Serum Protein Analysis of Nurse Sharks

Serum protein electrophoresis (EPH) is used to assess relative concentrations of blood proteins in clinical and biological studies. Serum EPH fractions have been determined for elasmobranchs using mammalian albumin, alpha 1-, alpha 2-, beta-, and gamma-globulin fractions, and have been deemed fractions 1 through 5, respectively. However, serum EPH fraction concentration reference intervals (RIs) have not been widely established for different elasmobranch species. In this study, RIs for fractions 1 through 5 were determined from 45 wild-caught Nurse Sharks Ginglymostoma cirratum (27 females and 23 males) in South Florida. Serum samples were isolated from whole blood following caudal venipuncture. Body condition was also measured in the field to assess the relative health of the individuals sampled. There was no relationship between body condition and serum EPH fraction concentrations. In addition, there was no difference in body condition or serum EPH fraction concentrations between females and males. Total solids and total protein values were significantly different (P < 0.001). Nurse Shark serum EPH fraction 1 was found within the mammalian albumin migrating band distance and was negligible. Fraction 2 showed no peak in the mammalian alpha 1-globulin range. A thin, medium peak in the mammalian alpha 2-globulin range represented fraction 3. In the mammalian beta-globulin range, fraction 4 consisted of the majority of protein observed. It was represented by a smooth, broad peak. A short, medium broad peak in the mammalian gamma-globulin range represented fraction 5. The Nurse Shark serum EPH fraction RIs provided in this study may be utilized to clinically evaluate the health of Nurse Sharks in captivity and in the wild, and to compare the health of their populations around the world experiencing various anthropogenic stressors and other environmental impacts.

Applications of serum protein electrophoresis in exotic pet medicine

Serum Protein Electrophoresis (SPE) is a useful diagnostic and prognostic tool in human and companion animals medicine: several experiences show that it can be useful in exotic practice as well. The fundamentals of SPE interpretation as well as some normal and pathological patterns for the species most commonly seen in practice are provided.

Serum protein electrophoresis in 155 cats

All serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) results obtained between 2002 and 2009 from clinical cases presented to the University of Bristol Feline Centre were examined retrospectively. One hundred and fifty-five results met the inclusion criteria. Signalment and final diagnoses were obtained from the case records. Clinical cases were classified as having normal or abnormal SPE results by comparison to reference intervals for SPE created using 77 clinically normal cats. Abnormal results were then further divided according to the specific SPE abnormality. Cases were also categorised, according to the final diagnosis, using the DAMNITV classification system. Of the 155 cases, 136 (87.7%) had abnormal SPE results, most commonly due to a polyclonal increase in gamma globulins. A monoclonal gammopathy occurred in four cats; one with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), one with lymphoma and two cases of splenic plasmacytoma (one suspected, one confirmed). The most common DAMNITV classification associated with SPE abnormalities was infectious/inflammatory disease (80/136; 58.8%), including 39 cats diagnosed with FIP.

Reference values for serum proteins of common laboratory rodent strains

Protein electrophoresis is a common proven technique to determine the protein components of plasma or serum in human, veterinary, and laboratory animal medicine. Changes in albumin and globulin protein levels can provide early and valuable diagnostic and prognostic information. Here we describe a preliminary analysis of the distribution of serum protein fractions in adult BALB/c, C57BL/6, and CD1 mice and Sprague-Dawley rats and describe the changes in protein values from birth to maturity in BALB/c mice and Sprague-Dawley rats. Quantifiable changes in the electrophoretic profile were apparent in mice with chronic-active dermatitis.

Influence of age and foaling on plasma protein electrophoresis and serum amyloid A and their possible role as markers of equine neonatal septicaemia

A field study was undertaken to investigate plasma protein electrophoresis (PPE) and serum amyloid A (SAA) concentrations at 1, 3 and 7 days of age in foals born by oxytocin-induced (group A, n =17) or spontaneous (group B, n =12) parturition. The putative diagnostic role of PPE and SAA in four septicaemic foals was also examined. At birth, beta-gamma-globulins were higher in group B, and then increased in both groups, probably due to colostrum intake. At day 3, no significant differences between the groups were detectable. In both groups, SAA values increased from day 0 to day 3, then decreased at day 7. Septicaemic foals had decreased concentrations of many electrophoretic fractions (probably reflecting decreased colostrum intake and circulating bacterial proteases) and an increased SAA concentration. It was concluded that both PPE and SAA concentrations vary with age and type of foaling and may be useful in the early diagnosis of neonatal septicaemia.

Plasma electrophoretogram in feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and/or feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) infections

The electrophoretogram of 89 cats, including those infected by feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV+), feline leukaemia virus (FeLV+) and non‐infected, showed statistically significant differences in several of the fractions. FIV+ cats had very high protein values (mean, 8.10 g/dl), mostly because of hypergammaglobulinemia (mean, 2.81 g/dl) as compared with non‐infected animals and FeLV+. In addition, in these FIV+ animals, the albumin/globulins ratio (A/G) was very low (mean, 0.72). Statistically significant differences in A/G and α2‐globulin fraction were observed in FeLV+ group (A/G mean, 0.88 ± 0.08; α2‐globulin, mean, 0.84 ± 0.07 g/dl) when compared with non‐infected group (A/G mean, 1.06 ± 0.08; α2‐globulin mean, 0.68 ± 0.04 g/dl). The α1‐globulin fraction was higher in double infected animals (FIV and FeLV positive, F‐F) (3.55 g/dl), than in FeLV+ or FIV+ cats (3.10 and 3.07 g/dl respectively), but no statistical conclusions may be drawn from this fact because of the low number of F‐F animals. This technique may help to assess the initial clinical status of retrovirus‐infected cats, and the clinical course of these chronic diseases, specifically during and after suitable therapy.

Assessment of serum protein electrophoresis for monitoring therapy of naturally acquired equine cyathostomin infections

Serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) has previously been suggested as a means of assessing cyathostomin burdens in horses, although SPE used for that purpose is supported by little evidence. This clinical research report describes a study that objectively evaluated the use of SPE on a population of 38 horses following the administration of different anthelmintics. The population was subdivided into three groups, Groups F, M and P: 7.5 mg/kg bwt fenbendazole was administered to Group F on day -12; on day 0 0.4 mg/kg bwt moxidectin was administered to Group M and 19 mg/kg bwt pyrantel was administered to Group P. Faecal worm egg counts were obtained on days -14, 0 and 10. Groups M and P acted as controls for the Group F faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) in which a high level of benzimidazole resistance was demonstrated. Group F was then used as a control group for the FECRT for both Groups P and M. A high anthelmintic efficacy of moxidectin and pyrantel was detected. SPE was performed on venous blood collected on days 0, 10, 30, 56 and 80. As the cyathostomins infecting the horses had been shown to be highly resistant to fenbendazole, Group F then served as a control group for comparison of any changes in protein fractions. Serum proteins did not vary significantly between groups on any of the sampling dates. No significant changes in serum proteins were observed in any group and no patterns were apparent on qualitative assessment of SPE profiles. SPE was therefore concluded to be an insensitive tool for the monitoring of cyathostomin treatment in horses in a clinical environment.

Protein electrophoresis of psittacine plasma

BACKGROUND

Although protein electrophoresis (EPH) has been widely applied in human and veterinary medicine, it has only recently been implemented in the analysis of avian samples.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to examine the application of protein EPH to the analysis of psittacine plasma samples. Our goals were to describe protein fraction mobility, establish reference intervals for some common species, determine the coefficient of variation (CV) of the chosen method, and examine the effects of sample handling and sample condition.

METHODS

Heparinized plasma samples from several common psittacine species (minimum sample size 50 each) were examined using the Beckman Paragon system and SPEP-II gels. Total protein was measured by refractometry. Reference intervals (95%) were calculated by the rank methods.

RESULTS

Fraction migration patterns were found to vary among common psittacine species. Day-to-day CV for the EPH fractions ranged from 2.2% to 10.5%; within-run CV ranged from 4.8% to 10.8%; and total CV ranged from 3.2% to 14.8%. The highest CV was noted for the poorly defined alpha-globulin fraction. Prolonged refrigeration, repeated freeze-thawing, hemolysis, and lipemia altered the results.

CONCLUSIONS

Protein fractions from psittacine species were variable in terms of migration pattern and protein concentration, which necessitates the use of species-specific reference intervals. Avian protein electrophoretic patterns and values should be interpreted based on knowledge of the CV associated with the technique as well as on the effects of sample handling and condition.

Serum protein electrophoresis in retired racing Greyhounds

BACKGROUND

Retired racing Greyhounds are becoming common as pets. Because of their unique physiology, results of routine laboratory tests are frequently outside the reference interval for dogs. Compared with other breeds, Greyhounds have low serum protein concentrations, but the concentrations of different serum protein fractions have not been reported.

OBJECTIVES

Our objectives were to evaluate the results of serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) in healthy, retired racing Greyhounds and compare them with a control group of age- and gender-matched non-Greyhound dogs.

METHODS

Agarose gel electrophoresis was done using a standard method; the gels were stained with amido black and scanned with a Cliniscan 2 densitometer (Helena Laboratories, Beaumont, TX, USA). Protein fractions were identified by visual inspection of the electrophoretogram. A Student's t-test assuming equal variances was used to compare the concentration of the different fractions between groups.

RESULTS

The concentrations of total protein, total globulins, and alpha-1-, alpha-2-, beta-1-, and beta-2-globulins were significantly lower and the albumin to globulin (A:G) ratio was significantly higher in Greyhounds than in non-Greyhound dogs (P < .05). There was no significant difference in albumin or gamma-globulin concentrations.

CONCLUSIONS

Low serum protein concentrations in Greyhounds are the result of low concentrations of a- and b-globulins. These results should be kept in mind when evaluating both healthy and sick Greyhounds. Additional studies are needed to identify the individual proteins associated with low alpha- and beta-globulin concentrations in Greyhounds.

Assessment of the reliability of plasma electrophoresis in birds

OBJECTIVE

To determine the reliability of plasma electrophoresis (EPH) in psittacine birds.

ANIMALS

93 psittacine birds.

PROCEDURE

Jugular venipuncture was performed on 93 awake psittacine birds. The plasma was centrifuged, separated, aliquoted into duplicate samples, frozen, and sent to 2 commercial laboratories that routinely perform avian EPH. Samples from 51 birds were sent to laboratory A, and samples from 42 birds were sent to laboratory B. The reliability of EPH results within each laboratory was assessed, but not between laboratories. To determine the reliability (agreement between duplicate samples) of total protein, albumin, prealbumin, alpha1-, alpha2-, beta-, and gamma-globulin concentrations, the intraclass correlation coefficient (r(i)) was calculated.

RESULTS

Both laboratories had excellent agreement between samples for measurement of total protein concentration and only good agreement for albumin concentration. Except for the prealbumin concentration measured at laboratory B, both laboratories had poor agreement for all other values of the EPH.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

These data indicate that plasma EPH for measuring prealbumin, alpha1-, alpha2-, beta-, and gamma-globulin concentrations may not be a reliable tool for assessing avian health. Small amounts of these proteins in birds plus human variation in reading the EPH curves may lead to variable results. Avian veterinarians should cautiously interpret results from plasma EPH assays for these protein fractions.

HEMATOLOGIC, PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS, BIOCHEMISTRY, AND CHOLINESTERASE VALUES OF FREE-LIVING BLACK STORK NESTLINGS (CICONIA NIGRA)

Hematologic, protein electrophoresis, serum biochemistry, and cholinesterase values were determined in 36 free-living black stork nestlings (Ciconia nigra) between 25 and 53 days of age in order to establish normal reference values for this population. The following values were evaluated: white blood cell counts, red blood cell counts, packed cell volume, hemoglobin, heterophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, prealbumin, albumin, alpha-globulin, beta-globulin, gamma-globulin, total protein, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, calcium, phosphorus, iron, cholesterol, glucose, triglycerides, uric acid, urea, creatinine, total solids, bile acids, and butyrylcholinesterase. Sex-dependent differences were observed in hemoglobin, prealbumin, albumin, gamma-globulin, total protein, alkaline phosphatase, and triglycerides. Packed cell volume, butyrylcholinesterase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, and creatinine increased with age, whereas albumin, mean cell volume, calcium, phosphorus, cholesterol, and total solids decreased with age. These hematologic and serum biochemistry values can be used as reference ranges in free-living black stork nestlings.

Development of Canine Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Model

The purpose of this study was to develop a model for canine systemic lupus erythematosus. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune syndrome defined by clinical and serological features, including arthritis, glomerulonephritis, dermatitis and autoantibodies. SLE was induced in eight normal dogs by immunization with heparan sulphate, the major glycosaminoglycan of the glomerular basement membrane. All the heparan sulphate-immunized dogs showed mild-to-moderate levels of proteinuria and skin disease. Cutaneous signs associated with SLE including alopecia, erythema, crusting, scaling and seborrhoea were observed. Immunohistological examination of the skin lesions revealed deposition of immunoglobulin M and complement in the dermal-epidermal junction. Three of eight dogs showed lameness. The antinuclear antibody tests were positive with the antibody titres higher than 1:128. Therefore, this experimental SLE model could be useful for studying immune-mediated skin disease and autoimmunity.

Evaluation of variation in serum globulin concentrations in dairy cattle

BACKGROUND

Several factors may influence the concentration of serum globulins in healthy cows and thereby affect clinical interpretation; however, few studies have addressed sources of variation in globulin values.

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study was to compare colorimetry-based total serum globulin values with electrophoretically-determined serum globulin fractions and with IgG concentration, and to evaluate diurnal and long-term physiological variation and the effects of lactation and venipuncture site on serum globulin concentrations in Holstein dairy cattle.

METHODS

Serum total globulin and albumin concentrations were analyzed by colorimetry and electrophoresis in 86 lactating cows; IgG concentrations were determined by radial immunodiffusion in 41 dry and 34 lactating cows. Serum globulins were analyzed hourly for 24 hours in 8 lactating cows and weekly for 15 weeks in 6 additional cows. Globulin concentrations were compared in samples obtained from jugular and coccygeal venipuncture sites in 4 cows. Results were analyzed using parametric statistical tests.

RESULTS

Colorimetry-based total serum globulin concentrations correlated well with gamma-globulin fractions (r2 = 0.87) and IgG concentrations (r2 = 0.91). Diurnal variation of total serum globulins concentration was significant (P =.01); however, globulins did not vary significantly over a 15-week period. Mean serum globulins concentration in samples obtained from the jugular vein was 2.35 g/L higher than that in samples obtained by coccygeal venipuncture (P <.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

The colorimetric method used widely in routine laboratory analyses remains a useful test for globulins determination in dairy cattle. However, time of sampling and venipuncture site should be considered in the interpretation of serum globulins on serial or interindividual specimens.

Reference serum protein and lipoprotein fractions of ostriches (Struthio camelus) in Turkey

The aim of this study was to determine for reference purposes the values of serum albumin, alpha 1-globulin, alpha 2-globulin, beta-globulin, gamma-globulin, and alpha-lipoprotein (high density lipoprotein), pre-beta-lipoprotein (very low density lipoprotein) and beta-lipoprotein (low density lipoprotein) fractions of normal ostriches (Struthio camelus) in Turkey. Five male and five female ostriches, 18 months old, were used. All the ostriches were fed on a diet that contained 15.14% crude protein and 2,950 Kcal/kg of metabolizable energy. The serum protein and lipoprotein fractions were measured using agarose gel electrophoresis. The fractions were found to be 60.96% albumin, 0.24% alpha 1-globulin, 15.91% alpha 2-globulin, 13.34% beta-globulin, 9.55% gamma-globulin, 53.77% HDL, 0.60% VLDL and 48.09% LDL.

Unusual IgM-secreting multiple myeloma in a dog

A 4-year-old castrated male dog was evaluated because of multiple-limb lameness. Signs of pain were elicited during palpation of the regions of the proximal tibial metaphyses and distal left radial diaphysis. Radiography revealed osteolytic lesions of the long bones. Blood analyses revealed hypercalcemia and transient cytopenias. Serum protein electrophoresis did not reveal a monoclonal gammopathy; however, urine protein electrophoresis revealed Bence Jones proteinuria. Serial diagnostic sampling of bone lesions, immunohistochemical staining methods, and serum and urine protein immunoelectrophoresis were required to establish a diagnosis of multiple myeloma. Two IgM components were identified via serum protein immunoelectrofixation. The dog improved clinically after initiation of chemotherapy with melphalan and prednisone; however, the dog ultimately was euthanatized because of pathologic fracture. The case was unique because there was lack of vertebral involvement, an unusual gammopathy, and difficulty in identifying myeloma cells via serial sampling.

Biclonal gammopathy associated with immunoglobulin A in a dog with multiple myeloma

A 10-year-old neutered male Airedale Terrier was evaluated for inappetance, weight loss, and lameness. Multiple myeloma was diagnosed based on bone marrow plasmacytosis, multiple lytic bone lesions, and hyperglobulinemia with a clonal gammopathy on serum protein electrophoresis. Splenic plasmacytosis, and retinal lesions consistent with hyperviscosity syndrome also were found. Temporary responses to 2 different chemotherapy protocols (melphalan and prednisone, and cyclophosphamide and prednisone) were seen, with remission of clinical signs and a decrease in the biclonal gammopathy but no resolution of the splenic mass. Eventual return of clinical signs led to euthanasia at 175 days postdiagnosis. Necropsy examination confirmed multiple myeloma involving bone marrow and spleen, and glomerulonephritis. An immunoglobulin-A (IgA) gammopathy was demonstrated by immunoelectrophoresis; biclonality was ascertained by immunofixation electrophoresis. The clonal components consisted of intact Ig with heavy chain of the alpha class and light chain of an undetermined class. To our knowledge, this is the first report of undimerized biclonal gammopathy in a dog caused by a single heavy chain class involving IgA.

Blood chemistry, protein electrophoresis, and hematologic values of captive Spanish imperial eagles (Aquila adalberti)

Hemograms and plasma chemistry values are presented for six male and six female, adult, clinically normal, captive Spanish imperial eagles (Aquila adalberti). No value was substantially different from that which might be predicted on the basis of work in other related species. This data should prove useful for the interpretation of laboratory findings in future clinical cases of this endangered species of eagle.

Substitution of sugar cane bagasse in the chicken diet and immune response

Total proteins and protein electrophoresis were made in the sera of broiler chicken (Arber Acres) to evaluate the effect of substitution of basal diet for 4 weeks by either 8% sugar cane bagasse +2% wheat germ or 16% sugar cane bagasse +4% wheat germ whether untreated or incubated with rumen liquor for 72 h and then sterilized with 2 Mrad gamma-irradiation (treated). Both levels of untreated sugar can bagasse (8 and 16%) showed significant decrease in gamma globulins but this decrease had no effect on broiler chicken (45 days) while there was significant increase in total proteins in treated sugar cane bagasse 8% with concomitant increase in alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2 and gamma globulins. These results denoted that addition of rumen liquor to 8% sugar cane bagasse diet have resulted in an improvement in the transportation of micro nutrients and immune response most probably due to its high content of microorganisms constituting high quality animal protein; also more vaccines were recommended in feeding of chicken with sugar cane bagasse for a longer period e.g. laying hens to overcome its suppressive effect on the gamma globulins.

Myelogenous leukemia in a bearded dragon (Acanthodraco vitticeps)

A 3-yr-old bearded dragon (Acanthodraco vitticeps) presented with lethargy, a swollen right elbow joint, inability to move its rear limbs normally, and marked leukocytosis. The majority of leukocytes were an abnormal mononuclear lymphoid-type cell with a high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, a slightly blue cytoplasm, nuclei with coarsely granular chromatin, and some nuclear clefts. Acute leukemia of lymphoid or myeloid origin was tentatively diagnosed. The abnormal mononuclear leukocyte cell population stained positively for the myeloid cytochemical stains: peroxidase, chloroacetate esterase, and L1-calprotectin. The abnormal cell population of the peripheral blood did not stain with the lymphoid cytochemical stains: alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase, CD3, and CD79a.

Protein electrophoresis as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in raptor medicine

Plasma proteins of 139 healthy adult birds of prey from 10 species were separated by electrophoresis to characterize and document normal reference ranges and species-specific electrophoretic patternsand to evaluate the value of this technique for health screening, disease diagnosis, and prognostic indication. Species studied included bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), barn owl (Tyto alba), great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), turkey vulture (Cathartes aura), Harris' hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus), Stellar's sea eagle (Haliaeetus pelagicus), barred owl (Strix varia), screech owl (Otus asio), and black vulture (Coragyps atratus). Several clinical cases show the diagnostic/therapeutic value of protein electrophoresis in raptors. This study establishes species-specific reference ranges for several birds of prey and discusses the benefit of electrophoresis as a diagnostic technique in health screens, as a diagnostic aid in conjunction with other tests, and as a prognostic indicator in clinical evaluation of raptors.

Cellular and humoral immune responses in atrophic lymphocytic pancreatitis in German shepherd dogs and rough-coated collies

The most common cause for the clinical signs of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) in dogs is pancreatic acinar atrophy (PAA). In the subclinical phase of EPI, before total atrophy occurs, exocrine pancreas is affected by infiltrative lymphocytic inflammation, which gradually leads to selective destruction and atrophy of the acinar tissue.Here, we analyzed the role of cell-mediated and humoral immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of atrophic lymphocytic pancreatitis in German shepherd dogs and rough-coated collies. Pancreas biopsies and serum samples were obtained from 12 dogs with subclinical EPI (SEPI), 13 dogs with clinical EPI and 13 healthy control dogs. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that, in the subclinical phase, the majority of the infiltrating lymphocytes were T-cells with an almost equal number of CD4+ 'T-helper' and CD8+ 'cytotoxic' T-lymphocytes. The distribution of the two lymphocyte subsets was different. Typically, the CD4+ cells were present in large cellular infiltrates in the affected parenchyma, and the scattered CD8+ cells had infiltrated both the affected and the normal parenchyma. In sections where destruction of acinar parenchyma was present, the CD8+ T-cells were predominant. In cases of marked T-cell infiltration, CD79+ B-lymphocytes and plasma cells, and lysozyme-positive macrophages were also detected. Lymphoid follicle germinal centers with a majority of cells staining positively for CD79 were found. The lymphocytic infiltration in the totally atrophic tissue of dogs with clinical EPI was less prominent. Indirect immunofluorescence staining showed serum antibodies reacting weakly with pancreatic acinar cells in five out of nine dogs with subclinical and three out of 10 dogs with clinical EPI, but not in the control dogs. The results suggest that the tissue destruction is largely T-cell-mediated, although the presence of numerous B-lymphocytes and pancreas-specific antibodies in the sera of some dogs indicate that humoral mechanisms are also involved. In conclusion, this study suggests that the atrophic lymphocytic pancreatitis in German shepherds and rough-coated collies is an autoimmune disease.

Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis presenting as acute blindness 36 months after importation into the UK

A four-year-old Labrador retriever developed sudden-onset blindness, associated with bilateral uveitis, intraocular haemorrhage and retinal detachment. It had been imported into the UK from Sardinia 36 months before presentation. Haematological abnormalities included non-regenerative anaemia, thrombocytopenia and neutropenia. Serum and urine protein electrophoresis demonstrated a monoclonal gammopathy. An immunofluorescent antibody test for Ehrlichia canis was positive, with a titre of 1:320, confirming a diagnosis of chronic monocytic ehrlichiosis. This case highlights how the prolonged subclinical phase of monocytic ehrlichiosis could enable infected dogs to enter the UK without signs of disease. Chronic monocytic ehrlichiosis should be considered in dogs which have been imported from E canis-endemic countries and present with bleeding disorders and gammopathy, even if signs develop many years after importation.

A preliminary study on the serum protein response in canine babesiosis

Total serum protein, albumin, globulin, globulin fractions (alpha, beta and gamma globulins) and an acute-phase protein (alpha1-acid glycoprotein) were evaluated in dogs with naturally occurring mild (Group 1), severe (Group 2) or complicated babesiosis (Group 3). Results showed that the total serum protein, albumin, A/G ratio and alpha globulins were statistically different between Groups 1 and 2. There was no statistical difference between groups with total, beta and gamma globulins. The findings from this study suggest that dogs with mild and severe babesiosis had low total serum proteins, albumin, A/G ratio and alpha globulins; dogs with complicated babesiosis showed no typical serum protein changes or patterns; and that there was no evidence of an acute-phase response detectable on serum protein electrophoresis in any of the 3 groups. A marked acute-phase response was, however, present, as measured by the alpha1-acid glycoprotein, in all 3 groups. As this was a retrospective study, the possibility that the observed responses were due in part to concurrent disease could not be excluded.

Canine serum protein patterns using high-resolution electrophoresis (HRE)

Serum protein values were determined in 26 healthy dogs using agarose gel electrophoresis (SPE), splitting the electrophoretic separation into six regions: albumin, alpha(1), alpha(2), beta(1), beta(2)and gamma globulins. High-resolution electrophoresis (HRE) was used to separate single proteins. Serum proteins from dogs (26 healthy and 20 affected by various diseases) were then characterized by electrophoretic immunofixation (IFE) and Sudan black staining on HRE film. Haemoglobin and normal canine plasma and serum were used to identify haptoglobin and fibrinogen, respectively. In the standard pattern, determined by HRE, the following proteins were identified: albumin, alpha(1)-lipoprotein (alpha(1)-region), haptoglobin and alpha(2)-macroglobulin (alpha(2)-region), beta -lipoprotein and C3 (beta(1)-region), transferrin and IgM (beta(2)-region), IgG (mostly in gamma -region and partly in beta(2)-region). The HRE pattern shown by healthy dogs could be compared with those of dogs affected by various diseases to obtain clinical information.

The diagnostic utility of serum protein electrophoresis

Routine serum protein electrophoresis is recognized as the most reliable assessment of avian protein profiles in health and disease and has replaced biochemical determination of albumin and A:G ratio in the ability to predict abnormalities of clinical significance. The importance of considerable species differences to the overall interpretation of avian electrophoresis is well established and constitutes a continued challenge to the avian specialist and to the providing laboratories to continue the pursuit of species-specific, even age- and gender-specific, reference ranges. Patterns for various diseases continue to emerge as more scrutiny is applied to the use of this tool in avian diagnostics for overall health assessment as an adjunct to specific disease diagnosis and for both prognostic and therapeutic monitoring.

Comparison of in vitro tests for evaluation of passive transfer of immunoglobulins in giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)

Serum samples from captive giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) were tested to assess passive transfer of immunoglobulins using in vitro methods developed for domestic ruminants. Estimated immunoglobulin levels were compared using five tests (protein electrophoresis, total protein refractometry, zinc sulfate turbidity, glutaraldehyde coagulation, and sodium sulfite turbidity). A linear relationship was observed among total protein, gamma globulin (electrophoretic measurement), and immunoglobulin level based on spectrophotometric measurement of zinc sulfate turbidity. Nonquantitative assays also demonstrated statistical correlation with the quantitative methods. Using criteria similar to those established for domestic species, cutoff values for failure of passive transfer (FPT) were established for these tests in neonatal giraffe: 1) total protein <6.0 g/dl; 2) gamma globulin < 0.5 g/dl; 3) estimated immunoglobulin level < 1,000 mg/dl (zinc sulfate turbidity); 4) glutaraldehyde coagulation test negative; or 5) no visually detectable turbidity in 16% sodium sulfite or Bova-S negative. Retrospective examination of the medical histories showed a strong statistical association between animals designated as having FPT and those that were removed from their dams based on clinical assessment to be hand-reared. Application of these tests in the field should allow earlier detection and intervention for FPT in neonatal giraffe.

Acute blindness associated with monoclonal gammopathy induced by Ehrlichia canis infection

Ehrlichia canis infection was diagnosed in a Labrador retriever presented with a primary complaint of acute blindness. Ocular signs on admission included bilateral hyphema, retinal haemorrhage and retinal detachment. Serum protein electrophoresis results revealed monoclonal gammopathy. This report discusses and suggests the pathogenesis of ocular bleeding in canine monocytic ehrlichiosis. Blood hyperviscosity, elevation in oncotic pressure, vasculitis, thrombocytopenia and platelet dysfunction are all proposed to be important factors in the pathogenesis of acute blindness in canine monocytic ehrlichiosis.

[Interlocus associations and their variability in cattle]

The results of analysis of interloci associations between two pairs of syntenic loci (transferrin and ceruloplasmin, receptor for vitamin D and kappa-casein) and two non-syntenic ones (amylase-1 and post-transferrin 2) in two cattle groups of Red Steppe breed (infected and uninfected by bovine leukosis virus) and in two groups of Black-and-White Holsteins (from relatively "pure" zone and from the 10 km zone of Chernobyl NPP) were presented. It is found that "linkage disequilibrium" between loci is observed independent of their synteny. The data obtained allowed the authors to suppose, that the interloci associations are rather controlled by different factors of artificial and natural selection than by the genetic linkages between genes.

Leukogram and serum globulin values in two dogs with systemic Xylohypha bantiana infection

Phaeohyphomycosis is a rare fungal disease of animals and man, generally thought to occur in compromised or debilitated hosts, although in man the majority of infections have occurred in otherwise healthy patients. To investigate the possible role of immune suppression in systemic phaeohyphomycosis, certain aspects of the immune system of 2 dogs with systemic Xylohypha bantiana infection were investigated. White cell and differential cell counts, serum protein electrophoresis and serum immunoglobulin fractions were determined. The only consistent finding was lymphopaenia. Although there is no specific evidence for it, a lymphopaenic state might predispose to systemic phaeohyphomycosis.

Analysis of a polyacrylamide gel electrophoretogram of beagle serum protein by laser densitometer

Beagle serum proteins were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and the electrophoretograms were examined by one- and two-dimensional analyses with a laser densitometer. In order from the anodic side of the PAGE pattern, pre-albumin, hexokinase, tyrosinase, alkaline phosphatase, urease, and aldehyde dehydrogenase were assumed to be present based on Rf and Mw. Serum albumin, lactate dehydrogenase, and catalase appeared to be present based on a comparison of their electrophoretic mobility with that of protein standards of known Mw. Verification of beagle serum protein fractions by immunofixation electrophoresis and western blotting electrophoresis, with rabbit anti-human serum, indicated alpha 1-antitrypsin, albumin, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, C3c complement, IgG, and IgA. Serum protein fraction values (%) obtained by one- and two-dimensional analyses were similar.

Hepatic plasmacytoma and biclonal gammopathy in a cat

A 13-year-old castrated male domestic shorthair cat was evaluated because of weight loss, despite a good appetite. The most remarkable abnormality was a total serum protein concentration of 12.4 g/dl, with a globulin concentration of 9.4 g/dl. Serum protein electrophoresis revealed a biclonal spike in the gamma region. At necropsy, 2 discrete plasmacytomas were found in the liver, without bone marrow involvement or amyloidosis.

Plasma characteristics of beef cattle classified as resistant or susceptible to horn flies

Horn flies inflict economic losses on cattle producers. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify a serological marker for cows that are innately resistant to horn flies. Plasma characteristics (optical density, cortisol, and protein pattern) were studied in beef cattle classified (cow-type) as horn fly resistant or susceptible. Cows (n = 30) of five breed groups were used in this study. Cows were bled via jugular venipuncture in May (the beginning of the horn fly season). Plasma optical density at wavelengths 200 and 464 nm was different (P < .05) between resistant and susceptible cattle. Cow-type also affected (P < .05) area percentage for proteins with running molecular weights (M(r)) of 74,000 and 54,000 daltons. Breed group affected (P < .05) optical density at wavelengths 200, 280, 320, and 464 nm and concentration of cortisol in plasma. When the ratio of area percentage for protein bands 7 and 9 (M(r) 74,000 and 54,000, respectively) was determined, cows could be categorized as horn fly resistant or susceptible. These data suggest that a serological marker for horn fly resistant cattle has been identified; however, the marker will need to be tested on a larger population of cattle.

Metastatic extramedullary plasmacytoma of the colon and rectum in a dog

Stage-3 extramedullary plasmacytoma of the large intestine was diagnosed in an 8-year-old Labrador Retriever. Three primary tumors were located in the colon and rectum, with metastasis to local lymph nodes and the spleen. The disease was associated with a monoclonal serum protein spike identified as IgG. Treatment consisted of surgical excision followed by chemotherapy, using melphalan and prednisone. The dog remained free from clinical signs of disease and adverse effects of the chemotherapy at 9 months. Findings in this dog indicated that extramedullary plasmacytoma may be an aggressive disease, associated with spread to distant sites and monoclonal gammopathy.

Clinical biochemical reference ranges for female alpacas (Lama pacos)

1. Serum samples were collected from 352 healthy female alpacas and tested for 17 clinical biochemical analytes. 2. From the total population of alpacas tested, 205 were pregnant, 68 were not pregnant and 79 had an unknown pregnancy status. 3. Reference ranges for the female alpacas were determined for all the biochemical analytes, and compared to ranges reported for llamas, cattle, sheep and goats. 4. The mean values for pregnant and non-pregnant females were compared and any statistically significant differences identified. 5. The biochemical values reported here are suitable as reference ranges for pregnant and non-pregnant female alpacas.

Ultracentrifugal and electrophoretic characteristics of the plasma lipoproteins of miniature schnauzer dogs with idiopathic hyperlipoproteinemia

To better characterize the idiopathic hyperlipoproteinemia of Miniature Schnauzer dogs, the plasma lipoproteins of 20 Miniature Schnauzers (MS) and 11 dogs of other breeds (DOB) were evaluated by ultracentrifugation, electrophoresis, and biochemical tests. Seventeen MS were healthy; 3 had diabetes mellitus. Plasma from 6 of 17 healthy and all 3 diabetic MS was visibly lipemic. Lipemia was slight to marked in healthy lipemic MS, and marked in diabetic ones. All DOB had clear plasma; 8 were healthy and 3 had diabetes. All healthy lipemic MS and diabetic lipemic MS had hypertriglyceridemia associated with excess very low density lipoproteins. Chylomicronemia was present in 4 of 6 healthy lipemic MS and all 3 diabetic lipemic MS. Lipoproteins with ultracentrifugal and electrophoretic characteristics of normal low density lipoprotein were lacking in 4 of 6 healthy lipemic MS. The lipoprotein patterns of 4 of 11 healthy nonlipemic MS were characterized by mild hypertriglyceridemia associated with increased very low density lipoproteins and a lack of lipoproteins with characteristics of normal low density lipoproteins. Lipoprotein patterns of diabetic DOB closely resembled those of healthy DOB; those of diabetic lipemic MS resembled those of markedly lipemic healthy lipemic MS. In conclusion, the hyperlipoproteinemia of Miniature Schnauzers is characterized by increased very low density lipoproteins with or without accompanying chylomicronemia; some affected dogs may have decreased low density lipoproteins.

Clinical parameters of the normal baboons (Papio species) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

Improved equipment and advanced progressive techniques by scientists using baboons and chimpanzees in biomedical research have resulted in improved clinical laboratory data. The use of state-of-the-art clinical laboratory instruments, methodologies with improved accuracy, and an increased variety of individual tests routinely requested and performed has necessitated the comparison of current data with prior data produced in our laboratory and with those values reported in the literature. In addition to an expanded hematologic profile, including red blood cell distribution width and mean platelet volume, and a more comprehensive chemical profile of 28 individual tests, additional data collected included values for coagulation profiles, arterial blood gases, serum protein electrophoresis, and urine osmolalities. Samples for evaluation were obtained from clinically normal sedated adult baboons (Papio species) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and processed conventionally according to Good Laboratory Practice Act standards. Arithmetic means were calculated, values of 3 standard deviations or greater were eliminated, and means were recalculated to include 2 standard deviations. All data correlated well with prior in-house values, and no remarkable differences from established data were detected, thus indicating the reliability of past and present data. Data compared favorably with normal clinical values established for humans.

Monoclonal gammopathy in a dog with plasmacytic gastroenterocolitis

Monoclonal gammopathy associated with plasmacytic gastroenterocolitis was diagnosed in a dog. Treatment consisted of immunosuppressive drugs and dietary manipulation. The gammopathy resolved. Fifteen months after initial diagnosis, the dog had a relapse of intestinal disease and recurrence of the gammopathy. After inducing a second remission, the gammopathy again resolved.

[Electrophoretic studies of serum protein fractions in horses with laminitis]

The spectrum of serum proteins was evaluated in 46 horses affected with spontaneous laminitis and correlations between the severity of the disease and changes of the protein pattern were analyzed. The investigation was made in two groups; group A consisted of 21 horses of various breeds (warmblood, thoroughbred, standardbred) and group B of 25 ponys. Each group was subdivided according to the severity of the disease, using the OBEL-grade (OG) classification system. Serum proteins were separated by different one- and two-dimensional electrophoretic methods. Sera analysed by cellulose acetate electrophoresis showed a significant difference in the alpha 1-globulin fraction between OG II and OG IV affected horses. An increasing severity of the disease was correlated with a decrease of the alpha 1-globulins. The other protein fractions didn't show a uniform tendency. In group B there was a significant difference in the alpha 1-globulin fractions of OG II and OG III and in the beta 2-globulin fractions of OG I and OG II affected ponys. The acute phase proteins C3c, C4, Hp and fibronectin could be determined in a preliminary study in horse serum using the cross-reactivity of antibodies against the homologous human proteins.

Immune-mediated disease in the old English sheepdog

Immunological data are reported from 19 cases of immune-mediated disease recorded in the old English sheepdog breed in Western Australia between 1978 and 1989. The conditions included autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (seven), idiopathic thrombocytopenia (one), Evans' syndrome (five), multiple myeloma (two), systemic lupus erythematosus (one), discoid lupus erythematosus (one) and hypothyroidism (two). The most consistent serological findings were raised serum IgG (60 per cent), depressed serum IgM (60 per cent) and the presence of multiple autoantibodies (anti-red blood cell 78 per cent, antinuclear antibody 44 per cent, rheumatoid factor 19 per cent). An underlying, breed-related disorder of immune regulation may account for these observations.

Immune responses of pony foals during repeated infections of Strongylus vulgaris and regular ivermectin treatments

Ten helminth-free pony foals divided into three groups were used in this study. Eight foals were each experimentally infected per os with 50 Strongylus vulgaris infective larvae weekly for 4 weeks, at which time one foal died of acute verminous arteritis. The remaining seven foals subsequently received 50 S. vulgaris infective larvae every 2 weeks for an additional 20 weeks. Four of the infected foals remained untreated (Group 1) and three of the infected foals were given ivermectin at 8, 16 and 24 weeks post initial infection (Group 2). Two foals served as controls (Group 3). Foals in Group 1 developed eosinophilia, which was sustained throughout the course of infection. A mild eosinophilia also developed in Group 2 foals; however, the eosinophil numbers were markedly reduced for 3 weeks after each ivermectin treatment. Only foals in Group 1 developed significant (P less than 0.05) hyperproteinemia, hyperbetaglobulinemia and a reversal of the albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio 4 weeks after initial infection. Significant (P less than 0.05) IgG anti-S. vulgaris ELISA titers developed in foals in Groups 1 and 2 3 weeks after infection and were sustained for the duration of the experiment. Western blot analysis of soluble somatic antigens of S. vulgaris adult female and male worms probed with sera from foals in Groups 1 and 2 revealed only subtle differences between these animals. The blastogenic reactivity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A was not significantly different between groups. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from foals in Groups 1 and 2 developed significant (P less than 0.05) blastogenic reactivity to S. vulgaris soluble adult somatic antigen when examined at 25 weeks after infection. Mesenteric lymph node cells from foals in Group 2, although not statistically significant, were more reactive to antigen than were the mesenteric lymph node cells from foals in Group 1 when examined at 27 weeks after infection. These results suggest that significant alterations in the immune response of ponies to S. vulgaris does not occur after intravascular killing of larvae by ivermectin treatments.

Effects of gossypol content of cottonseed cake on blood constituents in growing-fattening lambs

The effect of gossypol content of cottonseed cake given as a source of CP in lamb (n = 8) rations was examined on the following blood parameters: plasma total protein, albumin, globulins, urea, glucose, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations. The diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric and contained 0, 15, and 30% cottonseed cake for 62 d. Blood samples were taken at the beginning, middle, and end of the experiment. Plasma total protein and globulins were higher at d 30 of the experimental period, but plasma albumin concentration, hematocrit, and hemoglobin were higher at the beginning of the experiment; plasma urea concentration was higher at d 60, and plasma glucose concentration was lower at d 30 of the experiment. The highest fraction in all treatments was albumin, followed by alpha 2-globulin and beta-globulin fractions, and there was no gamma 1-globulin fraction at d 30 and 60 of the experimental period. Liver examination showed significant differences in free gossypol content and accumulation, total N, and total protein percentage among the three treatments. Gossypol toxicity was not observed. The absence of gossypol toxicity in these animals has been attributed to detoxification of free gossypol by the formation of gossypol-protein complex in the rumen.

Haematology and serum biochemistry of captive unsedated chital deer (Axis axis) in Australia

Haematological and serum biochemical values were measured in blood samples collected over a 12-mo period from 37 unsedated chital deer (Axis axis). Stags and hinds, ranging in age from birth to maturity, were sampled. Haemoglobin, total erythrocyte and haematocrit values were low at birth and sex differences were not apparent in neonates and juveniles, but were in adults. Chital stags had higher erythrocyte parameters (P less than 0.001) and lower erythrocyte indices than hinds, and the total leucocyte count was higher in stags (P less than 0.01). Some parameters (erythrocytes, muscle enzymes, glucose, cortisol) decreased over successive serial sampling. The differential leucocyte count of older stags decreased during the initial handling period. The major rutting period in February and March was characterised by changes in the differential leucocyte count, elevations in serum muscle enzymes, and lower serum cortisol levels. Alkaline phosphatase activity in serum reflected the annual antler cycle of chital stags. Serial sampling over many weeks, either weekly or tri-weekly, produced haematological and biochemical changes in successive samples which may have reflected a reduction in stress and excitement associated with restraint.

[The genetic polymorphism of the blood proteins in RID-positive reacting cows]

Cattle herd of Black-and-White, Red and Simmental breeds having positive or negative RID-reaction to leucosis was studied as to the polymorphism of serum blood proteins in three loci: Tf, Am and Cp. One system of polymorphic proteins has been determined as having a higher concentration of homozygotes (Tf) and another one as having a higher concentration of heterozygotes (Am) within one and the same herd among animals with the positive RID-reaction.

Canine ehrlichiosis in six dogs with persistently increased antibody titers

Chronic ehrlichiosis was diagnosed in six dogs on the basis of increased immunofluorescent antibody titers to Ehrlichia canis. Although clinical signs varied, all six dogs were anemic, hyperglobulinemic, and an IgG monoclonal gammopathy was documented in five dogs in which serum protein electrophoreses were performed. All dogs were treated with tetracycline for at least 14 days; four dogs also received immunosuppressive drugs. Clinical signs resolved within 1 week, hematologic abnormalities resolved in 1 to 5 months, and increased globulin concentrations normalized in 1 to 15 months; however, E. canis antibody titers remained increased for 15 to 31 months after initiation of treatment. Results of this study show that increased E. canis titers can persist in dogs with ehrlichiosis for many months after clinical recovery.

Electrophoretic studies on serum proteins in cows with traumatic pericarditis

Diagnostic significance of electrophoretic findings of serum protein in cows with traumatic pericarditis was evaluated. Affected cows were classified into 3 groups according to autoptical findings: fibrinous, sero-fibrinous, and purulent types. Slight hypoprotenemia, moderate hypo-albuminemia, slight hyper-alpha globulinemia and tendency of hyper-beta globulinemia were commonly observed in the affected cows. The level of gamma globulin tended to be lower in the cows with fibrinous or sero-fibrinous, and higher in purulent pericarditis, than the level in healthy cows. In the serum protein electropherograms of the cows with fibrinous or sero-fibrinous pericarditis, there was pathognostic pattern composed of slender albumin, acute shape of alpha globulin with a broad rising accompanied by double peaks and with main peak migrating toward the albumin side, tendency of rising beta globulin fraction, and large indentation between beta and gamma fractions. These findings except for the slender albumin fraction, however, was not or poorly observed in purulent pericarditis. Electrophoretic findings were subacute inflammatory pattern with non-selective serum protein losing in fibrinous or sero-fibrinous, and chronic inflammatory pattern in purulent pericarditis.

Blood biochemical reference ranges for sows under modern management conditions

Published reference ranges for blood biochemistry in swine generally do not relate to sows in modern breeding units, and results were often obtained by methods that are now outdated. The ranges widely used in clinical practice reflect these inappropriate sources. The data presented here were obtained using modern methods of analysis on blood samples from healthy, conventionally managed sows from six breeding herds of known disease status in eastern England, and thus represent appropriate ranges for this class of swine. The values differ from earlier reports principally in higher values for total bilirubin, creatine kinase, and more particularly of total plasma and serum proteins. The latter are shown to be due to higher immunoglobulin concentrations than those previously reported.

Preliminary investigation of alterations in blood viscosity, cellular composition, and electrophoresis plasma protein fraction profile after competitive racing activity in Thoroughbred horses

In this preliminary investigation, various hematologic variables potentially influential in determining the degree of blood viscosity were evaluated in 10 Thoroughbred horses subjected to competitive acute running exercise. Following completion of sprints over a distance of 1.25 miles, mean percent (+/- SD) increases in PCV (38.3 +/- 12.9%), RBC (47.8 +/- 15.3%), and rouleaux index (232.7 +/- 176.8%) were recognized. Simultaneous increases in total plasma protein (28.3 +/- 5.31%), serum albumin (26.7 +/- 6.80%), alpha 1-globulin (60.0 +/- 49.0%), alpha 2-globulin (25.5 +/- 27.9%), beta 1-globulin (46.7 +/- 21.1%), beta 2-globulin (35.0 +/- 50.6%), gamma 1- and 2-globulins (38.7 +/- 29.6%), and plasma fibrinogen (12.5 +/- 10.4%) concentrations increased simultaneously. Horses also had consistent decreases in albumin:globulin ratio (-10.0 +/- 7.43%). Alterations in these hematologic values after acute running exercise in Thoroughbred horses accompanied increases in serum (69.3 +/- 39.7%), plasma (39.7 +/- 11.9%), and blood (134.7 +/- 55.3%) viscosity.

The clinicopathologic, light, and scanning electron microscopic features of eperythrozoonosis in four naturally infected llamas

The hematologic, biochemical, and light and scanning electron microscopic features of eperythrozoonosis in four llamas are described. One female and three male yearling llamas were presented for evaluation of chronic weight loss. Three of four llamas had historical evidence of chronic inflammatory conditions. On examination, multiple clinical problems were apparent, including poorly to non-regenerative anemia, inflammatory disease, and hypoproteinemia. Coccoid- and ring-shaped basophilic organisms were present on the erythrocytes of all the llamas. On scanning electron microscopy, individual, pairs, and clusters of coccoid-shaped organisms were present on the erythrocytes. The organisms measured 0.4 to 0.6 micron in diameter and caused no marked deformation of the erythrocyte membrane. A rare organism could be found that produced a slight indentation into the erythrocyte membrane. The light and scanning electron microscopic morphologic features suggested that the organism was an Eperythrozoon. Serial evaluation of serum iron concentrations of the llamas showed a decrease serum iron in all animals, with a concurrent decrease in the total iron binding capacity and percent transferrin saturation in two of the llamas. Common abnormalities seen on serum electrophoresis included a decrease in albumin and beta serum fraction in all llamas and a decrease in the gamma globulin fraction of two individuals.