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Cui X, Ma J, Pang Z, Chi L, Mai C, Liu H, Liao M, Sun H. The evolution, pathogenicity and transmissibility of quadruple reassortant H1N2 swine influenza virus in China: A potential threat to public health. Virol Sin 2024; 39:205-217. [PMID: 38346538 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Swine are regarded as "intermediate hosts" or "mixing vessels" of influenza viruses, capable of generating strains with pandemic potential. From 2020 to 2021, we conducted surveillance on swine H1N2 influenza (swH1N2) viruses in swine farms located in Guangdong, Yunnan, and Guizhou provinces in southern China, as well as Henan and Shandong provinces in northern China. We systematically analyzed the evolution and pathogenicity of swH1N2 isolates, and characterized their replication and transmission abilities. The isolated viruses are quadruple reassortant H1N2 viruses containing genes from pdm/09 H1N1 (PB2, PB1, PA and NP genes), triple-reassortant swine (NS gene), Eurasian Avian-like (HA and M genes), and recent human H3N2 (NA gene) lineages. The NA, PB2, and NP of SW/188/20 and SW/198/20 show high gene similarities to A/Guangdong/Yue Fang277/2017 (H3N2). The HA gene of swH1N2 exhibits a high evolutionary rate. The five swH1N2 isolates replicate efficiently in human, canine, and swine cells, as well as in the turbinate, trachea, and lungs of mice. A/swine/Shandong/198/2020 strain efficiently replicates in the respiratory tract of pigs and effectively transmitted among them. Collectively, these current swH1N2 viruses possess zoonotic potential, highlighting the need for strengthened surveillance of swH1N2 viruses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Swine
- Reassortant Viruses/genetics
- Reassortant Viruses/pathogenicity
- Reassortant Viruses/isolation & purification
- China/epidemiology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/transmission
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/veterinary
- Swine Diseases/virology
- Swine Diseases/transmission
- Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Mice
- Dogs
- Evolution, Molecular
- Phylogeny
- Virus Replication
- Public Health
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Influenza, Human/transmission
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Virulence
- Female
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jinhuan Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zifeng Pang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lingzhi Chi
- Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Weifang, 261061, China
| | - Cuishan Mai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hanlin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Hailiang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Vandoorn E, Stadejek W, Parys A, Chepkwony S, Chiers K, Van Reeth K. Pathobiology of an NS1-Truncated H3N2 Swine Influenza Virus Strain in Pigs. J Virol 2022; 96:e0051922. [PMID: 35546120 PMCID: PMC9175629 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00519-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus strains in the live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) for swine in the United States that was on the market until 2020 encode a truncated nonstructural protein 1 of 126 amino acids (NS1del126). Their attenuation is believed to be due to an impaired ability to counteract the type I interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral host response. However, this mechanism has been documented only in vitro for H3N2 strain A/swine/Texas/4199-2/98 NS1del126 (lvTX98), and several cases of clinical respiratory disease in the field were associated with the LAIV strains. We therefore further examined the pathobiology, including type I IFN induction, of lvTX98 in pigs and compared it with IFN induction in pig kidney-15 (PK-15) cells. lvTX98 induced up to 3-fold-higher type I IFN titers than wild-type TX98 (wtTX98) after inoculation of PK-15 cells at a high multiplicity of infection, while virus replication kinetics were similar. Mean nasal lvTX98 excretion by intranasally inoculated pigs was on average 50 times lower than that for wtTX98 but still reached titers of up to 4.3 log10 50% tissue culture infective doses/mL. After intratracheal inoculation, mean lvTX98 titers in the lower respiratory tract were significantly reduced at 18 to 48 h postinoculation (hpi) but similar to wtTX98 titers at 72 hpi. lvTX98 caused milder clinical signs than wtTX98 but induced comparable levels of microscopic and macroscopic lung lesions, peak neutrophil infiltration, and peak type I IFN. Thus, lvTX98 was partly attenuated in pigs, but this could not be associated with higher type I IFN levels. IMPORTANCE Swine influenza A viruses (swIAVs) with a truncated NS1del126 protein were strongly attenuated in previous laboratory-based safety studies and therefore approved for use as LAIVs for swine in the United States. In the field, however, the LAIV strains were detected in diagnostic samples and could regain a wild-type NS1 via reassortment with endemic swIAVs. This suggests a significant degree of LAIV replication and urges further investigation of the level and mechanism of attenuation of these LAIV strains in vivo. Here, we show that H3N2 LAIV strain lvTX98 is only partly attenuated in pigs and is excreted at significant titers after intranasal vaccination. Attenuation and restricted replication of lvTX98 in vivo seemed to be associated with the loss of NS1 functions other than type I IFN antagonism. Our findings can help to explain the occurrence of clinical respiratory disease and reassortment events associated with NS1del126-based LAIV strains in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elien Vandoorn
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Wojciech Stadejek
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Anna Parys
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sharon Chepkwony
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Koen Chiers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kristien Van Reeth
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Isakova-Sivak I, Matyushenko V. Quadrivalent adjuvanted haemagglutinin nanoparticle influenza vaccine: a step towards better protection of older adults from the constantly mutating H3N2 influenza viruses. Lancet Infect Dis 2022; 22:7-8. [PMID: 34563276 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00209-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Isakova-Sivak
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, 197376 Russia.
| | - Victoria Matyushenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, 197376 Russia
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Harris R, Yang J, Pagan K, Cho SJ, Stout-Delgado H. Antiviral Gene Expression in Young and Aged Murine Lung during H1N1 and H3N2. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212097. [PMID: 34829979 PMCID: PMC8618707 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a respiratory virus that alone or in combination with secondary bacterial pathogens can contribute to the development of acute pneumonia in persons >65 years of age. Host innate immune antiviral signaling early in response to influenza is essential to inhibit early viral replication and guide the initiation of adaptive immune responses. Using young adult (3 months) and aged adult mice infected with mouse adapted H1N1 or H3N2, the results of our study illustrate dysregulated and/or diminished activation of key signaling pathways in aged lung contribute to increased lung inflammation and morbidity. Specifically, within the first seven days of infection, there were significant changes in genes associated with TLR and RIG-I signaling detected in aged murine lung in response to H1N1 or H3N2. Taken together, the results of our study expand our current understanding of age-associated changes in antiviral signaling in the lung.
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MESH Headings
- A549 Cells
- Animals
- DEAD Box Protein 58/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral/genetics
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza, Human/genetics
- Influenza, Human/microbiology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/microbiology
- Lung/pathology
- Mice
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/genetics
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/microbiology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Pneumonia/genetics
- Pneumonia/microbiology
- Pneumonia/virology
- Toll-Like Receptors/genetics
- Virus Replication/genetics
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Kono M, Nanushaj D, Sakatani H, Murakami D, Hijiya M, Kinoshita T, Shiga T, Kaneko F, Enomoto K, Sugita G, Miyajima M, Okada Y, Saika S, Hotomi M. The Roles of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 and 4 in Pneumococcal Nasal Colonization and Subsequent Development of Invasive Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:732029. [PMID: 34804016 PMCID: PMC8595402 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.732029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, neuronal stimulations widely known to be associated with thermal responses, pain induction, and osmoregulation, have been shown in recent studies to have underlying mechanisms associated with inflammatory responses. The role of TRP channels on inflammatory milieu during bacterial infections has been widely demonstrated. It may vary among types of channels/pathogens, however, and it is not known how TRP channels function during pneumococcal infections. Streptococcus pneumoniae can cause severe infections such as pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis, with systemic inflammatory responses. This study examines the role of TRP channels (TRPV1 and TRPV4) for pneumococcal nasal colonization and subsequent development of invasive pneumococcal disease in a mouse model. Both TRPV1 and TRPV4 channels were shown to be related to regulation of the development of pneumococcal diseases. In particular, the influx of neutrophils (polymorphonuclear cells) in the nasal cavity and the bactericidal activity were significantly suppressed among TRPV4 knockout mice. This may lead to severe pneumococcal pneumonia, resulting in dissemination of the bacteria to various organs and causing high mortality during influenza virus coinfection. Regulating host immune responses by TRP channels could be a novel strategy against pathogenic microorganisms causing strong local/systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamitsu Kono
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Denisa Nanushaj
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Hideki Sakatani
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Daichi Murakami
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Hijiya
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kinoshita
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Shiga
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Fumie Kaneko
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Keisuke Enomoto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Gen Sugita
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Masayasu Miyajima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yuka Okada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Shizuya Saika
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Muneki Hotomi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
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Latha K, Jamison KF, Watford WT. Tpl2 Ablation Leads to Hypercytokinemia and Excessive Cellular Infiltration to the Lungs During Late Stages of Influenza Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:738490. [PMID: 34691044 PMCID: PMC8529111 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.738490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor progression locus 2 (Tpl2) is a serine-threonine kinase known to promote inflammation in response to various pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), inflammatory cytokines and G-protein-coupled receptors and consequently aids in host resistance to pathogens. We have recently shown that Tpl2-/- mice succumb to infection with a low-pathogenicity strain of influenza (x31, H3N2) by an unknown mechanism. In this study, we sought to characterize the cytokine and immune cell profile of influenza-infected Tpl2-/- mice to gain insight into its host protective effects. Although Tpl2-/- mice display modestly impaired viral control, no virus was observed in the lungs of Tpl2-/- mice on the day of peak morbidity and mortality suggesting that morbidity is not due to virus cytopathic effects but rather to an overactive antiviral immune response. Indeed, increased levels of interferon-β (IFN-β), the IFN-inducible monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1, CCL2), Macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP-1α; CCL3), MIP-1β (CCL4), RANTES (CCL5), IP-10 (CXCL10) and Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) was observed in the lungs of influenza-infected Tpl2-/- mice at 7 days post infection (dpi). Elevated cytokine and chemokines were accompanied by increased infiltration of the lungs with inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils. Additionally, we noted that increased IFN-β correlated with increased CCL2, CXCL1 and nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) expression in the lungs, which has been associated with severe influenza infections. Bone marrow chimeras with Tpl2 ablation localized to radioresistant cells confirmed that Tpl2 functions, at least in part, within radioresistant cells to limit pro-inflammatory response to viral infection. Collectively, this study suggests that Tpl2 tempers inflammation during influenza infection by constraining the production of interferons and chemokines which are known to promote the recruitment of detrimental inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Latha
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Katelyn F. Jamison
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Wendy T. Watford
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Korsun N, Trifonova I, Voleva S, Grigorova I, Angelova S. Genetic characterisation of the influenza viruses circulating in Bulgaria during the 2019-2020 winter season. Virus Genes 2021; 57:401-412. [PMID: 34156583 PMCID: PMC8217981 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-021-01853-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses have a high potential for genetic changes. The objectives of this study were to analyse influenza virus circulation in Bulgaria during the 2019/2020 season, to perform a phylogenetic and molecular analyses of the haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) sequences of representative influenza strains, and to identify amino acid substitutions compared to the current vaccine strains. Seasonal influenza viruses A(H3N2), A(H1N1)pdm09 and B/Victoria-lineage were detected using a real-time RT-PCR in 323 (23.3%), 149 (10.7%) and 138 (9.9%) out of 1387 patient samples studied, respectively. The HA genes of A(H3N2) viruses analysed belonged to clades 3C.3a (21 strains) and 3C.2a (5 strains): subclades 3C.2a1b + T131K, 3C.2a1b + T135K-B and 3C.2a1b + T135K-A. The clade 3C.3a and subclade 3C.2a1b viruses carried 5 and 14-17 substitutions in HA, as well as 3 and 9 substitutions in NA, respectively, in comparison with the A/Kansas/14/2017 vaccine virus, including some substitutions in the HA antigenic sites A, B, C and E. All 21 A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses sequenced fell into 6B.1A5A subclade. Amino acid sequence analysis revealed the presence of 7-11 substitutions in HA, compared to the A/Brisbane/02/2018 vaccine virus, three of which occurred in antigenic site Sb, along with 6-9 changes at positions in NA. All 10 B/Victoria-lineage viruses sequenced belonged to clade 1A with a triple deletion in HA1 (genetic group 1A(Δ3)B) and carried 7 and 3 substitutions in HA and NA, respectively, with respect to the B/Colorado/06/2017 vaccine virus. The results of this study confirm the rapid evolution of influenza viruses and the need for continuous antigenic and genetic surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neli Korsun
- Department of Virology, National Laboratory "Influenza and ARI", National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Ivelina Trifonova
- Department of Virology, National Laboratory "Influenza and ARI", National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Silvia Voleva
- Department of Virology, National Laboratory "Influenza and ARI", National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Iliyana Grigorova
- Department of Virology, National Laboratory "Influenza and ARI", National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Svetla Angelova
- Department of Virology, National Laboratory "Influenza and ARI", National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Hu W, DeMarcus LS, Sjoberg PA, Robbins AS. Inactivated influenza vaccine effectiveness among department of defense beneficiaries aged 6 months-17 years, 2016-2017 through 2019-2020 influenza seasons. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256165. [PMID: 34450617 PMCID: PMC8397503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A test-negative case-control study was conducted to assess inactivated influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) in children aged 6 months-17 years. The database was developed from the US Department of Defense Global Respiratory Pathogen Surveillance Program over four consecutive influenza seasons from 2016 to 2020. A total of 9,385 children including 4,063 medically attended, laboratory-confirmed influenza-positive cases were identified for VE analysis. A generalized linear mixed model with logit link and binomial distribution was used to estimate the VE. The adjusted VE for children was 42% [95% confidence interval (CI): 37-47%] overall, including 55% (95% CI: 47-61%) for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, 37% (95% CI: 28-45%) for influenza A(H3N2), and 49% (95% CI: 41-55%) for influenza B. The analysis by age groups indicated that the adjusted VE in children aged 6 months-4 years was higher against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and influenza B, and comparable against influenza A(H3N2), compared to those in children aged 5-17 years. Further age-stratified analysis showed that the VE against any types of influenza was low and non-significant for children aged 6-11 months (33%; 95% CI:-2-56%), but it was high (54%; 95% CI: 34-67%) in children aged 12-23 months, and then declined linearly with increasing age. In conclusion, the inactivated influenza vaccination was moderately effective against influenza infection, based on the analysis from a large number of children aged 6 months-17 years over multiple influenza seasons.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Female
- Humans
- Infant
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Male
- Seasons
- Vaccination
- Vaccine Efficacy
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Hu
- The Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance Branch, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, WPAFB, OH, United States of America
- JYG Innovations, LLC, Dayton, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Laurie S. DeMarcus
- The Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance Branch, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, WPAFB, OH, United States of America
- JYG Innovations, LLC, Dayton, OH, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Sjoberg
- The Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance Branch, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, WPAFB, OH, United States of America
- JYG Innovations, LLC, Dayton, OH, United States of America
| | - Anthony S. Robbins
- The Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance Branch, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, WPAFB, OH, United States of America
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Othumpangat S, Beezhold DH, Umbright CM, Noti JD. Influenza Virus-Induced Novel miRNAs Regulate the STAT Pathway. Viruses 2021; 13:v13060967. [PMID: 34071096 PMCID: PMC8224765 DOI: 10.3390/v13060967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are essential regulators of gene expression in humans and can control pathogenesis and host–virus interactions. Notably, the role of specific host miRNAs during influenza virus infections are still ill-defined. The central goal of this study was to identify novel miRNAs and their target genes in response to influenza virus infections in airway epithelium. Human airway epithelial cells exposed to influenza A virus (IAV) induced several novel miRNAs that were identified using next-generation sequencing (NGS) and their target genes by biochemical methods. NGS analysis predicted forty-two RNA sequences as possible miRNAs based on computational algorithms. The expression patterns of these putative miRNAs were further confirmed using RT-PCR in human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to H1N1, H9N1(1P10), and H9N1 (1WF10) strains of influenza virus. A time-course study showed significant downregulation of put-miR-34 in H1N1 and put-miR-35 in H9N1(1P10)-infected cells, which is consistent with the NGS data. Additionally, put-miR-34 and put-miR-35 showed a high fold enrichment in an argonaute-immunoprecipitation assay compared to the controls, indicating their ability to form a complex with argonaute protein and RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which is a typical mode of action found with miRNAs. Our earlier studies have shown that the replication and survival of influenza virus is modulated by certain transcription factors such as NF-ĸB. To identify the target(s) of these putative miRNAs, we screened 84 transcription factors that have a role in viral pathogenesis. Cells transfected with mimic of the put-miR-34 showed a significant decrease in the expression of Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription 3 (STAT3), whereas the inhibitor of put-miR-34 showed a significant increase in STAT3 expression and its phosphorylation. In addition, put-miR-34 had 76% homology to the untranslated region of STAT3. NGS and PCR array data submitted to the Gene Ontology project also predicted the role of transcription factors modulated by put-miR-34. Our data suggest that put-miR-34 may be a good target for antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreekumar Othumpangat
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (D.H.B.); (J.D.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-304-2855839
| | - Donald H. Beezhold
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (D.H.B.); (J.D.N.)
| | - Christina M. Umbright
- Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA;
| | - John D. Noti
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (D.H.B.); (J.D.N.)
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10
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Santana CM, Gauger P, Vetger A, Magstadt D, Kim DS, Shrestha D, Charavaryamath C, Rumbeiha WK. Ambient hydrogen sulfide exposure increases the severity of influenza A virus infection in swine. Arch Environ Occup Health 2021; 76:526-538. [PMID: 33750267 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2021.1896986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is common in concentrated pig feed operations from the decomposition of manure. Ambient H2S is a respiratory tract irritant and an environmental stressor for caretakers and pigs. Influenza A virus (IAV), a zoonotic pathogen, has caused prior pandemics. The effects of H2S or IAV alone on the respiratory system have been investigated, but their interaction has not. We hypothesized that exposure to environmentally-relevant H2S concentrations increases the pathogenicity of IAV infection in swine. Thirty-five, three-week old pigs of mixed sex were exposed to breathing air or H2S via inhalation 6 hours daily for 12 days. After 7 days, pigs were inoculated with H3N2 IAV (or a placebo). Results showed that ambient H2S increased the severity of respiratory distress and lung pathology. H2S also suppressed IL-IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 cytokine response in BALF and increased viral loads and nasal shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Santana
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Phillip Gauger
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Amber Vetger
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Drew Magstadt
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Dong-Suk Kim
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Denusha Shrestha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Wilson K Rumbeiha
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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11
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Abstract
The 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has caused a global health emergency. The outbreak of this virus has raised a number of questions: What is SARS-CoV-2? How transmissible is SARS-CoV-2? How severely affected are patients infected with SARS-CoV-2? What are the risk factors for viral infection? What are the differences between this novel coronavirus and other coronaviruses? To answer these questions, we performed a comparative study of four pathogenic viruses that primarily attack the respiratory system and may cause death, namely, SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), and influenza A viruses (H1N1 and H3N2 strains). This comparative study provides a critical evaluation of the origin, genomic features, transmission, and pathogenicity of these viruses. Because the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is ongoing, this evaluation may inform public health administrators and medical experts to aid in curbing the pandemic's progression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Betacoronavirus/genetics
- Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity
- Birds/virology
- COVID-19
- Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology
- Coronavirus Infections/transmission
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Genome, Viral
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza in Birds/epidemiology
- Influenza in Birds/transmission
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/transmission
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/genetics
- Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/pathogenicity
- Pandemics
- Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology
- Pneumonia, Viral/transmission
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/genetics
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/pathogenicity
- SARS-CoV-2
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/epidemiology
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/transmission
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/virology
- Virulence/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Abdelrahman
- Biomedical Informatics Research Lab, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Cancer Genomics Research Center, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- Biomedical Informatics Research Lab, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Cancer Genomics Research Center, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaosheng Wang
- Biomedical Informatics Research Lab, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Cancer Genomics Research Center, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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12
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Laporte M, Stevaert A, Raeymaekers V, Boogaerts T, Nehlmeier I, Chiu W, Benkheil M, Vanaudenaerde B, Pöhlmann S, Naesens L. Hemagglutinin Cleavability, Acid Stability, and Temperature Dependence Optimize Influenza B Virus for Replication in Human Airways. J Virol 2019; 94:e01430-19. [PMID: 31597759 PMCID: PMC6912116 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01430-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) and influenza B virus (IBV) cause yearly epidemics with significant morbidity and mortality. When zoonotic IAVs enter the human population, the viral hemagglutinin (HA) requires adaptation to achieve sustained virus transmission. In contrast, IBV has been circulating in humans, its only host, for a long period of time. Whether this entailed adaptation of IBV HA to the human airways is unknown. To address this question, we compared two seasonal IAVs (A/H1N1 and A/H3N2) and two IBVs (B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineages) with regard to host-dependent activity of HA as the mediator of membrane fusion during viral entry. We first investigated proteolytic activation of HA by covering all type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) and kallikrein enzymes, many of which proved to be present in human respiratory epithelium. The IBV HA0 precursor is cleaved by a broader panel of TTSPs and activated with much higher efficiency than IAV HA0. Accordingly, knockdown of a single protease, TMPRSS2, abrogated spread of IAV but not IBV in human respiratory epithelial cells. Second, the HA fusion pH values proved similar for IBV and human-adapted IAVs (with one exception being the HA of 1918 IAV). Third, IBV HA exhibited higher expression at 33°C, a temperature required for membrane fusion by B/Victoria HA. This indicates pronounced adaptation of IBV HA to the mildly acidic pH and cooler temperature of human upper airways. These distinct and intrinsic features of IBV HA are compatible with extensive host adaptation during prolonged circulation of this respiratory virus in the human population.IMPORTANCE Influenza epidemics are caused by influenza A and influenza B viruses (IAV and IBV, respectively). IBV causes substantial disease; however, it is far less studied than IAV. While IAV originates from animal reservoirs, IBV circulates in humans only. Virus spread requires that the viral hemagglutinin (HA) is active and sufficiently stable in human airways. We resolve here how these mechanisms differ between IBV and IAV. Whereas human IAVs rely on one particular protease for HA activation, this is not the case for IBV. Superior activation of IBV by several proteases should enhance shedding of infectious particles. IBV HA exhibits acid stability and a preference for 33°C, indicating pronounced adaptation to the human upper airways, where the pH is mildly acidic and a cooler temperature exists. These adaptive features are rationalized by the long existence of IBV in humans and may have broader relevance for understanding the biology and evolution of respiratory viruses.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Line
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Epithelial Cells/virology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/metabolism
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics
- Humans
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/metabolism
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/metabolism
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza B virus/genetics
- Influenza B virus/metabolism
- Influenza B virus/pathogenicity
- Influenza, Human/pathology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Kallikreins/classification
- Kallikreins/genetics
- Kallikreins/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Lung/virology
- Membrane Fusion
- Membrane Proteins/classification
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Proteolysis
- Respiratory Mucosa/pathology
- Respiratory Mucosa/virology
- Serine Endopeptidases/deficiency
- Serine Endopeptidases/genetics
- Serine Proteases/classification
- Serine Proteases/genetics
- Serine Proteases/metabolism
- Species Specificity
- Temperature
- Virus Internalization
- Virus Replication/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Laporte
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annelies Stevaert
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Valerie Raeymaekers
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Talitha Boogaerts
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inga Nehlmeier
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Winston Chiu
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mohammed Benkheil
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Vanaudenaerde
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Laboratory of Pneumology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lieve Naesens
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Suzuki A, Mizumoto K, Akhmetzhanov AR, Nishiura H. Interaction Among Influenza Viruses A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B in Japan. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:ijerph16214179. [PMID: 31671851 PMCID: PMC6862093 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16214179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal influenza epidemics occur each winter season in temperate zones, involving up to 650,000 deaths each year globally. A published study demonstrated that the circulation of one influenza virus type during early influenza season in the United States interferes with the activity of other influenza virus types. However, this finding has yet to be validated in other settings. In the present work, we investigated the interaction among seasonal influenza viruses (A/H1N1, A/H3N2 and B) in Japan. Sentinel and virus surveillance data were used to estimate the type-specific incidence from 2010 to 2019, and statistical correlations among the type-specific incidence were investigated. We identified significant negative correlations between incidence of the dominant virus and the complementary incidence. When correlation was identified during the course of an epidemic, a linear regression model accurately predicted the epidemic size of a particular virus type before the epidemic peak. The peak of influenza type B took place later in the season than that of influenza A, although the epidemic peaks of influenza A/H1N1 and A/H3N2 nearly coincided. Given the interaction among different influenza viruses, underlying mechanisms including age and spatial dependence should be explored in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Suzuki
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15-Jo Nishi 7-Chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan.
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Kenji Mizumoto
- Graduate School of Advanced Integrated Studies in Human Survivability, Kyoto University Yoshida-Nakaadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8306, Japan.
| | - Andrei R Akhmetzhanov
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15-Jo Nishi 7-Chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan.
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Nishiura
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15-Jo Nishi 7-Chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan.
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
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14
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Munoz FM, Anderson EJ, Bernstein DI, Harrison CJ, Pahud B, Anderson E, Creech CB, Berry AA, Kotloff KL, Walter EB, Atmar RL, Bellamy AR, Chang S, Keitel WA. Safety and immunogenicity of unadjuvanted subvirion monovalent inactivated influenza H3N2 variant (H3N2v) vaccine in children and adolescents. Vaccine 2019; 37:5161-5170. [PMID: 31375440 PMCID: PMC10494964 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In response to the emergence of influenza viruses with pandemic potential, we evaluated a swine-origin influenza A/H3N2 variant (H3N2v) vaccine in children. STUDY DESIGN This multicenter phase II open-label study assessed the safety and immunogenicity of two doses, 21 days apart, of investigational unadjuvanted subvirion monovalent inactivated H3N2v vaccine administered via intramuscular injection. Children 6-35 months of age received 7.5mcg or 15mcg of hemagglutinin (HA)/dose; children 3-17 years of age received 15mcg HA/dose. Safety and reactogenicity were assessed by measuring the occurrence of solicited injection site and systemic reactions in the 7 days after each vaccination; adverse events were assessed for 42 days and serious adverse events for 7 months after the first vaccination. Immunogenicity was evaluated by measuring hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and neutralizing (Neut) antibodies to H3N2v prior to and 21 days after each vaccination. Cross-reactivity against seasonal H3N2 strains was evaluated. RESULTS The H3N2v vaccine was well tolerated. Transient mild to moderate injection site tenderness, pain and erythema was observed, with the most commonly reported systemic reactogenicity being irritability in children 6-35 months, and headache and fatigue in children 9-17 years old. Children 6-35 months old, whether they received 7.5mcg or 15mcg/dose, had low HAI and Neut antibody responses after two doses compared to older children. Children under 9 years of age required two doses of vaccine to demonstrate a response, while 9-17 year olds responded well after one dose. Previous influenza vaccination and older age were associated with higher immune responses to H3N2v vaccine. Children 9-17 years of age also developed cross-reactive antibodies against recent seasonal H3N2 influenza viruses. CONCLUSION The H3N2v vaccine was safe and immunogenic in children and adolescents. Age-related increases in immunogenicity against H3N2v and seasonal H3N2 viruses were observed, suggesting prior priming via infection and/or immunization. Clinical trial registry: The trial is registered with clinicaltrial.gov: NCT02100436.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/metabolism
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Female
- Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza Vaccines/adverse effects
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Male
- Vaccines, Inactivated/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
- Vaccines, Inactivated/therapeutic use
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Flor M Munoz
- Departments of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Evan J Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - David I Bernstein
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Christopher J Harrison
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Barbara Pahud
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Edwin Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - C Buddy Creech
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Andrea A Berry
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Karen L Kotloff
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Emmanuel B Walter
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Soju Chang
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Wendy A Keitel
- Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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15
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Jacobs NT, Onuoha NO, Antia A, Steel J, Antia R, Lowen AC. Incomplete influenza A virus genomes occur frequently but are readily complemented during localized viral spread. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3526. [PMID: 31387995 PMCID: PMC6684657 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11428-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Segmentation of viral genomes into multiple RNAs creates the potential for replication of incomplete viral genomes (IVGs). Here we use a single-cell approach to quantify influenza A virus IVGs and examine their fitness implications. We find that each segment of influenza A/Panama/2007/99 (H3N2) virus has a 58% probability of being replicated in a cell infected with a single virion. Theoretical methods predict that IVGs carry high costs in a well-mixed system, as 3.6 virions are required for replication of a full genome. Spatial structure is predicted to mitigate these costs, however, and experimental manipulations of spatial structure indicate that local spread facilitates complementation. A virus entirely dependent on co-infection was used to assess relevance of IVGs in vivo. This virus grows robustly in guinea pigs, but is less infectious and does not transmit. Thus, co-infection allows IVGs to contribute to within-host spread, but complete genomes may be critical for transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan T Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nina O Onuoha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alice Antia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John Steel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rustom Antia
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anice C Lowen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Emory-UGA Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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16
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Takeuchi T, Sriwilaijaroen N, Sakuraba A, Hayashi E, Kamisuki S, Suzuki Y, Ohrui H, Sugawara F. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of EdAP, a 4'-Ethynyl-2'-Deoxyadenosine 5'-Monophosphate Analog, as a Potent Influenza a Inhibitor. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24142603. [PMID: 31319565 PMCID: PMC6681032 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses leading to infectious respiratory diseases cause seasonal epidemics and sometimes periodic global pandemics. Viral polymerase is an attractive target in inhibiting viral replication, and 4′-ethynyladenosine, which has been reported as a highly potent anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) nucleoside derivative, can work as an anti-influenza agent. Herein, we designed and synthesized a 4′-ethynyl-2′-deoxyadenosine 5′-monophosphate analog called EdAP (5). EdAP exhibited potent inhibition against influenza virus multiplication in Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells transfected with human α2-6-sialyltransferase (SIAT1) cDNA and did not show any toxicity toward the cells. Surprisingly, this DNA-type nucleic acid analog (5) inhibited the multiplication of influenza A virus, although influenza virus is an RNA virus that does not generate DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshifumi Takeuchi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
| | - Nongluk Sriwilaijaroen
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
- Health Science Hills, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Ayako Sakuraba
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Ei Hayashi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Shinji Kamisuki
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Yasuo Suzuki
- Health Science Hills, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohrui
- Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Matano-cho 601, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 245-0066, Japan
| | - Fumio Sugawara
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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17
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Rudge JW, Inthalaphone N, Pavlicek R, Paboriboune P, Flaissier B, Monidarin C, Steenkeste N, Davong V, Vongsouvath M, Bonath KA, Messaoudi M, Saadatian-Elahi M, Newton P, Endtz H, Dance D, Paranhos Baccala G, Sanchez Picot V. "Epidemiology and aetiology of influenza-like illness among households in metropolitan Vientiane, Lao PDR": A prospective, community-based cohort study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214207. [PMID: 30951544 PMCID: PMC6450629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory diseases are a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in many tropical countries, including Lao PDR. However, little has been published regarding viral or bacterial pathogens that can contribute to influenza-like illness (ILI) in a community setting. We report on the results of a community-based surveillance that prospectively monitored the incidence of ILI and its causative pathogens in Vientiane capital in Lao PDR. A cohort of 995 households, including 4885 study participants, were followed-up between May 2015 and May 2016. Nasopharyngeal swabs, throat swabs, and sputum specimens were collected from ILI cases identified through active case-finding. Real-Time PCR was used to test nasopharyngeal swabs for 21 respiratory pathogens, while throat and sputum samples were subjected to bacterial culture. Generalized linear mixed models were used to assess potential risk factors for associations with ILI. In total, 548 episodes of ILI were reported among 476 (9.7%) of the study participants and 330 (33.2%) of the study households. The adjusted estimated incidence of ILI within the study area was 10.7 (95%CI: 9.4-11.9) episodes per 100 person-years. ILI was significantly associated with age group (p<0.001), sex (p<0.001), and number of bedrooms (p = 0.04) in multivariate analysis. In 548 nasopharyngeal swabs, the most commonly detected potential pathogens were Streptococcus pneumoniae (17.0%), Staphylococcus aureus (11.3%), influenza A (11.1%; mostly subtype H3N2), rhinovirus (7.5%), and influenza B (8.0%). Streptococci were isolated from 42 (8.6%) of 536 throat swabs, most (27) of which were Lancefield Group G. Co-infections were observed in 132 (24.1%) of the 548 ILI episodes. Our study generated valuable data on respiratory disease burden and patterns of etiologies associated with community-acquired acute respiratory illness Laos. Establishment of a surveillance strategy in Laos to monitor trends in the epidemiology and burden of acute respiratory infections is required to minimize their impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. Rudge
- Communicable Diseases Policy Research Group, Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nui Inthalaphone
- Center of Infectiology Christophe Mérieux of Laos, Vientiane, Laos
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Viengmon Davong
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Vientiane, Laos
| | | | - K. A. Bonath
- University of Health Sciences, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | | | - Paul Newton
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Vientiane, Laos
| | | | - David Dance
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Vientiane, Laos
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18
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Bedford JG, O’Keeffe M, Reading PC, Wakim LM. Rapid interferon independent expression of IFITM3 following T cell activation protects cells from influenza virus infection. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210132. [PMID: 30650117 PMCID: PMC6334895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is a potent antiviral protein that enhances cellular resistance to a variety of pathogens, including influenza virus. Classically defined as an interferon-stimulated gene, expression of IFITM3 on cells is rapidly up-regulated in response to type I and II interferon. Here we found that IFITM3 is rapidly up-regulated by T cells following their activation and this occurred independently of type I and II interferon and the interferon regulatory factors 3 and 7. Up-regulation of IFITM3 on effector T cells protected these cells from virus infection and imparted a survival advantage at sites of virus infection. Our results show that IFITM3 expression on effector T cells is crucial for these cells to mediate their effector function and highlights an interferon independent pathway for the induction of IFITM3 which, if targeted, could be an effective approach to harness the activity of IFITM3 for infection prevention.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer/methods
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dogs
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-3/genetics
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-7/genetics
- Interferons/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Primary Cell Culture
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- James G. Bedford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Meredith O’Keeffe
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick C. Reading
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Linda M. Wakim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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19
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Rudenko L, Kiseleva I, Krutikova E, Stepanova E, Rekstin A, Donina S, Pisareva M, Grigorieva E, Kryshen K, Muzhikyan A, Makarova M, Sparrow EG, Torelli G, Kieny MP. Rationale for vaccination with trivalent or quadrivalent live attenuated influenza vaccines: Protective vaccine efficacy in the ferret model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208028. [PMID: 30507951 PMCID: PMC6277076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The majority of seasonal influenza vaccines are trivalent, containing two A virus strains (H1N1 and H3N2) and one B virus strain. The co-circulation of two distinct lineages of B viruses can lead to mismatch between the influenza B virus strain recommended for the trivalent seasonal vaccine and the circulating B virus. This has led some manufacturers to produce quadrivalent influenza vaccines containing one strain from each B lineage in addition to H1N1 and H3N2 strains. However, it is also important to know whether vaccines containing a single influenza B strain can provide cross-protectivity against viruses of the antigenically distinct lineage. The aim of this study was to assess in naïve ferrets the potential cross-protective activity of trivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (T-LAIV) against challenge with a heterologous wild-type influenza B virus belonging to the genetically different lineage and to compare this activity with effectiveness of quadrivalent LAIV (Q-LAIV) in the ferret model. METHODS AND RESULTS Ferrets were vaccinated with either one dose of trivalent LAIV containing B/Victoria or B/Yamagata lineage virus, or quadrivalent LAIV (containing both B lineages), or placebo. They were then challenged with B/Victoria or B/Yamagata lineage wild-type virus 28 days after vaccination. The ferrets were monitored for clinical signs and morbidity. Nasal swabs and lung tissue samples were analyzed for the presence of challenge virus. Antibody response to vaccination was assessed by routine hemagglutination inhibition assay. All LAIVs tested were found to be safe and effective against wild-type influenza B viruses based on clinical signs, and virological and histological data. The absence of interference between vaccine strains in trivalent and quadrivalent vaccine formulations was confirmed. Trivalent LAIVs were shown to have the potential to be cross-protective against infection with genetically different influenza B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineages. CONCLUSIONS In this ferret model, quadrivalent vaccine provided higher protection to challenge against both B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineage viruses. However, T-LAIV provided some cross-protection in the case of a mismatch between circulating and vaccine type B strains. Notably, B/Victoria-based T-LAIV was more protective compared to B/Yamagata-based T-LAIV.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Cross Protection/genetics
- Cross Protection/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Ferrets
- Humans
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza B virus/genetics
- Influenza B virus/immunology
- Influenza B virus/pathogenicity
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/blood
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Rudenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina Kiseleva
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena Krutikova
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Stepanova
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrey Rekstin
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Svetlana Donina
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria Pisareva
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena Grigorieva
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kirill Kryshen
- Department of Toxicology and Microbiology, Institute of Preclinical Research Ltd, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Arman Muzhikyan
- Department of Toxicology and Microbiology, Institute of Preclinical Research Ltd, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina Makarova
- Department of Toxicology and Microbiology, Institute of Preclinical Research Ltd, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Erin Grace Sparrow
- Universal Health Coverage and Health Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Guido Torelli
- Universal Health Coverage and Health Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Paule Kieny
- International Institutional Cooperation, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
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20
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Meyers JL, Winans B, Kelsaw E, Murthy A, Gerber S, Lawrence BP. Environmental cues received during development shape dendritic cell responses later in life. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207007. [PMID: 30412605 PMCID: PMC6226176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental signals mediated via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) shape the developing immune system and influence immune function. Developmental exposure to AHR binding chemicals causes persistent changes in CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses later in life, including dampened clonal expansion and differentiation during influenza A virus (IAV) infection. Naïve T cells require activation by dendritic cells (DCs), and AHR ligands modulate the function of DCs from adult organisms. Yet, the consequences of developmental AHR activation by exogenous ligands on DCs later in life has not been examined. We report here that early life activation of AHR durably reduces the ability of DC to activate naïve IAV-specific CD8+ T cells; however, activation of naïve CD4+ T cells was not impaired. Also, DCs from developmentally exposed offspring migrated more poorly than DCs from control dams in both in vivo and ex vivo assessments of DC migration. Conditional knockout mice, which lack Ahr in CD11c lineage cells, suggest that dampened DC emigration is intrinsic to DCs. Yet, levels of chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7), a key regulator of DC trafficking, were generally unaffected. Gene expression analyses reveal changes in Lrp1, Itgam, and Fcgr1 expression, and point to alterations in genes that regulate DC migration and antigen processing and presentation as being among pathways disrupted by inappropriate AHR signaling during development. These studies establish that AHR activation during development causes long-lasting changes to DCs, and provide new information regarding how early life environmental cues shape immune function later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Meyers
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Bethany Winans
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Erin Kelsaw
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Aditi Murthy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Scott Gerber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - B. Paige Lawrence
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
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21
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Fourati S, Talla A, Mahmoudian M, Burkhart JG, Klén R, Henao R, Yu T, Aydın Z, Yeung KY, Ahsen ME, Almugbel R, Jahandideh S, Liang X, Nordling TEM, Shiga M, Stanescu A, Vogel R, Pandey G, Chiu C, McClain MT, Woods CW, Ginsburg GS, Elo LL, Tsalik EL, Mangravite LM, Sieberts SK. A crowdsourced analysis to identify ab initio molecular signatures predictive of susceptibility to viral infection. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4418. [PMID: 30356117 PMCID: PMC6200745 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06735-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The response to respiratory viruses varies substantially between individuals, and there are currently no known molecular predictors from the early stages of infection. Here we conduct a community-based analysis to determine whether pre- or early post-exposure molecular factors could predict physiologic responses to viral exposure. Using peripheral blood gene expression profiles collected from healthy subjects prior to exposure to one of four respiratory viruses (H1N1, H3N2, Rhinovirus, and RSV), as well as up to 24 h following exposure, we find that it is possible to construct models predictive of symptomatic response using profiles even prior to viral exposure. Analysis of predictive gene features reveal little overlap among models; however, in aggregate, these genes are enriched for common pathways. Heme metabolism, the most significantly enriched pathway, is associated with a higher risk of developing symptoms following viral exposure. This study demonstrates that pre-exposure molecular predictors can be identified and improves our understanding of the mechanisms of response to respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slim Fourati
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Aarthi Talla
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Mehrad Mahmoudian
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
- Department of Future Technologies, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Joshua G Burkhart
- Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Riku Klén
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Ricardo Henao
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Thomas Yu
- Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA
| | - Zafer Aydın
- Department of Computer Engineering, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, 38080, Turkey
| | - Ka Yee Yeung
- School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, 98402, USA
| | - Mehmet Eren Ahsen
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Reem Almugbel
- School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, 98402, USA
| | | | - Xiao Liang
- School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, 98402, USA
| | - Torbjörn E M Nordling
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Motoki Shiga
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Ana Stanescu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of West Georgia, Carrolton, GA, 30116, USA
| | - Robert Vogel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA
| | - Gaurav Pandey
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Christopher Chiu
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Micah T McClain
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Medical Service, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Christopher W Woods
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Medical Service, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Geoffrey S Ginsburg
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Laura L Elo
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Ephraim L Tsalik
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Emergency Medicine Service, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
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22
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Abstract
To escape immune recognition in previously infected hosts, viruses evolve genetically in immunologically important regions. The host’s immune system responds by generating new memory cells recognizing the mutated viral strains. Despite recent advances in data collection and analysis, it remains conceptually unclear how epidemiology, immune response, and evolutionary factors interact to produce the observed speed of evolution and the incidence of infection. Here we establish a general and simple relationship between long-term cross-immunity, genetic diversity, speed of evolution, and incidence. We develop an analytic method fusing the standard epidemiological susceptible-infected-recovered approach and the modern virus evolution theory. The model includes the factors of strain selection due to immune memory cells, random genetic drift, and clonal interference effects. We predict that the distribution of recovered individuals in memory serotypes creates a moving fitness landscape for the circulating strains which drives antigenic escape. The fitness slope (effective selection coefficient) is proportional to the reproductive number in the absence of immunity R0 and inversely proportional to the cross-immunity distance a, defined as the genetic distance of a virus strain from a previously infecting strain conferring 50% decrease in infection probability. Analysis predicts that the evolution rate increases linearly with the fitness slope and logarithmically with the genomic mutation rate and the host population size. Fitting our analytic model to data obtained for influenza A H3N2 and H1N1, we predict the annual infection incidence within a previously estimated range, (4-7)%, and the antigenic mutation rate of Ub = (5 − 8) ⋅ 10−4 per transmission event per genome. Our prediction of the cross-immunity distance of a = (14 − 15) aminoacid substitutions agrees with independent data for equine influenza. Spread of many RNA viruses in a population represents a competition between host immune responses and viral evolution. RNA viruses accumulate mutations in immunologically important regions to escape immune recognition in hosts previously exposed to infection, while the immune system responds by producing new memory cells. Despite recent advances in data collection and their analysis, it remains conceptually unclear how epidemiology, immune response, and evolutionary factors interact to produce the observed speed of evolution and its incidence. By combining the standard epidemiological approach with the modern theory of viral evolution, we predict a general relationship between long-term cross-immunity, antigenic diversity of virus, its evolution speed, infection incidence, and the time to the most recent common ancestor. We apply these theoretical findings to available data on influenza virus to determine two important parameters of its evolution and confirm the model. Current strategies of vaccination against influenza should take into account stochastic fluctuations in fitness effect of mutations predicted by the theory.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Evolution, Molecular
- Genetic Drift
- Genome, Viral
- Horse Diseases/immunology
- Horse Diseases/virology
- Horses
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Influenza A virus/pathogenicity
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Models, Genetic
- Models, Immunological
- Mutation
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/veterinary
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Stochastic Processes
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor M. Rouzine
- Sorbonne Université, Institute de Biologie Paris-Seine, Laboratoire de Biologie Computationelle et Quantitative, LCQB, F-75004 Paris, France
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Ganna Rozhnova
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Cologne, Germany
- BioISI – Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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23
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Abstract
Human immunity influences the evolution and impact of influenza strains. Because individuals are infected with multiple influenza strains during their lifetime, and each virus can generate a cross-reactive antibody response, it is challenging to quantify the processes that shape observed immune responses or to reliably detect recent infection from serological samples. Using a Bayesian model of antibody dynamics at multiple timescales, we explain complex cross-reactive antibody landscapes by inferring participants' histories of infection with serological data from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of influenza A/H3N2 in southern China and Vietnam. We find that individual-level influenza antibody profiles can be explained by a short-lived, broadly cross-reactive response that decays within a year to leave a smaller long-term response acting against a narrower range of strains. We also demonstrate that accounting for dynamic immune responses alongside infection history can provide a more accurate alternative to traditional definitions of seroconversion for the estimation of infection attack rates. Our work provides a general model for quantifying aspects of influenza immunity acting at multiple timescales based on contemporary serological data and suggests a two-armed immune response to influenza infection consistent with competitive dynamics between B cell populations. This approach to analysing multiple timescales for antigenic responses could also be applied to other multistrain pathogens such as dengue and related flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Kucharski
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Justin Lessler
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Derek A. T. Cummings
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Steven Riley
- MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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24
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Patel U, Gingerich A, Widman L, Sarr D, Tripp RA, Rada B. Susceptibility of influenza viruses to hypothiocyanite and hypoiodite produced by lactoperoxidase in a cell-free system. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199167. [PMID: 30044776 PMCID: PMC6059396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoperoxidase (LPO) is an enzyme found in several exocrine secretions including the airway surface liquid producing antimicrobial substances from mainly halide and pseudohalide substrates. Although the innate immune function of LPO has been documented against several microbes, a detailed characterization of its mechanism of action against influenza viruses is still missing. Our aim was to study the antiviral effect and substrate specificity of LPO to inactivate influenza viruses using a cell-free experimental system. Inactivation of different influenza virus strains was measured in vitro system containing LPO, its substrates, thiocyanate (SCN-) or iodide (I-), and the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-producing system, glucose and glucose oxidase (GO). Physiologically relevant concentrations of the components of the LPO/H2O2/(SCN-/I-) antimicrobial system were exposed to twelve different strains of influenza A and B viruses in vitro and viral inactivation was assessed by determining plaque-forming units of non-inactivated viruses using Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK) cells. Our data show that LPO is capable of inactivating all influenza virus strains tested: H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 influenza A viruses (IAV) and influenza B viruses (IBV) of both, Yamagata and Victoria lineages. The extent of viral inactivation, however, varied among the strains and was in part dependent on the LPO substrate. Inactivation of H1N1 and H1N2 viruses by LPO showed no substrate preference, whereas H3N2 influenza strains were inactivated significantly more efficiently when iodide, not thiocyanate, was the LPO substrate. Although LPO-mediated inactivation of the influenza B strains tested was strain-dependent, it showed slight preference towards thiocyanate as the substrate. The results presented here show that the LPO/H2O2/(SCN-/I-) cell-free, in vitro experimental system is a functional tool to study the specificity, efficiency and the molecular mechanism of action of influenza inactivation by LPO. These studies tested the hypothesis that influenza strains are all susceptible to the LPO-based antiviral system but exhibit differences in their substrate specificities. We propose that a LPO-based antiviral system is an important contributor to anti-influenza virus defense of the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urmi Patel
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Aaron Gingerich
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lauren Widman
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Demba Sarr
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Balázs Rada
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Roosenhoff R, van der Vries E, van der Linden A, van Amerongen G, Stittelaar KJ, Smits SL, Schutten M, Fouchier RAM. Influenza A/H3N2 virus infection in immunocompromised ferrets and emergence of antiviral resistance. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200849. [PMID: 30024940 PMCID: PMC6053203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses can cause severe life threatening infections in high-risk patients, including young children, the elderly and patients with compromised immunity due to underlying medical conditions or immunosuppressive treatment. The impaired immunity of these patients causes prolonged virus infection and combined with antiviral treatment facilitates the emergence of viruses with resistance mutations. The diverse nature of their immune status makes them a challenging group to study the impact of influenza virus infection and the efficacy of antiviral therapy. Immunocompromised ferrets may represent a suitable animal model to assess influenza virus infection and antiviral treatment strategies in immunocompromised hosts. Here, ferrets were given a daily oral solution of mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus and prednisolone sodium phosphate to suppress their immune system. Groups of immunocompromised and immunocompetent ferrets were inoculated with an A/H3N2 influenza virus and were subsequently treated with Oseltamivir or left untreated. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed on the throat and nose specimens to study virus replication during the course of infection. All immunocompromised ferrets had prolonged presence of viral RNA and a higher total amount of virus shedding compared to the immunocompetent ferrets. Although Oseltamivir reduced the total amount of virus shedding from the nose and throat of treated ferrets, it also resulted in the emergence of the neuraminidase R292K resistance substitution in all these animals, as determined by mutation specific RT-PCR and next-generation sequencing. No additional mutations that could be associated with the emergence of the R292K resistance mutation were detected. The immunocompromised ferret model can be used to study A/H3N2 virus shedding and is a promising model to study new antiviral strategies and the emergence of antiviral resistance in immunocompromised hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erhard van der Vries
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Division of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anne van der Linden
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Zuid- Holland, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Saskia L. Smits
- Viroclinics Biosciences BV, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Schutten
- Clinical Virology and Diagnostics, Alkmaar, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Zuid- Holland, The Netherlands
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26
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Andrew MK, Shinde V, Hatchette T, Ambrose A, Boivin G, Bowie W, Chit A, Dos Santos G, ElSherif M, Green K, Haguinet F, Halperin SA, Ibarguchi B, Johnstone J, Katz K, Langley JM, LeBlanc J, Loeb M, MacKinnon-Cameron D, McCarthy A, McElhaney J, McGeer A, Nichols MK, Powis J, Richardson D, Semret M, Stiver G, Trottier S, Valiquette L, Webster D, Ye L, McNeil SA. Influenza vaccine effectiveness against influenza-related hospitalization during a season with mixed outbreaks of four influenza viruses: a test-negative case-control study in adults in Canada. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:805. [PMID: 29284435 PMCID: PMC5747268 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2905-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Serious Outcomes Surveillance (SOS) Network was established to monitor seasonal influenza complications among hospitalized Canadian adults and to assess the effectiveness of influenza vaccination against severe outcomes. Here we report age- and strain-specific vaccine effectiveness (VE) in preventing severe outcomes during a season characterized by mixed outbreaks of four different influenza strains. METHODS This prospective, multicentre, test-negative case-control study evaluated the VE of trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) in the prevention of laboratory-confirmed influenza-hospitalization in adults aged ≥16 years (all adults) and adults aged 16-64 years (younger adults). The SOS Network identified hospitalized patients with diagnoses potentially attributable to influenza during the 2011/12 influenza season. Swabs collected at admission were tested by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR) or viral culture to discriminate influenza cases (positive) from controls (negative). VE was calculated as 1-odds ratio (OR) of vaccination in cases versus controls × 100. RESULTS Overall, in all adults, the unadjusted and adjusted VEs of TIV against influenza-hospitalization were 41.8% (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 26.0, 54.3), and 42.8% (95% CI: 23.8, 57.0), respectively. In younger adults (16-64 years), the unadjusted and adjusted VEs of TIV against influenza-hospitalization were 35.8% (95% CI: 4.5, 56.8) and 33.2% (95% CI: -6.7, 58.2), respectively. In the all adults group, adjusted VE against influenza A/H1N1 was 72.5% (95% CI: 30.5, 89.1), against A/H3N2 was 86.1% (95% CI: 40.1, 96.8), against B/Victoria was 40.5% (95% CI: -28.9, 72.6), and against B/Yamagata was 32.3% (95% CI: -8.3, 57.7). The adjusted estimate of early season VE (from November 1 to March 11) was 54.4% (95% CI: 29.7-70.4), which was higher than late season (from March 11 to May 25) VE estimate (VE: 29.7%, 95% CI: -5.3, 53.1). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that TIV was highly effective against A viruses and moderately effective against B viruses during a mild season characterised by co-circulation of four influenza strains in Canada. Findings underscore the need to provide VE assessment by subtype/lineage as well as the timing of vaccination (early season vs late season) to accurately evaluate vaccine performance and thus guide public health decision-making. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01517191. Registration was retrospective and the date of registration was January 17, 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K. Andrew
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, 5850/5980 University Ave, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3K 6R8 Canada
| | - Vivek Shinde
- GSK, King of Prussia, Current affiliation: Novavax Vaccines, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Todd Hatchette
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, 5850/5980 University Ave, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3K 6R8 Canada
| | - Ardith Ambrose
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, 5850/5980 University Ave, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3K 6R8 Canada
| | - Guy Boivin
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, RC-709, Québec, Québec G1V 4G2 Canada
| | - William Bowie
- University of British Columbia, 452D, Heather Pavilion East, VGH, 2733 Heather Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 3J5 Canada
| | - Ayman Chit
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Current affiliation: Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania USA
| | - Gael Dos Santos
- Business & Decision Life Sciences, Bruxelles, Belgium, on behalf of GSK (Wavre, Belgium), Current affiliation: GSK, Wavre, Belgium
| | - May ElSherif
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, 5850/5980 University Ave, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3K 6R8 Canada
| | - Karen Green
- Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Ave, Room 210, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5 Canada
| | | | - Scott A. Halperin
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, 5850/5980 University Ave, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3K 6R8 Canada
| | - Barbara Ibarguchi
- GSK, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, Current affiliation: Bayer Inc, Mississauga, Ontario Canada
| | - Jennie Johnstone
- McMaster University, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Learning, 1200 Main Street West, Room 3208, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1 Canada
| | - Kevin Katz
- North York General Hospital, 4001 Leslie St, Toronto, Ontario M2K 1E1 Canada
| | - Joanne M. Langley
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, 5850/5980 University Ave, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3K 6R8 Canada
| | - Jason LeBlanc
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, 5850/5980 University Ave, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3K 6R8 Canada
| | - Mark Loeb
- McMaster University, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Learning, 1200 Main Street West, Room 3208, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1 Canada
| | - Donna MacKinnon-Cameron
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, 5850/5980 University Ave, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3K 6R8 Canada
| | - Anne McCarthy
- The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4E9 Canada
| | - Janet McElhaney
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, 41 Ramsey Lake Rd, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 5J1 Canada
| | - Allison McGeer
- Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Ave, Room 210, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5 Canada
| | - Michaela K. Nichols
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, 5850/5980 University Ave, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3K 6R8 Canada
| | - Jeff Powis
- Michael Garron Hospital, 825 Coxwell Ave, Toronto, Ontario M4C 3E7 Canada
| | - David Richardson
- William Osler Health System, Department of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, 2100 Bovaird Dr East, Brampton, Ontario L6R 3J7 Canada
| | - Makeda Semret
- McGill University, McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1 Canada
| | - Grant Stiver
- University of British Columbia, 452D, Heather Pavilion East, VGH, 2733 Heather Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 3J5 Canada
| | - Sylvie Trottier
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, RC-709, Québec, Québec G1V 4G2 Canada
| | - Louis Valiquette
- Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12th Ave North, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4 Canada
| | - Duncan Webster
- Saint John Regional Hospital, Dalhousie University, 400 University Ave, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L2 Canada
| | - Lingyun Ye
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, 5850/5980 University Ave, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3K 6R8 Canada
| | - Shelly A. McNeil
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, 5850/5980 University Ave, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3K 6R8 Canada
| | - on behalf of the Public Health Agency of Canada/Canadian Institutes of Health Research Influenza Research Network (PCIRN) Serious Outcomes Surveillance Network and the Toronto Invasive Bacterial Diseases Network (TIBDN)
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, 5850/5980 University Ave, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3K 6R8 Canada
- GSK, King of Prussia, Current affiliation: Novavax Vaccines, Washington, DC, USA
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, RC-709, Québec, Québec G1V 4G2 Canada
- University of British Columbia, 452D, Heather Pavilion East, VGH, 2733 Heather Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 3J5 Canada
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Current affiliation: Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania USA
- Business & Decision Life Sciences, Bruxelles, Belgium, on behalf of GSK (Wavre, Belgium), Current affiliation: GSK, Wavre, Belgium
- Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Ave, Room 210, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5 Canada
- GSK, Wavre, Belgium
- GSK, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, Current affiliation: Bayer Inc, Mississauga, Ontario Canada
- McMaster University, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Learning, 1200 Main Street West, Room 3208, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1 Canada
- North York General Hospital, 4001 Leslie St, Toronto, Ontario M2K 1E1 Canada
- The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Ave, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4E9 Canada
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, 41 Ramsey Lake Rd, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 5J1 Canada
- Michael Garron Hospital, 825 Coxwell Ave, Toronto, Ontario M4C 3E7 Canada
- William Osler Health System, Department of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, 2100 Bovaird Dr East, Brampton, Ontario L6R 3J7 Canada
- McGill University, McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1 Canada
- Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12th Ave North, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4 Canada
- Saint John Regional Hospital, Dalhousie University, 400 University Ave, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L2 Canada
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27
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Zhou P, Tu L, Lin X, Hao X, Zheng Q, Zeng W, Zhang X, Zheng Y, Wang L, Li S. cfa-miR-143 Promotes Apoptosis via the p53 Pathway in Canine Influenza Virus H3N2-Infected Cells. Viruses 2017; 9:v9120360. [PMID: 29186842 PMCID: PMC5744135 DOI: 10.3390/v9120360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs regulate multiple aspects of the host response to viral infection. This study verified that the expression of cfa-miR-143 was upregulated in vivo and in vitro by canine influenza virus (CIV) H3N2 infection. To understand the role of cfa-miR-143 in CIV-infected cells, the target gene of cfa-miR-143 was identified and assessed for correlations with proteins involved in the apoptosis pathway. A dual luciferase reporter assay showed that cfa-miR-143 targets insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 (Igfbp5). Furthermore, a miRNA agomir and antagomir of cfa-miR-143 caused the downregulation and upregulation of Igfbp5, respectively, in CIV-infected madin-darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. This study demonstrated that cfa-miR-143 stimulated p53 and caspase3 activation and induced apoptosis via the p53 pathway in CIV H3N2-infected cells. In conclusion, CIV H3N2 induced the upregulation of cfa-miR-143, which contributes to apoptosis via indirectly activating the p53-caspase3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Liqing Tu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xi Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xiangqi Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Qingxu Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Weijie Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Yun Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Lifang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Shoujun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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28
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Le TB, Lee IH, Kim BJ, Kim HS, Seo SH. Detection and pathogenesis of a novel swine H3N2 influenza virus containing three genes from the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza viruses in Korea in 2015. Virol Sin 2017; 31:513-516. [PMID: 27853991 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-016-3848-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tran Bac Le
- Laboratory of Influenza Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Influenza Virus, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - In Hong Lee
- Laboratory of Influenza Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Influenza Virus, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Jun Kim
- Laboratory of Influenza Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Influenza Virus, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Kim
- Laboratory of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Heui Seo
- Laboratory of Influenza Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Influenza Virus, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Ahmed SR, Kim J, Tran VT, Suzuki T, Neethirajan S, Lee J, Park EY. In situ self-assembly of gold nanoparticles on hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates for influenza virus-sensing platform. Sci Rep 2017; 10:8615-8627. [PMID: 28290527 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02339e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterials without chemical linkers or physical interactions that reside on a two-dimensional surface are attractive because of their electronic, optical and catalytic properties. An in situ method has been developed to fabricate gold nanoparticle (Au NP) films on different substrates, regardless of whether they are hydrophilic or hydrophobic surfaces, including glass, 96-well polystyrene plates, and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). A mixture of sodium formate (HCOONa) and chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) solution was used to prepare Au NP films at room temperature. An experimental study of the mechanism revealed that film formation is dependent on surface wettability and inter particle attraction. The as-fabricated Au NP films were further applied to the colorimetric detection of influenza virus. The response to the commercial target, New Caledonia/H1N1/1999 influenza virus, was linear in the range from 10 pg/ml to 10 μg/ml and limit of detection was 50.5 pg/ml. In the presence of clinically isolated influenza A virus (H3N2), the optical density of developed color was dependent on the virus concentration (10-50,000 PFU/ml). The limit of detection of this study was 24.3 PFU/ml, a limit 116 times lower than that of conventional ELISA (2824.3 PFU/ml). The sensitivity was also 500 times greater than that of commercial immunochromatography kits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Rahin Ahmed
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Jeonghyo Kim
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - Van Tan Tran
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - Tetsuro Suzuki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Higashi-ku, Handa-yama, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Suresh Neethirajan
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jaebeom Lee
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - Enoch Y Park
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
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30
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Vimalanathan S, Schoop R, Suter A, Hudson J. Prevention of influenza virus induced bacterial superinfection by standardized Echinacea purpurea, via regulation of surface receptor expression in human bronchial epithelial cells. Virus Res 2017; 233:51-59. [PMID: 28279802 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections may predispose the airways to secondary bacterial infections that can lead to unfavorable progression of principally self-limiting illnesses. Such complicated respiratory infections include pneumonia, bronchitis, sinusitis, acute otitis media, and sepsis, which cause high morbidity and lethality. Some of the pathogenic consequences of viral infections, like the expression of bacterial adhesion receptors and the disturbance of physical barrier integrity due to inflammation, may create permissive conditions for co-infections. Influenza virus A (H3N2) is a major pathogen that causes secondary bacterial infections and inflammation that lead to pneumonia. The herbal medicine Echinacea purpurea, on the other hand, has been widely used to prevent and treat viral respiratory infections, and recent clinical data suggest that it may prevent secondary infection complications as well. We investigated the role of standardized E. purpurea (Echinaforce® extract or EF) on H3N2-induced adhesion of live nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) and Staphylococcus aureus, along with the expression of bacterial receptors, intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), fibronectin, and platelet activating factor receptor (PAFr), by BEAS-2B cells. Inflammatory processes were investigated by determining the cellular expression of IL-6 and IL-8 and the involvement of Toll-like receptor (TLR-4) and NFκB p65. We found that influenza virus A infection increased the adhesion of H. influenzae and S. aureus to bronchial epithelial cells via upregulated expression of the ICAM-1 receptor and, to some extent, of fibronectin and PAFr. Echinaforce (EF) significantly reduced the expression of ICAM-1, fibronectin, and PAFr and consequently the adhesion of both bacterial strains. EF also effectively prevented the super-expression of inflammatory cytokines by suppressing the expression of NFκB and possibly TLR-4. These results indicate that E. purpurea has the potential to reduce the risk of respiratory complications by preventing virus-induced bacterial adhesion and through the inhibition of inflammation super-stimulation (cytokine storms).
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvarani Vimalanathan
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 2B5.
| | - Roland Schoop
- Medical Department, A. Vogel Bioforce AG, Roggwil TG, Switzerland
| | - Andy Suter
- Medical Department, A. Vogel Bioforce AG, Roggwil TG, Switzerland
| | - James Hudson
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 2B5
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31
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Nogales A, Martinez-Sobrido L, Topham DJ, DeDiego ML. NS1 Protein Amino Acid Changes D189N and V194I Affect Interferon Responses, Thermosensitivity, and Virulence of Circulating H3N2 Human Influenza A Viruses. J Virol 2017; 91:e01930-16. [PMID: 28003482 PMCID: PMC5309952 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01930-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus NS1 protein is a nonstructural, multifunctional protein that counteracts host innate immune responses, modulating virus pathogenesis. NS1 protein variability in subjects infected with H3N2 influenza A viruses (IAVs) during the 2010/2011 season was analyzed, and amino acid changes in residues 86, 189, and 194 were found. The consequences of these mutations for the NS1-mediated inhibition of IFN responses and the pathogenesis of the virus were evaluated, showing that NS1 mutations D189N and V194I impaired the ability of the NS1 protein to inhibit general gene expression, most probably because these mutations decreased the binding of NS1 to the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor 30 (CPSF30). A recombinant A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) H1N1 virus encoding the H3N2 NS1-D189N protein was slightly attenuated, whereas the virus encoding the H3N2 NS1-V194I protein was further attenuated in mice. The higher attenuation of this virus could not be explained by differences in the ability of the two NS1 proteins to counteract host innate immune responses, indicating that another factor must be responsible. In fact, we showed that the virus encoding the H3N2 NS1-V194I protein demonstrated a temperature-sensitive (ts) phenotype, providing a most likely explanation for the stronger attenuation observed. As far as we know, this is the first description of a mutation in NS1 residue 194 conferring a ts phenotype. These studies are relevant in order to identify new residues important for NS1 functions and in human influenza virus surveillance to assess mutations affecting the pathogenicity of circulating viruses.IMPORTANCE Influenza viral infections represent a serious public health problem, with influenza virus causing a contagious respiratory disease that is most effectively prevented through vaccination. The multifunctional nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) is the main viral factor counteracting the host antiviral response. Therefore, influenza virus surveillance to identify new mutations in the NS1 protein affecting the pathogenicity of the circulating viruses is highly important. In this work, we evaluated amino acid variability in the NS1 proteins from H3N2 human seasonal viruses and the effect of the mutations on innate immune responses and virus pathogenesis. NS1 mutations D189N and V194I impaired the ability of the NS1 protein to inhibit general gene expression, and recombinant viruses harboring these mutations were attenuated in a mouse model of influenza infection. Interestingly, a virus encoding the H3N2 NS1-V194I protein demonstrated a temperature-sensitive phenotype, further attenuating the virus in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Nogales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Luis Martinez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - David J Topham
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Marta L DeDiego
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
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Burke TW, Henao R, Soderblom E, Tsalik EL, Thompson JW, McClain MT, Nichols M, Nicholson BP, Veldman T, Lucas JE, Moseley MA, Turner RB, Lambkin-Williams R, Hero AO, Woods CW, Ginsburg GS. Nasopharyngeal Protein Biomarkers of Acute Respiratory Virus Infection. EBioMedicine 2017; 17:172-181. [PMID: 28238698 PMCID: PMC5360578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of respiratory mucosa with viral pathogens triggers complex immunologic events in the affected host. We sought to characterize this response through proteomic analysis of nasopharyngeal lavage in human subjects experimentally challenged with influenza A/H3N2 or human rhinovirus, and to develop targeted assays measuring peptides involved in this host response allowing classification of acute respiratory virus infection. Unbiased proteomic discovery analysis identified 3285 peptides corresponding to 438 unique proteins, and revealed that infection with H3N2 induces significant alterations in protein expression. These include proteins involved in acute inflammatory response, innate immune response, and the complement cascade. These data provide insights into the nature of the biological response to viral infection of the upper respiratory tract, and the proteins that are dysregulated by viral infection form the basis of signature that accurately classifies the infected state. Verification of this signature using targeted mass spectrometry in independent cohorts of subjects challenged with influenza or rhinovirus demonstrates that it performs with high accuracy (0.8623 AUROC, 75% TPR, 97.46% TNR). With further development as a clinical diagnostic, this signature may have utility in rapid screening for emerging infections, avoidance of inappropriate antibacterial therapy, and more rapid implementation of appropriate therapeutic and public health strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Burke
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ricardo Henao
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Erik Soderblom
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ephraim L Tsalik
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Durham Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - J Will Thompson
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Micah T McClain
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Section for Infectious Diseases, Medicine Service, Durham Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Marshall Nichols
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | - Timothy Veldman
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Joseph E Lucas
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - M Arthur Moseley
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ronald B Turner
- School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | | | - Alfred O Hero
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Christopher W Woods
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Section for Infectious Diseases, Medicine Service, Durham Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
| | - Geoffrey S Ginsburg
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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Radovic M, Ghalwash M, Filipovic N, Obradovic Z. Minimum redundancy maximum relevance feature selection approach for temporal gene expression data. BMC Bioinformatics 2017; 18:9. [PMID: 28049413 PMCID: PMC5209828 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-016-1423-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feature selection, aiming to identify a subset of features among a possibly large set of features that are relevant for predicting a response, is an important preprocessing step in machine learning. In gene expression studies this is not a trivial task for several reasons, including potential temporal character of data. However, most feature selection approaches developed for microarray data cannot handle multivariate temporal data without previous data flattening, which results in loss of temporal information. We propose a temporal minimum redundancy - maximum relevance (TMRMR) feature selection approach, which is able to handle multivariate temporal data without previous data flattening. In the proposed approach we compute relevance of a gene by averaging F-statistic values calculated across individual time steps, and we compute redundancy between genes by using a dynamical time warping approach. RESULTS The proposed method is evaluated on three temporal gene expression datasets from human viral challenge studies. Obtained results show that the proposed method outperforms alternatives widely used in gene expression studies. In particular, the proposed method achieved improvement in accuracy in 34 out of 54 experiments, while the other methods outperformed it in no more than 4 experiments. CONCLUSION We developed a filter-based feature selection method for temporal gene expression data based on maximum relevance and minimum redundancy criteria. The proposed method incorporates temporal information by combining relevance, which is calculated as an average F-statistic value across different time steps, with redundancy, which is calculated by employing dynamical time warping approach. As evident in our experiments, incorporating the temporal information into the feature selection process leads to selection of more discriminative features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Radovic
- Center for Data Analytics and Biomedical Informatics, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, North 12th Street, Philadelphia, 19122 PA USA
- Bioengineering Research and Development Center - BioIRC, Prvoslava Stojanovica 6, Kragujevac, 34000 Serbia
| | - Mohamed Ghalwash
- Center for Data Analytics and Biomedical Informatics, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, North 12th Street, Philadelphia, 19122 PA USA
- Mathematics Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11331 Egypt
- Center for Computational Health, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Nenad Filipovic
- Bioengineering Research and Development Center - BioIRC, Prvoslava Stojanovica 6, Kragujevac, 34000 Serbia
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Sestre Janjic 6, Kragujevac, 34000 Serbia
| | - Zoran Obradovic
- Center for Data Analytics and Biomedical Informatics, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, North 12th Street, Philadelphia, 19122 PA USA
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DeDiego ML, Nogales A, Lambert-Emo K, Martinez-Sobrido L, Topham DJ. NS1 Protein Mutation I64T Affects Interferon Responses and Virulence of Circulating H3N2 Human Influenza A Viruses. J Virol 2016; 90:9693-9711. [PMID: 27535054 PMCID: PMC5068522 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01039-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza NS1 protein is the main viral protein counteracting host innate immune responses, allowing the virus to efficiently replicate in interferon (IFN)-competent systems. In this study, we analyzed NS1 protein variability within influenza A (IAV) H3N2 viruses infecting humans during the 2012-2013 season. We also evaluated the impact of the mutations on the ability of NS1 proteins to inhibit host innate immune responses and general gene expression. Surprisingly, a previously unidentified mutation in the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-binding domain (I64T) decreased NS1-mediated general inhibition of host protein synthesis by decreasing its interaction with cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor 30 (CPSF30), leading to increased innate immune responses after viral infection. Notably, a recombinant A/Puerto Rico/8/34 H1N1 virus encoding the H3N2 NS1-T64 protein was highly attenuated in mice, most likely because of its ability to induce higher antiviral IFN responses at early times after infection and because this virus is highly sensitive to the IFN-induced antiviral state. Interestingly, using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collected at the acute visit (2 to 3 days after infection), we show that the subject infected with the NS1-T64 attenuated virus has diminished responses to interferon and to interferon induction, suggesting why this subject could be infected with this highly IFN-sensitive virus. These data demonstrate the importance of influenza virus surveillance in identifying new mutations in the NS1 protein, affecting its ability to inhibit innate immune responses and, as a consequence, the pathogenicity of the virus. IMPORTANCE Influenza A and B viruses are one of the most common causes of respiratory infections in humans, causing 1 billion infections and between 300,000 and 500,000 deaths annually. Influenza virus surveillance to identify new mutations in the NS1 protein affecting innate immune responses and, as a consequence, the pathogenicity of the circulating viruses is highly relevant. Here, we analyzed amino acid variability in the NS1 proteins from human seasonal viruses and the effect of the mutations in innate immune responses and virus pathogenesis. A previously unidentified mutation in the dsRNA-binding domain decreased NS1-mediated general inhibition of host protein synthesis and the interaction of the protein with CPSF30. This mutation led to increased innate immune responses after viral infection, augmented IFN sensitivity, and virus attenuation in mice. Interestingly, using PBMCs, the subject infected with the virus encoding the attenuating mutation induced decreased antiviral responses, suggesting why this subject could be infected with this virus.
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MESH Headings
- A549 Cells
- Animals
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Cleavage And Polyadenylation Specificity Factor/genetics
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Immune Evasion/drug effects
- Immune Evasion/genetics
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Interferons/pharmacology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Mutation/genetics
- RNA, Double-Stranded/genetics
- Vero Cells
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics
- Virulence/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta L DeDiego
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Kris Lambert-Emo
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Luis Martinez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - David J Topham
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
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35
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Hsu HL, Millet JK, Costello DA, Whittaker GR, Daniel S. Viral fusion efficacy of specific H3N2 influenza virus reassortant combinations at single-particle level. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35537. [PMID: 27752100 PMCID: PMC5067655 DOI: 10.1038/srep35537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus pseudotyping is a useful and safe technique for studying entry of emerging strains of influenza virus. However, few studies have compared different reassortant combinations in pseudoparticle systems, or compared entry kinetics of native viruses and their pseudotyped analogs. Here, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based pseudovirions displaying distinct influenza virus envelope proteins were tested for fusion activity. We produced VSV pseudotypes containing the prototypical X-31 (H3) HA, either alone or with strain-matched or mismatched N2 NAs. We performed single-particle fusion assays using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy to compare hemifusion kinetics among these pairings. Results illustrate that matching pseudoparticles behaved very similarly to native virus. Pseudoparticles harboring mismatched HA-NA pairings fuse at significantly slower rates than native virus, and NA-lacking pseudoparticles exhibiting the slowest fusion rates. Relative viral membrane HA density of matching pseudoparticles was higher than in mismatching or NA-lacking pseudoparticles. An equivalent trend of HA expression level on cell membranes of HA/NA co-transfected cells was observed and intracellular trafficking of HA was affected by NA co-expression. Overall, we show that specific influenza HA-NA combinations can profoundly affect the critical role played by HA during entry, which may factor into viral fitness and the emergence of new pandemic influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Lun Hsu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jean K. Millet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Deirdre A. Costello
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Gary R. Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Susan Daniel
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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36
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Reilly EC, Lambert-Emo K, Topham DJ. The Effects of Acute Neutrophil Depletion on Resolution of Acute Influenza Infection, Establishment of Tissue Resident Memory (TRM), and Heterosubtypic Immunity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164247. [PMID: 27741316 PMCID: PMC5065200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
After disease resolution, a small subset of influenza specific CD8+ T cells can remain in the airways of the lung as a tissue resident memory population (TRM). These cells are critical for protection from subsequent infections with heterosubtypic influenza viruses. Although it is well established that expression of the collagen IV binding integrin alpha 1 is necessary for the retention and maintenance of TRM cells, other requirements allowing them to localize to the airways and persist are less well understood. We recently demonstrated that inhibition of neutrophils or neutrophil derived chemokine CXCL12 during acute influenza virus infection reduces the effector T cell response and affects the ability of these cells to localize to the airways. We therefore sought to determine whether the defects that occur in the absence of neutrophils would persist throughout resolution of the disease and impact the development of the TRM population. Interestingly, the early alterations in the CD8+ T cell response recover by two weeks post-infection, and mice form a protective population of TRM cells. Overall, these observations show that acute neutrophil depletion results in a delay in the effector CD8+ T cell response, but does not adversely impact the development of TRM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C. Reilly
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Kris Lambert-Emo
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - David J. Topham
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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37
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Cui H, Shi Y, Ruan T, Li X, Teng Q, Chen H, Yang J, Liu Q, Li Z. Phylogenetic analysis and pathogenicity of H3 subtype avian influenza viruses isolated from live poultry markets in China. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27360. [PMID: 27270298 PMCID: PMC4895239 DOI: 10.1038/srep27360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
H3 subtype influenza A virus is one of the main subtypes that threats both public and animal health. However, the evolution and pathogenicity of H3 avian influenza virus (AIV) circulating in domestic birds in China remain largely unclear. In this study, seven H3 AIVs (four H3N2 and three H3N8) were isolated from poultry in live poultry market (LPM) in China. Phylogenetic analyses of full genomes showed that all viruses were clustered into Eurasian lineage, except N8 genes of two H3N8 isolates fell into North American lineage. Intriguingly, the N8 gene of one H3N8 and PB2, PB1, NP and NS of two H3N2 isolates have close relationship with those of the highly pathogenic H5N8 viruses circulating in Korea and United States, suggesting that the H3-like AIV may contribute internal genes to the highly pathogenic H5N8 viruses. Phylogenetic tree of HA gene and antigenic cross-reactivity results indicated that two antigenically different H3 viruses are circulating in LPM in China. Most of the H3 viruses replicated in mice lung and nasal turbinate without prior adaptation, and the representative H3 viruses infected chickens without causing clinical signs. The reassortment of H3 subtype influenza viruses warrants continuous surveillance in LPM in China.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- China
- Cluster Analysis
- Cross Reactions
- Disease Models, Animal
- Genetic Variation
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Mice
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/pathology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Phylogeny
- Poultry
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Whole Genome Sequencing
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrui Cui
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Shi
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Ruan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuesong Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiaoyang Teng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongjun Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianmei Yang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinfang Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zejun Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Pinkenburg O, Meyer T, Bannert N, Norley S, Bolte K, Czudai-Matwich V, Herold S, Gessner A, Schnare M. The Human Antimicrobial Protein Bactericidal/Permeability-Increasing Protein (BPI) Inhibits the Infectivity of Influenza A Virus. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156929. [PMID: 27273104 PMCID: PMC4894568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to their well-known antibacterial activity some antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs) display also antiviral effects. A 27 aa peptide from the N-terminal part of human bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) previously shown to harbour antibacterial activity inhibits the infectivity of multiple Influenza A virus strains (H1N1, H3N2 and H5N1) the causing agent of the Influenza pneumonia. In contrast, the homologous murine BPI-peptide did not show activity against Influenza A virus. In addition human BPI-peptide inhibits the activation of immune cells mediated by Influenza A virus. By changing the human BPI-peptide to the sequence of the mouse homologous peptide the antiviral activity was completely abolished. Furthermore, the human BPI-peptide also inhibited the pathogenicity of the Vesicular Stomatitis Virus but failed to interfere with HIV and measles virus. Electron microscopy indicate that the human BPI-peptide interferes with the virus envelope and at high concentrations was able to destroy the particles completely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Pinkenburg
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Torben Meyer
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Bannert
- Department for HIV and other Retroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Steven Norley
- Department for HIV and other Retroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathrin Bolte
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Susanne Herold
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen Lung Center and German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - André Gessner
- Institute for Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Markus Schnare
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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39
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Markushin SG, Tsfasman TM, Terekhov AV, Lisovskaya KV, Akopova II. [COLD-ADAPTED A/KRASNODAR/101/35/59 (H2N2) STRAIN--A PROMISING STRAIN-DONOR OF ATTENUATION FOR PROCURATION OF LIVE INFLUENZA VACCINES]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2015:27-32. [PMID: 26829850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM Study of ts, ca, att phenotype, immunogenicity and protective effectiveness of reassortants obtained by a way of recombination of a new influenza cold-adapted (ca) strain donor of attenuation A/Krasnodar/101/35/59 (H2N2) and virulent strain of influenza virus. MATERIALS AND METHODS Viruses were used: ca strain A/Krasnodar/101/35.59 (H2N2), virulent strains: A/Kumamoto/102/02 (H3N2) and A/Bern/07/95. For determination of ts and ca phenotype, titration of viruses in chicken embryos was carried out simultaneously at optimal, decreased and increased temperature. Protective effect of immunization was evaluated during intranasal infection of mice with a virulent strain of influenza virus. RESULTS All the obtained reassortants possessed 6 internal genes from strain-donor of attenuation and 2 genes, coding HA and NA-proteins from virulent strains. Ca reassortants were characterized by ts and ca phenotype, had antigenic specificity and good immunogenicity, had high protective effectiveness. CONCLUSION The data obtained indicate on the perspectiveness of ca strain A/Krasnodar/101/35/59 (H2N2)as a donor of attenuation for live influenza vaccines.
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Levy JW, Simasathien S, Watanaveeradej V, Bhoomiboonchoo P, Fernandez S, Jarman RG, Klungthong C, Gibbons RV, Kerdpanich P, Piboonbanakit D, Chirabandhu T, Yoon IK. Influenza vaccine effectiveness in the tropics: moderate protection in a case test-negative analysis of a hospital-based surveillance population in Bangkok between August 2009 and January 2013. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134318. [PMID: 26267430 PMCID: PMC4534293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza in the tropics occurs year round with peaks that correspond variably to temperate regions. However, data on influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) in the tropics is sparse. We report on the effectiveness of influenza vaccine to prevent medically attended laboratory confirmed influenza from sentinel surveillance conducted at a Thai military medical facility in Bangkok, Thailand from August 2009 to January 2013. Patients ≥6 months old presenting with influenza-like illness underwent combined nasal/throat swabs which were tested by influenza RT-PCR. A case test-negative study design was used to evaluate VE. Of 2999 samples available for analysis,1059 (35.3%) were PCR-positive (cases) and 1940 (64.6%) were PCR-negative (test-negative controls). Five hundred and seven (16.9%) of these patients reported being vaccinated within the previous 12 months. Periods of high and low influenza activity were defined based on publicly available Thai Ministry of Public Health data. Overall VE adjusted for age and epiweek was found to be 50.1% (95%CI: 35.0, 61.9%). The May to April adjusted VE for year 2010, 2011 and 2012 was 57.7% (95%CI: 33.7, 73.8%), 57.1% (95% CI: 35.2, 68.3%) and 37.6% (95% CI: 3.5, 62.9%).During high influenza activity in years with the same vaccine formulation, the adjusted VE was 54.9% (95%CI: 38.9, 66.9%). VE appeared to be much higher during high versus low influenza activity periods. The adjusted point estimate for VE was highest in the 18-49 year age group (76.6%) followed by 6-23 months (58.1%) and 2-17 years (52.5%). Adjusted estimates were not done for those ≥50 years of age due to small numbers. VE in patients with underlying disease was 75.5% compared to 48.0% in those without. Our findings demonstrate moderate protection by influenza vaccination and support the utility of influenza vaccination in the tropics including in very young children and those with underlying disease.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Female
- Hospitals, Military
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Population Surveillance
- Thailand
- Tropical Climate
- Vaccination
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens W. Levy
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Piraya Bhoomiboonchoo
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stefan Fernandez
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Richard G. Jarman
- Viral Disease Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chonticha Klungthong
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Robert V. Gibbons
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - In-Kyu Yoon
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
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Jain B, Jain A, Prakash O, Singh AK, Dangi T, Singh M, Singh KP. In vitro validation of self designed "universal human Influenza A siRNA". Indian J Exp Biol 2015; 53:514-521. [PMID: 26349314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The genomic variability of Influenza A virus (IAV) makes it difficult for the existing vaccines or anti-influenza drugs to control. The siRNA targeting viral gene induces RNAi mechanism in the host and silent the gene by cleaving mRNA. In this study, we developed an universal siRNA and validated its efficiency in vitro. The siRNA was designed rationally, targeting the most conserved region (delineated with the help of multiple sequence alignment) of M gene of IAV strains. Three level screening method was adopted, and the most efficient one was selected on the basis of its unique position in the conserved region. The siRNA efficacy was confirmed in vitro with the Madin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cell line for IAV propagation using two clinical isolates i.e., Influenza A/H3N2 and Influenza A/pdmH1N1. Of the total 168 strains worldwide and 33 strains from India, 97 bp long (position 137-233) conserved region was identified. The longest ORF of matrix gene was targeted by the selected siRNA, which showed 73.6% inhibition in replication of Influenza A/pdmH1N1 and 62.1% inhibition in replication of Influenza A/H3N2 at 48 h post infection on MDCK cell line. This study provides a basis for the development of siRNA which can be used as universal anti-IAV therapeutic agent.
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42
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Lee HK, Tang JWT, Loh TP, Oon LLE, Koay ESC. Predicting clinical severity based on substitutions near epitope A of influenza A/H3N2. Infect Genet Evol 2015; 34:292-7. [PMID: 26118307 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Epitopes are the main targets for specific antibodies in the host defense systems. Recent studies have shown that amino acid (aa) substitutions located within the influenza A/H3N2 hemagglutinin 1 (HA1) epitopes A-E, particularly in A and B, result in antigenic drift. Viruses with such drift mutations may have resulted in more severe influenza-related illness during influenza epidemics between late 2012 and early 2015. We sought to quantify vaccine mismatches in epitopes A-E of the HA1 protein, and correlate these with the severity of the patient's illness. The influenza A/H3N2 clinical samples were collected between April 2009 and November 2013 (n=206). Patients were clinically stratified into groups with mild, moderate, and severe influenza-like illness (ILI). The impact of the number of aa mismatches in each of epitopes A-E, gender, age groups (⩽18, 19-64, ⩾65 years), and comorbidities on the likelihood that patients would suffer moderate and/or severe ILI due to influenza A/H3N2 infection were assessed. A higher number of aa mismatches in epitope A between the vaccine and locally circulating viruses correlated with more severe influenza infection, although this correlation was most significant with pre-existing comorbidities. A practical application of this finding would be to monitor patients (especially those in high-risk groups) infected with such viruses more closely, as they are at increased risk of developing more serious disease. Epidemiologically, it was of interest to note that viruses from subclade 3A of Victoria/208 strain were not detected in Singapore between 2009 and 2012. By contrast, these viruses were detected at a prevalence of up to 40% in the 2011-2012 influenza seasons in other regions of the Northern and Southern hemispheres. Such findings support the rationale for more regionally customized seasonal influenza vaccine compositions to optimize the protection of the population against locally circulating virus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Kai Lee
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Julian Wei-Tze Tang
- Clinical Microbiology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom.
| | - Tze Ping Loh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore
| | | | - Evelyn Siew-Chuan Koay
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore.
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43
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Levina AS, Repkova MN, Ismagilov ZR, Shikina NV, Mazurkova NA, Zarytova VF. [Eficient inhibition of human influenza A virus by oligonucleotides electrostatically fixed on polylysine-containing TiO2 nanoparticles]. Bioorg Khim 2015; 40:196-202. [PMID: 25895339 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162014020095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Antiviral activity of TiO2 * PL * DNA nanobiocomposites was studied on the MDCK cell culture infected with influenza A virus (subtype H3N2). DNA fragments in the nanocomposites are electrostatically bound to titanium dioxide nanoparticles pre-covered with polylysine. It was shown that TiO2 * PL * DNA(v3') nanocomposite bearing the DNA(v3') fragment targeted to the 3'-end of the noncoding region of segment 5 of viral RNA specifically inhibited the virus reproduction with the efficiency of 99.8 and 99.9% (or by factors of~400 and 1000) at a low concentration of DNA(v3') in nanocomposite (0.1 and 0.2 µM, respectively). The TiO2 * PL * DNA(r) nanocomposite containing oligonucleotide noncomplementary to viral RNA or the oligonucleotide unbound to the nanoparticles show very low antiviral activity (inhibition by factors of~3.5 and 1.3, respectively).
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44
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Nahampun HN, Bosworth B, Cunnick J, Mogler M, Wang K. Expression of H3N2 nucleoprotein in maize seeds and immunogenicity in mice. Plant Cell Rep 2015; 34:969-80. [PMID: 25677970 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1758-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Oral administration of maize-expressed H3N2 nucleoprotein induced antibody responses in mice showing the immunogenicity of plant-derived antigen and its potential to be utilized as a universal flu vaccine. Influenza A viruses cause influenza epidemics that are devastating to humans and livestock. The vaccine for influenza needs to be reformulated every year to match the circulating strains due to virus mutation. Influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP) is a multifunctional RNA-binding protein that is highly conserved among strains, making it a potential candidate for a universal vaccine. In this study, the NP gene of H3N2 swine origin influenza virus was expressed in maize endosperm. Twelve transgenic maize lines were generated and analyzed for recombinant NP (rNP) expression. Transcript analysis showed the main accumulation of rNP in seed. Protein level of rNP in T1 transgenic maize seeds ranged from 8.0 to 35 µg of NP/g of corn seed. The level increased up to 70 µg of NP/g in T3 seeds. A mouse study was performed to test the immunogenicity of one line of maize-derived rNP (MNP). Mice were immunized with MNP in a prime-boost design. Oral gavage administration showed that a humoral immune response was elicited in the mice treated with MNP indicating the immunogenicity of MNP. NP-specific antibody responses in the MNP group showed comparable antibody titer with the groups receiving positive controls such as Vero cell-derived NP (VNP) or alphavirus replicon particle-derived NP (ANP). Cytokine analysis showed antigen-specific stimulation of IL-4 cytokine elicited in splenocytes from mice treated with MNP further confirming a TH2 humoral immune response induced by MNP administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartinio N Nahampun
- Interdepartmental Plant Biology Major, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011-1010, USA
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45
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Kolesin ID, Zhitkova EM. [Analysis of the Mechanism of a Three-Wave Epidemic Influenza A Virus Cvcle]. Biofizika 2015; 60:542-546. [PMID: 26349219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A three-wave epidemic cycle caused by a new serotype agent is simulated. The mechanism of stepwise recession in a stratum of the susceptible persons is examined. A group of asymptomatic infected individuals as well as an antigen activity index, which regulates the intensity of input streams into the groups of infected patients, are introduced into the model. Morbidity rate is additionally regulated by the virulence. The model is identified according to the observations of the three-wave passage of Hong-Kong serotype (H3N2). On the basis of the simulation results it is shown that a leading role in upgrading the virulence capacity of the agent and in replenishment of the morbid group is assigned to the asymptomatic infected individuals.
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46
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Yang L, Chan KH, Suen LKP, Chan KP, Wang X, Cao P, He D, Peiris JSM, Wong CM. Impact of the 2009 H1N1 Pandemic on Age-Specific Epidemic Curves of Other Respiratory Viruses: A Comparison of Pre-Pandemic, Pandemic and Post-Pandemic Periods in a Subtropical City. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125447. [PMID: 25928217 PMCID: PMC4416050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic caused offseason peaks in temperate regions but coincided with the summer epidemic of seasonal influenza and other common respiratory viruses in subtropical Hong Kong. This study was aimed to investigate the impact of the pandemic on age-specific epidemic curves of other respiratory viruses. METHODS Weekly laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza A (subtypes seasonal A(H1N1), A(H3N2), pandemic virus A(H1N1)pdm09), influenza B, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus and parainfluenza were obtained from 2004 to 2013. Age-specific epidemic curves of viruses other than A(H1N1)pdm09 were compared between the pre-pandemic (May 2004-April 2009), pandemic (May 2009-April 2010) and post-pandemic periods (May 2010-April 2013). RESULTS There were two peaks of A(H1N1)pdm09 in Hong Kong, the first in September 2009 and the second in February 2011. The infection rate was found highest in young children in both waves, but markedly fewer cases in school children were recorded in the second wave than in the first wave. Positive proportions of viruses other than A(H1N1)pdm09 markedly decreased in all age groups during the first pandemic wave. After the first wave of the pandemic, the positive proportion of A(H3N2) increased, but those of B and RSV remained slightly lower than their pre-pandemic proportions. Changes in seasonal pattern and epidemic peak time were also observed, but inconsistent across virus-age groups. CONCLUSION Our findings provide some evidence that age distribution, seasonal pattern and peak time of other respiratory viruses have changed since the pandemic. These changes could be the result of immune interference and changing health seeking behavior, but the mechanism behind still needs further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
- * E-mail: (CMW); (LY)
| | - Kwok Hung Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lorna K. P. Suen
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - King Pan Chan
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Xiling Wang
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Peihua Cao
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Daihai He
- Department of Applied Mathematics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - J. S. Malik Peiris
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chit Ming Wong
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- * E-mail: (CMW); (LY)
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Il'icheva TN, Durymanov AG, Petrova OV, Epanchintseva AV, Chukhrov IS, Garbuz IA, Bezgodov IV, Bulutov KV, Arkhipov GS, Samarskiĭ SS, Ziatdinov VB, Anan'ev VI, Mikheev VN, Ryzhikov AB. [Analysis of population immunity of residents of Russian Federation regions against seasonal and highly pathogenic strains of influenza virus]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2014:120-123. [PMID: 25816528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM Determine the level of antibodies against socially significant types/serotypes of influenza virus in sera of individuals residing in various regions of Russia. MATERIALS AND METHODS 1525 samples of blood sera collected in August-December 2013 in 8 regions of Russian Federation were studied in hemagglutination inhibition reaction (HAI) with antigens obtained from A/California/07/09, (H1N1)pdm09, A/Victoria/361/2011(H3N2), B/Brisbane/60/2008 (Victoria line), B/Massachusetts/2/2012 (Yamagata line), A/Commongull/Chany/2006 (H5N1), A/Anhui/01/2013 (H7N9) influenza virus strains. RESULTS None of the blood sera samples had significant HAI titers against A/H5 and A/H7 antigens. Of all the 1525 samples, 788 (52%) were positive with A(H1N1)pdm09 antigen; 734 (48%) reacted with A(H3N2) antigen; 1010 (66%) samples were positive with B/Victoria antigen and 602 (39%) samples were positive with B/Yamagata antigen. CONCLUSION Healthcare institutions should pay attention to the correction of population immunity profile in regions for the reduction of social-economic losses from seasonal influenza epidemics.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Female
- Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza B virus/immunology
- Influenza B virus/pathogenicity
- Influenza, Human/blood
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Russia/epidemiology
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48
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Pomorska-Mól M, Kwit K, Markowska-Daniel I, Kowalski C, Pejsak Z. Local and systemic immune response in pigs during subclinical and clinical swine influenza infection. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97:412-21. [PMID: 25000875 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Local and systemic immune responses in pigs intranasally (IN) and intratracheally (IT) inoculated with swine influenza virus (SIV) were studied. No clinical signs were observed in IN-inoculated pigs, while IT-inoculated pigs developed typical signs of influenza. Significantly higher titres of specific antibodies and changes of haematological parameters were found only in IT-inoculated pigs. Because positive correlations between viral titre, local cytokine concentration, and lung pathology have been observed, we hypothesise that both viral load and the local secretion of cytokines play a role in the induction of lung lesions. It could be that a higher replication of SIV stimulates immune cells to secrete higher amounts of cytokines. The results of the present study indicate that pathogenesis of SIV is dependent on both, the damage caused to the lung parenchyma directly by virus, and the effects on the cells of the host's immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pomorska-Mól
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
| | - K Kwit
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - I Markowska-Daniel
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - C Kowalski
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Z Pejsak
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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Abstract
The source, timing, and geographical origin of the 1918-1920 pandemic influenza A virus have remained tenaciously obscure for nearly a century, as have the reasons for its unusual severity among young adults. Here, we reconstruct the origins of the pandemic virus and the classic swine influenza and (postpandemic) seasonal H1N1 lineages using a host-specific molecular clock approach that is demonstrably more accurate than previous methods. Our results suggest that the 1918 pandemic virus originated shortly before 1918 when a human H1 virus, which we infer emerged before ∼1907, acquired avian N1 neuraminidase and internal protein genes. We find that the resulting pandemic virus jumped directly to swine but was likely displaced in humans by ∼1922 by a reassortant with an antigenically distinct H1 HA. Hence, although the swine lineage was a direct descendent of the pandemic virus, the post-1918 seasonal H1N1 lineage evidently was not, at least for HA. These findings help resolve several seemingly disparate observations from 20th century influenza epidemiology, seroarcheology, and immunology. The phylogenetic results, combined with these other lines of evidence, suggest that the high mortality in 1918 among adults aged ∼20 to ∼40 y may have been due primarily to their childhood exposure to a doubly heterosubtypic putative H3N8 virus, which we estimate circulated from ∼1889-1900. All other age groups (except immunologically naive infants) were likely partially protected by childhood exposure to N1 and/or H1-related antigens. Similar processes may underlie age-specific mortality differences between seasonal H1N1 vs. H3N2 and human H5N1 vs. H7N9 infections.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Animals
- Biological Evolution
- Birds
- Child
- Disease Resistance/immunology
- Genetic Variation
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Influenza A virus/pathogenicity
- Influenza Pandemic, 1918-1919/mortality
- Influenza, Human/mortality
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Phylogeny
- Reassortant Viruses/genetics
- Reassortant Viruses/immunology
- Reassortant Viruses/pathogenicity
- Swine
- Virulence
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Worobey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721;
| | - Guan-Zhu Han
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Andrew Rambaut
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology andCentre for Infection, Immunity, and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom; andFogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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50
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Zhirnov OP, Manykin AA. [pH-dependent rearrangements in the influenza A virus]. Vopr Virusol 2014; 59:41-46. [PMID: 25335418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Influenza virus possesses two modules: internal ribonucleoprotein (RNP) containing the viral genome RNA and external lipid envelope with transmembrane ionic channel protein M2 and embedded glycoproteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) forming surface spike ends. These modules are combined in a whole virion by the matrix protein M1. The effect of the acidic pH 4,2-4,5 on the influenza virus grown in MDCK-H cells was tested. The A/Aichi/68 (H3N2) virus synthesized in MDCK-H cells was shown to contain uncleaved HA0 (m.w. 78 kD) and provide low infectivity. This virus was resistant to acidic medium and non-permeable to the phosphotungsten acid (PTA) used in electron microscopy as a contrast stain, and did not reduce infectious potential after acidic treatment. The trypsin-activated virus containing cleaved HA1 (56 kD)+HA2 (22 kD) was sensitive to acidic exposition resulting in the appearance of permeability to PTA, reduction of infectivity, enhancement of the M1-RNP interlink. These data indicate that the structural form of the cleaved HA1 +HA2 surface hemagglutinin coordinates a transmembrane interaction between surface and internal virus components.
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