses from the CATNAP database, with objectives: (1) to develop models that best predict the neutralization readouts; and (2) to rank AA features by their predictive importance with classification and regression methods. The dataset was split in half, and machine learning algorithms were applied to each half, each analyzed separately using cross-validation and hold-out validation. We selected Super Learner, a nonparametric ensemble-based cross-validated learning method, for advancement to the primary sieve analysis. This method predicted the dichotomous resistance outcome of whether the IC50 neutralization titer of VRC01 for a given Env pseudovirus is right-censored (indicating resistance) with an average validated AUC of 0.868 across the two hold-out datasets. Quantitative log IC50 was predicted with an average validated R2 of 0.355. Features predicting neutralization sensitivity or resistance included 26 surface-accessible residues in the VRC01 and CD4 binding footprints, the length of gp120, the length of Env, the number of cysteines in gp120, the number of cysteines in Env, and 4 potential N-linked glycosylation sites; the top features will be advanced to the primary sieve analysis. This modeling framework may also inform the study of VRC01 in the treatment of HIV-infected persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A. Magaret
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David C. Benkeser
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Brian D. Williamson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bhavesh R. Borate
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lindsay N. Carpp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ivelin S. Georgiev
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ian Setliff
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Program in Chemical & Physical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Adam S. Dingens
- Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Division of Human Biology and Epidemiology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biology PhD Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Noah Simon
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Marco Carone
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Christopher Simpkins
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David Montefiori
- Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Wen-Han Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michal Juraska
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Paul T. Edlefsen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Shelly Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nyaradzo M. Mgodi
- University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Srilatha Edugupanti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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152
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The design of an HIV vaccine remains an elusive but top priority. Data from the non-human primate model and the first moderately protective HIV vaccine trial (RV144) point to a role for qualitative changes in humoral immune functions in protection from infection. Here, we review the current understanding of the antibody response throughout HIV infection, the known correlates of protection, and current strategies to manipulate antibodies to put an end to the epidemic. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies point to innate immune-recruiting antibody function in preventing infection as well as controlling viremia following infection. These data have begun to inform next-generation design of HIV vaccines and antibody therapies by uncovering new viral targets and antibody architectures to improve potency and breadth. Emerging data illustrate a role for innate immune recruiting-antibodies in conferring protection against HIV infection as well as promoting viral control and clearance, offering an unprecedented opportunity to modulate and improve antibody function to fight HIV more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey L. Butler
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Stephanie Fischinger
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Galit Alter
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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153
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Gupta RK, Abdul-Jawad S, McCoy LE, Mok HP, Peppa D, Salgado M, Martinez-Picado J, Nijhuis M, Wensing AMJ, Lee H, Grant P, Nastouli E, Lambert J, Pace M, Salasc F, Monit C, Innes AJ, Muir L, Waters L, Frater J, Lever AML, Edwards SG, Gabriel IH, Olavarria E. HIV-1 remission following CCR5Δ32/Δ32 haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Nature 2019; 568:244-248. [PMID: 30836379 PMCID: PMC7275870 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A cure for HIV-1 remains unattainable as only one case has been reported, a decade ago1,2. The individual-who is known as the 'Berlin patient'-underwent two allogeneic haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) procedures using a donor with a homozygous mutation in the HIV coreceptor CCR5 (CCR5Δ32/Δ32) to treat his acute myeloid leukaemia. Total body irradiation was given with each HSCT. Notably, it is unclear which treatment or patient parameters contributed to this case of long-term HIV remission. Here we show that HIV-1 remission may be possible with a less aggressive and toxic approach. An adult infected with HIV-1 underwent allogeneic HSCT for Hodgkin's lymphoma using cells from a CCR5Δ32/Δ32 donor. He experienced mild gut graft-versus-host disease. Antiretroviral therapy was interrupted 16 months after transplantation. HIV-1 remission has been maintained over a further 18 months. Plasma HIV-1 RNA has been undetectable at less than one copy per millilitre along with undetectable HIV-1 DNA in peripheral CD4 T lymphocytes. Quantitative viral outgrowth assays from peripheral CD4 T lymphocytes show no reactivatable virus using a total of 24 million resting CD4 T cells. CCR5-tropic, but not CXCR4-tropic, viruses were identified in HIV-1 DNA from CD4 T cells of the patient before the transplant. CD4 T cells isolated from peripheral blood after transplantation did not express CCR5 and were susceptible only to CXCR4-tropic virus ex vivo. HIV-1 Gag-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses were lost after transplantation, whereas cytomegalovirus-specific responses were detectable. Similarly, HIV-1-specific antibodies and avidities fell to levels comparable to those in the Berlin patient following transplantation. Although at 18 months after the interruption of treatment it is premature to conclude that this patient has been cured, these data suggest that a single allogeneic HSCT with homozygous CCR5Δ32 donor cells may be sufficient to achieve HIV-1 remission with reduced intensity conditioning and no irradiation, and the findings provide further support for the development of HIV-1 remission strategies based on preventing CCR5 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra K Gupta
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, London, UK.
- Department of Infection, UCLH, London, UK.
- Mortimer Market Centre, Department of HIV, CNWL NHS Trust, London, UK.
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.
| | | | | | - Hoi Ping Mok
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dimitra Peppa
- Mortimer Market Centre, Department of HIV, CNWL NHS Trust, London, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monique Nijhuis
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie M J Wensing
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Helen Lee
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul Grant
- Department of Virology, UCLH, London, UK
| | | | | | - Matthew Pace
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fanny Salasc
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Andrew J Innes
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Luke Muir
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, London, UK
| | - Laura Waters
- Mortimer Market Centre, Department of HIV, CNWL NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - John Frater
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew M L Lever
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Simon G Edwards
- Mortimer Market Centre, Department of HIV, CNWL NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Ian H Gabriel
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
- Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Haematology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospitals Foundation NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Eduardo Olavarria
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
- Imperial College London, London, UK
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154
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Martinez-Navio JM, Fuchs SP, Pantry SN, Lauer WA, Duggan NN, Keele BF, Rakasz EG, Gao G, Lifson JD, Desrosiers RC. Adeno-Associated Virus Delivery of Anti-HIV Monoclonal Antibodies Can Drive Long-Term Virologic Suppression. Immunity 2019; 50:567-575.e5. [PMID: 30850342 PMCID: PMC6457122 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Long-term delivery of anti-HIV monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) using adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors holds promise for the prevention and treatment of HIV infection. We describe a therapy trial in which four rhesus monkeys were infected with SHIV-AD8 for 86 weeks before receiving the AAV-encoded mAbs 3BNC117, 10-1074, and 10E8. Although anti-drug antibody (ADA) responses restricted mAb delivery, one monkey successfully maintained 50-150 μg/mL of 3BNC117 and 10-1074 for over 2 years. Delivery of these two mAbs to this monkey resulted in an abrupt decline in plasma viremia, which remained undetectable for 38 successive measurements over 3 years. We generated two more examples of virologic suppression using AAV delivery of a cocktail of four mAbs in a 12-monkey study. Our results provide proof of concept for AAV-delivered mAbs to produce a "functional cure." However, they also serve as a warning that ADAs may be a problem for practical application of this approach in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Martinez-Navio
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Sebastian P Fuchs
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Shara N Pantry
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - William A Lauer
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Natasha N Duggan
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Eva G Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Ronald C Desrosiers
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
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155
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Dingens AS, Arenz D, Weight H, Overbaugh J, Bloom JD. An Antigenic Atlas of HIV-1 Escape from Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Distinguishes Functional and Structural Epitopes. Immunity 2019; 50:520-532.e3. [PMID: 30709739 PMCID: PMC6435357 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Anti-HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) have revealed vaccine targets on the virus's envelope (Env) protein and are themselves promising immunotherapies. The efficacy of bnAb-based therapies and vaccines depends in part on how readily the virus can escape neutralization. Although structural studies can define contacts between bnAbs and Env, only functional studies can define mutations that confer escape. Here, we mapped how all possible single amino acid mutations in Env affect neutralization of HIV by nine bnAbs targeting five epitopes. For most bnAbs, mutations at only a small fraction of structurally defined contact sites mediated escape, and most escape occurred at sites near, but not in direct contact with, the antibody. The Env mutations selected by two pooled bnAbs were similar to those expected from the combination of the bnAbs's independent action. Overall, our mutation-level antigenic atlas provides a comprehensive dataset for understanding viral immune escape and refining therapies and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Dingens
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Molecular & Cellular Biology PhD Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Division of Human Biology and Epidemiology Program, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Dana Arenz
- Division of Human Biology and Epidemiology Program, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Haidyn Weight
- Division of Human Biology and Epidemiology Program, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Division of Human Biology and Epidemiology Program, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Jesse D Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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156
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Bresk CA, Hofer T, Wilmschen S, Krismer M, Beierfuß A, Effantin G, Weissenhorn W, Hogan MJ, Jordan APO, Gelman RS, Montefiori DC, Liao HX, Schmitz JE, Haynes BF, von Laer D, Kimpel J. Induction of Tier 1 HIV Neutralizing Antibodies by Envelope Trimers Incorporated into a Replication Competent Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vector. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020159. [PMID: 30769947 PMCID: PMC6409518 DOI: 10.3390/v11020159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A chimeric vesicular stomatitis virus with the glycoprotein of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, VSV-GP, is a potent viral vaccine vector that overcomes several of the limitations of wild-type VSV. Here, we evaluated the potential of VSV-GP as an HIV vaccine vector. We introduced genes for different variants of the HIV-1 envelope protein Env, i.e., secreted or membrane-anchored, intact or mutated furin cleavage site or different C-termini, into the genome of VSV-GP. We found that the addition of the Env antigen did not attenuate VSV-GP replication. All HIV-1 Env variants were expressed in VSV-GP infected cells and some were incorporated very efficiently into VSV-GP particles. Crucial epitopes for binding of broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 such as MPER (membrane-proximal external region), CD4 binding site, V1V2 and V3 loop were present on the surface of VSV-GP-Env particles. Binding of quaternary antibodies indicated a trimeric structure of VSV-GP incorporated Env. We detected high HIV-1 antibody titers in mice and showed that vectors expressing membrane-anchored Env elicited higher antibody titers than vectors that secreted Envs. In rabbits, Tier 1A HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies were detectable after prime immunization and titers further increased after boosting with a second immunization. Taken together, VSV-GP-Env is a promising vector vaccine against HIV-1 infection since this vector permits incorporation of native monomeric and/or trimeric HIV-1 Env into a viral membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Anika Bresk
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Tamara Hofer
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Sarah Wilmschen
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Marina Krismer
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Anja Beierfuß
- Central Laboratory Animal Facility, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Grégory Effantin
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), CNRS, CEA, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38044 Grenoble, France.
| | - Winfried Weissenhorn
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), CNRS, CEA, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38044 Grenoble, France.
| | - Michael J Hogan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Andrea P O Jordan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Rebecca S Gelman
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - David C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Joern E Schmitz
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Dorothee von Laer
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Janine Kimpel
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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157
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Heß R, Storcksdieck Genannt Bonsmann M, Lapuente D, Maaske A, Kirschning C, Ruland J, Lepenies B, Hannaman D, Tenbusch M, Überla K. Glycosylation of HIV Env Impacts IgG Subtype Responses to Vaccination. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020153. [PMID: 30781796 PMCID: PMC6410111 DOI: 10.3390/v11020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The envelope protein (Env) is the only surface protein of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and as such the exclusive target for protective antibody responses. Experimental evidences from mouse models suggest a modulating property of Env to steer antibody class switching towards the less effective antibody subclass IgG1 accompanied with strong TH2 helper responses. By simple physical linkage we were able to imprint this bias, exemplified by a low IgG2a/IgG1 ratio of antigen-specific antibodies, onto an unrelated antigen, namely the HIV capsid protein p24. Here, our results indicate the glycan moiety of Env as the responsible immune modulating activity. Firstly, in Card9−/− mice lacking specific C-Type lectin responsiveness, DNA immunization significantly increased the IgG2a/IgG1 ratio for the Env-specific antibodies while the antibody response against the F-protein of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) serving as control antigen remained unchanged. Secondly, sequential shortening of the Env encoding sequence revealed the C2V3 domain as responsible for the strong IgG1 responses and TH2 cytokine production. Removing all potential N-glycosylation sites from the C2V3 domain by site-specific mutagenesis reversed the vaccine-induced immune response towards a Th1-dominated T-cell response and a balanced IgG2a/IgG1 ratio. Accordingly, the stretch of oligomannose glycans in the C2V3 domain of Env might mediate a specific uptake and/or signaling modus in antigen presenting cells by involving interaction with an as yet unknown C-type lectin receptor. Our results contribute to a deeper understanding of the impact of Env glycosylation on HIV antigen-specific immune responses, which will further support HIV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Heß
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | | | - Dennis Lapuente
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany; Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Andre Maaske
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Carsten Kirschning
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Ruland
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 München, Germany.
| | - Bernd Lepenies
- Immunology Unit & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine (TiHo) Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Drew Hannaman
- Ichor Medical Systems, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Matthias Tenbusch
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany; Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Klaus Überla
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany; Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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158
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Abstract
Despite progress in antiretroviral therapy, pre-exposure prophylaxis, microbicides, and other preventive strategies, a vaccine to prevent HIV-1 infection remains desperately needed. Development of an effective vaccine is challenged by several immunologic features of HIV-1 evidenced by the failure of five of the six HIV-1 candidate vaccine efficacy trials to date. This chapter reviews these efficacy trials with a focus on the Phase 3 RV144 trial in Thailand, the only HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trial to show a moderate protective effect of 31% with respect to placebo administration. Although modest, this protection has allowed for the study of potential immunologic correlates of protection to improve development of future HIV-1 pox-protein and other vaccine strategies. Trials in Thailand and South Africa have built upon the RV144 framework to provide additional immunologic insights which enable current and future efficacy testing of related vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Heger
- US Army Medical Materiel Development Activity, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Alexandra Schuetz
- US Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sandhya Vasan
- US Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand.
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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159
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Tokatlian T, Read BJ, Jones CA, Kulp DW, Menis S, Chang JYH, Steichen JM, Kumari S, Allen JD, Dane EL, Liguori A, Sangesland M, Lingwood D, Crispin M, Schief WR, Irvine DJ. Innate immune recognition of glycans targets HIV nanoparticle immunogens to germinal centers. Science 2019. [PMID: 30573546 DOI: 10.1126/science:aat9120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
In vaccine design, antigens are often arrayed in a multivalent nanoparticle form, but in vivo mechanisms underlying the enhanced immunity elicited by such vaccines remain poorly understood. We compared the fates of two different heavily glycosylated HIV antigens, a gp120-derived mini-protein and a large, stabilized envelope trimer, in protein nanoparticle or "free" forms after primary immunization. Unlike monomeric antigens, nanoparticles were rapidly shuttled to the follicular dendritic cell (FDC) network and then concentrated in germinal centers in a complement-, mannose-binding lectin (MBL)-, and immunogen glycan-dependent manner. Loss of FDC localization in MBL-deficient mice or via immunogen deglycosylation significantly affected antibody responses. These findings identify an innate immune-mediated recognition pathway promoting antibody responses to particulate antigens, with broad implications for humoral immunity and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talar Tokatlian
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Benjamin J Read
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Christopher A Jones
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Daniel W Kulp
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sergey Menis
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jason Y H Chang
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jon M Steichen
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sudha Kumari
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joel D Allen
- Biological Sciences and the Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Eric L Dane
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alessia Liguori
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maya Sangesland
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Max Crispin
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Biological Sciences and the Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - William R Schief
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
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160
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Anand SP, Prévost J, Baril S, Richard J, Medjahed H, Chapleau JP, Tolbert WD, Kirk S, Smith AB, Wines BD, Kent SJ, Hogarth PM, Parsons MS, Pazgier M, Finzi A. Two Families of Env Antibodies Efficiently Engage Fc-Gamma Receptors and Eliminate HIV-1-Infected Cells. J Virol 2019; 93:e01823-18. [PMID: 30429344 PMCID: PMC6340017 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01823-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 conceals epitopes of its envelope glycoproteins (Env) recognized by antibody (Ab)-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)-mediating antibodies. These Abs, including anti-coreceptor binding site (CoRBS) and anti-cluster A antibodies, preferentially recognize Env in its "open" conformation. The binding of anti-CoRBS Abs has been shown to induce conformational changes that further open Env, allowing interaction of anti-cluster A antibodies. We explored the possibility that CoRBS Abs synergize with anti-cluster A Abs to engage Fc-gamma receptors to mediate ADCC. We found that binding of anti-CoRBS and anti-cluster A Abs to the same gp120 is required for interaction with soluble dimeric FcγRIIIa in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). We also found that Fc regions of both Abs are required to optimally engage FcγRIIIa and mediate robust ADCC. Taken together, our results indicate that these two families of Abs act together in a sequential and synergistic fashion to promote FcγRIIIa engagement and ADCC.IMPORTANCE The "open" CD4-bound conformation of HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins is the primary target of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)-mediating antibodies present in HIV-positive (HIV+) sera, such as anti-coreceptor binding site and anti-cluster A antibodies. Here we report that the binding of these two families of antibodies is required to engage FcγRIIIa and mediate ADCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Priya Anand
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sophie Baril
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Jean-Philippe Chapleau
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - William D Tolbert
- Infectious Diseases Division, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sharon Kirk
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bruce D Wines
- Immune Therapies Group Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - P Mark Hogarth
- Immune Therapies Group Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew S Parsons
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Diseases Division, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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161
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Williams KL, Stumpf M, Naiman NE, Ding S, Garrett M, Gobillot T, Vézina D, Dusenbury K, Ramadoss NS, Basom R, Kim PS, Finzi A, Overbaugh J. Identification of HIV gp41-specific antibodies that mediate killing of infected cells. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007572. [PMID: 30779811 PMCID: PMC6396944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that mediate killing of HIV-infected cells through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) have been implicated in protection from HIV infection and disease progression. Despite these observations, these types of HIV antibodies are understudied compared to neutralizing antibodies. Here we describe four monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) obtained from one individual that target the HIV transmembrane protein, gp41, and mediate ADCC activity. These four mAbs arose from independent B cell lineages suggesting that in this individual, multiple B cell responses were induced by the gp41 antigen. Competition and phage peptide display mapping experiments suggested that two of the mAbs target epitopes in the cysteine loop that are highly conserved and a common target of HIV gp41-specific antibodies. The amino acid sequences that bind these mAbs are overlapping but distinct. The two other mAbs were competed by mAbs that target the C-terminal heptad repeat (CHR) and the fusion peptide proximal region (FPPR) and appear to both target a similar unique conformational epitope. These gp41-specific mAbs mediated killing of infected cells that express high levels of Env due to either pre-treatment with interferon or deletion of vpu to increase levels of BST-2/Tetherin. They also mediate killing of target cells coated with various forms of the gp41 protein, including full-length gp41, gp41 ectodomain or a mimetic of the gp41 stump. Unlike many ADCC mAbs that target HIV gp120, these gp41-mAbs are not dependent on Env structural changes associated with membrane-bound CD4 interaction. Overall, the characterization of these four new mAbs that target gp41 and mediate ADCC provides evidence for diverse gp41 B cell lineages with overlapping but distinct epitopes within an individual. Such antibodies that can target various forms of envelope protein could represent a common response to a relatively conserved HIV epitope for a vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L. Williams
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, United States of America
| | - Megan Stumpf
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, United States of America
| | - Nicole Elise Naiman
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle WA, United States of America
| | - Shilei Ding
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Meghan Garrett
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA United States of America
| | - Theodore Gobillot
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle WA, United States of America
| | - Dani Vézina
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Katharine Dusenbury
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle WA, United States of America
- Divisions of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Nitya S. Ramadoss
- Stanford ChEM-H and Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Ryan Basom
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Peter S. Kim
- Stanford ChEM-H and Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, United States of America
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162
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Tolbert WD, Sherburn RT, Van V, Pazgier M. Structural Basis for Epitopes in the gp120 Cluster A Region that Invokes Potent Effector Cell Activity. Viruses 2019; 11:v11010069. [PMID: 30654465 PMCID: PMC6357199 DOI: 10.3390/v11010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
While a number of therapeutic options to control the progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) now exist, a broadly effective preventive vaccine is still not available. Through detailed structural analysis of antibodies able to induce potent effector cell activity, a number of Env epitopes have been identified which have the potential to be considered vaccine candidates. These antibodies mainly target the gp120 Cluster A region which is only exposed upon viral binding to the target cell with epitopes becoming available for antibody binding during viral entry and fusion and, therefore, after the effective window for neutralizing antibody activity. This review will discuss recent advances in the structural characterization of these important targets with a special focus on epitopes that are involved in Fc-mediated effector function without direct viral neutralizing activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Tolbert
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine of Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| | - Rebekah T Sherburn
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine of Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| | - Verna Van
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine of Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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163
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Carravilla P, Chojnacki J, Rujas E, Insausti S, Largo E, Waithe D, Apellaniz B, Sicard T, Julien JP, Eggeling C, Nieva JL. Molecular recognition of the native HIV-1 MPER revealed by STED microscopy of single virions. Nat Commun 2019; 10:78. [PMID: 30622256 PMCID: PMC6325134 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07962-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies against the Membrane-Proximal External Region (MPER) of the Env gp41 subunit neutralize HIV-1 with exceptional breadth and potency. Due to the lack of knowledge on the MPER native structure and accessibility, different and exclusive models have been proposed for the molecular mechanism of MPER recognition by broadly neutralizing antibodies. Here, accessibility of antibodies to the native Env MPER on single virions has been addressed through STED microscopy. STED imaging of fluorescently labeled Fabs reveals a common pattern of native Env recognition for HIV-1 antibodies targeting MPER or the surface subunit gp120. In the case of anti-MPER antibodies, the process evolves with extra contribution of interactions with the viral lipid membrane to binding specificity. Our data provide biophysical insights into the recognition of the potent and broadly neutralizing MPER epitope on HIV virions, and as such is of importance for the design of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Carravilla
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jakub Chojnacki
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Edurne Rujas
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Sara Insausti
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Eneko Largo
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Dominic Waithe
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Beatriz Apellaniz
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Taylor Sicard
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Julien
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Christian Eggeling
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
- Institute of Applied Optics Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Max-Wien Platz 4, 07743, Jena, Germany.
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - José L Nieva
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain.
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164
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Beltran-Pavez C, Ferreira CB, Merino-Mansilla A, Fabra-Garcia A, Casadella M, Noguera-Julian M, Paredes R, Olvera A, Haro I, Brander C, Garcia F, Gatell JM, Yuste E, Sanchez-Merino V. Guiding the humoral response against HIV-1 toward a MPER adjacent region by immunization with a VLP-formulated antibody-selected envelope variant. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208345. [PMID: 30566493 PMCID: PMC6300218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Preventive HIV-1 vaccine strategies rely on the elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) responses, but their induction in vivo by vaccination remains challenging. Considering that the ability of an epitope to elicit effective humoral immunity depends on its exposure on the virion, we have used a reverse genetics approach to select variants from an HIV-1 AC10_29 randomly mutated envelope library that showed increased affinity for a selected bNAb (4E10 bNAb targeting the HIV-1 MPER region). Isolated envelope sequences were analyzed by deep-sequencing showing a small number of dominant changes, including the loss of four potential N-linked glycosylation sites and disruption of the V1/V2 loop. Accordingly, the dominant variant (LR1-C1), showed not only increased affinity for MPER bNAbs 4E10 and 2F5, but also higher affinity for an additional antibody targeting the V3 loop (447-52D) that could be a consequence of an open conformation tier 1-like Env. Furthermore, the amino acids specific for the selected variant are associated with an increased sensitivity for 4E10 and 2F5 antibodies. In vivo studies showed that sera from mice immunized with LR1-C1 viruses possessed an improved neutralizing activity compared to the wild-type AC10_29 env. While Virus Like Particles (VLPs) carrying this envelope were unable to induce detectable neutralizing activity in immunized rabbits, one animal showed antibody response to the 4E10-proximal region. Our data establish a novel approach that has the potential to yield HIV envelope immunogen sequences that direct antibody responses to specific envelope regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Beltran-Pavez
- AIDS Research Unit, Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina B. Ferreira
- AIDS Research Unit, Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Merino-Mansilla
- AIDS Research Unit, Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amanda Fabra-Garcia
- AIDS Research Unit, Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Casadella
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Noguera-Julian
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Roger Paredes
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Alex Olvera
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Haro
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Brander
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felipe Garcia
- AIDS Research Unit, Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose M. Gatell
- AIDS Research Unit, Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eloisa Yuste
- AIDS Research Unit, Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Sanchez-Merino
- AIDS Research Unit, Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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165
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Chukwuma VU, Kose N, Sather DN, Sapparapu G, Falk R, King H, Singh V, Lampley R, Malherbe DC, Ditto NT, Sullivan JT, Barnes T, Doranz BJ, Labranche CC, Montefiori DC, Kalams SA, Haigwood NL, Crowe JE. Increased breadth of HIV-1 neutralization achieved by diverse antibody clones each with limited neutralization breadth. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209437. [PMID: 30566528 PMCID: PMC6300260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) are rarely elicited by current human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine designs, but the presence of bNAbs in naturally infected individuals may be associated with high plasma viral loads, suggesting that the magnitude, duration, and diversity of viral exposure may contribute to the development of bNAbs. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of a panel of human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from two subjects who developed broadly neutralizing autologous antibody responses during HIV-1 infection. In both subjects, we identified collections of mAbs that exhibited specificity only to a few autologous envelopes (Envs), with some mAbs exhibiting specificity only to a subset of Envs within the quasispecies of a particular sample at one time point. Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) isolated from these subjects mapped mostly to epitopes in the Env V3 loop region and the CD4 binding site. None of the individual neutralizing mAbs recovered exhibited the cumulative breadth of neutralization present in the serum of the subjects. Surprisingly, however, the activity of polyclonal mixtures comprising individual mAbs that each possessed limited neutralizing activity, could achieve increased breadth of neutralizing activity against autologous isolates. While a single broadly neutralizing antibody targeting one epitope can mediate neutralization breadth, the findings presented here suggest that a cooperative polyclonal process mediated by diverse antibodies with more limited breadth targeting multiple epitopes also can achieve neutralization breadth against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine U. Chukwuma
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Nurgun Kose
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - D. Noah Sather
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Gopal Sapparapu
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Rachel Falk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Hannah King
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Vidisha Singh
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Lampley
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Delphine C. Malherbe
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Noah T. Ditto
- Carterra Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | | | - Trevor Barnes
- Integral Molecular, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Benjamin J. Doranz
- Integral Molecular, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Celia C. Labranche
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Spyros A. Kalams
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Nancy L. Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - James E. Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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166
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Patel A, Gupta V, Hickey J, Nightlinger NS, Rogers RS, Siska C, Joshi SB, Seaman MS, Volkin DB, Kerwin BA. Coformulation of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies 3BNC117 and PGT121: Analytical Challenges During Preformulation Characterization and Storage Stability Studies. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:3032-3046. [PMID: 30176252 PMCID: PMC6269598 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated analytical challenges associated with the formulation of 2 anti-HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), 3BNC117 and PGT121, both separately at 100 mg/mL and together at 50 mg/mL each. The bnAb formulations were characterized for relative solubility and conformational stability followed by accelerated and real-time stability studies. Although the bnAbs were stable during 4°C storage, incubation at 40°C differentiated their stability profiles. Specific concentration-dependent aggregation rates at 30°C and 40°C were measured by size exclusion chromatography for the individual bnAbs with the mixture showing intermediate behavior. Interestingly, although the relative ratio of the 2 bnAbs remained constant at 4°C, the ratio of 3BNC117 to PGT121 increased in the dimer that formed during storage at 40°C. A mass spectrometry-based multiattribute method, identified and quantified differences in modifications of the Fab regions for each bnAb within the mixture including clipping, oxidation, deamidation, and isomerization sites. Each bnAb showed slight differences in the levels and sites of lysine residue glycations. Together, these data demonstrate the ability to differentiate degradation products from individual antibodies within the bnAb mixture, and that degradation rates are influenced not only by the individual bnAb concentrations but also by the mixture concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashaben Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Vineet Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - John Hickey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Nancy S Nightlinger
- Just Biotherapeutics Inc., 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Richard S Rogers
- Just Biotherapeutics Inc., 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Christine Siska
- Just Biotherapeutics Inc., 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047.
| | - Bruce A Kerwin
- Just Biotherapeutics Inc., 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109.
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Ren Y, Korom M, Truong R, Chan D, Huang SH, Kovacs CC, Benko E, Safrit JT, Lee J, Garbán H, Apps R, Goldstein H, Lynch RM, Jones RB. Susceptibility to Neutralization by Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Generally Correlates with Infected Cell Binding for a Panel of Clade B HIV Reactivated from Latent Reservoirs. J Virol 2018; 92:e00895-18. [PMID: 30209173 PMCID: PMC6232479 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00895-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to cure human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are obstructed by reservoirs of latently infected CD4+ T cells that can reestablish viremia. HIV-specific broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), defined by unusually wide neutralization breadths against globally diverse viruses, may contribute to the elimination of these reservoirs by binding to reactivated cells, thus targeting them for immune clearance. However, the relationship between neutralization of reservoir isolates and binding to corresponding infected primary CD4+ T cells has not been determined. Thus, the extent to which neutralization breadths and potencies can be used to infer the corresponding parameters of infected cell binding is currently unknown. We assessed the breadths and potencies of bNAbs against 36 viruses reactivated from peripheral blood CD4+ T cells from antiretroviral (ARV)-treated HIV-infected individuals by using paired neutralization and infected cell binding assays. Single-antibody breadths ranged from 0 to 64% for neutralization (80% inhibitory concentration [IC80] of ≤10 μg/ml) and from 0 to 89% for binding, with two-antibody combinations (results for antibody combinations are theoretical/predicted) reaching levels of 0 to 83% and 50 to 100%, respectively. Infected cell binding correlated with virus neutralization for 10 of 14 antibodies (e.g., for 3BNC117, r = 0.82 and P < 0.0001). Heterogeneity was observed, however, with a lack of significant correlation for 2G12, CAP256.VRC26.25, 2F5, and 4E10. Our results provide guidance on the selection of bNAbs for interventional cure studies, both by providing a direct assessment of intra- and interindividual variabilities in neutralization and infected cell binding in a novel cohort and by defining the relationships between these parameters for a panel of bNAbs.IMPORTANCE Although antiretroviral therapies have improved the lives of people who are living with HIV, they do not cure infection. Efforts are being directed towards harnessing the immune system to eliminate the virus that persists, potentially resulting in virus-free remission without medication. HIV-specific antibodies hold promise for such therapies owing to their ability to both prevent the infection of new cells (neutralization) and direct the killing of infected cells. We isolated 36 HIV strains from individuals whose virus was suppressed by medication and tested 14 different antibodies for neutralization of these viruses and for binding to cells infected with the same viruses (critical for engaging natural killer cells). For both neutralization and infected cell binding, we observed variation both between individuals and amongst different viruses within an individual. For most antibodies, neutralization activity correlated with infected cell binding. These data provide guidance on the selection of antibodies for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqin Ren
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Maria Korom
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ronald Truong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Dora Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Szu-Han Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Erika Benko
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - John Lee
- NantBioScience Inc./NantKwest LLC, Culver City, California, USA
| | | | - Richard Apps
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Harris Goldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rebecca M Lynch
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - R Brad Jones
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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Flamar AL, Bonnabau H, Zurawski S, Lacabaratz C, Montes M, Richert L, Wiedemann A, Galmin L, Weiss D, Cristillo A, Hudacik L, Salazar A, Peltekian C, Thiebaut R, Zurawski G, Levy Y. HIV-1 T cell epitopes targeted to Rhesus macaque CD40 and DCIR: A comparative study of prototype dendritic cell targeting therapeutic vaccine candidates. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207794. [PMID: 30500852 PMCID: PMC6267996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection can be controlled by anti-retroviral drug therapy, but this is a lifetime treatment and the virus remains latent and rapidly rebounds if therapy is stopped. HIV-1-infected individuals under this drug regimen have increased rates of cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and autoimmunity due to compromised immunity. A therapeutic vaccine boosting cellular immunity against HIV-1 is therefore desirable and, possibly combined with other immune modulating agents, could obviate the need for long-term drug therapies. An approach to elicit strong T cell-based immunity is to direct virus protein antigens specifically to dendritic cells (DCs), which are the key cell type for controlling immune responses. For eliciting therapeutic cellular immunity in HIV-1-infected individuals, we developed vaccines comprised of five T cell epitope-rich regions of HIV-1 Gag, Nef, and Pol (HIV5pep) fused to monoclonal antibodies that bind either, the antigen presenting cell activating receptor CD40, or the endocytic dendritic cell immunoreceptor DCIR. The study aimed to demonstrate vaccine safety, establish efficacy for broad T cell responses in both primed and naïve settings, and identify one candidate vaccine for human therapeutic development. The vaccines were administered to Rhesus macaques by intradermal injection with poly-ICLC adjuvant. The animals were either i) naïve or, ii) previously primed with modified vaccinia Ankara vector (MVA) encoding HIV-1 Gag, Pol, and Nef (MVA GagPolNef). In the MVA-primed groups, both DC-targeting vaccinations boosted HIV5pep-specific blood CD4+ T cells producing multiple cytokines, but did not affect the MVA-elicited CD8+ T cell responses. In the naive groups, both DC-targeting vaccines elicited antigen-specific polyfunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to multiple epitopes and these responses were unchanged by a subsequent MVA GagPolNef boost. In both settings, the T cell responses elicited via the CD40-targeting vaccine were more robust and were detectable in all the animals, favoring further development of the CD40-targeting vaccine for therapeutic vaccination of HIV-1-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Flamar
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and INSERM U955, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Henri Bonnabau
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and INSERM U955, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, Inria SISTM, Université Bordeaux, ISPED, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sandra Zurawski
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and INSERM U955, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Christine Lacabaratz
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Service D’immunologie Clinique, Créteil, France
| | - Monica Montes
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and INSERM U955, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Laura Richert
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
- Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, Inria SISTM, Université Bordeaux, ISPED, Bordeaux, France
| | - Aurelie Wiedemann
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Service D’immunologie Clinique, Créteil, France
| | - Lindsey Galmin
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Deborah Weiss
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Anthony Cristillo
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Lauren Hudacik
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | | | - Cécile Peltekian
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and INSERM U955, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rodolphe Thiebaut
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
- Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, Inria SISTM, Université Bordeaux, ISPED, Bordeaux, France
| | - Gerard Zurawski
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and INSERM U955, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Yves Levy
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Service D’immunologie Clinique, Créteil, France
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Zhang Z, He M, Bai S, Zhang F, Jiang J, Zheng Q, Gao S, Yan X, Li S, Gu Y, Xia N. T = 4 Icosahedral HIV-1 Capsid As an Immunogenic Vector for HIV-1 V3 Loop Epitope Display. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120667. [PMID: 30486318 PMCID: PMC6316451 DOI: 10.3390/v10120667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 mature capsid (CA) assumes an amorphous, fullerene conical configuration due to its high flexibility. How native CA self-assembles is still unclear despite having well-defined structures of its pentamer and hexamer building blocks. Here we explored the self-assembly of an engineered capsid protein built through artificial disulfide bonding (CA N21C/A22C) and determined the structure of one fraction of the globular particles. CA N21C/A22C was found to self-assemble into particles in relatively high ionic solutions. These particles contained disulfide-bonding hexamers as determined via non-reducing SDS-PAGE, and exhibited two major components of 57.3 S and 80.5 S in the sedimentation velocity assay. Particles had a globular morphology, approximately 40 nm in diameter, in negative-staining TEM. Through cryo-EM 3-D reconstruction, we determined a novel T = 4 icosahedral structure of CA, comprising 12 pentamers and 30 hexamers at 25 Å resolution. We engineered the HIV-1 V3 loop to the CA particles, and found the resultant particles resembled the morphology of their parental particles in TEM, had a positive reaction with V3-specific neutralizing antibodies, and conferred neutralization immunogenicity in mice. Our results shed light on HIV CA assembly and provide a particulate CA for epitope display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Maozhou He
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Shimeng Bai
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Jie Jiang
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Qingbing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Shuangquan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Xiaodong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Division of Biological Sciences, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093-0378, USA.
| | - Shaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Ying Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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LaBranche CC, McGuire AT, Gray MD, Behrens S, Zhou T, Sattentau QJ, Peacock J, Eaton A, Greene K, Gao H, Tang H, Perez LG, Saunders KO, Mascola JR, Haynes BF, Stamatatos L, Montefiori DC. HIV-1 envelope glycan modifications that permit neutralization by germline-reverted VRC01-class broadly neutralizing antibodies. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007431. [PMID: 30395637 PMCID: PMC6237427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) induction is a high priority for effective HIV-1 vaccination. VRC01-class bnAbs that target the CD4 binding site (CD4bs) of trimeric HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoprotein spikes are particularly attractive to elicit because of their extraordinary breadth and potency of neutralization in vitro and their ability to protect against infection in animal models. Glycans bordering the CD4bs impede the binding of germline-reverted forms of VRC01-class bnAbs and therefore constitute a barrier to early events in initiating the correct antibody lineages. Deleting a subset of these glycans permits Env antigen binding but not virus neutralization, suggesting that additional barriers impede germline-reverted VRC01-class antibody binding to functional Env trimers. We investigated the requirements for functional Env trimer engagement of VRC01-class naïve B cell receptors by using virus neutralization and germline-reverted antibodies as surrogates for the interaction. Targeted deletion of a subset of N-glycans bordering the CD4bs, combined with Man5 enrichment of remaining N-linked glycans that are otherwise processed into larger complex-type glycans, rendered HIV-1 426c Env-pseudotyped virus (subtype C, transmitted/founder) highly susceptible to neutralization by near germline forms of VRC01-class bnAbs. Neither glycan modification alone rendered the virus susceptible to neutralization. The potency of neutralization in some cases rivaled the potency of mature VRC01 against wildtype viruses. Neutralization by the germline-reverted antibodies was abrogated by the known VRC01 resistance mutation, D279K. These findings improve our understanding of the restrictions imposed by glycans in eliciting VRC01-class bnAbs and enable a neutralization-based strategy to monitor vaccine-elicited early precursors of this class of bnAbs. Activation of appropriate naïve B cells is a critical initial step in the elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) by HIV-1 vaccines. Germline-reverted forms of bnAbs partially mimic naïve B cell receptors, making them useful for designing and identifying immunogens that can initiate early stages of bnAb development. Here we identify a combination of glycan-modifications on the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins that preserve native structure and facilitate interactions with germline-reverted forms of the VRC01-class of bnAbs. These modifications included the complete removal of certain N-glycans, combined with Man5-enrichment of remaining N-glycans that otherwise are processed into larger complex-type glycans. HIV-1 Env-pseudotyped viruses modified in this way were highly susceptible to neutralization by germline-reverted forms of several VRC01-class bnAbs, and this neutralization could be blocked by a known VRC01 resistance mutation. These findings provide new insights for the design and testing of novel immunogens that aim to elicit VRC01-like bnAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia C. LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Andrew T. McGuire
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Department of Global Health, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Matthew D. Gray
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Department of Global Health, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Shay Behrens
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Quentin J. Sattentau
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James Peacock
- Duke University School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Amanda Eaton
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Kelli Greene
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Hongmei Gao
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Haili Tang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Lautaro G. Perez
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Kevin O. Saunders
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke University School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Leonidas Stamatatos
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Department of Global Health, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- University of Washington, Department of Global Health, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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172
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Moyo S, Gaseitsiwe S, Mohammed T, Pretorius Holme M, Wang R, Kotokwe KP, Boleo C, Mupfumi L, Yankinda EK, Chakalisa U, van Widenfelt E, Gaolathe T, Mmalane MO, Dryden-Peterson S, Mine M, Lebelonyane R, Bennett K, Leidner J, Wirth KE, Tchetgen Tchetgen E, Powis K, Moore J, Clarke WA, Lockman S, Makhema JM, Essex M, Novitsky V. Cross-sectional estimates revealed high HIV incidence in Botswana rural communities in the era of successful ART scale-up in 2013-2015. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204840. [PMID: 30356287 PMCID: PMC6200198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Botswana is close to reaching the UNAIDS "90-90-90" HIV testing, antiretroviral treatment (ART), and viral suppression goals. We sought to determine HIV incidence in this setting with both high HIV prevalence and high ART coverage. METHODS We used a cross-sectional approach to assessing HIV incidence. A random, population-based sample of adults age 16-64 years was enrolled in 30 rural and peri-urban communities as part of the Botswana Combination Prevention Project (BCPP), from October 2013 -November 2015. Data and samples from the baseline household survey were used to estimate cross-sectional HIV incidence, following an algorithm that combined Limiting-Antigen Avidity Assay (LAg-Avidity EIA), ART status (documented or by testing ARV drugs in plasma) and HIV-1 RNA load. The LAg-Avidity EIA cut-off normalized optical density (ODn) was set at 1.5. The HIV-1 RNA cut-off was set at 400 copies/mL. For estimation purposes, the Mean Duration of Recent Infection was 130 days and the False Recent Rate (FRR) was evaluated at values of either 0 or 0.39%. RESULTS Among 12,610 individuals participating in the baseline household survey, HIV status was available for 12,570 participants and 3,596 of them were HIV positive. LAg-Avidity EIA data was generated for 3,581 (99.6%) of HIV-positive participants. Of 326 participants with ODn ≤1.5, 278 individuals were receiving ART verified through documentation and were considered to represent longstanding HIV infections. Among the remaining 48 participants who reported no use of ART, 14 had an HIV-1 RNA load ≤400 copies/mL (including 3 participants with ARVs in plasma) and were excluded, as potential elite/viremic controllers or undisclosed ART. Thus, 34 LAg-Avidity-EIA-recent, ARV-naïve individuals with detectable HIV-1 RNA (>400 copies/mL) were classified as individuals with recent HIV infections. The annualized HIV incidence among 16-64 year old adults was estimated at 1.06% (95% CI 0.68-1.45%) with zero FRR, and at 0.64% (95% CI 0.24-1.04%) using a previously defined FRR of 0.39%. Within a subset of younger individuals 16-49 years old, the annualized HIV incidence was estimated at 1.29% (95% CI 0.82-1.77%) with zero FRR, and at 0.90% (95% CI 0.42-1.38%) with FRR set to 0.39%. CONCLUSIONS Using a cross-sectional estimate of HIV incidence from 2013-2015, we found that at the time of near achievement of the UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets, ~1% of adults (age 16-64 years) in Botswana's rural and peri-urban communities became HIV infected annually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikhulile Moyo
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Simani Gaseitsiwe
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Molly Pretorius Holme
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Corretah Boleo
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Lucy Mupfumi
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | - Unoda Chakalisa
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | | | | | - Scott Dryden-Peterson
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Madisa Mine
- Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | - Kara Bennett
- Bennett Statistical Consulting, Inc., Ballston Lake, New York, United States of America
| | - Jean Leidner
- Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK, United States of America
| | - Kathleen E. Wirth
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Powis
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Janet Moore
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Shahin Lockman
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. Makhema
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Max Essex
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vlad Novitsky
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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173
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Mathew E, Zhu H, Connelly SM, Sullivan MA, Brewer MG, Piepenbrink MS, Kobie JJ, Dewhurst S, Dumont ME. Display of the HIV envelope protein at the yeast cell surface for immunogen development. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205756. [PMID: 30335821 PMCID: PMC6193675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As a step toward the development of variant forms of Env with enhanced immunogenic properties, we have expressed the glycoprotein in the yeast surface display system in a form that can be subjected to random mutagenesis followed by screening for forms with enhanced binding to germline antibodies. To optimize the expression and immunogenicity of the yeast-displayed Env protein, we tested different approaches for cell wall anchoring, expression of gp120 and gp140 Env from different viral strains, the effects of introducing mutations designed to stabilize Env, and the effects of procedures for altering N-linked glycosylation of Env. We find that diverse forms of HIV envelope glycoprotein can be efficiently expressed at the yeast cell surface and that gp140 forms of Env are effectively cleaved by Kex2p, the yeast furin protease homolog. Multiple yeast-displayed gp120 and gp140 proteins are capable of binding to antibodies directed against the V3-variable loop, CD4 binding site, and gp41 membrane-proximal regions, including some antibodies whose binding is known to depend on Env conformation and N-linked glycan. Based on antibody recognition and sensitivity to glycosidases, yeast glycosylation patterns partially mimic high mannose-type N-glycosylation in mammalian cells. However, yeast-displayed Env is not recognized by some anti-Env antibodies sensitive to quaternary structure, suggesting either that the displayed protein exists in a monomeric state or that for these antibodies, yeast glycosylation in certain regions hinders recognition or access. Consistent with studies in other systems, reconstructed predicted unmutated precursors to anti-Env antibodies exhibit little affinity for the yeast-displayed envelope protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Mathew
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Sara M. Connelly
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Matthew G. Brewer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Piepenbrink
- Infectious Diseases Division, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - James J. Kobie
- Infectious Diseases Division, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Stephen Dewhurst
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Mark E. Dumont
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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174
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Wang Y, Shan Y, Gao X, Gong R, Zheng J, Zhang XD, Zhao Q. Screening and expressing HIV-1 specific antibody fragments in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Immunol 2018; 103:279-285. [PMID: 30342371 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Yeast displaying techniques have been widely used for identifying novel single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) and engineering their binding properties. In this study, we establish a set of vectors for scFv screening and production in the yeast system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This suite includes a display vector pYS for screening of recombinant scFv libraries as well as an expression vector pYE for production of scFv candidates in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The display vector, pYS, give the identification of the HIV-1-specific scFv clones from one scFv display library by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Subsequently, the expression vector pYE can offer high quality scFvs of interest up to hundreds of microgram scale for bioactivity analysis. As the result, one identified scFv was confirmed to exhibit HIV-1 neutralization activity in a cell line-based pseudovirus assay. The advantage of this system enables the identical post-translation of mammalian scFvs in the same host cells. Therefore, this vector set can be useful for the rapid screening and expression of antibody genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Yaming Shan
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinyu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rui Gong
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Heath Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Xiaohua Douglas Zhang
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Heath Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Heath Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.
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175
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Abstract
A large array of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against HIV have been isolated and described, particularly in the last decade. This continually expanding array of bnAbs has crucially led to the identification of novel epitopes on the HIV envelope protein via which antibodies can block a broad range of HIV strains. Moreover, these studies have produced high-resolution understanding of these sites of vulnerability on the envelope protein. They have also clarified the mechanisms of action of bnAbs and provided detailed descriptions of B cell ontogenies from which they arise. However, it is still not possible to predict which HIV-infected individuals will go onto develop breath nor is it possible to induce neutralization breadth by immunization in humans. This review aims to discuss the major insights gained so far and also to evaluate the requirement to continue isolating and characterizing new bnAbs. While new epitopes may remain to be uncovered, a clearer probable benefit of further bnAb characterization is a greater understanding of key decision points in bnAb development within the anti-HIV immune response. This in turn may lead to new insights into how to trigger bnAbs by immunization and more clearly define the challenges to using bnAbs as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E McCoy
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK.
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176
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Abstract
An effective HIV-1 vaccine probably will need to be able to induce broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies (bNAbs) in order to be efficacious. The many bNAbs that have been isolated from HIV-1 infected patients illustrate that the human immune system is able to elicit this type of antibodies. The elucidation of the structure of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer has further fueled the search for Env immunogens that induce bNAbs, but while native Env trimer mimetics are often capable of inducing strain-specific neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against the parental virus, they have not yet induced potent bNAb responses. To improve the performance of Env trimer immunogens, researchers have studied the immune responses that Env trimers have induced in animals; they have evaluated how to best use Env trimers in various immunization regimens; and they have engineered increasingly stabilized Env trimer variants. Here, we review the different approaches that have been used to increase the stability of HIV-1 Env trimer immunogens with the aim of improving the induction of NAbs. In particular, we draw parallels between the various approaches to stabilize Env trimers and ones that have been used by nature in extremophile microorganisms in order to survive in extreme environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Torrents de la Peña
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier W. Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021 USA
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177
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Abstract
As increasing numbers of broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against HIV-1 enter clinical trials, it is becoming evident that combinations of mAbs are necessary to block infection by the diverse array of globally circulating HIV-1 strains and to limit the emergence of resistant viruses. Multi-specific antibodies, in which two or more HIV-1 entry-targeting moieties are engineered into a single molecule, have expanded rapidly in recent years and offer an attractive solution that can improve neutralization breadth and erect a higher barrier against viral resistance. In some unique cases, multi-specific HIV-1 antibodies have demonstrated vastly improved antiviral potency due to increased avidity or enhanced spatiotemporal functional activity. This review will describe the recent advancements in the HIV-1 field in engineering monoclonal, bispecific and trispecific antibodies with enhanced breadth and potency against HIV-1. A case study will also be presented as an example of the developmental challenges these multi-specific antibodies may face on their path to the clinic. The tremendous potential of multi-specific antibodies against the HIV-1 epidemic is readily evident. Creativity in their discovery and engineering, and acumen during their development, will be the true determinant of their success in reducing HIV-1 infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal N Padte
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, 455 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Jian Yu
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, 455 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Yaoxing Huang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, 455 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - David D Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, 455 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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178
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Otsuka Y, Schmitt K, Quinlan BD, Gardner MR, Alfant B, Reich A, Farzan M, Choe H. Diverse pathways of escape from all well-characterized VRC01-class broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007238. [PMID: 30125330 PMCID: PMC6117093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) were shown effective in animal models, and are currently evaluated in clinical trials. However, use of these antibodies in humans is hampered by the rapid emergence of resistant viruses. Here we show that soft-randomization can be used to accelerate the parallel identification of viral escape pathways. As a proof of principle, we soft-randomized the epitope regions of VRC01-class bNAbs in replication-competent HIV-1 and selected for resistant variants. After only a few passages, a surprisingly diverse population of antibody-resistant viruses emerged, bearing both novel and previously described escape mutations. We observed that the escape variants resistant to some VRC01-class bNAbs are resistant to most other bNAbs in the same class, and that a subset of variants was completely resistant to every well characterized VRC01-class bNAB, including VRC01, NIH45-46, 3BNC117, VRC07, N6, VRC-CH31, and VRC-PG04. Thus, our data demonstrate that soft randomization is a suitable approach for accelerated detection of viral escape, and highlight the challenges inherent in administering or attempting to elicit VRC01-class antibodies. Several potent antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) have been evaluated in clinical trials. Use of these antibodies in humans, however, is problematic, because easy viral escape remains a major concern. To gain greater insights, we sought to develop an approach to rapidly assess the likelihood of viral escape from such antibodies. We show here that soft-randomization mutagenesis is a suitable approach to introduce a controlled number of changes into defined target regions. As a proof of concept, we used this approach to detect the HIV-1 variants fully resistant to VRC01-class of antibodies. We observed that within a few passages of the soft-randomized library of viruses in the presence of potent HIV-1 antibodies, a remarkably wide array of variants emerged, including variants resistant to every VRC01-class antibody. This study provides insights into a wide range of escape pathways, and describes a method for rapidly assessing the likelihood of viral escape from antibodies or small molecules targeting the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Otsuka
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Schmitt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Brian D. Quinlan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Matthew R. Gardner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Barnett Alfant
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Adrian Reich
- Informatics Core, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michael Farzan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Hyeryun Choe
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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179
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Chissumba RM, Luciano A, Namalango E, Bauer A, Bhatt N, Wahren B, Nilsson C, Geldmacher C, Scarlatti G, Jani I, Kestens L. Regulatory T cell abundance and activation status before and after priming with HIVIS-DNA and boosting with MVA-HIV/rgp140/GLA-AF may impact the magnitude of the vaccine-induced immune responses. Immunobiology 2018; 223:792-801. [PMID: 30121146 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about regulatory CD4 T cells (Tregs) in the context of HIV vaccines. Tregs can be differentiated into resting (FoxP3+CD45RA+ - rTregs), activated (FoxP3HighCD45RA- - aTregs) and memory (FoxP3LowCD45RA- - mTregs). Tregs, as CD4 T cells, are also frequent targets for HIV infection. We studied how the abundance and phenotypes of Tregs in terms of activation status and expression of HIV-1 binding molecules would have changed during vaccination in healthy volunteers participating in a phase IIa HIV vaccine clinical trial. Subjects were primed three times with HIVIS-DNA and boosted twice with MVA-CMDR-HIV alone (n = 12) or MVA-CMDR combined with protein CN54rgp140 (n = 13). The proportions of β7 integrin in all CD4 T cells and in the Tregs subset decreased moderately after the final vaccination (p = 0.001 and p = 0.033, respectively) and the rTregs proportion within the total Tregs were also decreased after the final vaccination (p = 0.038). All these proportions returned to normal values within the three months after the final vaccination. The magnitude of HIV-Envelope-specific IFNγ + T cells after vaccination (r = 0.66; p = 0.021) correlated directly with the proportion of Tregs, and correlated inversely correlated with ratios of Th17/Tregs (r = -0.75; p = 0.0057) and Th17/mTregs (r = -0.78; p = 0.0065). Higher titers of IgG gp140 antibodies were observed in subjects with higher mTregs proportions (r = 0.52; p = 0.022). Interestingly, pre-vaccination levels of mTregs correlated with vaccine-induced Env-binding antibodies (r = 0.57; p = 0.01) and presence of neutralizing antibodies (r = 0.61; p = 0.01), while the pre-vaccination Th17/mTregs ratio correlated inversely with the magnitude of cellular IFN-γ ELISpot responses (r = -0.9; p = 0.002). Taken together, these results suggest that pre- and post-vaccination Tregs, their activation status, the Th17/Tregs ratio and other host factors affecting Treg abundance, have an impact on the magnitude of HIV vaccine-induced immune responses. Moreover, the DNA-HIVIS/MVA-HIV regimen, alone or in combination with CN54rgp140 induced moderate and temporary alterations of the Tregs activation status. We also show a decrease in expression of the HIV-1 ligand β7 integrin on Tregs and all CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Matavele Chissumba
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Abílio Luciano
- Instituto de Ciências de Saúde, Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | - Asli Bauer
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mbeya Medical Research Center, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Nilesh Bhatt
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Britta Wahren
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Nilsson
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden; Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Christof Geldmacher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinikum of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriella Scarlatti
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, Department of Immunology, Transplant and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilesh Jani
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Luc Kestens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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180
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Patricia D'Souza M, Allen MA, Baumblatt JAG, Boggiano C, Crotty S, Grady C, Havenar-Daughton C, Heit A, Hu DJ, Kunwar N, McElrath MJ. Innovative approaches to track lymph node germinal center responses to evaluate development of broadly neutralizing antibodies in human HIV vaccine trials. Vaccine 2018; 36:5671-5677. [PMID: 30097219 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Phase 1 clinical studies will soon evaluate novel HIV-1 envelope immunogens targeting distinct 'germline' and memory B cell receptors to ultimately elicit HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) recently convened a panel of US-based expert scientists, clinicians, sponsors and ethicists to discuss the role of sampling draining lymph nodes within preventive HIV vaccine trials. The meeting addressed the importance of evaluating germinal center (GC) responses following immunization to predict bNAb potency and breadth, and reviewed key aspects of this procedure within the clinical research setting, including informed consent, adverse event monitoring, study participant acceptability, medical expertise and training. We review highlights from the meeting and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of sampling lymph nodes by excisional biopsies compared to fine needle aspirations (FNA) in the context of prophylactic HIV vaccine trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shane Crotty
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Colin Havenar-Daughton
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Antje Heit
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
| | - Dale J Hu
- Division of AIDS, NIAID, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
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181
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O’Rourke SM, Byrne G, Tatsuno G, Wright M, Yu B, Mesa KA, Doran RC, Alexander D, Berman PW. Robotic selection for the rapid development of stable CHO cell lines for HIV vaccine production. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197656. [PMID: 30071025 PMCID: PMC6071959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of envelope glycoproteins (Envs) for use as HIV vaccines is challenging. The yield of Envs expressed in stable Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell lines is typically 10-100 fold lower than other glycoproteins of pharmaceutical interest. Moreover, Envs produced in CHO cells are typically enriched for sialic acid containing glycans compared to virus associated Envs that possess mainly high-mannose carbohydrates. This difference alters the net charge and biophysical properties of Envs and impacts their antigenic structure. Here we employ a novel robotic cell line selection strategy to address the problems of low expression. Additionally, we employed a novel gene-edited CHO cell line (MGAT1- CHO) to address the problems of high sialic acid content, and poor antigenic structure. We demonstrate that stable cell lines expressing high levels of gp120, potentially suitable for biopharmaceutical production can be created using the MGAT1- CHO cell line. Finally, we describe a MGAT1- CHO cell line expressing A244-rgp120 that exhibits improved binding of three major families of bN-mAbs compared to Envs produced in normal CHO cells. The new strategy described has the potential to eliminate the bottleneck in HIV vaccine development that has limited the field for more than 25 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. O’Rourke
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Gabriel Byrne
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Gwen Tatsuno
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Meredith Wright
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Kathryn A. Mesa
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Rachel C. Doran
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - David Alexander
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Phillip W. Berman
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
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182
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Lertjuthaporn S, Cicala C, Van Ryk D, Liu M, Yolitz J, Wei D, Nawaz F, Doyle A, Horowitch B, Park C, Lu S, Lou Y, Wang S, Pan R, Jiang X, Villinger F, Byrareddy SN, Santangelo PJ, Morris L, Wibmer CK, Biris K, Mason RD, Gorman J, Hiatt J, Martinelli E, Roederer M, Fujikawa D, Gorini G, Franchini G, Arakelyan A, Ansari AA, Pattanapanyasat K, Kong XP, Fauci AS, Arthos J. Select gp120 V2 domain specific antibodies derived from HIV and SIV infection and vaccination inhibit gp120 binding to α4β7. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007278. [PMID: 30153309 PMCID: PMC6130882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The GI tract is preferentially targeted during acute/early HIV-1 infection. Consequent damage to the gut plays a central role in HIV pathogenesis. The basis for preferential targeting of gut tissues is not well defined. Recombinant proteins and synthetic peptides derived from HIV and SIV gp120 bind directly to integrin α4β7, a gut-homing receptor. Using both cell-surface expressed α4β7 and a soluble α4β7 heterodimer we demonstrate that its specific affinity for gp120 is similar to its affinity for MAdCAM (its natural ligand). The gp120 V2 domain preferentially engages extended forms of α4β7 in a cation -sensitive manner and is inhibited by soluble MAdCAM. Thus, V2 mimics MAdCAM in the way that it binds to α4β7, providing HIV a potential mechanism to discriminate between functionally distinct subsets of lymphocytes, including those with gut-homing potential. Furthermore, α4β7 antagonists developed for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases, block V2 binding to α4β7. A 15-amino acid V2 -derived peptide is sufficient to mediate binding to α4β7. It includes the canonical LDV/I α4β7 binding site, a cryptic epitope that lies 7-9 amino acids amino terminal to the LDV/I, and residues K169 and I181. These two residues were identified in a sieve analysis of the RV144 vaccine trial as sites of vaccine -mediated immune pressure. HIV and SIV V2 mAbs elicited by both vaccination and infection that recognize this peptide block V2-α4β7 interactions. These mAbs recognize conformations absent from the β- barrel presented in a stabilized HIV SOSIP gp120/41 trimer. The mimicry of MAdCAM-α4β7 interactions by V2 may influence early events in HIV infection, particularly the rapid seeding of gut tissues, and supports the view that HIV replication in gut tissue is a central feature of HIV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakaorat Lertjuthaporn
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Claudia Cicala
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Donald Van Ryk
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Matthew Liu
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Jason Yolitz
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Danlan Wei
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Fatima Nawaz
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Allison Doyle
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Brooke Horowitch
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Chung Park
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Shan Lu
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Yang Lou
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Shixia Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Ruimin Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Xunqing Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center and Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, United States of America
| | - Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Philip J. Santangelo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lynn Morris
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Congella, South Africa
| | - Constantinos Kurt Wibmer
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kristin Biris
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Rosemarie D. Mason
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Jason Gorman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Joseph Hiatt
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Elena Martinelli
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Dai Fujikawa
- Animal Models and Vaccine Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Giacomo Gorini
- Animal Models and Vaccine Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Vaccine Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Anush Arakelyan
- Section on Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Aftab A. Ansari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Kovit Pattanapanyasat
- Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Xiang-Peng Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Anthony S. Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
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183
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Amitai A, Chakraborty AK, Kardar M. The low spike density of HIV may have evolved because of the effects of T helper cell depletion on affinity maturation. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006408. [PMID: 30161121 PMCID: PMC6150518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The spikes on virus surfaces bind receptors on host cells to propagate infection. High spike densities (SDs) can promote infection, but spikes are also targets of antibody-mediated immune responses. Thus, diverse evolutionary pressures can influence virus SDs. HIV's SD is about two orders of magnitude lower than that of other viruses, a surprising feature of unknown origin. By modeling antibody evolution through affinity maturation, we find that an intermediate SD maximizes the affinity of generated antibodies. We argue that this leads most viruses to evolve high SDs. T helper cells, which are depleted during early HIV infection, play a key role in antibody evolution. We find that T helper cell depletion results in high affinity antibodies when SD is high, but not if SD is low. This special feature of HIV infection may have led to the evolution of a low SD to avoid potent immune responses early in infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Amitai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Arup K. Chakraborty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mehran Kardar
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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184
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Duan H, Chen X, Boyington JC, Cheng C, Zhang Y, Jafari AJ, Stephens T, Tsybovsky Y, Kalyuzhniy O, Zhao P, Menis S, Nason MC, Normandin E, Mukhamedova M, DeKosky BJ, Wells L, Schief WR, Tian M, Alt FW, Kwong PD, Mascola JR. Glycan Masking Focuses Immune Responses to the HIV-1 CD4-Binding Site and Enhances Elicitation of VRC01-Class Precursor Antibodies. Immunity 2018; 49:301-311.e5. [PMID: 30076101 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An important class of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies, termed the VRC01 class, targets the conserved CD4-binding site (CD4bs) of the envelope glycoprotein (Env). An engineered Env outer domain (OD) eOD-GT8 60-mer nanoparticle has been developed as a priming immunogen for eliciting VRC01-class precursors and is planned for clinical trials. However, a substantial portion of eOD-GT8-elicited antibodies target non-CD4bs epitopes, potentially limiting its efficacy. We introduced N-linked glycans into non-CD4bs surfaces of eOD-GT8 to mask irrelevant epitopes and evaluated these mutants in a mouse model that expressed diverse immunoglobulin heavy chains containing human IGHV1-2∗02, the germline VRC01 VH segment. Compared to the parental eOD-GT8, a mutant with five added glycans stimulated significantly higher proportions of CD4bs-specific serum responses and CD4bs-specific immunoglobulin G+ B cells including VRC01-class precursors. These results demonstrate that glycan masking can limit elicitation of off-target antibodies and focus immune responses to the CD4bs, a major target of HIV-1 vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Duan
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Cheng Cheng
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Tyler Stephens
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Peng Zhao
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sergey Menis
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Martha C Nason
- Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Erica Normandin
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Brandon J DeKosky
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Lance Wells
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - William R Schief
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ming Tian
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Frederick W Alt
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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185
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Moyo T, Ereño-Orbea J, Jacob RA, Pavillet CE, Kariuki SM, Tangie EN, Julien JP, Dorfman JR. Molecular Basis of Unusually High Neutralization Resistance in Tier 3 HIV-1 Strain 253-11. J Virol 2018; 92:e02261-17. [PMID: 29618644 PMCID: PMC6026760 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02261-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms used by HIV-1 to evade antibody neutralization may contribute to the design of a high-coverage vaccine. The tier 3 virus 253-11 is poorly neutralized by subtype-matched and subtype C sera, even compared to other tier 3 viruses, and is also recognized poorly by V3/glycan-targeting monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). We found that sequence polymorphisms in the V3 loop and N-linked glycosylation sites contribute only minimally to the high neutralization resistance of 253-11. Interestingly, the 253-11 membrane-proximal external region (MPER) is rarely recognized by sera in the context of the wild-type virus but is commonly recognized in the context of an HIV-2 chimera, suggesting steric or kinetic hindrance of binding to MPER in the native envelope (Env). Mutations in the 253-11 MPER, which were previously reported to increase the lifetime of the prefusion Env conformation, affected the resistance of 253-11 to antibodies targeting various epitopes on HIV-1 Env, presumably destabilizing its otherwise stable, closed trimer structure. To gain insight into the structure of 253-11, we constructed and crystallized a recombinant 253-11 SOSIP trimer. The resulting structure revealed that the heptad repeat helices in gp41 are drawn in close proximity to the trimer axis and that gp120 protomers also showed a relatively compact disposition around the trimer axis. These observations give substantial insight into the molecular features of an envelope spike from a tier 3 virus and into possible mechanisms that may contribute to its unusually high neutralization resistance.IMPORTANCE HIV-1 isolates that are highly resistant to broadly neutralizing antibodies could limit the efficacy of an antibody-based vaccine. We studied 253-11, which is highly resistant to commonly elicited neutralizing antibodies. To further understand its resistance, we made mutations that are known to delay fusion and thus increase the time that the virus spends in the open conformation following CD4 binding. Interestingly, we found that these mutations affect the 253-11 envelope (Env) spike before CD4 binding, presumably by destabilizing the trimer structure. To gain further information about the structure of the 253-11 Env trimer, we generated a recombinant 253-11 SOSIP trimer. The crystal structure of the SOSIP trimer revealed that the gp41 helices and the gp120 protomers were drawn in toward the center of the molecule compared to most solved HIV-1 Env structures. These observations provide insight into the distinct molecular features of a tier 3 envelope spike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thandeka Moyo
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - June Ereño-Orbea
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rajesh Abraham Jacob
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Clara E Pavillet
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samuel Mundia Kariuki
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Biological Science, University of Eldoret, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Emily N Tangie
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jean-Philippe Julien
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey R Dorfman
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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186
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Dingens AS, Acharya P, Haddox HK, Rawi R, Xu K, Chuang GY, Wei H, Zhang B, Mascola JR, Carragher B, Potter CS, Overbaugh J, Kwong PD, Bloom JD. Complete functional mapping of infection- and vaccine-elicited antibodies against the fusion peptide of HIV. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007159. [PMID: 29975771 PMCID: PMC6049957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eliciting broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) targeting envelope (Env) is a major goal of HIV vaccine development, but cross-clade breadth from immunization has only sporadically been observed. Recently, Xu et al (2018) elicited cross-reactive neutralizing antibody responses in a variety of animal models using immunogens based on the epitope of bnAb VRC34.01. The VRC34.01 antibody, which was elicited by natural human infection, targets the N terminus of the Env fusion peptide, a critical component of the virus entry machinery. Here we precisely characterize the functional epitopes of VRC34.01 and two vaccine-elicited murine antibodies by mapping all single amino-acid mutations to the BG505 Env that affect viral neutralization. While escape from VRC34.01 occurred via mutations in both fusion peptide and distal interacting sites of the Env trimer, escape from the vaccine-elicited antibodies was mediated predominantly by mutations in the fusion peptide. Cryo-electron microscopy of four vaccine-elicited antibodies in complex with Env trimer revealed focused recognition of the fusion peptide and provided a structural basis for development of neutralization breadth. Together, these functional and structural data suggest that the breadth of vaccine-elicited antibodies targeting the fusion peptide can be enhanced by specific interactions with additional portions of Env. Thus, our complete maps of viral escape both delineate pathways of resistance to these fusion peptide-directed antibodies and provide a strategy to improve the breadth or potency of future vaccine-induced antibodies against Env’s fusion peptide. A major goal of HIV-1 vaccine design is to elicit antibodies that neutralize diverse strains of HIV-1. Recently, some of us elicited such antibodies in animal models using immunogens based on the epitope of a broad antibody (VRC34.01) isolated from an infected individual. Further improving these vaccine-elicited antibody responses will require a detailed understanding of how the resulting antibodies target HIV’s envelope protein (Env). Here, we used mutational antigenic profiling to precisely map the epitopes of two vaccine-elicited antibodies and the template VRC34.01 antibody. We did this by quantifying the effect of all possible amino acid mutations to Env on antibody neutralization. Although all antibodies target a similar region of Env, we found clear differences in the functional interaction of Env with these vaccine- and infection-elicited antibodies. We combined these functional data with structural analyses to identify antibody–Env interactions that may contribute to the relatively greater breadth of the infection-elicited antibody and could improve the breadth of vaccine-elicited antibodies. These data thereby help to refine vaccination schemes to achieve broader responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S. Dingens
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biology PhD program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Division of Human Biology and Epidemiology Program, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Priyamvada Acharya
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hugh K. Haddox
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biology PhD program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Reda Rawi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kai Xu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gwo-Yu Chuang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hui Wei
- National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bridget Carragher
- National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Clinton S. Potter
- National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Division of Human Biology and Epidemiology Program, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PDK); (JDB)
| | - Jesse D. Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PDK); (JDB)
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187
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Yacoob C, Lange MD, Cohen K, Lathia K, Feng J, Glenn J, Carbonetti S, Oliver B, Vigdorovich V, Sather DN, Stamatatos L. B cell clonal lineage alterations upon recombinant HIV-1 envelope immunization of rhesus macaques. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007120. [PMID: 29933399 PMCID: PMC6033445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies (bNAbs) isolated from infected subjects display protective potential in animal models. Their elicitation by immunization is thus highly desirable. The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) is the sole viral target of bnAbs, but is also targeted by binding, non-neutralizing antibodies. Env-based immunogens tested so far in various animal species and humans have elicited binding and autologous neutralizing antibodies but not bNAbs (with a few notable exceptions). The underlying reasons for this are not well understood despite intensive efforts to characterize the binding specificities of the elicited antibodies; mostly by employing serologic methodologies and monoclonal antibody isolation and characterization. These approaches provide limited information on the ontogenies and clonal B cell lineages that expand following Env-immunization. Thus, our current understanding on how the expansion of particular B cell lineages by Env may be linked to the development of non-neutralizing antibodies is limited. Here, in addition to serological analysis, we employed high-throughput BCR sequence analysis from the periphery, lymph nodes and bone marrow, as well as B cell- and antibody-isolation and characterization methods, to compare in great detail the B cell and antibody responses elicited in non-human primates by two forms of the clade C HIV Env 426c: one representing the full length extracellular portion of Env while the other lacking the variable domains 1, 2 and 3 and three conserved N-linked glycosylation sites. The two forms were equally immunogenic, but only the latter elicited neutralizing antibodies by stimulating a more restricted expansion of B cells to a narrower set of IGH/IGK/IGL-V genes that represented a small fraction (0.003-0.02%) of total B cells. Our study provides new information on how Env antigenic differences drastically affect the expansion of particular B cell lineages and supports immunogen-design efforts aiming at stimulating the expansion of cells expressing particular B cell receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Yacoob
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Miles Darnell Lange
- The Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kristen Cohen
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kanan Lathia
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Junli Feng
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jolene Glenn
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sara Carbonetti
- The Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Brian Oliver
- The Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Vigdorovich
- The Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David Noah Sather
- The Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DNS); (LS)
| | - Leonidas Stamatatos
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- University of Washington, Department of Global Health, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DNS); (LS)
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188
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Setliff I, McDonnell WJ, Raju N, Bombardi RG, Murji AA, Scheepers C, Ziki R, Mynhardt C, Shepherd BE, Mamchak AA, Garrett N, Karim SA, Mallal SA, Crowe JE, Morris L, Georgiev IS. Multi-Donor Longitudinal Antibody Repertoire Sequencing Reveals the Existence of Public Antibody Clonotypes in HIV-1 Infection. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 23:845-854.e6. [PMID: 29861170 PMCID: PMC6002606 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of single antibody lineages within infected individuals has provided insights into the development of Env-specific antibodies. However, a systems-level understanding of the humoral response against HIV-1 is limited. Here, we interrogated the antibody repertoires of multiple HIV-infected donors from an infection-naive state through acute and chronic infection using next-generation sequencing. This analysis revealed the existence of "public" antibody clonotypes that were shared among multiple HIV-infected individuals. The HIV-1 reactivity for representative antibodies from an identified public clonotype shared by three donors was confirmed. Furthermore, a meta-analysis of publicly available antibody repertoire sequencing datasets revealed antibodies with high sequence identity to known HIV-reactive antibodies, even in repertoires that were reported to be HIV naive. The discovery of public antibody clonotypes in HIV-infected individuals represents an avenue of significant potential for better understanding antibody responses to HIV-1 infection, as well as for clonotype-specific vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Setliff
- Program in Chemical & Physical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Wyatt J McDonnell
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Center for Translational Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nagarajan Raju
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Robin G Bombardi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Amyn A Murji
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Cathrine Scheepers
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Rutendo Ziki
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Charissa Mynhardt
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bryan E Shepherd
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Nigel Garrett
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Salim Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Simon A Mallal
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Center for Translational Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lynn Morris
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ivelin S Georgiev
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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189
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Li L, Puddicombe D, Champagne S, Jassem A, Krajden M, Merrick L, Lowe C, Payne M. HIV serology signal-to-cutoff ratio as a rapid method to predict confirmation of HIV infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 37:1589-1593. [PMID: 29862422 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-018-3290-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Early and rapid detection of patients with HIV is a key to preventing further transmission. The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of signal-to-cutoff (S/CO) ratio from initial screening fourth-generation HIV serology to predict subsequent confirmation of HIV. Patients with a first-time positive HIV serology (S/CO ratio ≥ 1) from 2012 to 2016 were included. Ratios were compared to the results of confirmatory testing. Predictive probabilities (PPs) of a positive confirmatory result were calculated based on a logistic regression model. A total of 45,138 HIV serology tests were performed; 250 patients met inclusion criteria, comprising 84 (34%) HIV negative patients, 136 (54%) chronic infections, and 30 (12%) acute infections. The PP of a confirmed positive result increased with higher S/CO ratios, with a PP of 100% for a S/CO of 55 (95% CI 95-100). This study enables a more informed discussion of the probability of HIV infection, based on HIV serology S/CO thresholds, prior to a confirmatory result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David Puddicombe
- Division of Infection Prevention and Control, Providence Health Care, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sylvie Champagne
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Division of Medical Microbiology, St. Paul's Hospital, Providence Health Care, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Agatha Jassem
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, 655 West 12th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mel Krajden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, 655 West 12th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Linda Merrick
- Division of Medical Microbiology, St. Paul's Hospital, Providence Health Care, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Christopher Lowe
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Division of Infection Prevention and Control, Providence Health Care, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Division of Medical Microbiology, St. Paul's Hospital, Providence Health Care, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Michael Payne
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Division of Infection Prevention and Control, Providence Health Care, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Division of Medical Microbiology, St. Paul's Hospital, Providence Health Care, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
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190
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Schiffner T, Pallesen J, Russell RA, Dodd J, de Val N, LaBranche CC, Montefiori D, Tomaras GD, Shen X, Harris SL, Moghaddam AE, Kalyuzhniy O, Sanders RW, McCoy LE, Moore JP, Ward AB, Sattentau QJ. Structural and immunologic correlates of chemically stabilized HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006986. [PMID: 29746590 PMCID: PMC5944921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducing broad spectrum neutralizing antibodies against challenging pathogens such as HIV-1 is a major vaccine design goal, but may be hindered by conformational instability within viral envelope glycoproteins (Env). Chemical cross-linking is widely used for vaccine antigen stabilization, but how this process affects structure, antigenicity and immunogenicity is poorly understood and its use remains entirely empirical. We have solved the first cryo-EM structure of a cross-linked vaccine antigen. The 4.2 Å structure of HIV-1 BG505 SOSIP soluble recombinant Env in complex with a CD4 binding site-specific broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) Fab fragment reveals how cross-linking affects key properties of the trimer. We observed density corresponding to highly specific glutaraldehyde (GLA) cross-links between gp120 monomers at the trimer apex and between gp120 and gp41 at the trimer interface that had strikingly little impact on overall trimer conformation, but critically enhanced trimer stability and improved Env antigenicity. Cross-links were also observed within gp120 at sites associated with the N241/N289 glycan hole that locally modified trimer antigenicity. In immunogenicity studies, the neutralizing antibody response to cross-linked trimers showed modest but significantly greater breadth against a global panel of difficult-to-neutralize Tier-2 heterologous viruses. Moreover, the specificity of autologous Tier-2 neutralization was modified away from the N241/N289 glycan hole, implying a novel specificity. Finally, we have investigated for the first time T helper cell responses to next-generation soluble trimers, and report on vaccine-relevant immunodominant responses to epitopes within BG505 that are modified by cross-linking. Elucidation of the structural correlates of a cross-linked viral glycoprotein will allow more rational use of this methodology for vaccine design, and reveals a strategy with promise for eliciting neutralizing antibodies needed for an effective HIV-1 vaccine.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/chemistry
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibody Specificity
- Antigen-Antibody Reactions/immunology
- Cross-Linking Reagents
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- HIV Antibodies/immunology
- HIV Antigens/chemistry
- HIV Antigens/immunology
- HIV Antigens/ultrastructure
- HIV-1/chemistry
- HIV-1/immunology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
- Humans
- Immunodominant Epitopes/chemistry
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Stability
- Protein Structure, Quaternary
- Rabbits
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/chemistry
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/chemistry
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Schiffner
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jesper Pallesen
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Rebecca A Russell
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Dodd
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia de Val
- Center for Molecular Microscopy (CMM), National Cancer Institute (NCI), Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Celia C LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Departments of Immunology and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Scarlett L Harris
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Amin E Moghaddam
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVI-ID), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura E McCoy
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John P Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Quentin J Sattentau
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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191
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Akapirat S, Karnasuta C, Vasan S, Rerks-Ngarm S, Pitisuttithum P, Madnote S, Savadsuk H, Rittiroongrad S, Puangkaew J, Phogat S, Tartaglia J, Sinangil F, de Souza MS, Excler JL, Kim JH, Robb ML, Michael NL, Ngauy V, O'Connell RJ, Karasavvas N. Characterization of HIV-1 gp120 antibody specificities induced in anogenital secretions of RV144 vaccine recipients after late boost immunizations. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196397. [PMID: 29702672 PMCID: PMC5922559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual transmission is the principal driver of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic. Understanding HIV vaccine-induced immune responses at mucosal surfaces can generate hypotheses regarding mechanisms of protection, and may influence vaccine development. The RV144 (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00223080) efficacy trial showed protection against HIV infections but mucosal samples were not collected, therefore, the contribution of mucosal antibodies to preventing HIV-1 acquisition is unknown. Here, we report the generation, magnitude and persistence of antibody responses to recombinant gp120 envelope and antigens including variable one and two loop scaffold antigens (gp70V1V2) previously shown to correlate with risk in RV144. We evaluated antibody responses to gp120 A244gD and gp70V1V2 92TH023 (both CRF01_AE) and Case A2 (subtype B) in cervico-vaginal mucus (CVM), seminal plasma (SP) and rectal secretions (RS) from HIV-uninfected RV144 vaccine recipients, who were randomized to receive two late boosts of ALVAC-HIV/AIDSVAX®B/E, AIDSVAX®B/E, or ALVAC-HIV alone at 0 and 6 months. Late vaccine boosting increased IgG geometric mean titers (GMT) to gp120 A244gD in AIDSVAX®B/E and ALVAC-HIV/AIDSVAX®B/E CVM (28 and 17 fold, respectively), followed by SP and RS. IgG to gp70V1V2 92TH023 increased in AIDSVAX®B/E and ALVAC-HIV/AIDSVAX®B/E CVM (11–17 fold) and SP (2 fold) two weeks post first boost. IgG to Case A2 was only detected in AIDSVAX®B/E and ALVAC-HIV/AIDSVAX®B/E CVM. Mucosal IgG to gp120 A244gD (CVM, SP, RS), gp70V1V2 92TH023 (CVM, SP), and Case A2 (CVM) correlated with plasma IgG levels (p<0.001). Although the magnitude of IgG responses declined after boosting, anti-gp120 A244gD IgG responses in CVM persisted for 12 months post final vaccination. Further studies in localization, persistence and magnitude of envelope specific antibodies (IgG and dimeric IgA) in anogenital secretions will help determine their role in preventing mucosal HIV acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriwat Akapirat
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chitraporn Karnasuta
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sandhya Vasan
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
- The Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | | | - Sirinan Madnote
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hathairat Savadsuk
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Surawach Rittiroongrad
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Puangkaew
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sanjay Phogat
- Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James Tartaglia
- Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Faruk Sinangil
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases (GSID), South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mark S. de Souza
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
- The Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- The Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jean-Louis Excler
- The Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jerome H. Kim
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Viseth Ngauy
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Robert J. O'Connell
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nicos Karasavvas
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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192
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Wen Y, Trinh HV, Linton CE, Tani C, Norais N, Martinez-Guzman D, Ramesh P, Sun Y, Situ F, Karaca-Griffin S, Hamlin C, Onkar S, Tian S, Hilt S, Malyala P, Lodaya R, Li N, Otten G, Palladino G, Friedrich K, Aggarwal Y, LaBranche C, Duffy R, Shen X, Tomaras GD, Montefiori DC, Fulp W, Gottardo R, Burke B, Ulmer JB, Zolla-Pazner S, Liao HX, Haynes BF, Michael NL, Kim JH, Rao M, O’Connell RJ, Carfi A, Barnett SW. Generation and characterization of a bivalent protein boost for future clinical trials: HIV-1 subtypes CR01_AE and B gp120 antigens with a potent adjuvant. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194266. [PMID: 29698406 PMCID: PMC5919662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The RV144 Phase III clinical trial with ALVAC-HIV prime and AIDSVAX B/E subtypes CRF01_AE (A244) and B (MN) gp120 boost vaccine regime in Thailand provided a foundation for the future development of improved vaccine strategies that may afford protection against the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Results from this trial showed that immune responses directed against specific regions V1V2 of the viral envelope (Env) glycoprotein gp120 of HIV-1, were inversely correlated to the risk of HIV-1 infection. Due to the low production of gp120 proteins in CHO cells (2–20 mg/L), cleavage sites in V1V2 loops (A244) and V3 loop (MN) causing heterogeneous antigen products, it was an urgent need to generate CHO cells harboring A244 gp120 with high production yields and an additional, homogenous and uncleaved subtype B gp120 protein to replace MN used in RV144 for the future clinical trials. Here we describe the generation of Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell lines stably expressing vaccine HIV-1 Env antigens for these purposes: one expressing an HIV-1 subtype CRF01_AE A244 Env gp120 protein (A244.AE) and one expressing an HIV-1 subtype B 6240 Env gp120 protein (6240.B) suitable for possible future manufacturing of Phase I clinical trial materials with cell culture expression levels of over 100 mg/L. The antigenic profiles of the molecules were elucidated by comprehensive approaches including analysis with a panel of well-characterized monoclonal antibodies recognizing critical epitopes using Biacore and ELISA, and glycosylation analysis by mass spectrometry, which confirmed previously identified glycosylation sites and revealed unknown sites of O-linked and N-linked glycosylations at non-consensus motifs. Overall, the vaccines given with MF59 adjuvant induced higher and more rapid antibody (Ab) responses as well as higher Ab avidity than groups given with aluminum hydroxide. Also, bivalent proteins (A244.AE and 6240.B) formulated with MF59 elicited distinct V2-specific Abs to the epitope previously shown to correlate with decreased risk of HIV-1 infection in the RV144 trial. All together, these results provide critical information allowing the consideration of these candidate gp120 proteins for future clinical evaluations in combination with a potent adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxia Wen
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Hung V. Trinh
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | - Priyanka Ramesh
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Yide Sun
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Frank Situ
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Christopher Hamlin
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Sayali Onkar
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Sai Tian
- GSK, Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Susan Hilt
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Padma Malyala
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Rushit Lodaya
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Ning Li
- GSK, Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Gillis Otten
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Giuseppe Palladino
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Yukti Aggarwal
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Ryan Duffy
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - William Fulp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Brian Burke
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey B. Ulmer
- GSK, Rockville, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SWB); (AC); (JBU)
| | - Susan Zolla-Pazner
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Biomedine Institute, College of Life Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Jerome H. Kim
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Mangala Rao
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Robert J. O’Connell
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Andrea Carfi
- GSK, Rockville, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SWB); (AC); (JBU)
| | - Susan W. Barnett
- GSK, Rockville, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SWB); (AC); (JBU)
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193
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Trovato M, D'Apice L, Prisco A, De Berardinis P. HIV Vaccination: A Roadmap among Advancements and Concerns. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1241. [PMID: 29671786 PMCID: PMC5979448 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the identification of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) as the etiologic agent of AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), many efforts have been made to stop the AIDS pandemic. A major success of medical research has been the development of the highly active antiretroviral therapy and its availability to an increasing number of people worldwide, with a considerable effect on survival. However, a safe and effective vaccine able to prevent and eradicate the HIV pandemic is still lacking. Clinical trials and preclinical proof-of-concept studies in nonhuman primate (NHP) models have provided insights into potential correlates of protection against the HIV-1 infection, which include broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), non-neutralizing antibodies targeting the variable loops 1 and 2 (V1V2) regions of the HIV-1 envelope (Env), polyfunctional antibody, and Env-specific T-cell responses. In this review, we provide a brief overview of different HIV-1 vaccine approaches and discuss the current understanding of the cellular and humoral correlates of HIV-1 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Trovato
- INSERM u1016, Institut Cochin, 27 Rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, 75014 Paris, France.
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, C.N.R., Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Luciana D'Apice
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, C.N.R., Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Antonella Prisco
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A. Buzzati-Traverso, C.N.R., Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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194
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Kumar A, Smith CEP, Giorgi EE, Eudailey J, Martinez DR, Yusim K, Douglas AO, Stamper L, McGuire E, LaBranche CC, Montefiori DC, Fouda GG, Gao F, Permar SR. Infant transmitted/founder HIV-1 viruses from peripartum transmission are neutralization resistant to paired maternal plasma. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006944. [PMID: 29672607 PMCID: PMC5908066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive genetic diversity of HIV-1 in chronic infection, a single or few maternal virus variants become the founders of an infant’s infection. These transmitted/founder (T/F) variants are of particular interest, as a maternal or infant HIV vaccine should raise envelope (Env) specific IgG responses capable of blocking this group of viruses. However, the maternal or infant factors that contribute to selection of infant T/F viruses are not well understood. In this study, we amplified HIV-1 env genes by single genome amplification from 16 mother-infant transmitting pairs from the U.S. pre-antiretroviral era Women Infant Transmission Study (WITS). Infant T/F and representative maternal non-transmitted Env variants from plasma were identified and used to generate pseudoviruses for paired maternal plasma neutralization sensitivity analysis. Eighteen out of 21 (85%) infant T/F Env pseudoviruses were neutralization resistant to paired maternal plasma. Yet, all infant T/F viruses were neutralization sensitive to a panel of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies and variably sensitive to heterologous plasma neutralizing antibodies. Also, these infant T/F pseudoviruses were overall more neutralization resistant to paired maternal plasma in comparison to pseudoviruses from maternal non-transmitted variants (p = 0.012). Altogether, our findings suggest that autologous neutralization of circulating viruses by maternal plasma antibodies select for neutralization-resistant viruses that initiate peripartum transmission, raising the speculation that enhancement of this response at the end of pregnancy could further reduce infant HIV-1 infection risk. Mother to child transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1 can occur during pregnancy (in utero), at the time of delivery (peripartum) or by breastfeeding (postpartum). With the availability of anti-retroviral therapy (ART), rate of MTCT of HIV-1 have been significantly lowered. However, significant implementation challenges remain in resource-poor areas, making it difficult to eliminate pediatric HIV. An improved understanding of the viral population (escape variants from autologous neutralizing antibodies) that lead to infection of infants at time of transmission will help in designing immune interventions to reduce perinatal HIV-1 transmission. Here, we selected 16 HIV-1-infected mother-infant pairs from WITS cohort (from pre anti-retroviral era), where infants became infected peripartum. HIV-1 env gene sequences were obtained by the single genome amplification (SGA) method. The sensitivity of these infant Env pseudoviruses against paired maternal plasma and a panel of broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bNAbs) was analyzed. We demonstrated that the infant T/F viruses were more resistant against maternal plasma than non-transmitted maternal variants, but sensitive to most (bNAbs). Signature sequence analysis of infant T/F and non-transmitted maternal variants revealed the potential importance of V3 and MPER region for resistance against paired maternal plasma. These findings provide insights for the design of maternal immunization strategies to enhance neutralizing antibodies that target V3 region of autologous virus populations, which could work synergistically with maternal ARVs to further reduce the rate of peripartum HIV-1 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Claire E. P. Smith
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Elena E. Giorgi
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Joshua Eudailey
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David R. Martinez
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Karina Yusim
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Ayooluwa O. Douglas
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lisa Stamper
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Erin McGuire
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Celia C. LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Genevieve G. Fouda
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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195
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Ringel O, Vieillard V, Debré P, Eichler J, Büning H, Dietrich U. The Hard Way towards an Antibody-Based HIV-1 Env Vaccine: Lessons from Other Viruses. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040197. [PMID: 29662026 PMCID: PMC5923491 DOI: 10.3390/v10040197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although effective antibody-based vaccines have been developed against multiple viruses, such approaches have so far failed for the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Despite the success of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) that has turned HIV-1 infection into a chronic disease and has reduced the number of new infections worldwide, a vaccine against HIV-1 is still urgently needed. We discuss here the major reasons for the failure of “classical” vaccine approaches, which are mostly due to the biological properties of the virus itself. HIV-1 has developed multiple mechanisms of immune escape, which also account for vaccine failure. So far, no vaccine candidate has been able to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against primary patient viruses from different clades. However, such antibodies were identified in a subset of patients during chronic infection and were shown to protect from infection in animal models and to reduce viremia in first clinical trials. Their detailed characterization has guided structure-based reverse vaccinology approaches to design better HIV-1 envelope (Env) immunogens. Furthermore, conserved Env epitopes have been identified, which are promising candidates in view of clinical applications. Together with new vector-based technologies, considerable progress has been achieved in recent years towards the development of an effective antibody-based HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Ringel
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Vincent Vieillard
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL8255, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Patrice Debré
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL8255, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Jutta Eichler
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nurnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Hildegard Büning
- Laboratory for Infection Biology & Gene Transfer, Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Ursula Dietrich
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany.
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196
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Yates NL, deCamp AC, Korber BT, Liao HX, Irene C, Pinter A, Peacock J, Harris LJ, Sawant S, Hraber P, Shen X, Rerks-Ngarm S, Pitisuttithum P, Nitayapan S, Berman PW, Robb ML, Pantaleo G, Zolla-Pazner S, Haynes BF, Alam SM, Montefiori DC, Tomaras GD. HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins from Diverse Clades Differentiate Antibody Responses and Durability among Vaccinees. J Virol 2018; 92:e01843-17. [PMID: 29386288 PMCID: PMC5874409 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01843-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of broadly cross-reactive antiviral humoral responses with the capacity to target globally diverse circulating strains is a key goal for HIV-1 immunogen design. A major gap in the field is the identification of diverse HIV-1 envelope antigens to evaluate vaccine regimens for binding antibody breadth. In this study, we define unique antigen panels to map HIV-1 vaccine-elicited antibody breadth and durability. Diverse HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins were selected based on genetic and geographic diversity to cover the global epidemic, with a focus on sexually acquired transmitted/founder viruses with a tier 2 neutralization phenotype. Unique antigenicity was determined by nonredundancy (Spearman correlation), and antigens were clustered using partitioning around medoids (PAM) to identify antigen diversity. Cross-validation demonstrated that the PAM method was better than selection by reactivity and random selection. Analysis of vaccine-elicited V1V2 binding antibody in longitudinal samples from the RV144 clinical trial revealed the striking heterogeneity among individual vaccinees in maintaining durable responses. These data support the idea that a major goal for vaccine development is to improve antibody levels, breadth, and durability at the population level. Elucidating the level and durability of vaccine-elicited binding antibody breadth needed for protection is critical for the development of a globally efficacious HIV vaccine.IMPORTANCE The path toward an efficacious HIV-1 vaccine will require characterization of vaccine-induced immunity that can recognize and target the highly genetically diverse virus envelope glycoproteins. Antibodies that target the envelope glycoproteins, including diverse sequences within the first and second hypervariable regions (V1V2) of gp120, were identified as correlates of risk for the one partially efficacious HIV-1 vaccine. To build upon this discovery, we experimentally and computationally evaluated humoral responses to define envelope glycoproteins representative of the antigenic diversity of HIV globally. These diverse envelope antigens distinguished binding antibody breadth and durability among vaccine candidates, thus providing insights for advancing the most promising HIV-1 vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Yates
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Allan C deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bette T Korber
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carmela Irene
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Abraham Pinter
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - James Peacock
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Linda J Harris
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sheetal Sawant
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter Hraber
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Supachai Rerks-Ngarm
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health, Department of Disease Control, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Phillip W Berman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Merlin L Robb
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA and the U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Service of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - S Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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197
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Richardson SI, Chung AW, Natarajan H, Mabvakure B, Mkhize NN, Garrett N, Abdool Karim S, Moore PL, Ackerman ME, Alter G, Morris L. HIV-specific Fc effector function early in infection predicts the development of broadly neutralizing antibodies. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006987. [PMID: 29630668 PMCID: PMC5908199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While the induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) is a major goal of HIV vaccination strategies, there is mounting evidence to suggest that antibodies with Fc effector function also contribute to protection against HIV infection. Here we investigated Fc effector functionality of HIV-specific IgG plasma antibodies over 3 years of infection in 23 individuals, 13 of whom developed bNAbs. Antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), complement deposition (ADCD), cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and cellular trogocytosis (ADCT) were detected in almost all individuals with levels of activity increasing over time. At 6 months post-infection, individuals with bNAbs had significantly higher levels of ADCD and ADCT that correlated with antibody binding to C1q and FcγRIIa respectively. In addition, antibodies from individuals with bNAbs showed more IgG subclass diversity to multiple HIV antigens which also correlated with Fc polyfunctionality. Germinal center activity represented by CXCL13 levels and expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) was found to be associated with neutralization breadth, Fc polyfunctionality and IgG subclass diversity. Overall, multivariate analysis by random forest classification was able to group bNAb individuals with 85% sensitivity and 80% specificity based on the properties of their antibody Fc early in HIV infection. Thus, the Fc effector function profile predicted the development of neutralization breadth in this cohort, suggesting that intrinsic immune factors within the germinal center provide a mechanistic link between the Fc and Fab of HIV-specific antibodies. Some HIV-infected individuals develop antibodies that are capable of neutralizing the majority of HIV strains, a highly desirable function mediated by the antibody Fab portion. While antibodies elicited by current vaccines have failed to recreate this activity, the partial protection seen in the RV144 vaccine trial has been attributed to antibody Fc-mediated effector functions such as cell killing. In this study, we found that HIV-infected individuals who show a diversified and potent Fc response early in infection were more likely to develop broadly neutralizing antibodies later on. Examination of B cell functions associated with good germinal center activity, provided evidence for a common mechanistic link between the regulation of the Fc and Fab mediated activities in these individuals. Our finding of an Fc effector function profile that arises early and predicts neutralization breadth could be used in the evaluation of vaccine candidates designed to generate neutralizing antibodies. Common immune determinants associated with both Fab and Fc function could furthermore be exploited for vaccine design to harness the full potential of HIV-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone I. Richardson
- Centre for HIV and STI’s, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Amy W. Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Harini Natarajan
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Batsirai Mabvakure
- Centre for HIV and STI’s, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Nonhlanhla N. Mkhize
- Centre for HIV and STI’s, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Nigel Garrett
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
| | - Salim Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
| | - Penny L. Moore
- Centre for HIV and STI’s, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
| | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lynn Morris
- Centre for HIV and STI’s, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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198
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Abstract
An efficacious HIV-1 vaccine is regarded as the best way to halt the ongoing HIV-1 epidemic. However, despite significant efforts to develop a safe and effective vaccine, the modestly protective RV144 trial remains the only efficacy trial to provide some level of protection against HIV-1 acquisition. This review will outline the history of HIV vaccine development, novel technologies being applied to HIV vaccinology and immunogen design, as well as the studies that are ongoing to advance our understanding of vaccine-induced immune correlates of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - Paul F McKay
- Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Medicine, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Jamie F S Mann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
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199
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Worley MJ, Fei K, Lopez-Denman AJ, Kelleher AD, Kent SJ, Chung AW. Neutrophils mediate HIV-specific antibody-dependent phagocytosis and ADCC. J Immunol Methods 2018; 457:41-52. [PMID: 29605231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence to support the role of Fc-mediated effector functions, such as Antibody-Dependent Cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and Antibody-Dependent Phagocytosis (ADP) in the protection and control of HIV. The RV144 trial and other recent HIV vaccine studies have highlighted the importance of ADCC responses in protection against HIV. The role of neutrophils, the most abundant leukocyte in the blood, has not been thoroughly evaluated for Fc-mediated effector functions to HIV. We optimized HIV-specific neutrophil ADCC and Antibody-Dependent Neutrophil Phagocytosis (ADNP) assays using freshly isolated primary human neutrophils from blood. We also developed methods to study ADP using the neutrophil-like HL-60 cell line. We found that neutrophils mediate both HIV-specific ADP and ADCC responses. In vitro, neutrophil-mediated ADCC responses peaked at 4 h, much faster than primary NK cell or monocyte-mediated responses. We detected a wide range of responses in the ADNP, HL-60 mediated ADP and ADCC across a cohort of 41 viremic antiretroviral therapy naïve HIV positive subjects. HL-60 and Neutrophil-mediated ADP and ADCC responses correlated well with each other, suggesting that they measure overlapping functions. The ADNP and HL-60 ADP inversely correlated with HIV viral load, suggesting that these antibody-mediated neutrophil-based assays should prove useful in dissecting HIV-specific immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Worley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kuangyu Fei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Adam J Lopez-Denman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Amy W Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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200
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Barnes CO, Gristick HB, Freund NT, Escolano A, Lyubimov AY, Hartweger H, West AP, Cohen AE, Nussenzweig MC, Bjorkman PJ. Structural characterization of a highly-potent V3-glycan broadly neutralizing antibody bound to natively-glycosylated HIV-1 envelope. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1251. [PMID: 29593217 PMCID: PMC5871869 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03632-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) isolated from HIV-1-infected individuals inform HIV-1 vaccine design efforts. Developing bNAbs with increased efficacy requires understanding how antibodies interact with the native oligomannose and complex-type N-glycan shield that hides most protein epitopes on HIV-1 envelope (Env). Here we present crystal structures, including a 3.8-Å X-ray free electron laser dataset, of natively glycosylated Env trimers complexed with BG18, the most potent V3/N332gp120 glycan-targeting bNAb reported to date. Our structures show conserved contacts mediated by common D gene-encoded residues with the N332gp120 glycan and the gp120 GDIR peptide motif, but a distinct Env-binding orientation relative to PGT121/10-1074 bNAbs. BG18's binding orientation provides additional contacts with N392gp120 and N386gp120 glycans near the V3-loop base and engages protein components of the V1-loop. The BG18-natively-glycosylated Env structures facilitate understanding of bNAb-glycan interactions critical for using V3/N332gp120 bNAbs therapeutically and targeting their epitope for immunogen design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher O Barnes
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Harry B Gristick
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Natalia T Freund
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Amelia Escolano
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Artem Y Lyubimov
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Harald Hartweger
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Anthony P West
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Aina E Cohen
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
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