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Jang SG, Kim YI, Casel MAB, Choi JH, Gil JR, Rollon R, Kim EH, Kim SM, Ji HY, Park DB, Hwang J, Ahn JW, Kim MH, Song MS, Choi YK. HA N193D substitution in the HPAI H5N1 virus alters receptor binding affinity and enhances virulence in mammalian hosts. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2302854. [PMID: 38189114 PMCID: PMC10840603 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2302854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
During the 2021/2022 winter season, we isolated highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses harbouring an amino acid substitution from Asparagine(N) to Aspartic acid (D) at residue 193 of the hemagglutinin (HA) receptor binding domain (RBD) from migratory birds in South Korea. Herein, we investigated the characteristics of the N193D HA-RBD substitution in the A/CommonTeal/Korea/W811/2021[CT/W811] virus by using recombinant viruses engineered via reverse genetics (RG). A receptor affinity assay revealed that the N193D HA-RBD substitution in CT/W811 increases α2,6 sialic acid receptor binding affinity. The rCT/W811-HA193N virus caused rapid lethality with high virus titres in chickens compared with the rCT/W811-HA193D virus, while the rCT/W811-HA193D virus exhibited enhanced virulence in mammalian hosts with multiple tissue tropism. Surprisingly, a ferret-to-ferret transmission assay revealed that rCT/W811-HA193D virus replicates well in the respiratory tract, at a rate about 10 times higher than that of rCT/W811-HA193N, and all rCT/W811-HA193D direct contact ferrets were seroconverted at 10 days post-contact. Further, competition transmission assay of the two viruses revealed that rCT/W811-HA193D has enhanced growth kinetics compared with the rCT/W811-HA193N, eventually becoming the dominant strain in nasal turbinates. Further, rCT/W811-HA193D exhibits high infectivity in primary human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells, suggesting the potential for human infection. Taken together, the HA-193D containing HPAI H5N1 virus from migratory birds showed enhanced virulence in mammalian hosts, but not in avian hosts, with multi-organ replication and ferret-to-ferret transmission. Thus, this suggests that HA-193D change increases the probability of HPAI H5N1 infection and transmission in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Gyu Jang
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mark Anthony B. Casel
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Ryeon Gil
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Rare Rollon
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Mi Kim
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Young Ji
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Bin Park
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwon Hwang
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Woo Ahn
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Hee Kim
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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Zhao Y, Chen P, Hu Y, Liu J, Jiang Y, Zeng X, Deng G, Shi J, Li Y, Tian G, Liu J, Chen H. Recombinant duck enteritis virus bearing the hemagglutinin genes of H5 and H7 influenza viruses is an ideal multivalent live vaccine in ducks. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2284301. [PMID: 37966272 PMCID: PMC10769552 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2284301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Due to the fact that many avian influenza viruses that kill chickens are not lethal to ducks, farmers are reluctant to use avian influenza inactivated vaccines on ducks. Large numbers of unvaccinated ducks play an important role in the transmission of avian influenza viruses from wild birds to domestic poultry, creating a substantial challenge to vaccination strategies for avian influenza control. To solve this problem, we constructed a recombinant duck enteritis virus (DEV), rDEV-dH5/H7, using a live attenuated DEV vaccine strain (vDEV) as a vector. rDEV-dH5/H7 carries the hemagglutinin gene of two H5 viruses [GZ/S4184/17 (H5N6) (clade 2.3.4.4 h) and LN/SD007/17 (H5N1) (clade 2.3.2.1d)] and an H7 virus [GX/SD098/17 (H7N9)]. These three hemagglutinin genes were stably inherited in rDEV-dH5/H7 and expressed in rDEV-dH5/H7-infected cells. Animal studies revealed that rDEV-dH5/H7 and vDEV induced similar neutralizing antibody responses and protection against lethal DEV challenge. Importantly, rDEV-dH5/H7 induced strong and long-lasting hemagglutinin inhibition antibodies against different H5 and H7 viruses and provided complete protection against challenges with homologous and heterologous highly pathogenic H5 and H7 influenza viruses in ducks. Our study shows that rDEV-dH5/H7 could serve as an ideal live attenuated vaccine to protect ducks against infection with lethal DEV and highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pucheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuzhen Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongping Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guohua Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanbing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guobin Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinxiong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hualan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
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Kong D, He Y, Wang J, Chi L, Ao X, Ye H, Qiu W, Zhu X, Liao M, Fan H. A single immunization with H5N1 virus-like particle vaccine protects chickens against divergent H5N1 influenza viruses and vaccine efficacy is determined by adjuvant and dosage. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2287682. [PMID: 37994795 PMCID: PMC10763850 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2287682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
The H5N1 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) reveals high variability and threatens poultry production and public health. To prevent the spread of H5N1 HPAIV, we developed an H5N1 virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine based on the insect cell-baculovirus expression system. Single immunization of the H5N1 VLP vaccines induced high levels of HI antibody titres and provided effective protection against homologous virus challenge comparable to the commercial inactivated vaccine. Meanwhile, we assessed the relative efficacy of different adjuvants by carrying out a head-to-head comparison of the adjuvants ISA 201 and ISA 71 and evaluated whether the two adjuvants could induce broadly protective immunity. The ISA 71 adjuvanted vaccine induced significantly higher levels of Th1 and Th2 immune responses and provided superior cross-protection against antigenically divergent H5N1 virus challenge than the ISA 201 adjuvanted vaccine. Importantly, increasing the vaccine dose could further enhance the cross-protective efficacy of H5N1 VLP vaccine and confer completely sterilizing protection against antigenically divergent H5N1 virus challenge, which was mediated by neutralizing antibodies. Our results suggest that the H5N1 VLP vaccine can provide broad-spectrum protection against divergent H5N1 influenza viruses as determined by adjuvant and vaccine dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexin Kong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine Innovation of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanjuan He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine Innovation of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine Innovation of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lanyan Chi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine Innovation of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang Ao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine Innovation of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hejia Ye
- Guangzhou South China Biological Medicine Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weihong Qiu
- Guangzhou South China Biological Medicine Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiutong Zhu
- Guangzhou South China Biological Medicine Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine Innovation of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiying Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine Innovation of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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4
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Song W, Zhao L, Liu S, Jia Y, Ma L, Liao M, Dai M. Analysis of H5N8 influenza virus infection in chicken with mApple reporter genes in vivo and in vitro. Vet Microbiol 2024; 292:110052. [PMID: 38492531 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) has caused huge losses to the global poultry industry and critically threatens public health. Chickens are the important host for the transmission. However, the distribution of H5N8 avian influenza virus (AIV) in chicken and the infected cell types are limitedly studied. Therefore, in this study, we detected viral replication and infection by generating recombinant H5N8 AIV expressing an easily tracked mApple fluorescent reporter. The results showed that recombinant viruses passaged four times in chicken embryos successfully expressed mApple proteins detected by fluorescence microscopy and WB, which verified that the constructed recombinant viruses were stable. Compared to parental virus, although recombinant virus attenuated for replication in MDCK cells, it can still replicate effectively, and form visible plaques. Importantly, the experiments on infection of chicken PBMCs in vitro showed a strong correlation between mApple positivity rate and NP positivity rate (r = 0.7594, P =0.0176), demonstrating that mApple reporter could be used as an indicator to accurately reflect AIV infection. Then we infected monocytes/macrophages in PBMCs in vitro and detected the mApple positive percentage was 55.1%-80.4%, which confirmed the chicken primary monocytic/macrophages are important target cells for avian influenza virus infection. In chicken, compared with parental virus, the recombinant virus-infected chickens had lower viral titers in oropharyngeal cloacal and organs, but it can cause significant pathogenicity in chicken and the mortality rate was approximately 66%. In addition, the results of bioluminescent imaging showed that the fluorescence in the lungs was strongest at 5 days post-infection (DPI). Finally, we discovered the mApple positive expression in chicken lung immune cells (CD45+ cells), especially some T cells (CD4 and CD8 T cells) also carrying mApple, which indicates that the H5N8 AIV showed a tropism for immune cells including chicken T cells causing potentially aggressive against cellular immunity. We have provided a simple visualization for further exploration of H5N8 AIV infected chicken immune cells, which contributes to further understanding pathogenic mechanism of H5N8 AIV infection in chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; UK-China Centre of Exellence for Research on Avain Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Li Zhao
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; UK-China Centre of Exellence for Research on Avain Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Sairu Liu
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; UK-China Centre of Exellence for Research on Avain Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yusheng Jia
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; UK-China Centre of Exellence for Research on Avain Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lulu Ma
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; UK-China Centre of Exellence for Research on Avain Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ming Liao
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; UK-China Centre of Exellence for Research on Avain Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Manman Dai
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; UK-China Centre of Exellence for Research on Avain Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Reid SM, Byrne AMP, Lean FZX, Ross CS, Pascu A, Hepple R, Dominguez M, Frost S, Coward VJ, Núñez A, James J, Stephan L, Aegerter JN, Brown IH, Banyard AC. A multi-species, multi-pathogen avian viral disease outbreak event: Investigating potential for virus transmission at the wild bird - poultry interface. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024:2348521. [PMID: 38686548 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2348521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
AbstractA free-range organic broiler (Gallus gallus domesticus) premises in Staffordshire was infected by high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N8 during the 2020-2021 epizootic in the United Kingdom (UK). Following initial confirmation of the infection in poultry, multiple wild bird species were seen scavenging on chicken carcasses. Detected dead wild birds were subsequently demonstrated to have been infected and succumbed to HPAIV H5N8. Initially, scavenging species, magpie (Pica pica) and raven (Corvus corax), were found dead on the premises but over the following days, buzzards (Buteo buteo) were also found dead within the local area with positive detection of HPAIV in submitted carcasses. The subacute nature of microscopic lesions within a buzzard was consistent with the timeframe of infection. Finally, a considerable number of free-living pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) were also found dead in the surrounding area, with carcasses having higher viral antigen loads compared to infected chickens. Limited virus dissemination was observed in the carcasses of the magpie, raven and buzzard. Further, an avirulent avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1) was detected within poultry samples as well as in the viscera of a magpie infected with HPAIV. Immunohistochemistry did not reveal colocalization of avian paramyxovirus antigens with lesions, supporting an avirulent APMV-1 infection. Overall, this case highlights scenarios in which bi-directional transmission of avian viral diseases between commercial and wild bird species may occur. It also underlines the importance of bio separation and reduced access when infection pressure from HPAIV is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Reid
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander M P Byrne
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Fabian Z X Lean
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Craig S Ross
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Andrei Pascu
- APHA England Field Delivery, APHA Stafford, Beacon House, Dyson Way, Staffordshire Technology Park, Stafford, SG18 OGU
| | - Richard Hepple
- APHA Bridgwater, Rivers House, East Quay, Bridgwater, TA6 4YS
| | - Maria Dominguez
- APHA England Field Delivery, APHA Aston Down, Stroud, Gloucestershire, GL6 8GA
| | - Susanne Frost
- APHA Bakewell, Lumford Mill, Buxton Road, Bakewell, Derbyshire, DE45 1GS
| | - Vivien J Coward
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandro Núñez
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Joe James
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Levon Stephan
- Veterinary Exotic Notifiable Disease Unit (VENDU), Area 2D, Nobel House, 17 Smith Square, London SW1P 3JR, United Kingdom
| | - James N Aegerter
- APHA Sand Hutton, National Wildlife Management Centre, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ
| | - Ian H Brown
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
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6
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Shemmings-Payne W, De Silva D, Warren CJ, Thomas S, Slomka MJ, Reid SM, James J, Banyard AC, Brown IH, Ward AI. Repeatability and reproducibility of hunter-harvest sampling for avian influenza virus surveillance in Great Britain. Res Vet Sci 2024; 173:105279. [PMID: 38704977 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Emerging pathogens can threaten human and animal health, necessitating reliable surveillance schemes to enable preparedness. We evaluated the repeatability and reproducibility of a method developed previously during a single year at one study site. Hunter-harvested ducks and geese were sampled for avian influenza virus at three discrete locations in the UK. H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAIV) was detected in four species (mallard [Anas platyrhynchos], Eurasian teal [Anas crecca], Eurasian wigeon [Mareca penelope] and pink-footed goose [Anser brachyrhynchus]) across all three locations and two non-HPAIV H5N1, influenza A positive detections were made from a mallard and Eurasian wigeon at two locations. Virus was detected within 1-to-4 days of sampling at every location. Application of rapid diagnostic methods to samples collected from hunter-harvested waterfowl offers potential as an early warning system for the surveillance and monitoring of emerging and existing strains of avian influenza A viruses in key avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dilhani De Silva
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Caroline J Warren
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Saumya Thomas
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Marek J Slomka
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Scott M Reid
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Joe James
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ian H Brown
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
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7
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Fusaro A, Zecchin B, Giussani E, Palumbo E, Agüero-García M, Bachofen C, Bálint Á, Banihashem F, Banyard AC, Beerens N, Bourg M, Briand FX, Bröjer C, Brown IH, Brugger B, Byrne AMP, Cana A, Christodoulou V, Dirbakova Z, Fagulha T, Fouchier RAM, Garza-Cuartero L, Georgiades G, Gjerset B, Grasland B, Groza O, Harder T, Henriques AM, Hjulsager CK, Ivanova E, Janeliunas Z, Krivko L, Lemon K, Liang Y, Lika A, Malik P, McMenamy MJ, Nagy A, Nurmoja I, Onita I, Pohlmann A, Revilla-Fernández S, Sánchez-Sánchez A, Savic V, Slavec B, Smietanka K, Snoeck CJ, Steensels M, Svansson V, Swieton E, Tammiranta N, Tinak M, Van Borm S, Zohari S, Adlhoch C, Baldinelli F, Terregino C, Monne I. High pathogenic avian influenza A(H5) viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b in Europe-Why trends of virus evolution are more difficult to predict. Virus Evol 2024; 10:veae027. [PMID: 38699215 PMCID: PMC11065109 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veae027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Since 2016, A(H5Nx) high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus of clade 2.3.4.4b has become one of the most serious global threats not only to wild and domestic birds, but also to public health. In recent years, important changes in the ecology, epidemiology, and evolution of this virus have been reported, with an unprecedented global diffusion and variety of affected birds and mammalian species. After the two consecutive and devastating epidemic waves in Europe in 2020-2021 and 2021-2022, with the second one recognized as one of the largest epidemics recorded so far, this clade has begun to circulate endemically in European wild bird populations. This study used the complete genomes of 1,956 European HPAI A(H5Nx) viruses to investigate the virus evolution during this varying epidemiological outline. We investigated the spatiotemporal patterns of A(H5Nx) virus diffusion to/from and within Europe during the 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 epidemic waves, providing evidence of ongoing changes in transmission dynamics and disease epidemiology. We demonstrated the high genetic diversity of the circulating viruses, which have undergone frequent reassortment events, providing for the first time a complete overview and a proposed nomenclature of the multiple genotypes circulating in Europe in 2020-2022. We described the emergence of a new genotype with gull adapted genes, which offered the virus the opportunity to occupy new ecological niches, driving the disease endemicity in the European wild bird population. The high propensity of the virus for reassortment, its jumps to a progressively wider number of host species, including mammals, and the rapid acquisition of adaptive mutations make the trend of virus evolution and spread difficult to predict in this unfailing evolving scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Fusaro
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - Bianca Zecchin
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - Edoardo Giussani
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - Elisa Palumbo
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - Montserrat Agüero-García
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ctra. M-106, Km 1,4 Algete, Madrid 28110, Spain
| | - Claudia Bachofen
- Federal Department of Home Affairs FDHA Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Sensemattstrasse 293, Mittelhäusern 3147, Switzerland
| | - Ádám Bálint
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate (NEBIH), Laboratory of Virology, National Food Chain Safety Office, Tábornok utca 2, Budapest 1143, Hungary
| | - Fereshteh Banihashem
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Travvägen 20, Uppsala 75189, Sweden
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- WOAH/FAO international reference laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Department of Virology Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, Lelystad 8221 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Manon Bourg
- Luxembourgish Veterinary and Food Administration (ALVA), State Veterinary Laboratory, 1 Rue Louis Rech, Dudelange 3555, Luxembourg
| | - Francois-Xavier Briand
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire, de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité de Virologie, Immunologie, Parasitologie Avaires et Cunicoles, 41 Rue de Beaucemaine – BP 53, Ploufragan 22440, France
| | - Caroline Bröjer
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Disease, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Travvägen 20, Uppsala 75189, Sweden
| | - Ian H Brown
- WOAH/FAO international reference laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Brigitte Brugger
- Icelandic Food and Veterinary Authority, Austurvegur 64, Selfoss 800, Iceland
| | - Alexander M P Byrne
- WOAH/FAO international reference laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Armend Cana
- Kosovo Food and Veterinary Agency, Sector of Serology and Molecular Diagnostics, Kosovo Food and Veterinary Laboratory, Str Lidhja e Pejes, Prishtina 10000, Kosovo
| | - Vasiliki Christodoulou
- Laboratory for Animal Health Virology Section Veterinary Services (1417), 79, Athalassa Avenue Aglantzia, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus
| | - Zuzana Dirbakova
- Department of Animal Health, State Veterinary Institute, Pod Dráhami 918, Zvolen 96086, Slovakia
| | - Teresa Fagulha
- I.P. (INIAV, I.P.), Avenida da República, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras 2780 – 157, Portugal
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Garza-Cuartero
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Backweston Campus, Stacumny Lane, Celbridge, Co. Kildare W23 X3PH, Ireland
| | - George Georgiades
- Thessaloniki Veterinary Centre (TVC), Department of Avian Diseases, 26th October Street 80, Thessaloniki 54627, Greece
| | - Britt Gjerset
- Immunology & Virology department, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Arboretveien 57, Oslo Pb 64, N-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Beatrice Grasland
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire, de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité de Virologie, Immunologie, Parasitologie Avaires et Cunicoles, 41 Rue de Beaucemaine – BP 53, Ploufragan 22440, France
| | - Oxana Groza
- Republican Center for Veterinary Diagnostics (NRL), 3 street Murelor, Chisinau 2051, Republic of Moldova
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany
| | - Ana Margarida Henriques
- I.P. (INIAV, I.P.), Avenida da República, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras 2780 – 157, Portugal
| | - Charlotte Kristiane Hjulsager
- Department for Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, 5 Artillerivej, Copenhagen DK-2300, Denmark
| | - Emiliya Ivanova
- National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, National Diagnostic and Research Veterinary Medical Institute (NDRVMI), 190 Lomsko Shose Blvd., Sofia 1231, Bulgaria
| | - Zygimantas Janeliunas
- National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute (NFVRAI), Kairiukscio str. 10, Vilnius 08409, Lithuania
| | - Laura Krivko
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment (BIOR), Laboratory of Microbilogy and Pathology, 3 Lejupes Street, Riga 1076, Latvia
| | - Ken Lemon
- Virological Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Sciences Division, Department of Virology, Agri-Food and Bioscience Institute (AFBI), Stoney Road, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland
| | - Yuan Liang
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
| | - Aldin Lika
- Animal Health Department, Food Safety and Veterinary Institute, Rruga Aleksandër Moisiu 10, Tirana 1001, Albania
| | - Péter Malik
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate (NEBIH), Laboratory of Virology, National Food Chain Safety Office, Tábornok utca 2, Budapest 1143, Hungary
| | - Michael J McMenamy
- Virological Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Sciences Division, Department of Virology, Agri-Food and Bioscience Institute (AFBI), Stoney Road, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland
| | - Alexander Nagy
- Department of Molecular Biology, State Veterinary Institute Prague, Sídlištní 136/24, Praha 6-Lysolaje 16503, Czech Republic
| | - Imbi Nurmoja
- National Centre for Laboratory Research and Risk Assessment (LABRIS), Kreutzwaldi 30, Tartu 51006, Estonia
| | - Iuliana Onita
- Institute for Diagnosis and Animal Health (IDAH), Str. Dr. Staicovici 63, Bucharest 050557, Romania
| | - Anne Pohlmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany
| | - Sandra Revilla-Fernández
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Robert Koch Gasse 17, Mödling 2340, Austria
| | - Azucena Sánchez-Sánchez
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ctra. M-106, Km 1,4 Algete, Madrid 28110, Spain
| | - Vladimir Savic
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Poultry Centre, Heinzelova 55, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Brigita Slavec
- University of Ljubljana – Veterinary Faculty/National Veterinary Institute, Gerbičeva 60, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Krzysztof Smietanka
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, Puławy 24-100, Poland
| | - Chantal J Snoeck
- Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Department of Infection and Immunity, 29 Rue Henri Koch, Esch-sur-Alzette 4354, Luxembourg
| | - Mieke Steensels
- Avian Virology and Immunology, Sciensano, Rue Groeselenberg 99, Ukkel 1180, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Vilhjálmur Svansson
- Biomedical Center, Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldnavegi 3 112 Reykjavík Ssn. 650269 4549, Keldur 851, Iceland
| | - Edyta Swieton
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, Puławy 24-100, Poland
| | - Niina Tammiranta
- Finnish Food Authority, Animal Health Diagnostic Unit, Veterinary Virology, Mustialankatu 3, Helsinki FI-00790, Finland
| | - Martin Tinak
- Department of Animal Health, State Veterinary Institute, Pod Dráhami 918, Zvolen 96086, Slovakia
| | - Steven Van Borm
- Avian Virology and Immunology, Sciensano, Rue Groeselenberg 99, Ukkel 1180, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Siamak Zohari
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Travvägen 20, Uppsala 75189, Sweden
| | - Cornelia Adlhoch
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Gustav III:s boulevard 40, Solna 169 73, Sweden
| | | | - Calogero Terregino
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | - Isabella Monne
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
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Filaire F, Sécula A, Lebre L, Croville G, Guerin JL. A real-time colourimetric reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay for the rapid detection of highly pathogenic H5 clade 2.3.4.4b avian influenza viruses. Avian Pathol 2024; 53:93-100. [PMID: 37885409 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2023.2276849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) are a major threat to the global poultry industry and public health due to their zoonotic potential. Since 2016, Europe and France have faced major epizootics caused by clade 2.3.4.4b H5 HPAIV. To reduce sample-to-result times, point-of-care testing is urgently needed to help prevent further outbreaks and the propagation of the virus. This study presents the design of a novel real-time colourimetric reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay for the detection of clade 2.3.4.4b H5 HPAIV. A clinical validation of this RT-LAMP assay was performed on 198 pools of clinical swabs sampled in 52 poultry flocks during the H5 HPAI 2020-2022 epizootics in France. This RT-LAMP assay allowed the specific detection of HPAIV H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4b within 30 min with a sensitivity of 86.11%. This rapid, easy-to-perform, inexpensive, molecular detection assay could be included in the HPAIV surveillance toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Filaire
- UMR IHAP, ENVT, INRAE, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- THESEO France, LanXess Biosecurity, LanXess Group, Laval, France
| | - Aurélie Sécula
- UMR IHAP, ENVT, INRAE, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Laetitia Lebre
- UMR IHAP, ENVT, INRAE, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Jean-Luc Guerin
- UMR IHAP, ENVT, INRAE, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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9
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Graziosi G, Lupini C, Gobbo F, Zecchin B, Quaglia G, Pedrazzoli S, Lizzi G, Dosa G, Martini G, Terregino C, Catelli E. Genetic Diversity of Avian Influenza Viruses Detected in Waterbirds in Northeast Italy Using Two Different Sampling Strategies. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1018. [PMID: 38612257 PMCID: PMC11010841 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs), which circulate endemically in wild aquatic birds, pose a significant threat to poultry and raise concerns for their zoonotic potential. From August 2021 to April 2022, a multi-site cross-sectional study involving active AIV epidemiological monitoring was conducted in wetlands of the Emilia-Romagna region, northern Italy, adjacent to densely populated poultry areas. A total of 129 cloacal swab samples (CSs) and 407 avian faecal droppings samples (FDs) were collected, with 7 CSs (5.4%) and 4 FDs (1%) testing positive for the AIV matrix gene through rRT-PCR. A COI-barcoding protocol was applied to recognize the species of origin of AIV-positive FDs. Multiple low-pathogenic AIV subtypes were identified, and five of these were isolated, including an H5N3, an H1N1, and three H9N2 in wild ducks. Following whole-genome sequencing, phylogenetic analyses of the hereby obtained strains showed close genetic relationships with AIVs detected in countries along the Black Sea/Mediterranean migratory flyway. Notably, none of the analyzed gene segments were genetically related to HPAI H5N1 viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b isolated from Italian poultry during the concurrent 2021-2022 epidemic. Overall, the detected AIV genetic diversity emphasizes the necessity for ongoing monitoring in wild hosts using diverse sampling strategies and whole-genome sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Graziosi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, BO, Italy; (C.L.); (G.Q.); (S.P.); (G.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Caterina Lupini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, BO, Italy; (C.L.); (G.Q.); (S.P.); (G.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Federica Gobbo
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Division, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy; (F.G.); (B.Z.); (C.T.)
| | - Bianca Zecchin
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Division, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy; (F.G.); (B.Z.); (C.T.)
| | - Giulia Quaglia
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, BO, Italy; (C.L.); (G.Q.); (S.P.); (G.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Sara Pedrazzoli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, BO, Italy; (C.L.); (G.Q.); (S.P.); (G.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Gabriele Lizzi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, BO, Italy; (C.L.); (G.Q.); (S.P.); (G.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Geremia Dosa
- Veterinary Services, Local Health Unit of Imola (A.U.S.L. di Imola), 40026 Imola, BO, Italy; (G.D.); (G.M.)
| | - Gabriella Martini
- Veterinary Services, Local Health Unit of Imola (A.U.S.L. di Imola), 40026 Imola, BO, Italy; (G.D.); (G.M.)
| | - Calogero Terregino
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Division, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy; (F.G.); (B.Z.); (C.T.)
| | - Elena Catelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, BO, Italy; (C.L.); (G.Q.); (S.P.); (G.L.); (E.C.)
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10
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Kuchinski KS, Coombe M, Mansour SC, Cortez GAP, Kalhor M, Himsworth CG, Prystajecky NA. Targeted genomic sequencing of avian influenza viruses in wetland sediment from wild bird habitats. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0084223. [PMID: 38259077 PMCID: PMC10880596 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00842-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Diverse influenza A viruses (IAVs) circulate in wild birds, including highly pathogenic strains that infect poultry and humans. Consequently, surveillance of IAVs in wild birds is a cornerstone of agricultural biosecurity and pandemic preparedness. Surveillance is traditionally done by testing wild birds directly, but obtaining these specimens is labor intensive, detection rates can be low, and sampling is often biased toward certain avian species. As a result, local incursions of dangerous IAVs are rarely detected before outbreaks begin. Testing environmental specimens from wild bird habitats has been proposed as an alternative surveillance strategy. These specimens are thought to contain diverse IAVs deposited by a broad range of avian hosts, including species that are not typically sampled by surveillance programs. To enable this surveillance strategy, we developed a targeted genomic sequencing method for characterizing IAVs in these challenging environmental specimens. It combines custom hybridization probes, unique molecular index-based library construction, and purpose-built bioinformatic tools, allowing IAV genomic material to be enriched and analyzed with single-fragment resolution. We demonstrated our method on 90 sediment specimens from wetlands around Vancouver, Canada. We recovered 2,312 IAV genome fragments originating from all eight IAV genome segments. Eleven hemagglutinin subtypes and nine neuraminidase subtypes were detected, including H5, the current global surveillance priority. Our results demonstrate that targeted genomic sequencing of environmental specimens from wild bird habitats could become a valuable complement to avian influenza surveillance programs.IMPORTANCEIn this study, we developed genome sequencing tools for characterizing avian influenza viruses in sediment from wild bird habitats. These tools enable an environment-based approach to avian influenza surveillance. This could improve early detection of dangerous strains in local wild birds, allowing poultry producers to better protect their flocks and prevent human exposures to potential pandemic threats. Furthermore, we purposefully developed these methods to contend with viral genomic material that is diluted, fragmented, incomplete, and derived from multiple strains and hosts. These challenges are common to many environmental specimens, making these methods broadly applicable for genomic pathogen surveillance in diverse contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S. Kuchinski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michelle Coombe
- Animal Health Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sarah C. Mansour
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Angelo P. Cortez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marzieh Kalhor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chelsea G. Himsworth
- Animal Health Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Natalie A. Prystajecky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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11
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Castro-Sanguinetti GR, González-Veliz R, Callupe-Leyva A, Apaza-Chiara AP, Jara J, Silva W, Icochea E, More-Bayona JA. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b from Peru forms a monophyletic group with Chilean isolates in South America. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3635. [PMID: 38351134 PMCID: PMC10864398 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian Influenza virus (HPAIV) has spread in an unprecedented extent globally in recent years. Despite the large reports of cases in Asia, Europe, and North America, little is known about its circulation in South America. Here, we describe the isolation, and whole genome characterization of HPAIV obtained from sampling 26 wild bird species in Peru, representing one of the largest studies in our region following the latest HPAIV introduction in South America. Out of 147 samples analyzed, 22 were positive for detection of avian influenza virus using a qRT-PCR-based assay. Following inoculation into embryonated chicken eggs, fourteen viral isolates were obtained from which nine isolates were selected for genome characterization, based on their host relevance. Our results identified the presence of HPAIV H5N1 subtype in a highly diverse wild bird species. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these isolates correspond to the clade 2.3.4.4b, sharing a common ancestor with North American isolates and forming a monophyletic group along with isolates from Chile. Altogether, changes at the amino acid levels compared to their closest relatives indicates the virus is evolving locally, highlighting the need for constant genomic surveillance. This data evidence the chances for spillover events increases as the virus spreads into large populations of immunologically naïve avian species and adding conditions for cross species transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina R Castro-Sanguinetti
- Laboratory of Avian Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 15021, Lima, Peru
| | - Rosa González-Veliz
- Laboratory of Avian Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 15021, Lima, Peru
| | - Alonso Callupe-Leyva
- Laboratory of Avian Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 15021, Lima, Peru
| | - Ana P Apaza-Chiara
- Laboratory of Avian Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 15021, Lima, Peru
| | - Javier Jara
- Servicio Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre (SERFOR), Ministerio de Desarrollo Agrario y Riego (MIDAGRI), 15065, Magdalena del Mar, Peru
| | - Walter Silva
- Servicio Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre (SERFOR), Ministerio de Desarrollo Agrario y Riego (MIDAGRI), 15065, Magdalena del Mar, Peru
| | - Eliana Icochea
- Laboratory of Avian Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 15021, Lima, Peru.
| | - Juan A More-Bayona
- Laboratory of Avian Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 15021, Lima, Peru.
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 15021, Lima, Peru.
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12
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Glazunova A, Krasnova E, Bespalova T, Sevskikh T, Lunina D, Titov I, Sindryakova I, Blokhin A. A highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4 detected in Samara Oblast, Russian Federation. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1244430. [PMID: 38389580 PMCID: PMC10881870 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1244430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) is a global problem impacting birds and mammals, causing economic losses in commercial poultry farms and backyard settings. In 2022, over 8,500 AI cases were reported worldwide, with the H5 subtype being responsible for many outbreaks in wild and domestic birds. In the territory of the Russian Federation, outbreaks of AI have been massively reported since 2020, both among domestic bird species and wild bird species. Wild migratory birds often serve as natural reservoirs for AI viruses, and interactions between bird species can lead to the emergence of new, highly pathogenic variants through genetic recombination between strains. In order to combat the widespread outbreaks of the disease and potential risks of further spread in 2021, monitoring studies were conducted in the Samara Oblast, the southeastern region of European Russian Federation. These studies aimed to diagnose and characterize circulating AI virus variants among wild migratory birds during waterfowl hunting in areas of mass nesting. Among the 98 shot birds, a highly pathogenic A/H5N1 AI virus was detected in a Eurasian Teal from the Bolshechernigovsky district. It was classified into clade 2.3.4.4 based on the cleavage site structure of HA. Phylogenetic analysis showed a high relatedness of the identified strain in the Samara Oblast with field isolates from Russia, Nigeria, Bangladesh, and Benin. The article emphasizes the importance of monitoring AI virus spread in both wild and poultry, highlighting the need for timely information exchange to assess risks. Further comprehensive studies are necessary to understand virus dissemination pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Glazunova
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Branch in Samara, Samara, Russia
| | - Elena Krasnova
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Branch in Samara, Samara, Russia
| | - Tatiana Bespalova
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Branch in Samara, Samara, Russia
| | - Timofey Sevskikh
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Samara, Russia
| | - Daria Lunina
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Branch in Samara, Samara, Russia
| | - Ilya Titov
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Samara, Russia
| | - Irina Sindryakova
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Samara, Russia
| | - Andrey Blokhin
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Branch in Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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Nagy A, Stará M, Černíková L, Kličková E, Horák O, Hofmannová L, Sedlák K. Enzootic Circulation, Massive Gull Mortality and Poultry Outbreaks during the 2022/2023 High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza H5N1 Season in the Czech Republic. Viruses 2024; 16:221. [PMID: 38399998 PMCID: PMC10892573 DOI: 10.3390/v16020221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In 2022/2023, Europe experienced its third consecutive season of high-pathogenicity avian influenza. During this period, the Czech Republic was again severely affected. For the first time, the number of culled birds approached one million, which was three times higher than in previous seasons. In parallel to the outbreaks in poultry, mass die-offs of gulls were also observed. In the present study, we performed whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of 137 H5N1 strains collected in the Czech Republic in 2022/2023 (94.6% of all outbreaks or locations). The analysis revealed four distinct genotypes: AB, CH, BB and AF. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the AF genotype persisted from the previous H5N1 season without reassortment. In addition, the genotype BB, which was detected mainly in gulls, showed a noticeable strain diversity at the local level. This virus was also responsible for a single outbreak in commercially bred turkeys. Finally, an interesting spatio-temporal cluster with three co-circulating H5N1 genotypes, AB, CH and AF, was identified with no evidence of intrasubtype reassortment. Highly sensitive molecular surveillance and the timely sharing of genomic sequences and associated metadata could greatly assist in tracking the spread and detecting molecular changes associated with the increased virulence of this potentially zoonotic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Nagy
- State Veterinary Institute Prague, Sídlištní 136/24, 165 03 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.S.); (L.Č.); (E.K.); (O.H.); (L.H.); (K.S.)
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14
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Ross CS, Byrne AMP, Mahmood S, Thomas S, Reid S, Freath L, Griffin LR, Falchieri M, Holmes P, Goldsmith N, Shaw JM, MacGugan A, Aegerter J, Hansen R, Brown IH, Banyard AC. Genetic Analysis of H5N1 High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus following a Mass Mortality Event in Wild Geese on the Solway Firth. Pathogens 2024; 13:83. [PMID: 38251390 PMCID: PMC10818813 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The United Kingdom (UK) and Europe have seen successive outbreaks of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b high-pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) since 2020 peaking in the autumn/winter periods. During the 2021/22 season, a mass die-off event of Svalbard Barnacle Geese (Branta leucopsis) was observed on the Solway Firth, a body of water on the west coast border between England and Scotland. This area is used annually by Barnacle Geese to over-winter, before returning to Svalbard to breed. Following initial identification of HPAIV in a Barnacle Goose on 8 November 2021, up to 32% of the total Barnacle Goose population may have succumbed to disease by the end of March 2022, along with other wild bird species in the area. Potential adaptation of the HPAIV to the Barnacle Goose population within this event was evaluated. Whole-genome sequencing of thirty-three HPAIV isolates from wild bird species demonstrated that there had been two distinct incursions of the virus, but the two viruses had remained genetically stable within the population, whilst viruses from infected wild birds were closely related to those from poultry cases occurring in the same region. Analysis of sera from the following year demonstrated that a high percentage (76%) of returning birds had developed antibodies to H5 AIV. This study demonstrates genetic stability of this strain of HPAIV in wild Anseriformes, and that, at the population scale, whilst there is a significant impact on survival, a high proportion of birds recover following infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S. Ross
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | | | - Sahar Mahmood
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Saumya Thomas
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Scott Reid
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Lorna Freath
- Animal Health and Welfare Advice, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | | | - Marco Falchieri
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Paul Holmes
- APHA Diseases of Wildlife Scheme, Shrewsbury Veterinary Investigation Centre, Shrewsbury SY1 4HD, UK
| | | | | | | | - James Aegerter
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), York YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Rowena Hansen
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
- Animal Health and Welfare Advice, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ian H. Brown
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
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Kayano T, Kobayashi T, Fujiwara S, Okada Y, Nishiura H. Survey of exposure to stranded dolphins in Japan to investigate an outbreak of suspected infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4(b) in humans. New Microbes New Infect 2024; 56:101214. [PMID: 38192651 PMCID: PMC10772813 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2023.101214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background A highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A (H5N1) virus has been detected in domestic and wild animals worldwide. The incidence of HPAI infections in sea mammals has been increasing, as is the number of stranded marine mammals linked to H5N1 viral clade 2.3.4.4(b). In this study, we investigated a stranding event involving dolphins and human-dolphin contact, and investigated the potential risk of animal-to-human H5N1 transmission with a survey of exposure on the Tsurigasaki coast, Japan. Methods We performed a non-random, convenient-sample-based, survey on Tsurigasaki beach where around 30 melon-headed whales were stranded on April 3, 2023. Face-to-face (n = 25) and telephone (n = 1) interviews among surfers took place on April 7 and 8. A nasal swab for quick antigen testing was taken from those who wished to be tested (n = 13), to detect infections with influenza A virus. Results Although there was no confirmatory diagnosis of H5N1 in either humans or dolphins (while n = 3 dolphins were autopsied), we found that a large number of surfers had touched the dolphins with their bare hands while attempting to rescue them, and that some surfers were directly exposed to dolphin blood and body fluids in the ocean. Conclusions The adequate communication of risk is required to minimize the threat of viral transmission at this particular human-animal interface. Administrative and legal responses to cross-species transmission, including guidelines via one health frameworks, a rapid evaluation process of ethical approval, and the systematic involvement of experts in infectious disease, must be urgently formulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishi Kayano
- Kyoto University School of Public Health, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kobayashi
- Kyoto University School of Public Health, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Seiko Fujiwara
- Kyoto University School of Public Health, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuta Okada
- Kyoto University School of Public Health, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishiura
- Kyoto University School of Public Health, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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Bessière P, Hayes B, Filaire F, Lèbre L, Vergne T, Pinson M, Croville G, Guérin JL. Optimizing environmental viral surveillance: bovine serum albumin increases RT-qPCR sensitivity for high pathogenicity avian influenza H5Nx virus detection from dust samples. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0305523. [PMID: 37982626 PMCID: PMC10715206 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03055-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE With the circulation of high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses having intensified considerably in recent years, the European Union is considering the vaccination of farmed birds. A prerequisite for this vaccination is the implementation of drastic surveillance protocols. Environmental sampling is a relevant alternative to animal sampling. However, environmental samples often contain inhibitory compounds in large enough quantities to inhibit RT-qPCR reactions. As bovine serum albumin is a molecule used in many fields to overcome this inhibitory effect, we tested its use on dust samples from poultry farms in areas heavily affected by HPAIV epizootics. Our results show that its use significantly increases the sensitivity of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brandon Hayes
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabien Filaire
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
- THESEO France, LanXess Biosecurity, LanXess Group, Laval, France
| | - Laetitia Lèbre
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
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Zhao W, Liu X, Zhang X, Qiu Z, Jiao J, Li Y, Gao R, Wang X, Hu J, Liu X, Hu S, Jiao X, Peng D, Gu M, Liu X. Virulence and transmission characteristics of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N6 subtype avian influenza viruses possessing different internal gene constellations. Virulence 2023; 14:2250065. [PMID: 37635408 PMCID: PMC10464537 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2250065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 avian influenza virus (AIV) has been predominant in poultry in China, and the circulating haemagglutinin (HA) gene has changed from clade 2.3.4.4h to clade 2.3.4.4b in recent years. In 2021, we isolated four H5N6 viruses from ducks during the routine surveillance of AIV in China. The whole-genome sequencing results demonstrated that the four isolates all belonged to the currently prevalent clade 2.3.4.4b but had different internal gene constellations, which could be divided into G1 and G2 genotypes. Specifically, G1 possessed H9-like PB2 and PB1 genes on the H5-like genetic backbone while G2 owned an H3-like PB1 gene and the H5-like remaining internal genes. By determining the characteristics of H5N6 viruses, including growth performance on different cells, plaque-formation ability, virus attachment ability, and pathogenicity and transmission in different animal models, we found that G1 strains were more conducive to replication in mammalian cells (MDCK and A549) and BALB/c mice than G2 strains. However, G2 strains were more advantageously replicated in avian cells (CEF and DF-1) and slightly more transmissible in waterfowls (mallards) than G1 strains. This study enriched the epidemiological data of H5 subtype AIV to further understand its dynamic evolution, and laid the foundation for further research on the mechanism of low pathogenic AIV internal genes in generating novel H5 subtype reassortants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanchen Zhao
- Animal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Animal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Animal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiwei Qiu
- Animal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Jiao
- Animal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Li
- Animal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruyi Gao
- Animal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Animal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Animal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Animal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- Animal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Animal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Daxin Peng
- Animal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Gu
- Animal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Aznar I, Kohnle L, Stoicescu A, van Houtum A, Zancanaro G. Annual report on surveillance for avian influenza in poultry and wild birds in Member States of the European Union in 2022. EFSA J 2023; 21:e8480. [PMID: 38099051 PMCID: PMC10719745 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
All European Union (EU) Member States (MSs) are required to implement surveillance for avian influenza (AI) in poultry and wild birds and (i) to notify the outbreaks, when relevant and (ii) to report the results to the responsible authority. In addition, Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) also implement ongoing surveillance programmes to monitor occurrences of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in poultry and wild birds. EFSA received a mandate from the European Commission to collate, validate, analyse and summarise the data resulting from these AI surveillance programmes in an annual report. The present report summarises the results of the surveillance activities carried out in MSs, Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) in 2022. Overall, the 31 reporting countries (RCs) sampled 22,171 poultry establishments (PEs) during the 2022 surveillance activity: 18,490 PEs were sampled for serological testing and 3775 were sampled for virological testing. Some PEs were therefore sampled for both type of analytical methods. Out of the 18,490 PEs sampled for serological testing, 15 (0.08%) were seropositive for influenza A(H5) viruses. Out of the 3775 PEs sampled for virological testing, 74 PEs (1.96%) were positive to the virological assay for influenza A(H5) viruses. Seropositive PEs were found in four RCs (Belgium, Poland, Spain and Sweden) and as in previous years, the highest percentages of seropositive PEs were found in PEs raising breeding geese and waterfowl game birds. Out of these 15 seropositive PEs, 3 also tested positive by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for influenza A (H5) viruses - 2 for highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) and 1 low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) (H5N3). In relation to the virological surveys, 10 RCs (32%) out of the 31 reported the detection of A (H5) viruses in 74 PEs, covering 12 different poultry categories. More specifically, 54 reported HPAIV A(H5N1), 17 HPAIV (H5N8), 2 AIV (H5N1) with unknown virus pathogenicity and 1 low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) (H5N3). Additionally, six PEs tested positive for undefined AIVs in three RCs. A total of 32,143 wild birds were sampled, with 4163 (12.95%) wild birds testing positive for HPAIVs by PCR, from 25 RCs. In contrast to previous years, out of the 4163 wild birds testing positive for HPAIv, subtype A(H5N1) virus was the main influenza A virus subtype identified among the wild bird testing positive for HPAIVs (3942; 95%). In addition, RCs also reported 984 wild birds testing positive for low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI). Out of those, for 660 (67%) it was ascertained that the subtype was non-A(H5/H7); 260 (26%) wild birds tested positive for LPAIv of A(H5 or H7) subtypes and the remaining 64 (7%) LPAI viruses were belonging to other H-subtypes.
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Barman S, Turner JCM, Kamrul Hasan M, Akhtar S, Jeevan T, Franks J, Walker D, Mukherjee N, Seiler P, Kercher L, McKenzie P, Webster RG, Feeroz MM, Webby RJ. Emergence of a new genotype of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses in Bangladesh. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:e2252510. [PMID: 37622753 PMCID: PMC10563617 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2252510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virological surveillance was conducted in Bangladesh from January to December 2021 in live poultry markets (LPMs) and in Tanguar Haor, a wetland region where domestic ducks have frequent contact with migratory birds. The predominant viruses circulating in LPMs were low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 and clade 2.3.2.1a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses. Additional LPAIs were found in both LPM (H4N6) and Tanguar Haor wetlands (H7N7). Genetic analyses of these LPAIs strongly suggested long-distance movement of viruses along the Central Asian migratory bird flyway. We also detected a novel clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 virus from ducks in free-range farms in Tanguar Haor that was similar to viruses first detected in October 2020 in The Netherlands but with a different PB2. Identification of clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI H5N1 viruses in Tanguar Haor provides continued support of the role of migratory birds in transboundary movement of influenza A viruses (IAV), including HPAI viruses. Domestic ducks in free range farm in wetland areas, like Tangua Haor, serve as a conduit for the introduction of LPAI and HPAI viruses into Bangladesh. Clade 2.3.4.4b viruses have dominated in many regions of the world since mid-2021, and it remains to be seen if these viruses will replace the endemic clade 2.3.2.1a H5N1 viruses in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Barman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jasmine C. M. Turner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - M. Kamrul Hasan
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sharmin Akhtar
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Trushar Jeevan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - John Franks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David Walker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Nabanita Mukherjee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Patrick Seiler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lisa Kercher
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Pamela McKenzie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Robert G. Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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Abstract
Avian influenza viruses continue to present challenges to animal and human health. Viruses bearing the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of the H5 subtype and H7 subtype have caused 2634 human cases around the world, including more than 1000 deaths. These viruses have caused numerous disease outbreaks in wild birds and domestic poultry, and are responsible for the loss of at least 422 million domestic birds since 2005. The H5 influenza viruses are spread by migratory wild birds and have caused three waves of influenza outbreaks across multiple continents, and the third wave that started in 2020 is ongoing. Many countries in Europe and North America control highly pathogenic avian influenza by culling alone, whereas some countries, including China, have adopted a "cull plus vaccination" strategy. As the largest poultry-producing country in the world, China lost relatively few poultry during the three waves of global H5 avian influenza outbreaks, and nearly eliminated the pervasive H7N9 viruses that emerged in 2013. In this review, we briefly summarize the damages the H5 and H7 influenza viruses have caused to the global poultry industry and public health, analyze the origin, evolution, and spread of the H5 viruses that caused the waves, and discuss how and why the vaccination strategy in China has been a success. Given that the H5N1 viruses are widely circulating in wild birds and causing problems in domestic poultry around the world, we recommend that any unnecessary obstacles to vaccination strategies should be removed immediately and forever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Shi
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hualan Chen
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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21
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Wu Y, Vos GM, Huang C, Chapla D, Kimpel ALM, Moremen KW, de Vries RP, Boons GJ. Exploiting Substrate Specificities of 6- O-Sulfotransferases to Enzymatically Synthesize Keratan Sulfate Oligosaccharides. JACS Au 2023; 3:3155-3164. [PMID: 38034954 PMCID: PMC10685434 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Keratan sulfate (KS) is a glycosaminoglycan that is widely expressed in the extracellular matrix of various tissue types, where it is involved in many biological processes. Herein, we describe a chemo-enzymatic approach to preparing well-defined KS oligosaccharides by exploiting the known and newly discovered substrate specificities of relevant sulfotransferases. The premise of the approach is that recombinant GlcNAc-6-O-sulfotransferases (CHST2) only sulfate terminal GlcNAc moieties to give GlcNAc6S that can be galactosylated by B4GalT4. Furthermore, CHST1 can modify the internal galactosides of a poly-LacNAc chain; however, it was found that a GlcNAc6S residue greatly increases the reactivity of CHST1 of a neighboring and internal galactoside. The presence of a 2,3-linked sialoside further modulates the site of modification by CHST1, and a galactoside flanked by 2,3-Neu5Ac and GlcNAc6S is preferentially sulfated over the other Gal residues. The substrate specificities of CHST1 and 2 were exploited to prepare a panel of KS oligosaccharides, including selectively sulfated N-glycans. The compounds and several other reference derivatives were used to construct a microarray that was probed for binding by several plant lectins, Siglec proteins, and hemagglutinins of influenza viruses. It was found that not only the sulfation pattern but also the presentation of epitopes as part of an O- or N-glycan determines binding properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Wu
- Department
of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Gaël M. Vos
- Department
of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Chin Huang
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Digantkumar Chapla
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Anne L. M. Kimpel
- Department
of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Kelley W. Moremen
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Robert P. de Vries
- Department
of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department
of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Bijvoet
Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht
University, Padualaan
8, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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22
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Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Spackman E, Leyson C, Youk S, Lee SA, Moon LM, Torchetti MK, Killian ML, Lenoch JB, Kapczynski DR, Swayne DE, Suarez DL. Pathogenicity in Chickens and Turkeys of a 2021 United States H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Clade 2.3.4.4b Wild Bird Virus Compared to Two Previous H5N8 Clade 2.3.4.4 Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:2273. [PMID: 38005949 PMCID: PMC10674317 DOI: 10.3390/v15112273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of subtype H5 of the Gs/GD/96 lineage remain a major threat to poultry due to endemicity in wild birds. H5N1 HPAIVs from this lineage were detected in 2021 in the United States (U.S.) and since then have infected many wild and domestic birds. We evaluated the pathobiology of an early U.S. H5N1 HPAIV (clade 2.3.4.4b, 2021) and two H5N8 HPAIVs from previous outbreaks in the U.S. (clade 2.3.4.4c, 2014) and Europe (clade 2.3.4.4b, 2016) in chickens and turkeys. Differences in clinical signs, mean death times (MDTs), and virus transmissibility were found between chickens and turkeys. The mean bird infective dose (BID50) of the 2021 H5N1 virus was approximately 2.6 log10 50% embryo infective dose (EID50) in chickens and 2.2 log10 EID50 in turkeys, and the virus transmitted to contact-exposed turkeys but not chickens. The BID50 for the 2016 H5N8 virus was also slightly different in chickens and turkeys (4.2 and 4.7 log10 EID50, respectively); however, the BID50 for the 2014 H5N8 virus was higher for chickens than turkeys (3.9 and ~0.9 log10 EID50, respectively). With all viruses, turkeys took longer to die (MDTs of 2.6-8.2 days for turkeys and 1-4 days for chickens), which increased the virus shedding period and facilitated transmission to contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J. Pantin-Jackwood
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
| | - Erica Spackman
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
| | - Christina Leyson
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
| | - Sungsu Youk
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si 28644, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Scott A. Lee
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
| | - Linda M. Moon
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
| | - Mia K. Torchetti
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Mary L. Killian
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Julianna B. Lenoch
- Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Disease Program, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Darrell R. Kapczynski
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
| | - David E. Swayne
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
| | - David L. Suarez
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (E.S.); (L.M.M.); (D.L.S.)
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23
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Bauer L, Benavides FFW, Veldhuis Kroeze EJB, de Wit E, van Riel D. The neuropathogenesis of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx viruses in mammalian species including humans. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:953-970. [PMID: 37684136 PMCID: PMC10591965 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Circulation of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5Nx viruses of the A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96 lineage in birds regularly causes infections of mammals, including humans. In many mammalian species, infections are associated with severe neurological disease, a unique feature of HPAI H5Nx viruses compared with other influenza A viruses. Here, we provide an overview of the neuropathogenesis of HPAI H5Nx virus infection in mammals, centered on three aspects: neuroinvasion, neurotropism, and neurovirulence. We focus on in vitro studies, as well as studies on naturally or experimentally infected mammals. Additionally, we discuss the contribution of viral factors to the neuropathogenesis of HPAI H5Nx virus infections and the efficacy of intervention strategies to prevent neuroinvasion or the development of neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Bauer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Emmie de Wit
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Debby van Riel
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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24
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Jiang X, Liu J, Xi Y, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Zhao M, Lu X, Wu H, Shan T, Ni B, Zhang W, Ma X. Virome of high-altitude canine digestive tract and genetic characterization of novel viruses potentially threatening human health. mSphere 2023; 8:e0034523. [PMID: 37724888 PMCID: PMC10597464 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00345-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of currently emerging infectious illnesses are zoonotic infections, which have caused serious public health and economic implications. The development of viral metagenomics has helped us to explore unknown viruses. We collected 1,970 canine feces from Yushu and Guoluo in the plateau region of China for this study to do a metagenomics analysis of the viral community of the canine digestive tract. Our analysis identified 203 novel viruses, classified into 11 known families and 2 unclassified groups. These viruses include the hepatitis E virus, first identified in dogs, and the astrovirus, coronavirus, polyomavirus, and others. The relationship between the newly identified canine viruses and known viruses was investigated through the use of phylogenetic analysis. Furthermore, we demonstrated the cross-species transmission of viruses and predicted new viruses that may cause diseases in both humans and animals, providing technical support for the prevention and control of diseases caused by environmental pollution viruses. IMPORTANCE Most emerging infectious diseases are due to zoonotic disease agents. Because of their effects on the security of human or animal life, agriculture production, and food safety, zoonotic illnesses and livestock diseases are of worldwide significance. Because dogs are closely related to humans and domestic animals, they serve as one of the important links in the transmission of zoonotic and livestock diseases. Canines can contaminate the environment in which humans live such as water and soil through secretions, potentially altering the human gut microbiota or causing diseases. Our study enriched the viral community in the digestive tract microbiome of dogs and found types of viruses that threaten human health, providing technical support for the prevention and control of early warning of diseases caused by environmental contaminant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Qinghai Institute of Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Yuan Xi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Qinghai Institute of Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Yongshun Wang
- Qinghai Institute of Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiang Lu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haisheng Wu
- Qinghai Institute of Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Tongling Shan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Ni
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Qinghai Institute of Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, Qinghai, China
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25
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Youk S, Torchetti MK, Lantz K, Lenoch JB, Killian ML, Leyson C, Bevins SN, Dilione K, Ip HS, Stallknecht DE, Poulson RL, Suarez DL, Swayne DE, Pantin-Jackwood MJ. H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4b in wild and domestic birds: Introductions into the United States and reassortments, December 2021-April 2022. Virology 2023; 587:109860. [PMID: 37572517 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of the A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 lineage H5 clade 2.3.4.4b continue to have a devastating effect on domestic and wild birds. Full genome sequence analyses using 1369 H5N1 HPAIVs detected in the United States (U.S.) in wild birds, commercial poultry, and backyard flocks from December 2021 to April 2022, showed three phylogenetically distinct H5N1 virus introductions in the U.S. by wild birds. Unreassorted Eurasian genotypes A1 and A2 entered the Northeast Atlantic states, whereas a genetically distinct A3 genotype was detected in Alaska. The A1 genotype spread westward via wild bird migration and reassorted with North American wild bird avian influenza viruses. Reassortments of up to five internal genes generated a total of 21 distinct clusters; of these, six genotypes represented 92% of the HPAIVs examined. By phylodynamic analyses, most detections in domestic birds were shown to be point-source transmissions from wild birds, with limited farm-to-farm spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungsu Youk
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Athens, GA, USA; Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Mia Kim Torchetti
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kristina Lantz
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Julianna B Lenoch
- Wildlife Services National Wildlife Disease Program, Animal and Plant Health Inspections Service, USDA, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Mary Lea Killian
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Christina Leyson
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Sarah N Bevins
- Wildlife Services National Wildlife Disease Program, Animal and Plant Health Inspections Service, USDA, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Krista Dilione
- Wildlife Services National Wildlife Disease Program, Animal and Plant Health Inspections Service, USDA, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Hon S Ip
- United States Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Laboratory Services Branch, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David E Stallknecht
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Rebecca L Poulson
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - David L Suarez
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Athens, GA, USA
| | - David E Swayne
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Mary J Pantin-Jackwood
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Athens, GA, USA.
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26
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Xie R, Edwards KM, Wille M, Wei X, Wong SS, Zanin M, El-Shesheny R, Ducatez M, Poon LLM, Kayali G, Webby RJ, Dhanasekaran V. The episodic resurgence of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 virus. Nature 2023; 622:810-817. [PMID: 37853121 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06631-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 activity has intensified globally since 2021, increasingly causing mass mortality in wild birds and poultry and incidental infections in mammals1-3. However, the ecological and virological properties that underscore future mitigation strategies still remain unclear. Using epidemiological, spatial and genomic approaches, we demonstrate changes in the origins of resurgent HPAI H5 and reveal significant shifts in virus ecology and evolution. Outbreak data show key resurgent events in 2016-2017 and 2020-2021, contributing to the emergence and panzootic spread of H5N1 in 2021-2022. Genomic analysis reveals that the 2016-2017 epizootics originated in Asia, where HPAI H5 reservoirs are endemic. In 2020-2021, 2.3.4.4b H5N8 viruses emerged in African poultry, featuring mutations altering HA structure and receptor binding. In 2021-2022, a new H5N1 virus evolved through reassortment in wild birds in Europe, undergoing further reassortment with low-pathogenic avian influenza in wild and domestic birds during global dissemination. These results highlight a shift in the HPAI H5 epicentre beyond Asia and indicate that increasing persistence of HPAI H5 in wild birds is facilitating geographic and host range expansion, accelerating dispersion velocity and increasing reassortment potential. As earlier outbreaks of H5N1 and H5N8 were caused by more stable genomic constellations, these recent changes reflect adaptation across the domestic-bird-wild-bird interface. Elimination strategies in domestic birds therefore remain a high priority to limit future epizootics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruopeng Xie
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kimberly M Edwards
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michelle Wille
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xiaoman Wei
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sook-San Wong
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mark Zanin
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rabeh El-Shesheny
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mariette Ducatez
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Leo L M Poon
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Vijaykrishna Dhanasekaran
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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27
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Seekings AH, Warren CJ, Thomas SS, Lean FZX, Selden D, Mollett BC, van Diemen PM, Banyard AC, Slomka MJ. Different Outcomes of Chicken Infection with UK-Origin H5N1-2020 and H5N8-2020 High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses (Clade 2.3.4.4b). Viruses 2023; 15:1909. [PMID: 37766317 PMCID: PMC10537040 DOI: 10.3390/v15091909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of the "goose/Guangdong" lineage have caused a series of European epizootics since 2014. During autumn/winter 2020-2021, several H5Nx subtypes were detected in the UK, with H5N8 being the dominant subtype in wild birds and poultry. Despite the greater subtype diversity (due to viral neuraminidase gene reassortment) reported in wild birds, only H5N8 and H5N1 subtypes caused clade 2.3.4.4 UK HPAIV poultry outbreaks during this period. The direct inoculation of layer chickens showed that H5N8-2020 was more infectious than H5N1-2020, which supported the European H5N8 dominance during that season. However, the mean death time was longer for H5N8-2020 (3.42 days) than for H5N1-2020 (2.17 days). Transmission from directly infected to naive in-contact chickens was inefficient for both subtypes. Histological lesions, the tissue dissemination of viral antigen, and nucleic acid were more extensive and abundant and accumulated more rapidly for H5N1-2020 compared with H5N8-2020. Although inefficient, H5N1-2020 transmission was faster, with its greater virulence indicating that this subtype posed a major concern, as subsequently shown during H5N1 dominance of the clade 2.3.4.4 epizootic since autumn 2021. An evaluation of these in vivo viral characteristics is key to understanding the continuing poultry threats posed by clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx HPAIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda H. Seekings
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Caroline J. Warren
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Saumya S. Thomas
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Fabian Z. X. Lean
- Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - David Selden
- Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Benjamin C. Mollett
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Pauline M. van Diemen
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Marek J. Slomka
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
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28
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Marandino A, Tomás G, Panzera Y, Leizagoyen C, Pérez R, Bassetti L, Negro R, Rodríguez S, Pérez R. Spreading of the High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (H5N1) Virus of Clade 2.3.4.4b into Uruguay. Viruses 2023; 15:1906. [PMID: 37766312 PMCID: PMC10536905 DOI: 10.3390/v15091906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian influenza viruses (genus Alphainfluenzavirus, family Orthomyxoviridae) infect avian and mammal hosts. In 2022, the high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (H5N1) spread to South America, resulting in the loss of thousands of wild birds, including endangered species, and severely impacting the global poultry industry. OBJECTIVES We analyzed the complete genomes of influenza viruses obtained from wild birds and backyard poultry in Uruguay between February and May 2023. METHODS Twelve complete genomes were obtained in 2023 from cloacal swabs using Illumina sequencing. Genomes were phylogenetically analyzed with regional and global strains. FINDINGS The identified strains have multiple basic amino acids at the hemagglutinin cleavage sites, which is typical for highly pathogenic strains. The Uruguayan viruses belonged to hemagglutinin clade 2.3.4.4b of the H5N1 subtype. A reassortment in North America has resulted in some segments of South American strains being of Eurasian or North American origins. The Uruguayan viruses shared a common ancestor with South American strains from Argentina and Chile. The influenza viruses displayed a spatiotemporal divergence pattern rather than being host-specific. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The arrival of the 2.3.4.4b clade in Uruguay may have been mediated by birds that acquired the virus from Argentine and Chilean waterfowl migrating in the Pacific Flyway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marandino
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay; (A.M.); (G.T.); (Y.P.)
| | - Gonzalo Tomás
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay; (A.M.); (G.T.); (Y.P.)
| | - Yanina Panzera
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay; (A.M.); (G.T.); (Y.P.)
| | - Carmen Leizagoyen
- Dirección Nacional de Biodiversidad y Servicios Ecosistémicos (DINABISE), Ministerio de Ambiente, Juncal 1385, Montevideo 11100, Uruguay;
| | - Ramiro Pérez
- Departamento de Virología, División de Laboratorios Veterinarios “Miguel C. Rubino”, Dirección General de Servicios Ganaderos, Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Ruta 8 “Brigadier Gral. Juan A. Lavalleja” Km 17,000, Montevideo 12100, Uruguay; (R.P.); (L.B.); (R.N.)
| | - Lucía Bassetti
- Departamento de Virología, División de Laboratorios Veterinarios “Miguel C. Rubino”, Dirección General de Servicios Ganaderos, Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Ruta 8 “Brigadier Gral. Juan A. Lavalleja” Km 17,000, Montevideo 12100, Uruguay; (R.P.); (L.B.); (R.N.)
| | - Raúl Negro
- Departamento de Virología, División de Laboratorios Veterinarios “Miguel C. Rubino”, Dirección General de Servicios Ganaderos, Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Ruta 8 “Brigadier Gral. Juan A. Lavalleja” Km 17,000, Montevideo 12100, Uruguay; (R.P.); (L.B.); (R.N.)
| | - Sirley Rodríguez
- Departamento de Virología, División de Laboratorios Veterinarios “Miguel C. Rubino”, Dirección General de Servicios Ganaderos, Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Ruta 8 “Brigadier Gral. Juan A. Lavalleja” Km 17,000, Montevideo 12100, Uruguay; (R.P.); (L.B.); (R.N.)
| | - Ruben Pérez
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay; (A.M.); (G.T.); (Y.P.)
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Patyk KA, Fields VL, Beam AL, Branan MA, McGuigan RE, Green A, Torchetti MK, Lantz K, Freifeld A, Marshall K, Delgado AH. Investigation of risk factors for introduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 infection among commercial turkey operations in the United States, 2022: a case-control study. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1229071. [PMID: 37711433 PMCID: PMC10498466 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1229071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The 2022-2023 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreak in the United States (U.S.) is the largest and most costly animal health event in U.S. history. Approximately 70% of commercial farms affected during this outbreak have been turkey farms. Methods We conducted a case-control study to identify potential risk factors for introduction of HPAI virus onto commercial meat turkey operations. Data were collected from 66 case farms and 59 control farms in 12 states. Univariate and multivariable analyses were conducted to compare management and biosecurity factors on case and control farms. Results Factors associated with increased risk of infection included being in an existing control zone, having both brooders and growers, having toms, seeing wild waterfowl or shorebirds in the closest field, and using rendering for dead bird disposal. Protective factors included having a restroom facility, including portable, available to crews that visit the farm and workers having access and using a shower at least some of the time when entering a specified barn. Discussion Study results provide a better understanding of risk factors for HPAI infection and can be used to inform prevention and control measures for HPAI on U.S. turkey farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A. Patyk
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Victoria L. Fields
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Andrea L. Beam
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Matthew A. Branan
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Rachel E. McGuigan
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Alice Green
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Mia K. Torchetti
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Kristina Lantz
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Alexis Freifeld
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Katherine Marshall
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Amy H. Delgado
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Alkie TN, Byrne AMP, Jones MEB, Mollett BC, Bourque L, Lung O, James J, Yason C, Banyard AC, Sullivan D, Signore AV, Lang AS, Baker M, Dawe B, Brown IH, Berhane Y. Recurring Trans-Atlantic Incursion of Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 Viruses by Long Distance Migratory Birds from Northern Europe to Canada in 2022/2023. Viruses 2023; 15:1836. [PMID: 37766243 PMCID: PMC10536465 DOI: 10.3390/v15091836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In December 2022 and January 2023, we isolated clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) viruses from six American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) from Prince Edward Island and a red fox (Vulpes vulpes) from Newfoundland, Canada. Using full-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, these viruses were found to fall into two distinct phylogenetic clusters: one group containing H5N1 viruses that had been circulating in North and South America since late 2021, and the other one containing European H5N1 viruses reported in late 2022. The transatlantic re-introduction for the second time by pelagic/Icelandic bird migration via the same route used during the 2021 incursion of Eurasian origin H5N1 viruses into North America demonstrates that migratory birds continue to be the driving force for transcontinental dissemination of the virus. This new detection further demonstrates the continual long-term threat of H5N1 viruses for poultry and mammals and the subsequent impact on various wild bird populations wherever these viruses emerge. The continual emergence of clade 2.3.4.4b H5Nx viruses requires vigilant surveillance in wild birds, particularly in areas of the Americas, which lie within the migratory corridors for long-distance migratory birds originating from Europe and Asia. Although H5Nx viruses have been detected at higher rates in North America since 2021, a bidirectional flow of H5Nx genes of American origin viruses to Europe has never been reported. In the future, coordinated and systematic surveillance programs for HPAI viruses need to be launched between European and North American agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamiru N. Alkie
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (T.N.A.); (O.L.); (D.S.); (A.V.S.)
| | - Alexander M. P. Byrne
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, 10 Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (A.M.P.B.); (B.C.M.); (J.J.); (A.C.B.)
| | - Megan E. B. Jones
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Atlantic Region, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada; (M.E.B.J.); (L.B.)
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada;
| | - Benjamin C. Mollett
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, 10 Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (A.M.P.B.); (B.C.M.); (J.J.); (A.C.B.)
| | - Laura Bourque
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Atlantic Region, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada; (M.E.B.J.); (L.B.)
| | - Oliver Lung
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (T.N.A.); (O.L.); (D.S.); (A.V.S.)
| | - Joe James
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, 10 Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (A.M.P.B.); (B.C.M.); (J.J.); (A.C.B.)
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health 12 Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Carmencita Yason
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada;
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, 10 Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (A.M.P.B.); (B.C.M.); (J.J.); (A.C.B.)
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health 12 Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Daniel Sullivan
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (T.N.A.); (O.L.); (D.S.); (A.V.S.)
| | - Anthony V. Signore
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (T.N.A.); (O.L.); (D.S.); (A.V.S.)
| | - Andrew S. Lang
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada;
| | - Meghan Baker
- Animal Health Division, Department of Fisheries, Forestry and Agriculture, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Provincial Agriculture Building, 204 Brookfield Road, St. John’s, NL A1E 0B2, Canada; (M.B.); (B.D.)
| | - Beverly Dawe
- Animal Health Division, Department of Fisheries, Forestry and Agriculture, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Provincial Agriculture Building, 204 Brookfield Road, St. John’s, NL A1E 0B2, Canada; (M.B.); (B.D.)
| | - Ian H. Brown
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, 10 Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (A.M.P.B.); (B.C.M.); (J.J.); (A.C.B.)
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health 12 Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Yohannes Berhane
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (T.N.A.); (O.L.); (D.S.); (A.V.S.)
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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Byrne AMP, James J, Mollett BC, Meyer SM, Lewis T, Czepiel M, Seekings AH, Mahmood S, Thomas SS, Ross CS, Byrne DJF, McMenamy MJ, Bailie V, Lemon K, Hansen RDE, Falchieri M, Lewis NS, Reid SM, Brown IH, Banyard AC. Investigating the Genetic Diversity of H5 Avian Influenza Viruses in the United Kingdom from 2020-2022. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0477622. [PMID: 37358418 PMCID: PMC10433820 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04776-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2020, the United Kingdom and Europe have experienced annual epizootics of high-pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV). The first epizootic, during the autumn/winter of 2020-2021, involved six H5Nx subtypes, although H5N8 HPAIV dominated in the United Kingdom. While genetic assessments of the H5N8 HPAIVs within the United Kingdom demonstrated relative homogeneity, there was a background of other genotypes circulating at a lower degree with different neuraminidase and internal genes. Following a small number of detections of H5N1 in wild birds over the summer of 2021, the autumn/winter of 2021-2022 saw another European H5 HPAIV epizootic that dwarfed the prior epizootic. This second epizootic was dominated almost exclusively by H5N1 HPAIV, although six distinct genotypes were defined. We have used genetic analysis to evaluate the emergence of different genotypes and proposed reassortment events that have been observed. The existing data suggest that the H5N1 viruses circulating in Europe during late 2020 continued to circulate in wild birds throughout 2021, with minimal adaptation, but then went on to reassort with AIVs in the wild bird population. We have undertaken an in-depth genetic assessment of H5 HPAIVs detected in the United Kingdom over two winter seasons and demonstrate the utility of in-depth genetic analyses in defining the diversity of H5 HPAIVs circulating in avian species, the potential for zoonotic risk, and whether incidents of lateral spread can be defined over independent incursions of infections from wild birds. This provides key supporting data for mitigation activities. IMPORTANCE High-pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) outbreaks devastate avian species across all sectors, having both economic and ecological impacts through mortalities in poultry and wild birds, respectively. These viruses can also represent a significant zoonotic risk. Since 2020, the United Kingdom has experienced two successive outbreaks of H5 HPAIV. While H5N8 HPAIV was predominant during the 2020-2021 outbreak, other H5 subtypes were also detected. The following year, there was a shift in the subtype dominance to H5N1 HPAIV, but multiple H5N1 genotypes were detected. Through the thorough utilization of whole-genome sequencing, it was possible to track and characterize the genetic evolution of these H5 HPAIVs in United Kingdom poultry and wild birds. This enabled us to assess the risk posed by these viruses at the poultry-wild bird and the avian-human interfaces and to investigate the potential lateral spread between infected premises, a key factor in understanding the threat to the commercial sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. P. Byrne
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Joe James
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin C. Mollett
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie M. Meyer
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Lewis
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena Czepiel
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda H. Seekings
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Sahar Mahmood
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Saumya S. Thomas
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Craig S. Ross
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic J. F. Byrne
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Valerie Bailie
- Agri-Food and Bioscience Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Ken Lemon
- Agri-Food and Bioscience Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Rowena D. E. Hansen
- Veterinary Exotics and Notifiable Disease Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Falchieri
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola S. Lewis
- Department of Pathology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Scott M. Reid
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Ian H. Brown
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Dub T, Mäkelä H, Van Kleef E, Leblond A, Mercier A, Hénaux V, Bouyer F, Binot A, Thiongane O, Lancelot R, Delconte V, Zamuner L, Van Bortel W, Arsevska E. Epidemic intelligence activities among national public and animal health agencies: a European cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1488. [PMID: 37542208 PMCID: PMC10401758 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16396-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemic Intelligence (EI) encompasses all activities related to early identification, verification, analysis, assessment, and investigation of health threats. It integrates an indicator-based (IBS) component using systematically collected surveillance data, and an event-based component (EBS), using non-official, non-verified, non-structured data from multiple sources. We described current EI practices in Europe by conducting a survey of national Public Health (PH) and Animal Health (AH) agencies. We included generic questions on the structure, mandate and scope of the institute, on the existence and coordination of EI activities, followed by a section where respondents provided a description of EI activities for three diseases out of seven disease models. Out of 81 gatekeeper agencies from 41 countries contacted, 34 agencies (42%) from 26 (63%) different countries responded, out of which, 32 conducted EI activities. Less than half (15/32; 47%) had teams dedicated to EI activities and 56% (18/34) had Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) in place. On a national level, a combination of IBS and EBS was the most common data source. Most respondents monitored the epidemiological situation in bordering countries, the rest of Europe and the world. EI systems were heterogeneous across countries and diseases. National IBS activities strongly relied on mandatory laboratory-based surveillance systems. The collection, analysis and interpretation of IBS information was performed manually for most disease models. Depending on the disease, some respondents did not have any EBS activity. Most respondents conducted signal assessment manually through expert review. Cross-sectoral collaboration was heterogeneous. More than half of the responding institutes collaborated on various levels (data sharing, communication, etc.) with neighbouring countries and/or international structures, across most disease models. Our findings emphasise a notable engagement in EI activities across PH and AH institutes of Europe, but opportunities exist for better integration, standardisation, and automatization of these efforts. A strong reliance on traditional IBS and laboratory-based surveillance systems, emphasises the key role of in-country laboratories networks. EI activities may benefit particularly from investments in cross-border collaboration, the development of methods that can automatise signal assessment in both IBS and EBS data, as well as further investments in the collection of EBS data beyond scientific literature and mainstream media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothee Dub
- Department of Health security, Finish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Henna Mäkelä
- Department of Health security, Finish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Esther Van Kleef
- Department of Public Health, Institute of tropical medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Agnes Leblond
- UMR EPIA, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, F-69280, France
| | - Alizé Mercier
- Joint Research Unit Animal, Health, Territories, Risks, Ecosystems (UMR ASTRE), French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Montpellier, France
| | - Viviane Hénaux
- Unité Epidémiologie et appui à la surveillance, Université de Lyon-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (Anses), Lyon, France
| | - Fanny Bouyer
- Groupe d'Expérimentation et de Recherche: Développement et Actions Locales (GERDAL), Angers, France
| | - Aurelie Binot
- Joint Research Unit Animal, Health, Territories, Risks, Ecosystems (UMR ASTRE), French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Montpellier, France
| | - Oumy Thiongane
- Joint Research Unit Animal, Health, Territories, Risks, Ecosystems (UMR ASTRE), French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Montpellier, France
| | - Renaud Lancelot
- Joint Research Unit Animal, Health, Territories, Risks, Ecosystems (UMR ASTRE), French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Montpellier, France
| | - Valentina Delconte
- OpenGeoHub foundation, Agro Business Park 10, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lea Zamuner
- OpenGeoHub foundation, Agro Business Park 10, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Van Bortel
- Outbreak Research Team, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of tropical medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Unit of Entomology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of tropical medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Elena Arsevska
- Joint Research Unit Animal, Health, Territories, Risks, Ecosystems (UMR ASTRE), French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Montpellier, France
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Green AL, Branan M, Fields VL, Patyk K, Kolar SK, Beam A, Marshall K, McGuigan R, Vuolo M, Freifeld A, Torchetti MK, Lantz K, Delgado AH. Investigation of risk factors for introduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus onto table egg farms in the United States, 2022: a case-control study. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1229008. [PMID: 37559891 PMCID: PMC10408129 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1229008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The 2022-2023 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreak in the United States (U.S.) is the most geographically extensive and costly animal health event in U.S. history. In 2022 alone, over 57 million commercial and backyard poultry in 47 U.S. states were affected. Over 75% of affected poultry were part of the commercial table egg production sector. METHODS We conducted a case-control study to identify potential risk factors for introduction of HPAI virus onto commercial table egg operations. Univariate and multivariable analyses were conducted to compare farm characteristics, management, and biosecurity factors on case and control farms. RESULTS Factors associated with increased risk of infection included being in an existing control zone, sightings of wild waterfowl, mowing or bush hogging vegetation less than 4 times a month, having an off-site method of daily mortality disposal (off-site composting or burial, rendering, or landfill), and wild bird access to feed/feed ingredients at least some of the time. Protective factors included a high level of vehicle washing for trucks and trailers entering the farm (a composite variable that included having a permanent wash station), having designated personnel assigned to specific barns, having a farm entrance gate, and requiring a change of clothing for workers entering poultry barns. DISCUSSION Study results improve our understanding of risk factors for HPAI infection and control measures for preventing HPAI on commercial U.S. table egg farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice L. Green
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Matthew Branan
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Victoria L. Fields
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Kelly Patyk
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Stephanie K. Kolar
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Andrea Beam
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Katherine Marshall
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Rachel McGuigan
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Matthew Vuolo
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Alexis Freifeld
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Mia Kim Torchetti
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Kristina Lantz
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Amy H. Delgado
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Tian J, Bai X, Li M, Zeng X, Xu J, Li P, Wang M, Song X, Zhao Z, Tian G, Liu L, Guan Y, Li Y, Chen H. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Introduced by Wild Birds, China, 2021. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:1367-1375. [PMID: 37347504 PMCID: PMC10310395 DOI: 10.3201/eid2907.221149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus has spread globally, causing unprecedented large-scale avian influenza outbreaks since 2020. In 2021, we isolated 17 highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses from wild birds in China. To determine virus origin, we genetically analyzed 1,529 clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 viruses reported globally since October 2020 and found that they formed 35 genotypes. The 17 viruses belonged to genotypes G07, which originated from eastern Asia, and G10, which originated from Russia. The viruses were moderately pathogenic in mice but were highly lethal in ducks. The viruses were in the same antigenic cluster as the current vaccine strain (H5-Re14) used in China. In chickens, the H5/H7 trivalent vaccine provided complete protection against clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 virus challenge. Our data indicate that vaccination is an effective strategy for preventing and controlling the globally prevalent clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 virus.
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Cha RM, Lee YN, Park MJ, Baek YG, Shin JI, Jung CH, Sagong M, Heo GB, Kang YM, Lee KN, Lee YJ, Lee EK. Genetic Characterization and Pathogenesis of H5N1 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus Isolated in South Korea during 2021-2022. Viruses 2023; 15:1403. [PMID: 37376703 DOI: 10.3390/v15061403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx have been circulating in poultry and wild birds worldwide since 2014. In South Korea, after the first clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAI viruses were isolated from wild birds in October 2021, additional HPAIV outbreaks occurred in poultry farms until April 2022. In this study, we genetically characterized clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAIV isolates in 2021-2022 and examined the pathogenicity and transmissibility of A/mandarin duck/Korea/WA585/2021 (H5N1) (WA585/21) in chickens and ducks. Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAI viruses caused 47 outbreaks in poultry farms and were also detected in multiple wild birds. Phylogenetic analysis of HA and NA genes indicated that Korean H5N1 HPAI isolates were closely related to Eurasian viruses isolated in 2021-2022. Four distinct genotypes of H5N1 HPAI viruses were identified in poultry, and the majority were also found in wild birds. WA585/21 inoculated chickens showed virulent pathogenicity with high mortality and transmission. Meanwhile, ducks infected with the virus showed no mortality but exhibited high rates of transmission and longer viral shedding than chickens, suggesting that they may play an important role as silent carriers. In conclusion, consideration of both genetic and pathogenic traits of H5N1 HPAI viruses is required for effective viral control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ra Mi Cha
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Na Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ji Park
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Gi Baek
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-In Shin
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hwa Jung
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingeun Sagong
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong-Beom Heo
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Myung Kang
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Nyeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
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Rafique S, Rashid F, Mushtaq S, Ali A, Li M, Luo S, Xie L, Xie Z. Global review of the H5N8 avian influenza virus subtype. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1200681. [PMID: 37333639 PMCID: PMC10272346 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1200681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthomyxoviruses are negative-sense, RNA viruses with segmented genomes that are highly unstable due to reassortment. The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N8 emerged in wild birds in China. Since its emergence, it has posed a significant threat to poultry and human health. Poultry meat is considered an inexpensive source of protein, but due to outbreaks of HPAI H5N8 from migratory birds in commercial flocks, the poultry meat industry has been facing severe financial crises. This review focuses on occasional epidemics that have damaged food security and poultry production across Europe, Eurasia, the Middle East, Africa, and America. HPAI H5N8 viral sequences have been retrieved from GISAID and analyzed. Virulent HPAI H5N8 belongs to clade 2.3.4.4b, Gs/GD lineage, and has been a threat to the poultry industry and the public in several countries since its first introduction. Continent-wide outbreaks have revealed that this virus is spreading globally. Thus, continuous sero- and viro-surveillance both in commercial and wild birds, and strict biosecurity reduces the risk of the HPAI virus appearing. Furthermore, homologous vaccination practices in commercial poultry need to be introduced to overcome the introduction of emergent strains. This review clearly indicates that HPAI H5N8 is a continuous threat to poultry and people and that further regional epidemiological studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Rafique
- SB Diagnostic Laboratory, Sadiq Poultry Pvt. Ltd, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Farooq Rashid
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Sajda Mushtaq
- SB Diagnostic Laboratory, Sadiq Poultry Pvt. Ltd, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Akbar Ali
- Poultry Research Institute, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, China
| | - Sisi Luo
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, China
| | - Liji Xie
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, China
| | - Zhixun Xie
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, China
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Gass JD, Hill NJ, Damodaran L, Naumova EN, Nutter FB, Runstadler JA. Ecogeographic Drivers of the Spatial Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Outbreaks in Europe and the United States, 2016-Early 2022. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:6030. [PMID: 37297634 PMCID: PMC10252585 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20116030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
H5Nx highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of clade 2.3.4.4 have caused outbreaks in Europe among wild and domestic birds since 2016 and were introduced to North America via wild migratory birds in December 2021. We examined the spatiotemporal extent of HPAI viruses across continents and characterized ecological and environmental predictors of virus spread between geographic regions by constructing a Bayesian phylodynamic generalized linear model (phylodynamic-GLM). The findings demonstrate localized epidemics of H5Nx throughout Europe in the first several years of the epizootic, followed by a singular branching point where H5N1 viruses were introduced to North America, likely via stopover locations throughout the North Atlantic. Once in the United States (US), H5Nx viruses spread at a greater rate between US-based regions as compared to prior spread in Europe. We established that geographic proximity is a predictor of virus spread between regions, implying that intercontinental transport across the Atlantic Ocean is relatively rare. An increase in mean ambient temperature over time was predictive of reduced H5Nx virus spread, which may reflect the effect of climate change on declines in host species abundance, decreased persistence of the virus in the environment, or changes in migratory patterns due to ecological alterations. Our data provide new knowledge about the spread and directionality of H5Nx virus dispersal in Europe and the US during an actively evolving intercontinental outbreak, including predictors of virus movement between regions, which will contribute to surveillance and mitigation strategies as the outbreak unfolds, and in future instances of uncontained avian spread of HPAI viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon D. Gass
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Nichola J. Hill
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | | | - Elena N. Naumova
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02155, USA
| | - Felicia B. Nutter
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Runstadler
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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Baikara B, Seidallina A, Baimakhanova B, Kasymbekov Y, Sabyrzhan T, Daulbaeva K, Nuralibekov S, Khan Y, Karamendin K, Sultanov A, Kydyrmanov A. Genome Sequence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus A/Chicken/North Kazakhstan/184/2020 (H5N8). Microbiol Resour Announc 2023:e0115122. [PMID: 37154688 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01151-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The influenza virus strain A/chicken/North Kazakhstan/184/2020 (H5N8) was isolated in North Kazakhstan during a highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak in 2020. This study aimed to obtain the complete genome sequence of the isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Baikara
- Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - A Seidallina
- Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - B Baimakhanova
- Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Y Kasymbekov
- Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - T Sabyrzhan
- Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - K Daulbaeva
- Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - S Nuralibekov
- Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Y Khan
- Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - K Karamendin
- Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - A Sultanov
- Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - A Kydyrmanov
- Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
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Furey C, Ye N, Kercher L, DeBeauchamp J, Crumpton JC, Jeevan T, Patton C, Franks J, Alameh MG, Fan SH, Phan AT, Hunter CA, Webby RJ, Weissman D, Hensley SE. Development of a nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccine against clade 2.3.4.4b H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. bioRxiv 2023:2023.04.30.538854. [PMID: 37162920 PMCID: PMC10168367 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.30.538854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses from H5 clade 2.3.4.4b are circulating at unprecedently high levels in wild and domestic birds and have the potential to adapt to humans. We generated an mRNA lipid nanoparticle (LNP) vaccine encoding the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein from a clade 2.3.4.4b H5 isolate. We show that the vaccine is immunogenic in mice and ferrets and prevents morbidity and mortality of ferrets following 2.3.4.4b H5N1 challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Furey
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Naiqing Ye
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lisa Kercher
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer DeBeauchamp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jeri Carol Crumpton
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Trushar Jeevan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Christopher Patton
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - John Franks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mohamad-Gabriel Alameh
- Infectious Disease Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Institute for RNA Innovation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Anthony T. Phan
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher A. Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Drew Weissman
- Infectious Disease Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Institute for RNA Innovation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott E. Hensley
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Kim H, Cho HK, Kang YM, Sagong M, An S, Kim S, Lee YJ, Kang HM. Protective efficacy of a bivalent H5 influenza vaccine candidate against both clades 2.3.2.1 and 2.3.4.4 high pathogenic avian influenza viruses in SPF chickens. Vaccine 2023; 41:2816-2823. [PMID: 37024409 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, high pathogenic avian influenza viruses belonging to clades 2.3.4.4 and 2.3.2.1 have been circulating in both poultry and wild birds. Since 2018, Korea has built a national antigen bank to ensure preparedness in an emergency. In this study, we developed a bivalent vaccine candidate containing antigens derived from two reassortant KA435/2.3.2.1d and H35/2.3.4.4b strains for Korean national antigen bank. We evaluated its immunogenicity and protective efficacy in specific pathogen free chickens. The two vaccine strains, rgKA435-H9N2 PB2/2.3.2.1d and rgH35/2.3.4.4b, both of which were generated successfully by reverse genetics, were highly immunogenic (titres of haemagglutination inhibition: 8.3 and 8.4 log2, respectively) and showed good protective efficacy (100 and 147 50% protective dose, respectively) against lethal challenge with wild-type virus when delivered as a 1:1 mixture. Notably, the vaccine provided complete protection against viral shedding at a full dose (512 HAU) and a 1/10 dose (51.2 HAU), with no clinical signs, after challenge with H35/2.3.4.4b. The bivalent vaccine developed in this study may reduce the cost of vaccine production and could be used as a H5 subtype avian influenza vaccine candidate against two clades simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjun Kim
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyu Cho
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Myung Kang
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingeun Sagong
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjun An
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyeop Kim
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Mi Kang
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
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Yang XY, Gong QL, Li YJ, Ata EB, Hu MJ, Sun YY, Xue ZY, Yang YS, Sun XP, Shi CW, Yang GL, Huang HB, Jiang YL, Wang JZ, Cao X, Wang N, Zeng Y, Yang WT, Wang CF. The global prevalence of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N8) infection in birds: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2023; 176:106001. [PMID: 36682670 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The zoonotic pathogen avian influenza A H5N8 causes enormous economic losses in the poultry industry and poses a serious threat to the public health. Here, we report the first systematic review and meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of birds. We filtered 45 eligible articles from seven databases. A random-effects model was used to analyze the prevalence of H5N8 in birds. The pooled prevalence of H5N8 in birds was 1.6%. In the regions, Africa has the highest prevalence (8.0%). Based on the source, village (8.3%) was the highest. In the sample type, the highest prevalence was organs (79.7%). In seasons, the highest prevalence was autumn (28.1%). The largest prevalence in the sampling time was during 2019 or later (7.0%). Furthermore, geographical factors also were associated with the prevalence. Therefore, we recommend site-specific prevention and control tools for this strain in birds and enhance the surveillance to reduce the spread of H5N8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Yao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Qing-Long Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yan-Jin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Emad Beshir Ata
- Parasitology and Animal Diseases Dep., Vet. Res. Institute, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Man-Jie Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yong-Yang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Zhi-Yang Xue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Ying-Shi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xue-Pan Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Chun-Wei Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Gui-Lian Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Hai-Bin Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yan-Long Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xin Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Wen-Tao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China.
| | - Chun-Feng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China.
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Zhang G, Li B, Raghwani J, Vrancken B, Jia R, Hill SC, Fournié G, Cheng Y, Yang Q, Wang Y, Wang Z, Dong L, Pybus OG, Tian H. Bidirectional Movement of Emerging H5N8 Avian Influenza Viruses Between Europe and Asia via Migratory Birds Since Early 2020. Mol Biol Evol 2023; 40:msad019. [PMID: 36703230 PMCID: PMC9922686 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msad019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Migratory birds play a critical role in the rapid spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 virus clade 2.3.4.4 across Eurasia. Elucidating the timing and pattern of virus transmission is essential therefore for understanding the spatial dissemination of these viruses. In this study, we surveyed >27,000 wild birds in China, tracked the year-round migration patterns of 20 bird species across China since 2006, and generated new HPAI H5N8 virus genomic data. Using this new data set, we investigated the seasonal transmission dynamics of HPAI H5N8 viruses across Eurasia. We found that introductions of HPAI H5N8 viruses to different Eurasian regions were associated with the seasonal migration of wild birds. Moreover, we report a backflow of HPAI H5N8 virus lineages from Europe to Asia, suggesting that Europe acts as both a source and a sink in the global HPAI virus transmission network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guogang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, National Bird Banding Center of China, Beijing, China
| | - Bingying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Center for Global Change and Public Health, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jayna Raghwani
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bram Vrancken
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Evolutionary and Computational Virology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Ru Jia
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, National Bird Banding Center of China, Beijing, China
| | - Sarah C Hill
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Fournié
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yanchao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Center for Global Change and Public Health, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiqi Yang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Yuxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Center for Global Change and Public Health, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zengmiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Center for Global Change and Public Health, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Dong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Huaiyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Center for Global Change and Public Health, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Lv C, Li Y, Wang T, Zhang Q, Qi J, Sima M, Li E, Qin T, Shi Z, Li F, Wang X, Sun W, Feng N, Yang S, Xia X, Jin N, Zhou Y, Gao Y. Taurolidine improved protection against highly pathogenetic avian influenza H5N1 virus lethal-infection in mouse model by regulating the NF-κB signaling pathway. Virol Sin 2023; 38:119-127. [PMID: 36450323 PMCID: PMC10006309 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Taurolidine (TRD), a derivative of taurine, has anti-bacterial and anti-tumor effects by chemically reacting with cell-walls, endotoxins and exotoxins to inhibit the adhesion of microorganisms. However, its application in antiviral therapy is seldom reported. Here, we reported that TRD significantly inhibited the replication of influenza virus H5N1 in MDCK cells with the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (EC50) of 34.45 μg/mL. Furthermore, the drug inhibited the amplification of the cytokine storm effect and improved the survival rate of mice lethal challenged with H5N1 (protection rate was 86%). Moreover, TRD attenuated virus-induced lung damage and reduced virus titers in mice lungs. Administration of TRD reduced the number of neutrophils and increased the number of lymphocytes in the blood of H5N1 virus-infected mice. Importantly, the drug regulated the NF-κB signaling pathway by inhibiting the separation of NF-κB and IκBa, thereby reducing the expression of inflammatory factors. In conclusion, our findings suggested that TRD could act as a potential anti-influenza drug candidate in further clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoxiang Lv
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China; Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Yuanguo Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Changchun, 130122, China; College of Animal Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Qiqi Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Jing Qi
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China; Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Mingwei Sima
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Changchun, 130122, China; College of Basic Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Entao Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Tian Qin
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China; Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Shi
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Changchun, 130122, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Fangxu Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Changchun, 130122, China; College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Weiyang Sun
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Na Feng
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Songtao Yang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China; Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Changchun, 130122, China; College of Basic Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130033, China.
| | - Yifa Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China.
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Changchun, 130122, China; College of Basic Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130033, China; College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
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Sun L, He Q, Teng Y, Zhao Q, Yan X, Wang X. A complex network-based vaccination strategy for infectious diseases. Appl Soft Comput 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.asoc.2023.110081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Meng F, Chen Y, Song Z, Zhong Q, Zhang Y, Qiao C, Yan C, Kong H, Liu L, Li C, Yang H, Chen H. Continued evolution of the Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swine influenza viruses in China. Sci China Life Sci 2023; 66:269-82. [PMID: 36219302 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2208-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Animal influenza viruses continue to pose a threat to human public health. The Eurasian avian-like H1N1 (EA H1N1) viruses are widespread in pigs throughout Europe and China and have caused human infections in several countries, indicating their pandemic potential. To carefully monitor the evolution of the EA H1N1 viruses in nature, we collected nasal swabs from 103,110 pigs in 22 provinces in China between October 2013 and December 2019, and isolated 855 EA H1N1 viruses. Genomic analysis of 319 representative viruses revealed that these EA H1N1 viruses formed eight different genotypes through reassortment with viruses of other lineages circulating in humans and pigs, and two of these genotypes (G4 and G5) were widely distributed in pigs. Animal studies indicated that some strains have become highly pathogenic in mice and highly transmissible in ferrets via respiratory droplets. Moreover, two-thirds of the EA H1N1 viruses reacted poorly with ferret serum antibodies induced by the currently used H1N1 human influenza vaccine, suggesting that existing immunity may not prevent the transmission of the EA H1N1 viruses in humans. Our study reveals the evolution and pandemic potential of EA H1N1 viruses and provides important insights for future pandemic preparedness.
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Zhu Y, Cong Y, Sun Y, Han J, Gai L, Yang T, Liu C, Zhao L, Cong Y. Isolation and Identification of Novel Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N8) Subclade 2.3.4.4b from Geese in Northeastern China. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0157222. [PMID: 36602303 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01572-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
H5N8, a highly pathogenic avian influenza, has become a new zoonotic threat in recent years. As of December 28, 2021, at least 3,206 H5N8 cases had been reported in wild birds and poultry worldwide. In January 2021, a novel virus strain named A/goose/China/1/2021 was isolated during an H5N8 goose influenza outbreak in northeastern China. The PB2, PB1, HA, and M genes of A/goose/China/1/2021 were highly identical to those of H5N8 strains emerging in Kazakhstan and Russia in Central Asia from August to September 2020, while the remaining four genes had the closest homology to those of H5N8 viruses isolated in South Korea in East Asia from November to December 2020. We thus speculate that A/goose/China/1/2021 is likely a reassortant virus that formed in the 2020 to 2021 influenza season and that the migratory birds via the two migration routes of Central Asia and East Asia-Australia may have played an essential role in the genetic reassortment of this virus. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that the HA genes of H5N8 viruses belonging to group II of subclade 2.3.4.4b, including A/goose/China/1/2021, may be derived from strains in Central Asia. Given the complex global spread of H5N8 virus, our study highlights the necessity to strengthen the function of the global surveillance network for H5N8 virus and to accelerate the pace of vaccine development to confront the current challenges posed by H5N8 virus of subclade 2.3.4.4. IMPORTANCE H5N8, a highly pathogenic avian influenza, not only has an impact on public health, but also has a huge negative impact on animal health, food safety, safety, and even on the local and international economy. The migratory wild birds play a vital role in the intercontinental transmission of H5N8 virus. It is urgent that we should strengthen the function of the global surveillance network for H5N8 virus and accelerate the pace of vaccine development to confront the current challenges posed by H5N8 virus of subclade 2.3.4.4.
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Nagy A, Stará M, Černíková L, Hofmannová L, Sedlák K. Genotype Diversity, Wild Bird-to-Poultry Transmissions, and Farm-to-Farm Carryover during the Spread of the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 in the Czech Republic in 2021/2022. Viruses 2023; 15. [PMID: 36851507 DOI: 10.3390/v15020293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2021/2022, the re-emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) occurred in Europe. The outbreak was seeded from two sources: resident and reintroduced viruses, which is unprecedented in the recorded history of avian influenza. The dominant subtype was H5N1, which replaced the H5N8 subtype that had predominated in previous seasons. In this study, we present a whole genome sequence and a phylogenetic analysis of 57 H5N1 HPAI and two low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H5N1 strains collected in the Czech Republic during 2021/2022. Phylogenetic analysis revealed close relationships between H5N1 genomes from poultry and wild birds and secondary transmission in commercial geese. The genotyping showed considerable genetic heterogeneity among Czech H5N1 viruses, with six different HPAI genotypes, three of which were apparently unique. In addition, second-order reassortment relationships were observed with the direct involvement of co-circulating H5N1 LPAI strains. The genetic distance between Czech H5N1 HPAI and the closest LPAI segments available in the database illustrates the profound gaps in our knowledge of circulating LPAI strains. The changing dynamics of HPAI in the wild may increase the likelihood of future HPAI outbreaks and present new challenges in poultry management, biosecurity, and surveillance.
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Kalkayeva D, Maulanov A, Sobiech P, Michalski M, Kuzembekova G, Dzhangabulova A, Nurkhojayev N, Aldayarov N. Epidemiological characteristics and financial losses due to avian aspergillosis in households in the Almaty region, Republic of Kazakhstan. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1141456. [PMID: 37138907 PMCID: PMC10150056 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1141456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillosis is a severe fungal disease that affects all species and ages of poultry and leads to significant economic losses within the poultry industry. The economic significance of aspergillosis is associated with direct losses due to poultry mortality, a decline in the production of meat and eggs, feed conversion, and poor growth of recovering poultry. Although a decrease in the production of poultry meat and eggs in Kazakhstan due to this fungal disease has been widely reported, studies on the consequent financial losses on affected farms (households) have not been carried out. This study aimed to estimate the financial losses and epidemiological parameters of avian aspergillosis among households affected by the disease in the Almaty region. To achieve the objectives of the research, a survey was conducted involving affected households from February 2018 to July 2019. The affected poultry were diagnosed based on clinical, macroscopical, and microscopical procedures, and once the infection was confirmed, household owners were interviewed. Data were collected from 183 household owners. The median incidence risk and fatality rates were 39 and 26% in chickens, 42 and 22% in turkeys, and 37 and 33% in geese, respectively, with young poultry having a higher incidence risk and fatality rate than adults. Approximately 92.4% of the household owners treated the affected poultry using natural folk methods and 7.6% of household owners used antifungal drugs and antibiotics, spending a median of US $35.20 (min US $0; max US $400) per household throughout the course of the infection. Egg production was reduced by a median of 58.3% when households were affected. The price of poultry fell by a median of 48.6% immediately after recovery due to weight loss. The median of the overall financial losses of households was US $198.50 (min US $11; max US $1,269). The majority of household owners (65%) did not replace their poultry, 9.8% of household owners replaced all their poultry, and the remaining 25.1% replaced only a proportion of the poultry lost at the time of the study. Newly acquired poultry were purchased from neighbors (10.9%), fellow villagers (50%), and state poultry farms (39.1%). This study demonstrates that aspergillosis has an immediate impact on subsistence household owners' livelihoods in the Almaty region of Kazakhstan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinara Kalkayeva
- Department of Biological Safety, Veterinary Faculty, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
- *Correspondence: Dinara Kalkayeva
| | - Amangeldi Maulanov
- Department of Biological Safety, Veterinary Faculty, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Przemysław Sobiech
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Mirosław Michalski
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Gulnur Kuzembekova
- Department of Biological Safety, Veterinary Faculty, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Ainur Dzhangabulova
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, Veterinary Faculty, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Nurzhan Nurkhojayev
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agrarian Faculty, Mukhtar Auezov South Kazakhstan University, Shymkent, Kazakhstan
| | - Nurbek Aldayarov
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
- Nurbek Aldayarov
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Calle-Hernández DM, Hoyos-Salazar V, Bonilla-Aldana DK. Prevalence of the H5N8 influenza virus in birds: Systematic review with meta-analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis 2023; 51:102490. [PMID: 36336273 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2022.102490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Avian influenza viruses are members of the Orthomyxoviridae family, considered highly pathogenic (HPAI). They result from genetic variations from their low virulence predecessors. HPAI is a global problem. Large outbreaks of HAPI have significant health and economic impacts. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of the H5N8 Influenza virus in birds, as well as to assess its variability according to the countries and years. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was carried out in six databases (Web of Sciences, Scopus, PubMed, SciELO, Lilacs and Google Scholar) to evaluate the proportion of birds infected with the H5N8 Influenza virus, by molecular and immunological techniques. A meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model to calculate the pooled prevalence, 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). A 2-tailed 5% alpha level was used for hypothesis testing. Measures of heterogeneity were estimated and reported, including the Cochrane Q statistic, the I2 index, and the tau-squared test. In addition, bird species performed subgroup analyzes. RESULTS 152 data groups were analyzed, a combined prevalence of 1.6% (95% CI 1.3-1.9%) was found for molecular studies, and the ELISA study yielded a seroprevalence of 66.7%; those results of molecular detection varied by year, from 0.2% in 2014 to 52.6% in 2020 and 96.9% in 2015. CONCLUSION The combined prevalence was substantial because large outbreaks have caused severe economic repercussions. In addition, it is considered a serious concern for public health due to its possible zoonotic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayana M Calle-Hernández
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia; Institución Universitaria Vision de las Americas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Valentina Hoyos-Salazar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia; Institución Universitaria Vision de las Americas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
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Edwards KM, Siegers JY, Wei X, Aziz A, Deng YM, Yann S, Bun C, Bunnary S, Izzard L, Hak M, Thielen P, Tum S, Wong F, Lewis NS, James J, Claes F, Barr IG, Dhanasekaran V, Karlsson EA. Detection of Clade 2.3.4.4b Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus in Cambodia, 2021. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:170-174. [PMID: 36573541 PMCID: PMC9796211 DOI: 10.3201/eid2901.220934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In late 2021, highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses were detected in domestic ducks in poultry markets in Cambodia. Surveillance, biosafety, and biosecurity efforts should be bolstered along the poultry value chain to limit spread and infection risk at the animal-human interface.
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