1
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McCormick S, He Q, Stern J, Khodarev N, Weichselbaum R, Skelly CL. Evidence for the Use of Multiple Mechanisms by Herpes Simplex Virus-1 R7020 to Inhibit Intimal Hyperplasia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130264. [PMID: 26132411 PMCID: PMC4488439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intimal hyperplasia (IH) is the primary cause of vein bypass graft failure. The smooth muscle cell (SMC) is a key element of IH as it phenotypically switches from a contractile to a synthetic state which can become pathological. R7020, which is an engineered strain of Herpes Simplex Virus-1, inhibits IH in animal models. Although it has many characteristics which make it a strong candidate for use as a prophylactic agent how it inhibits IH is not well understood. The objective of this study was to identify modes of action used by R7020 to function in blood vessels that may also contribute to its inhibition of IH. The cytopathic effect of R7020 on SMCs was determined in vitro and in a rabbit IH model. In vitro assays with R7020 infected SMCs were used to quantify the effect of dose on the release kinetics of the virus as well as the effects of R7020 on cell viability and the adhesion of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to SMCs in the absence and presence of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). The observed cytopathic effect, which included R7020 positive filopodia that extend from cell to cell and the formation of syncytia, suggests that R7020 remains cell associated after egress and spreads cell to cell instead of by diffusion through the extracellular fluid. This would allow the virus to rapidly infect vascular cells while evading the immune system. The directionality of the filopodia in vivo suggests that the virus preferentially travels from the media towards the intima targeting SMCs that would lead to IH. The formation of syncytia would inhibit SMC proliferation as incorporated cells are not able to multiply. It was also observed that R7020 induced the fusion of PBMCs with syncytia suggesting the virus may limit the effect of macrophages on IH. Furthermore, R7020 inhibited the proliferative effect of TNF-α, an inflammatory cytokine associated with increased IH. Thus, the results of this study suggest that R7020 inhibits IH through multiple mechanisms.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/pathogenicity
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/physiology
- Humans
- Hyperplasia/virology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/virology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/physiology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/virology
- Rabbits
- Tunica Intima/pathology
- Tunica Intima/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan McCormick
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Qi He
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jordan Stern
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Nikolai Khodarev
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology and Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ralph Weichselbaum
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology and Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Christopher L. Skelly
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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2
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Tung WH, Sun CC, Hsieh HL, Wang SW, Horng JT, Yang CM. EV71 induces VCAM-1 expression via PDGF receptor, PI3-K/Akt, p38 MAPK, JNK and NF-κB in vascular smooth muscle cells. Cell Signal 2007; 19:2127-37. [PMID: 17669626 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a widespread virus that causes severe and fatal diseases in patients, including circulation failure. The mechanisms underlying EV71-initiated intracellular signaling pathways to influence host cell functions remain unknown. In this study, we identified a requirement for PDGFR, PI3-K/Akt, p38 MAPK, JNK, and NF-kappaB in the regulation of VCAM-1 expression by rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in response to viral infection. EV71 induced VCAM-1 expression in a time- and viral concentration-dependent manner. Infection of VSMCs with EV71 stimulated VCAM-1 expression and phosphorylation of PDGFR, Akt, and p38 MAPK which were attenuated by AG1296, wortmannin, and SB202190, respectively. The phosphorylation of JNK stimulated by EV71 was not detected under present conditions. In contrast, JNK inhibitor SP600125 inhibited EV71-induced VCAM-1 expression. Furthermore, VCAM-1 expression induced by EV71 was significantly attenuated by a selective NF-kappaB inhibitor (helenalin). Consistently, EV71-stimulated translocation of NF-kappaB into the nucleus and degradation of IkappaB-alpha as well as VCAM-1 mRNA expression was blocked by helenalin, AG1296, SB202190, SP600125, wortmannin, and LY294002. Moreover, the involvement of p38 MAPK, PI3-K/Akt, and NF-kappaB in EV71-induced VCAM-1 expression was reveled by that transfection with dominant negative plasmids of p38 MAPK, p85, Akt, NIK, IKK-alpha, and IKK-beta attenuated these responses. These findings suggest that in VSMCs, EV71-induced VCAM-1 expression was mediated through activation of PDGFR, PI3-K/Akt, p38 MAPK, JNK, and NF-kappaB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsuan Tung
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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3
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Streblow DN, van Cleef KWR, Kreklywich CN, Meyer C, Smith P, Defilippis V, Grey F, Früh K, Searles R, Bruggeman C, Vink C, Nelson JA, Orloff SL. Rat cytomegalovirus gene expression in cardiac allograft recipients is tissue specific and does not parallel the profiles detected in vitro. J Virol 2007; 81:3816-26. [PMID: 17251289 PMCID: PMC1866122 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02425-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rat cytomegalovirus (RCMV) is a beta-herpesvirus with a 230-kbp genome containing over 167 open reading frames (ORFs). RCMV gene expression is tightly regulated in cultured cells, occurring in three distinct kinetic classes (immediate early, early, and late). However, the extent of viral-gene expression in vivo and its relationship to the in vitro expression are unknown. In this study, we used RCMV-specific DNA microarrays to investigate the viral transcriptional profiles in cultured, RCMV-infected endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and aortic smooth muscle cells and to compare these profiles to those found in tissues from RCMV-infected rat heart transplant recipients. In cultured cells, RCMV expresses approximately 95% of the known viral ORFs with few differences between cell types. By contrast, in vivo viral-gene expression in tissues from rat heart allograft recipients is highly restricted. In the tissues studied, a total of 80 viral genes expressing levels twice above background (5,000 to 10,000 copies per mug total RNA) were detected. In each tissue type, there were a number of genes expressed exclusively in that tissue. Although viral mRNA and genomic DNA levels were lower in the spleen than in submandibular glands, the number of individual viral genes expressed was higher in the spleen (60 versus 41). This finding suggests that the number of viral genes expressed is specific to a given tissue and is not dependent upon the viral load or viral mRNA levels. Our results demonstrate that the profiles, as well as the amplitude, of viral-gene expression are tissue specific and are dramatically different from those in infected cultured cells, indicating that RCMV gene expression in vitro does not reflect viral-gene expression in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/virology
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- Endothelial Cells/virology
- Fibroblasts/virology
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Heart Transplantation
- Herpesviridae Infections/virology
- Muromegalovirus/genetics
- Muromegalovirus/growth & development
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/virology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/virology
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Organ Specificity
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Viral/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Spleen/virology
- Submandibular Gland/virology
- Transplantation, Homologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Streblow
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 505 SW 185th St., Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
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4
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Westphal M, Lautenschlager I, Backhaus C, Loginov R, Kundt G, Oberender H, Stamm C, Steinhoff G. Cytomegalovirus and Proliferative Signals in the Vascular Wall of CABG Patients. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006; 54:219-26. [PMID: 16755441 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-923891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To further elucidate the mechanism by which cytomegalovirus (CMV) may promote atherosclerosis, we studied the expression pattern of cellular inflammatory and proliferative signals in the aortic wall of CMV(+) and CMV(-) patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). METHODS Aortic biopsies and blood samples of 68 CABG patients were investigated for CMV-DNA by PCR and IN SITU hybridisation. Expression of pp65 antigen, adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin), growth factors (PDGF-AA, TGF-beta), and the cellular proliferation factor Ki-67 was studied by immunohistochemistry. Logistic regression was used to test the correlation between the presence of CMV, vascular inflammation, and traditional noninflammatory risk factors for atherosclerosis. RESULTS CMV-DNA was detected in the aortic tissue of 52 (76%) patients, and was localised predominantly in vascular smooth muscle cells. In CMV(+) patients, the expression of adhesion molecules and growth factors in the aortic endothelium was increased compared with CMV(-) patients. A positive correlation of elevated CRP, the induction of adhesion molecules and growth factors and CMV(+) was found. Female gender, smoking, and hyperlipidaemia were identified as risk factors for CMV(+). CONCLUSIONS CMV-DNA in smooth muscle cells induces local growth factor expression as well as endothelial activation, both of which can promote the progression of atherosclerosis. Since traditional atherogenic risk factors increase the likelihood of aortic CMV manifestation, we suggest that CMV plays a crucial role in mediating the progression of atherosclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aorta/metabolism
- Aorta/pathology
- Aorta/virology
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/virology
- Cell Proliferation
- Coronary Artery Bypass
- Cytomegalovirus/genetics
- Cytomegalovirus/physiology
- DNA, Viral/blood
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/virology
- Female
- Humans
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Inflammation/virology
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/biosynthesis
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/virology
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/biosynthesis
- Risk Factors
- Sex Factors
- Smoking/adverse effects
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/biosynthesis
- Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- M Westphal
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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5
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Wörnle M, Schmid H, Banas B, Merkle M, Henger A, Roeder M, Blattner S, Bock E, Kretzler M, Gröne HJ, Schlöndorff D. Novel role of toll-like receptor 3 in hepatitis C-associated glomerulonephritis. Am J Pathol 2006; 168:370-85. [PMID: 16436653 PMCID: PMC1606499 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.050491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is frequently complicated by glomerulonephritis with immune complexes containing viral RNA. We examined the potential influence of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), specifically TLR3 recognition of viral dsRNA exemplified by polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid [poly(I:C) RNA]. Normal human kidney stained positive for TLR3 on mesangial cells (MCs), vascular smooth muscle cells, and collecting duct epithelium. Cultured MCs have low TLR3 mRNA levels with predominant intracellular protein localization, which was increased by tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, interferon (IFN)-gamma, and the TLR3 ligand poly(I:C) RNA. Poly(I:C) RNA stimulation of MCs increased mRNA and protein synthesis of IL-6, IL-1beta, M-CSF, IL-8/CXCL8, RANTES/CCL5, MCP-1/CCL2, and ICAM-I; it also increased anti-proliferative and proapoptotic effects, the latter of which was decreased by inhibiting caspase-8. In microdissected glomeruli of normal and non-HCV membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis biopsies, TLR3 mRNA expression was low. In contrast TLR3 mRNA expression was significantly increased in hepatitis C-positive glomerulonephritis and was associated with enhanced mRNA for RANTES/CCL5 and MCP-1/CCL2. We hypothesize that immune complexes containing viral RNA activate mesangial TLR3 during HCV infection, thereby contributing to chemokine/cytokine release and effecting proliferation and apoptosis. Thus, TLR3 expression on renal cells, and especially MCs, may establish a link between viral infections and glomerular diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Epithelium/metabolism
- Epithelium/virology
- Glomerulonephritis/immunology
- Glomerulonephritis/metabolism
- Glomerulonephritis/virology
- Hepacivirus/genetics
- Hepacivirus/pathogenicity
- Hepatitis C/complications
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Interleukin-1/pharmacology
- Kidney/cytology
- Kidney/metabolism
- Kidney/virology
- Kidney Tubules, Collecting/cytology
- Kidney Tubules, Collecting/metabolism
- Kidney Tubules, Collecting/virology
- Ligands
- Mesangial Cells/metabolism
- Mesangial Cells/virology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/virology
- Poly I-C/metabolism
- RNA, Double-Stranded/genetics
- RNA, Double-Stranded/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptor 3/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 3/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Wörnle
- Medical Policlinic, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany
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6
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Denby L, Nicklin SA, Baker AH. Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-7 and -8 poorly transduce vascular endothelial cells and are sensitive to proteasomal degradation. Gene Ther 2006; 12:1534-8. [PMID: 15944729 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Transduction of the vascular endothelium by adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors would have broad appeal for gene therapy. However, levels of transduction by AAV serotype-2 are low, an observation linked to deficiencies in endothelial cell binding, sequestration of virions in the extracellular matrix and/or virion degradation by the proteasome. Strategies to improve transduction of endothelial cells include AAV-2 capsid targeting using small peptides isolated by phage display or the use of alternate serotypes. Previously, we have shown that AAV serotypes-3 through -6 transduce endothelial cells with poor efficiency. Recently, AAV serotypes-7 and -8 have been shown to mediate efficient transduction of the skeletal muscle and liver, respectively, although their infectivity profile for vascular cells has not been addressed. Here, we show that AAV-7 and -8 also transduce endothelial cells with poor efficiency and the levels of transgene expression are markedly enhanced by inhibition of the proteasome. In both cases proteasome blockade enhances the nuclear translocation of virions. We further show that this is vascular cell-type selective since transduction of smooth muscle cells is not sensitive to proteasome inhibition. Analysis in intact blood vessels corroborated these findings and suggests that proteasome degradation is a common limiting factor for endothelial cell transduction by AAV vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Denby
- British Heart Foundation, Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Division of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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7
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Qian Z, Haessler M, Lemos JA, Arsenault JR, Aguirre JE, Gilbert JR, Bowler RP, Park F. Targeting vascular injury using Hantavirus-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors. Mol Ther 2006; 13:694-704. [PMID: 16431160 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2005] [Revised: 11/02/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Restenosis is a pathological condition involving intimal hyperplasia and negative arterial remodeling. Gene therapy vectors have shown modest therapeutic effects, but the level of infectivity has been relatively poor. In the present study we have designed a modified lentiviral vector (LV) pseudotyped with a strain of Hantavirus (HTNV) to improve the transduction efficiency into vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo. In vivo studies using adult New Zealand White rabbits demonstrated that local delivery of HTNV-pseudotyped LV (2 x 10(7) TU) into balloon-injured carotid arteries led to highly efficient transduction into endothelial and smooth muscle cells more effectively than VSV-G-pseudotyped LV (2 x 10(7) TU) or replication-defective adenoviral vectors (1-1.5 x 10(9) pfu) as determined by beta-gal immunohistochemistry. Overexpression of extracellular superoxide dismutase in balloon-injured carotid arteries 6 weeks after LV administration resulted in a significant reduction (P = 0.0024) of the intima/media ratio (0.18 +/- 0.09; n = 4) compared to vehicle-infused carotid arteries (0.69 +/- 0.08; n = 7). No beta-gal immunostaining was detected in other systemic organs, including the spleen, liver, heart, lung, kidneys, and brain. Moreover, no changes in plasma alanine aminotransferase or aspartate aminotransferase were detected following LV administration. In all, these data show that LV pseudotyped with Hantaviral glycoproteins can be a useful vector for targeting therapeutic genes to the vasculature in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Qian
- Department of Radiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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8
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Reinhardt B, Mertens T, Mayr-Beyrle U, Frank H, Lüske A, Schierling K, Waltenberger J. HCMV infection of human vascular smooth muscle cells leads to enhanced expression of functionally intact PDGF beta-receptor. Cardiovasc Res 2005; 67:151-60. [PMID: 15949479 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardiores.2005.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2004] [Revised: 03/12/2005] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytomegaloviruses have been shown to promote atherogenesis in animal models. In humans, several epidemiological and clinical studies suggest involvement of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in the development of atherosclerosis. HCMV is suspected to be associated with an enhanced restenosis rate and the occurrence of vasculopathies after solid organ transplantation. However, knowledge about the cellular and molecular bases of these findings is very limited. METHODS AND RESULTS Human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCASMC) were successfully infected with HCMV in vitro. Infection of HCASMC with all HCMV strains analyzed resulted in a substantial upregulation of the beta-receptor of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGFR-beta) expression as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, FACS, and Western blot analysis. The amount of PDGFR-beta protein present in HCASMC rapidly increased after 12 h of infection and this difference persisted for 72 h post-infection. We showed by quantitative FACS analysis that the extent of PDGFR-beta upregulation differed significantly between the HCMV strains TB40E, Toledo, and AD169. The expression of insulin-like growth factor receptors as well as hepatocyte growth factor receptors, however, was down-modulated in HCMV-infected HCASMC. Most importantly, the HCMV-associated upregulation of PDGFR-beta protein resulted in functionally intact receptors. A significantly higher increase of proliferative activity following stimulation with PDGF-BB was observed in HCMV-infected HCASMC compared to the uninfected control. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that HCMV directly activates the PDGF system, which could promote atherogenesis and restenosis by activation of smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointima formation.
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9
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Furukoji E, Matsumoto M, Yamashita A, Yagi H, Sakurai Y, Marutsuka K, Hatakeyama K, Morishita K, Fujimura Y, Tamura S, Asada Y. Adenovirus-Mediated Transfer of Human Placental Ectonucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolase to Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Suppresses Platelet Aggregation In Vitro and Arterial Thrombus Formation In Vivo. Circulation 2005; 111:808-15. [PMID: 15699260 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000155239.46511.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Platelet-rich thrombus formation is a critical event in the onset of cardiovascular disease. Because ADP plays a significant role in platelet aggregation, its metabolism is important in the regulation of platelet activation and recruitment. Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (E-NTPDase) is a key enzyme involved in vascular ADP metabolism. We recently isolated 2 isoforms of E-NTPDase from the human placenta. The present study examined whether these isoforms suppress platelet aggregation and thrombus formation after adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs).
Methods and Results—
We constructed adenovirus vectors expressing human placental E-NTPDase isoforms I (AdPlac I) and II (AdPlac II) or bacterial β-galactosidase (AdLacZ). Vascular SMCs infected with AdPlac I expressed significant NTPDase activity and inhibited the platelet aggregation induced by ADP and collagen in vitro. In contrast, SMCs infected with AdPlac II and AdLacZ did not exert antiplatelet effects. To investigate the antithrombotic and antiproliferative effects of placental E-NTPDase isoform I in vivo, we generated thrombosis in rat carotid arteries by systemically administered rose Bengal and transluminal green light 5 days after gene transfer and examined neointimal growth 3 weeks after thrombus formation. Blood flow in AdLacZ-infected arteries rapidly deteriorated and vanished within 96±18 seconds of occlusive thrombus formation. In contrast, blood flow in AdPlac I–infected arteries was preserved for at least 10 minutes during irradiation. In addition, thrombus formation and subsequent neointimal growth were obviously suppressed.
Conclusions—
The local expression of placental E-NTPDase in injured arteries might prevent arterial thrombosis and subsequent neointimal growth.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine Triphosphatases/biosynthesis
- Adenosine Triphosphatases/genetics
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Aorta, Thoracic
- Apyrase/biosynthesis
- Apyrase/genetics
- Blood Coagulation
- Carotid Arteries/surgery
- Cells, Cultured
- Humans
- Ligation
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/virology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/virology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic
- Placenta/enzymology
- Platelet Aggregation/physiology
- Platelet Aggregation/radiation effects
- Platelet Function Tests
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Thrombosis/prevention & control
- Transduction, Genetic/methods
- Tunica Intima/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Furukoji
- Department of Radiology, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Japan
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10
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Kloppenburg G, de Graaf R, Herngreen S, Grauls G, Bruggeman C, Stassen F. Cytomegalovirus aggravates intimal hyperplasia in rats by stimulating smooth muscle cell proliferation. Microbes Infect 2005; 7:164-70. [PMID: 15716015 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2004] [Revised: 10/12/2004] [Accepted: 10/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological and animal studies suggest a role for cytomegalovirus (CMV) in restenosis. Previously, we demonstrated that proliferating smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in the injured arterial wall are particularly susceptible to CMV-induced effects. Therefore, we hypothesised that, depending on the time point of infection after vascular injury, CMV infection may affect cell proliferation either in the media or in the neointima, thereby aggravating the process of restenosis. In the present study, we focused on the individual layers of the arterial wall by evaluating, besides the neointima-to-media ratio, the medial and neointimal area and cellularity in the rat femoral artery. Vascular injury was photochemically induced in rat femoral arteries. Immediately or 14 days thereafter, rats were infected with rat CMV (RCMV) or mock infected. The presence of RCMV in the vascular wall was determined at 3, 5, 14 and 35 days after infection by quantitative real-time PCR. When rats were infected immediately after injury, a significant increase was seen only in the medial but not in the neointimal cross-sectional area. On the other hand, when rats were infected 14 days after the initial injury, a significant increase was only seen in the neointimal area, thereby confirming our hypothesis that RCMV infection primary affects proliferating SMCs. As the mean number of SMCs per microm2 in both cell layers was unchanged despite an increase in cross-sectional area, this implies that RCMV stimulated SMC proliferation. Furthermore, these vascular effects were observed without the virus being abundantly present in the vascular wall, suggesting that inflammatory and immune-mediated responses to RCMV infection are more important in aggravating the response to vascular injury than the virus itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Kloppenburg
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Maastricht Infection Centre, University Hospital Maastricht, P. Debyelaan 25, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, the Netherlands
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11
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Abstract
Mimicking host proteins is a strategy adopted by several herpesviruses to exploit the host cell for their own benefit. In this respect the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) chemokine receptor homologue US28, has been extensively studied. Molecular pirates such as US28 can teach us about crucial events in HCMV infection and may either offer a potential target for antiviral therapy or provide an alternative strategy to immune suppression. Despite elaborate research into the chemokine binding affinity, signalling properties, intracellular trafficking and expression kinetics of US28, a solid hypothesis about the role of US28 in HCMV infection has not yet been proposed. It appears that US28 may behave as a molecular pirate that employs smart strategies for cell entry, host gene regulation and immune evasion. This review will elaborate on these aspects of US28 biology and discuss possible implications for HCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Boomker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Biology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Gravel SP, Servant MJ. Roles of an IkappaB kinase-related pathway in human cytomegalovirus-infected vascular smooth muscle cells: a molecular link in pathogen-induced proatherosclerotic conditions. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:7477-86. [PMID: 15619605 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m410392200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral and bacterial pathogens have long been suspected to affect atherogenesis directly. However, mechanisms linking innate immunity to chronic inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis are still poorly defined. Here we show that infection of primary human aortic smooth muscle cells (HAOSMC) with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) leads to activation of the novel IkappaB kinase (IKK)-related kinase, Tank-binding kinase-1 (TBK1), a major effector of the cellular innate immune response. We demonstrate that part of the HCMV inflammatory response is most likely mediated via this novel kinase because the canonical IKK complex was only poorly activated upon infection of HAOSMC. An increase in TBK1 phosphotransferase activity led to a strong activation of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-3 transcription factor as measured by its C-terminal phosphorylation, dimerization, and DNA binding activity. In addition to TBK1, HAOSMC also express another IKK-related kinase isoform, IKKepsilon, albeit at a lower level. Nevertheless, both isoforms were required for full activation of IRF-3 by HCMV. The transcripts of proatherosclerotic genes Ccl5 (encoding for the chemokine RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted)) and Cxcl10 (encoding for the chemokine IP-10 (interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10)) were induced in an IRF-3-dependent manner after HCMV infection of smooth muscle cells. In addition, cytokine arrays analysis showed that RANTES and IP-10 were the predominant chemokines present in the supernatant of HCMV-infected HAOSMC. Activation of the TBK1/IRF-3 pathway was independent of epidermal growth factor receptor and pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein-coupled receptor activation. Our results thus add additional molecular clues to a possible role of HCMV as a modulator of atherogenesis through the induction of a proinflammatory response that is, in part, dependent of an IKK-related kinase pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Arteriosclerosis/pathology
- Arteriosclerosis/virology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL5/metabolism
- Chemokine CXCL10
- Chemokines, CC/metabolism
- Chemokines, CXC/metabolism
- Cycloheximide/pharmacology
- Cytomegalovirus/genetics
- DNA/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Dimerization
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Enzyme Activation
- GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- I-kappa B Kinase
- Inflammation
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-3
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/virology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/virology
- Pertussis Toxin/pharmacology
- Phosphorylation
- Plasmids/metabolism
- Protein Isoforms
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Rats
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Signal Transduction
- Time Factors
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- U937 Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon-Pierre Gravel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
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13
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Abstract
Mechanistic studies of hantavirus persistence in rodent reservoirs have been limited by the lack of a versatile animal model. This report describes findings from experimental infection of inbred Lewis rats with Seoul virus strain 80-39. Rats inoculated with virus intraperitoneally at 6 days of age became persistently infected without clinical signs. Tissues from Seoul virus-inoculated 6-day-old rats were assessed at 6, 9, and 12 weeks post-inoculation for viral RNA by RT-PCR and in situ hybridization (ISH) and for infectious virus by inoculation of Vero E6 cells. Virus was isolated from lung and kidney of infected rats at 6 weeks and viral RNA was detected in lung, kidney, pancreas, salivary gland, brain, spleen, liver and skin at 6, 9 and 12 weeks. Rats inoculated with Seoul virus intraperitoneally at 10 or 21 days of age became infected without clinical signs but had low to undetectable levels of viral RNA in tissues at 6 weeks post-inoculation. ISH identified vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells as common sites of persistent infection. Cultured rat smooth muscle cells and to a lesser extent cultured endothelial cells also were susceptible to Seoul virus infection. Pancreatic infection resulted in insulitis with associated hyperglycemia. These studies demonstrate that infant Lewis rats are uniformly susceptible to asymptomatic persistent Seoul virus infection. Additionally, they offer opportunities for correlative in vivo and in vitro study of Seoul virus interactions in host cell types that support persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Compton
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticutt 06520, USA.
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14
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Work LM, Nicklin SA, Brain NJR, Dishart KL, Von Seggern DJ, Hallek M, Büning H, Baker AH. Development of Efficient Viral Vectors Selective for Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Mol Ther 2004; 9:198-208. [PMID: 14759804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2003.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2003] [Accepted: 11/14/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) is integral to the pathogenesis of neointimal formation associated with late vein graft failure, in-stent restenosis, and transplant arteriopathy. Viral vectors transduce SMC with low efficiency and hence, there is a need for improvement. We aimed to enhance the efficiency and selectivity of gene delivery to human SMC. Targeting ligands were identified using phage display on primary human saphenous vein SMC with linear and cyclic libraries. Two linear peptides, EYHHYNK (EYH) and GETRAPL (GET), were incorporated into the HI loop of adenovirus (Ad) fibers and the capsid protein of adeno-associated virus-2 (AAV-2). Exposure of human venous SMC to EYH-modified (but not the GET-modified) Ad vector resulted in a significant increase in transgene expression levels at short, clinically relevant exposure times. Similarly, the EYH-modified AAV vector resulted in enhanced gene transfer to human venous SMC but not endothelial cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The EYH-modified AAV vector also enhanced (up to 70-fold) gene delivery to primary human arterial SMC. Hence, incorporation of EYH into Ad and AAV capsids resulted in a significant and selective enhancement in transduction of SMC and has implications for improving local gene delivery to the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine M Work
- Division of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G11 6NT, UK
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15
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von der Thüsen JH, Fekkes ML, Passier R, van Zonneveld AJ, Mainfroid V, van Berkel TJC, Biessen EAL. Adenoviral transfer of endothelial nitric oxide synthase attenuates lesion formation in a novel murine model of postangioplasty restenosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 24:357-62. [PMID: 14699016 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000114235.51044.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Restenosis remains a major late complication of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), for which the development of prevention strategies has thus far been hampered by the lack of a representative and practical animal model. We have, therefore, developed a murine model of PTCA-induced restenosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Rigid probe angioplasty of pre-existing atherosclerotic lesions in the carotid arteries of ApoE-deficient mice was found to result in an increase in lesion size (0.14+/-0.04x10(5) microm2 to 0.42+/-0.09x10(5) microm2, P=0.007) with a smooth muscle cell-rich, fibrotic lesion morphology. In an additional experiment, lesions were incubated immediately after angioplasty with adenovirus bearing an endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) transgene (Ad.APT.eNOS), or an "empty" control virus (Ad.APT.empty) at a titer of 1.5x10(9) pfu/mL. Ad.APT.eNOS treatment was seen to lead to a 73.1% reduction in plaque size (0.27+/-0.04x10(5) microm2 versus 1.02+/-0.39x10(5) microm2, P=0.07), which translated to a significantly lowered average degree of stenosis (33.6+/-4.1% versus 74.6+/-14.0%, P=0.02). Ad.APT.eNOS also decreased lesional collagen content from 29.1% to 4.8% (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS We believe that we have established a representative murine model of postangioplasty restenosis, which may serve to elucidate the mechanisms underlying restenosis and to evaluate potential antirestenotic therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary/adverse effects
- Animals
- Apolipoproteins E/deficiency
- Apolipoproteins E/genetics
- Carotid Artery Diseases/enzymology
- Carotid Artery Diseases/etiology
- Carotid Artery Diseases/pathology
- Carotid Artery Diseases/therapy
- Carotid Artery, External/enzymology
- Carotid Artery, External/pathology
- Carotid Artery, External/surgery
- Carotid Artery, External/virology
- Constriction, Pathologic/enzymology
- Constriction, Pathologic/etiology
- Constriction, Pathologic/pathology
- Constriction, Pathologic/therapy
- Coronary Restenosis/enzymology
- Coronary Restenosis/therapy
- Disease Models, Animal
- Efficiency/physiology
- Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/virology
- Female
- Frozen Sections/methods
- Genetic Therapy
- Genetic Vectors/biosynthesis
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Genetic Vectors/therapeutic use
- Immunohistochemistry
- Mice
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/virology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/biosynthesis
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/therapeutic use
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III
- Transduction, Genetic/methods
- Transduction, Genetic/standards
- beta-Galactosidase/analysis
- beta-Galactosidase/biosynthesis
- beta-Galactosidase/genetics
- beta-Galactosidase/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan H von der Thüsen
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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16
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Lin Y, Zhu X, McLntee FL, Xiao H, Zhang J, Fu M, Chen YE. Interferon regulatory factor-1 mediates PPARgamma-induced apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 24:257-63. [PMID: 14656743 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000109170.43400.2f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) possesses general beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system, such as inhibition of vascular lesion formation and atherosclerosis. However, molecular mechanisms for these effects are yet to be fully defined. The aim of this study is to elucidate whether interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1), a transcriptional factor with anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic properties, mediates PPARgamma-induced apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). METHODS AND RESULTS Using Northern and Western blot analyses, we documented that PPARgamma ligands, including ciglitazone, troglitazone, and GW7845, significantly increased IRF-1 expression in VSMCs; however, the PPARalpha ligand (Wy14643) and PPARdelta ligand (GW0742) did not affect its expression. PPARgamma-induced IRF-1 expression was abrogated by pretreatment with the PPARgamma antagonist GW9662. In contrast, adenoviral expression of PPARgamma in VSMCs dramatically increased IRF-1 level. Furthermore, PPARgamma activation increased IRF-1 promoter activity but did not affect IRF-1 mRNA stability. Finally, reducing IRF-1 expression by antisense technology attenuated PPARgamma-induced VSMC apoptosis through decreasing cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(cip1) and caspase-3 activity. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that IRF-1 is a novel PPARgamma target gene and mediates PPARgamma-induced VSMC apoptosis.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Animals
- Aorta/cytology
- Aorta/virology
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Chromans/pharmacology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-1
- Ligands
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/chemistry
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/virology
- Oxazoles/pharmacology
- Phosphoproteins/genetics
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Phosphoproteins/physiology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/physiology
- RNA Stability/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/physiology
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/physiology
- Thiazolidinediones/pharmacology
- Time Factors
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Troglitazone
- Tyrosine/analogs & derivatives
- Tyrosine/pharmacology
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Lin
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
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17
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Dhaunsi GS, Kaur J, Turner RB. Role of NADPH oxidase in cytomegalovirus-induced proliferation of human coronary artery smooth muscle cells. J Biomed Sci 2003; 10:505-9. [PMID: 12928590 DOI: 10.1007/bf02256111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2002] [Accepted: 05/05/2003] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of infectious agents have been implicated in the development of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and posttransplantation arterial restenosis. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been reported to cause obliteration of coronary arteries by a progressive vasculopathy that involves proliferation of medial smooth muscle cells (SMC). In this study, we report that CMV enhances the serum-induced proliferation of human coronary SMC through activation of a superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase. Exposure of SMC to CMV for 2 h was associated with an 80% increase in NADPH oxidase. This increase in oxidase activity was associated with a two-fold increase in serum-induced DNA synthesis (5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation) and significant interleukin-8 (IL-8) production by SMC. Diphenylene iodonium, an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, significantly inhibited CMV-induced IL-8 production and promotion of serum-induced DNA synthesis. Similar effects were seen following pretreatment of SMC with N-acetyl cysteine, a potent antioxidant, suggesting that oxidative stress following CMV exposure might be responsible for triggering the proliferation of SMC. From this study, we conclude that CMV-mediated promotion of SMC growth is redox sensitive and may be mediated by NADPH oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gursev S Dhaunsi
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, S.C., USA
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18
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is considered to be an inflammatory disease. Chemokines are low-molecular-weight proteins that exert their effects, in part, through mediating leukocytic infiltration into the vessel wall. Recently, studies have determined that chemokines and their receptors are present, and function on other cellular components comprising the arterial wall, such as the endothelium and vascular smooth muscle. Smooth muscle cells (SMC) constitute the major cellular element of the arterial wall and are located predominantly in the arterial media. Recent studies have demonstrated that SMC possess a number of functional chemokine receptors, including CCR5, CXCR4, and a receptor for monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). It is likely that SMC are increasingly recognized as potential targets for chemokines, and that these effects may influence a variety of normal and pathological processes involving SMC such as atherosclerosis and arterial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison D Schecter
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, New York, NY 14642, USA.
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19
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Markmann A, Rauterberg J, Vischer P, Robenek H, Echtermeyer F, Will H, Seidler DG, Young MF, Kresse H. Expression of transcription factors and matrix genes in response to serum stimulus in vascular smooth muscle cells. Eur J Cell Biol 2003; 82:119-29. [PMID: 12691261 DOI: 10.1078/0171-9335-00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During atherogenesis vascular smooth muscle cells are converted from a contractile into a synthetic phenotype characterized by enhanced matrix production. The transcription factors Gax and GATA-6 are considered negative, and Oct-1 positive regulators of the synthetic phenotype. Since the phenotype transition can be induced by culturing the cells with serum, we followed the expression of Gax, GATA-6 and Oct-1, integrins and matrix genes in quiescent porcine vascular smooth muscle cells after serum application. Comparisons were made between enzymatically released primary smooth muscle cells and cells grown out from explants of the medial layer of porcine aorta. The serum-mediated down-regulation of Gax was more intense than that of GATA-6, and stronger in explant-derived than in primary cells. Serum was without influence on the expression of Oct-1. Changes in the expression of the transcription factors preceded the induction of integrin alpha2 and the down-regulation of decorin, while mRNAs for laminin beta1 and osteopontin rose immediately after serum stimulation. Primary cells reacted more rapidly than explant cells with respect to changes in laminin isoforms. Studies with a Gax-expressing adenovirus indicated that among all the gene products tested only the expression of integrin alpha2 responded to Gax induction. Thus, our data show that i) Gax should be considered a transcription factor being directly responsible for only few aspects of the phenotypic conversion of smooth muscle cells and that ii) explant cells may represent a subpopulation of smooth muscle cells, which differ from the total population of smooth muscle cells, as obtained in primary culture, in their response to serum stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Markmann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Münster/Germany
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20
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Abstract
The gamma-herpes virus bovine herpes virus type 4 (BoHV-4) is distributed worldwide in cattle populations with unknown pathogenicity. Bovine endothelial cells were recently shown to be susceptible to BoHV-4 infection in vitro and this virus accelerated the cholesterol-induced atherosclerotic process in rabbits. In this study, the in vivo effect of BoHV-4 on cardiovascular tissue was investigated by intravenous infection of rabbits fed a cholesterol free diet. Inflammatory lesions of vascular tissue in aortic and valvular endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells were detected by H&E staining, PCR, IF, EM immunohistochemistry, while virus isolation was used to detect virus particles. Acute and chronic vasculitis, signs of chronic endocarditis, with mononuclear cell accumulation and a fresh thrombus was found. Herpes viruses have already been thought to initiate cardio-vascular disorders, now this paper shows that a bovine gamma-herpes virus could also be a causative agent of vascular lesions in mammals fed a normal diet. BoHV-4-infection of rabbits could serve as a useful animal model for research into virus-induced human cardio-vascular diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/metabolism
- Aorta, Thoracic/pathology
- Aorta, Thoracic/virology
- DNA, Viral/chemistry
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Dexamethasone/metabolism
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique/veterinary
- Heart/virology
- Herpesviridae Infections/pathology
- Herpesviridae Infections/veterinary
- Herpesviridae Infections/virology
- Herpesvirus 4, Bovine/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Bovine/growth & development
- Immunosuppressive Agents/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/virology
- Myocardium/pathology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary
- Rabbits/virology
- Vasculitis/veterinary
- Vasculitis/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- László Egyed
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 18, H-1581 Budapest, Hungary.
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21
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Nicklin SA, Buening H, Dishart KL, de Alwis M, Girod A, Hacker U, Thrasher AJ, Ali RR, Hallek M, Baker AH. Efficient and selective AAV2-mediated gene transfer directed to human vascular endothelial cells. Mol Ther 2001; 4:174-81. [PMID: 11545607 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2001.0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy vectors based on adeno-associated virus-2 (AAV2) offer considerable promise for human gene therapy. Applications for AAV vectors are limited to tissues efficiently transduced by the vector due to its natural tropism, which is predominantly skeletal muscle, neurons, and hepatocytes. Tropism modification to elevate efficiency and/or selectivity to individual cell types would enhance the scope of AAV for disease therapies. The vascular endothelium is implicitly important in cardiovascular diseases and cancer, but is relatively poorly transduced by AAV vectors. We therefore genetically incorporated the peptide SIGYPLP, which targets endothelial cells (EC), into position I-587 of AAV capsids. SIGYPLP-modified AAV (AAVsig) showed enhanced transduction of human EC compared with AAV with a wild-type capsid (AAVwt), a phenotype independent of heparan sulphate proteoglycan (HSPG) binding. In contrast, AAVsig did not enhance transduction of primary human vascular smooth muscle cells or human hepatocytes, principal targets for AAV vectors in local or systemic gene delivery applications, respectively. Furthermore, infection of EC in the presence of bafilomycin A(2) indicated that intracellular trafficking of AAV particles was altered by targeting AAV by means of SIGYPLP. AAV vectors with enhanced tropism for EC will be useful for diverse gene therapeutics targeted at the vasculature.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
- Biological Transport/drug effects
- Capsid/chemistry
- Capsid/genetics
- Capsid/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Dependovirus/drug effects
- Dependovirus/genetics
- Dependovirus/metabolism
- Dependovirus/physiology
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/virology
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Genetic Engineering
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- HeLa Cells
- Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans/antagonists & inhibitors
- Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans/metabolism
- Heparin/pharmacology
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Hepatocytes/virology
- Humans
- Macrolides
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/virology
- Mutation
- Organ Specificity
- Receptors, Virus/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Transduction, Genetic/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Nicklin
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G11 6NT, UK
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22
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Schecter AD, Berman AB, Yi L, Mosoian A, McManus CM, Berman JW, Klotman ME, Taubman MB. HIV envelope gp120 activates human arterial smooth muscle cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:10142-7. [PMID: 11504923 PMCID: PMC56929 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.181328798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been increasing reports of acute coronary thrombotic events in patients with HIV. Although these clinical events have been attributed primarily to dyslipidemia associated with protease inhibitor therapy, autopsy studies in children with HIV suggest the presence of an underlying arteriopathy. This study demonstrates that the HIV envelope protein, gp120, activates human arterial smooth muscle cells to express tissue factor, the initiator of the coagulation cascade. The induction of tissue factor by gp120 is mediated by two biologically relevant coreceptors for HIV infection, CXCR4 and CCR5, and is also dependent on the presence of functional CD4. Induction of tissue factor by gp120 requires activation of mitogen-activating protein kinases, activation of protein kinase C, and generation of reactive oxygen species, signaling pathways that have protean effects on smooth muscle cell physiology. The activation of smooth muscle cells by gp120 may play an important role in the vascular, thrombotic, and inflammatory responses to HIV infection.
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MESH Headings
- CD4 Antigens/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CXCL12
- Chemokines, CXC/metabolism
- Chemokines, CXC/pharmacology
- Coronary Thrombosis/etiology
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/toxicity
- HIV Infections/complications
- Humans
- Ligands
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/virology
- Protein Kinase C/metabolism
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR5/metabolism
- Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/toxicity
- Thromboplastin/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Schecter
- Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA. alison.schecter@.mssm.edu
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23
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Kermani P, Leclerc G, Martel R, Fareh J. Effect of ionizing radiation on thymidine uptake, differentiation, and VEGFR2 receptor expression in endothelial cells: the role of VEGF(165). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001; 50:213-20. [PMID: 11316566 DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(01)01445-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Late thrombosis of irradiated vascular segments may be the consequence of endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction after radiation therapy. We investigated the effects of beta ionizing radiation on human EC viability, thymidine uptake, and differentiation. METHODS AND MATERIALS Endothelial cells were exposed to (32)P-labeled DNA oligonucleotides in incremental doses of 2, 6, and 10 Gy. The modulation of the VEGFR2 receptor expression after irradiation and the overall potential radioprotective effect of VEGF(165) on these functions were assayed. RESULTS A dose-dependent inhibitory effect of beta irradiation on ECs' thymidine uptake and differentiation was observed. EC viability, however, was not affected at levels of radiation up to 10 Gy. VEGF(165) proved to have a radioprotective effect as ECs' thymidine uptake, after radiation doses of 2, 6, and 10 Gy, was increased by 1.5-, 2-, and 4-fold, respectively, in the presence of 10 ng/ml of VEGF(165) (p < 0.05 vs. LacZ). This concentration of VEGF(165) also proved beneficial in maintaining cell differentiation at 16 h postirradiation when compared to controls. These biologic effects were in direct correlation with the upregulation of VEGFR2 receptor expression in irradiated ECs. CONCLUSIONS beta irradiation interacts directly with EC functions by significantly reducing their ability to differentiate and proliferate, associated with upregulation of VEGFR2. These effects can be prevented in part by pretreating cells with VEGF(165), an effect potentially favored by the upregulation of VEGFR2 receptor expression after irradiation.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviruses, Human/genetics
- Beta Particles
- Cell Differentiation/radiation effects
- Cell Division/radiation effects
- Cell Survival/radiation effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelial Growth Factors/biosynthesis
- Endothelial Growth Factors/genetics
- Endothelial Growth Factors/metabolism
- Endothelial Growth Factors/physiology
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/radiation effects
- Humans
- Lymphokines/biosynthesis
- Lymphokines/genetics
- Lymphokines/metabolism
- Lymphokines/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/virology
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/biosynthesis
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Receptors, Growth Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
- Thymidine/pharmacokinetics
- Up-Regulation/radiation effects
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kermani
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Louis-Charles Simard Research Center, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 1560 Sherbrooke East, Montréal, Québec, H2L 4M1 Canada
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24
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Havenga MJ, Lemckert AA, Grimbergen JM, Vogels R, Huisman LG, Valerio D, Bout A, Quax PH. Improved adenovirus vectors for infection of cardiovascular tissues. J Virol 2001; 75:3335-42. [PMID: 11238859 PMCID: PMC114126 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.7.3335-3342.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify improved adenovirus vectors for cardiovascular gene therapy, a library of adenovirus vectors based on adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) but carrying fiber molecules of other human serotypes, was generated. This library was tested for efficiency of infection of human primary vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Based on luciferase, LacZ, or green fluorescent protein (GFP) marker gene expression, several fiber chimeric vectors were identified that displayed improved infection of these cell types. One of the viruses that performed particularly well is an Ad5 carrying the fiber of Ad16 (Ad5.Fib16), a subgroup B virus. This virus showed, on average, 8- and 64-fold-increased luciferase activities on umbilical vein ECs and SMCs, respectively, compared to the parent vector. GFP and lacZ markers showed that approximately 3-fold (ECs) and 10-fold (SMCs) more cells were transduced. Experiments performed with both cultured SMCs and organ cultures derived from different vascular origins (saphenous vein, iliac artery, left interior mammary artery, and aorta) and from different species demonstrated that Ad5.Fib16 consistently displays improved infection in primates (humans and rhesus monkeys). SMCs of the same vessels of rodents and pigs were less infectable with Ad5.Fib16 than with Ad5. This suggests that either the receptor for human Ad16 is not conserved between different species or that differences in the expression levels of the putative receptor exist. In conclusion, our results show that an Ad5-based virus carrying the fiber of Ad16 is a potent vector for the transduction of primate cardiovascular cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Havenga
- Crucell Holland B.V., 2301 CA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hengel
- Robert Koch Institute, Dept of Virology, POB 650280, 13302 Berlin, Germany.
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26
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Richter M, Iwata A, Nyhuis J, Nitta Y, Miller AD, Halbert CL, Allen MD. Adeno-associated virus vector transduction of vascular smooth muscle cells in vivo. Physiol Genomics 2000; 2:117-27. [PMID: 11015590 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.2000.2.3.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors might offer solutions for restenosis and angiogenesis by transducing nondividing cells and providing long-term gene expression. We investigated the feasibility of vascular cell transduction by AAV vectors in an in vivo rabbit carotid artery model. Time course of gene expression, inflammatory reaction to the vector, and effects of varying viral titer, exposure time, and intraluminal pressures on gene expression were examined. Recombinant AAV vectors with an Rous sarcoma virus promoter and alkaline phosphatase reporter gene were injected intraluminally into transiently isolated carotid segments. Following transduction, gene expression increased significantly over 14 days and then remained stable to 28 days, the last time point examined. Medial vascular smooth muscle cells were the main cell type transduced even with an intact endothelial layer. Increasing the viral titer and intraluminal pressure both enhanced transduction efficiency to achieve a mean of 34 +/- 7% of the subintimal layer of smooth muscle cells expressing gene product. A mild inflammatory reaction, composed of T cells with only rare macrophages, with minimal intimal thickening was demonstrated in 40% of transduced vessels; inflammatory cells were not detected in sham-operated control arteries. These findings demonstrate that AAV is a promising vector for intravascular applications in coronary and peripheral vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Richter
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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27
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Dengler TJ, Raftery MJ, Werle M, Zimmermann R, Schönrich G. Cytomegalovirus infection of vascular cells induces expression of pro-inflammatory adhesion molecules by paracrine action of secreted interleukin-1beta. Transplantation 2000; 69:1160-8. [PMID: 10762222 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200003270-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has been associated with vascular disease processes such as vascular allograft rejection, transplantation vasculopathy, restenosis after angioplasty, and native atherosclerosis. To elucidate underlying pathomechanisms, the effect of acute HCMV infection on the expression of pro-inflammatory adhesion molecules on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and human vascular smooth muscle cells (hvSMC) was examined. METHODS AND RESULTS Cells were infected in vitro with clinical strains of HCMV and the resulting changes in adhesion molecule expression were quantified by histology and flow cytometric analysis. On HUVEC, surface expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and E-selectin was induced de novo on HCMV infection and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression was increased by >200%. On hvSMC, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 surface expression induced de novo, although vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and E-selectin were not changed. Expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, lymphocyte-function associated antigen 3 (LFA-3; CD58), and CD40 was not altered by HCMV infection in either cell type. In partially infected cultures, up-regulation of surface molecules also occurred on noninfected cells, suggesting a paracrine mechanism via a soluble factor. Expression of surface molecules could be enhanced in noninfected HUVEC and hvSMC by incubation with virus-free conditioned supernatant from HCMV-infected cells or by coincubation in transwells with infected cells. The responsible agent could be identified as IL- interleukin- (IL) 1beta by detection of de novo secretion of IL-1beta by HCMV-infected cells and by prevention of adhesion molecule up-regulation after addition of an IL-1-converting enzyme inhibitor or IL-1 receptor antagonist. Surface molecule up-regulation could be suppressed by UV inactivation of virus, but not by treatment of cell cultures with inhibitors of viral replication (ganciclovir). CONCLUSION We propose that HCMV infection induces IL-1beta release and subsequent up-regulation of pro-inflammatory adhesion molecules on noninfected neighboring cells through a paracrine mechanism. This may lead to local potentiation of the inflammatory effects of HCMV infection, not amenable to current therapeutic antiviral strategies.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/biosynthesis
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokines/biosynthesis
- Culture Media, Conditioned/chemistry
- Cytomegalovirus Infections/physiopathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/virology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Humans
- Interleukin-1/analysis
- Interleukin-1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-1/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/virology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/analysis
- Umbilical Veins/cytology
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Dengler
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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28
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Miyazaki T, Okamoto H, Kageyama T, Kobayashi T. Viremia-associated ana-aki-byo, a new viral disease in color carp Cyprinus carpio in Japan. Dis Aquat Organ 2000; 39:183-192. [PMID: 10768286 DOI: 10.3354/dao039183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A new virus disease that displays dermal ulceration and high mortality has been occurring since 1996 in color carp Cyprinus carpio reared in warm water in Japan. In histological examinations, initial erosive lesions displayed necrosis, hemorrhage and fibrin deposition in the dermal loose connective tissue and were accompanied by the partial destruction of the epidermis. Developed ulcerative lesions involved the lateral musculature with bacterial invasions. In visceral organs, necrotic cells were observed in the hematopoietic tissue, the spleen and the intestinal tissues as well as in cardiac muscle fibers which showed no signs of bacterial invasion. Electron microscopy revealed corona-like virus particles in these necrotic cells. The necrotic cells of the hematopoietic tissue and the spleen were accompanied by the formation of tubular structures and crystalline inclusions. The putative virus was isolated and cultured in epithelioma papillosum cyprini (EPC) cells. Carp experimentally inoculated with the cultured virus showed virus transmission, and the same pathological signs of the disease and mortalities as in natural infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Miyazaki
- Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan.
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29
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30
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Streblow DN, Soderberg-Naucler C, Vieira J, Smith P, Wakabayashi E, Ruchti F, Mattison K, Altschuler Y, Nelson JA. The human cytomegalovirus chemokine receptor US28 mediates vascular smooth muscle cell migration. Cell 1999; 99:511-20. [PMID: 10589679 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81539-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in vivo has been linked to a viral etiology of vascular disease. In this report, we demonstrate that HCMV infection of primary arterial SMCs results in significant cellular migration. Ablation of the chemokine receptor, US28, abrogates SMC migration, which is rescued only by expression of the viral homolog and not a cellular G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Expression of US28 in the presence of CC chemokines including RANTES or MCP-1 was sufficient to promote SMC migration by both chemokinesis and chemotaxis, which was inhibited by protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors. US28-mediated SMC migration provides a molecular basis for the correlative evidence that links HCMV to the acceleration of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Streblow
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and The Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201, USA
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31
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Lucas A, McFadden G. Harvesting viral proteins. CMAJ 1999; 161:1134. [PMID: 10569095 PMCID: PMC1230740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Lucas
- John P. Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London
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32
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Abstract
BACKGROUND This research was suggested after crystals that we observed in herpesvirus-infected cell cultures were identified as cholesterol. Other reports and the development of defined reagents led us to select the use of Marek's disease herpesvirus (MDV) infection of chickens to demonstrate a potential role of herpesviruses in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Available for our use were a clone-purified strain of MDV of known virulence, genetically selected, specific pathogen-free chickens, and appropriate isolation facilities to design controlled experiments to fulfill Koch's postulates. METHODS AND RESULTS Experiments were performed to test the roles of both MDV and dietary cholesterol in atherosclerosis. The birds were examined 7 months after MDV infection with and without cholesterol feeding for gross and microscopic arterial lesions. Atherosclerotic lesions were found only in infected normocholesterolemic or hypercholesterolemic birds. The character and distribution of these lesions closely resembled those found in the chronic human arterial disease. Atherosclerotic lesions were not found in uninfected birds even if the birds were hypercholesterolemic. CONCLUSIONS Evidence was obtained from other experiments that after MDV infection, cholesterol and cholesteryl esters accumulated in cell cultures and in atherosclerotic lesions. These changes were associated with altered enzymatic activity of the cholesterol synthesis cycle. Immunization with turkey herpesvirus vaccine or SB-1 vaccine prevented atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Fabricant
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bruggeman
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Cardiovascular Institute Maastricht (CARIM), University Hospital Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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34
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Abstract
The most common cause of death and retransplantation after heart transplantation is a rapidly progressive, obliterative vascular disease involving the coronary arteries, termed cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV). Most believe that this is a form of chronic rejection. Several clinical series have suggested an association between cytomegalovirus and CAV. Rat cytomegalovirus enhances the development of CAV in rat heterotopic heart or aortic transplantation models. The mechanism(s) by which cytomegalovirus might have an impact on the severity of chronic rejection include the augmentation of vascular growth factors, the alteration in the alloimmune response directly or the alteration of cytokines and cell adhesion molecules, enhancing cellular and humoral interactions. We previously reported that the infection of smooth muscle cells by cytomegalovirus resulted in the alteration of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules on the smooth muscle cell surface. In a subsequent report we demonstrated that a sublethal inoculum of cytomegalovirus produced no cytopathology in smooth muscle cells yet had the same viral burden as fibroblasts, which demonstrated cytopathology. The identical effects on major histocompatibility complex class I were observed in smooth muscle cells, and cytokine gene transcription was altered, favoring a proinflammatory milieu. These and most in vitro studies are carried out with the use of traditional laboratory strains of cytomegalovirus. We have subsequently demonstrated major genotypic differences between laboratory and clinical strains of cytomegalovirus that are associated in differences in biological activity in vitro. These include differences in tropism for vascular cells, differences in cell surface antigen expression, and differences in mesenchymal growth factor gene expression. All of these may have important implications with regard to associating cytomegalovirus with CAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Hosenpud
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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35
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Miyatake SI, Yukawa H, Toda H, Matsuoka N, Takahashi R, Hashimoto N. Inhibition of rat vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo by recombinant replication-competent herpes simplex virus. Stroke 1999; 30:2431-8; discussion 2438-9. [PMID: 10548681 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.30.11.2431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is a common feature associated with vascular proliferative disorders such as atherosclerosis and restenosis after balloon angioplasty. We examined the antiproliferative effects of recombinant replication-competent herpes simplex virus (HSV), hrR3, to proliferative VSMCs both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Early passages of Sprague-Dawley rat VSMCs were infected with hrR3 at a low multiplicity of infection (0.01 to 1.0) to examine the in vitro cytotoxic activity of this recombinant HSV to VSMCs in a proliferative state. Sprague-Dawley rats underwent balloon dilatation injury of the left carotid artery to induce neointimal formation. The injured carotid arteries were infected with hrR3 five days after balloon injury. Two weeks after injury, the left carotid arteries were fixed, and the areas of the neointimal and medial layers were analyzed microscopically. Because the reporter Escherichia coli lacZ gene in hrR3 is expressed only in infected cells in which the virus is actively replicating, virus replication was confirmed by X-gal staining. RESULTS A morphometric analysis revealed that there were significant differences in the intima/media ratio between the HSV-treated group and mock-infected group (0. 354+/-0.068 and 1.08+/-0.055, respectively). In the histological study (X-gal staining), positive X-gal staining was observed chiefly in the VSMCs in the medial layer just beneath the internal elastic lamina, indicating active viral replication. CONCLUSIONS Virus-mediated cytocidal therapy using recombinant HSV vector is a promising modality for the treatment of the restenosis after balloon angioplasty.
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MESH Headings
- Angioplasty, Balloon/adverse effects
- Animals
- Carotid Arteries/pathology
- Carotid Arteries/virology
- Carotid Artery Diseases/pathology
- Cell Division
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromogenic Compounds
- Elastic Tissue/pathology
- Elastic Tissue/virology
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/virology
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Galactosides
- Genes, Reporter/genetics
- Hyperplasia
- Immunohistochemistry
- Indoles
- Ki-67 Antigen/analysis
- Lac Operon/genetics
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/virology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Recurrence
- Simplexvirus/genetics
- Simplexvirus/physiology
- Tunica Intima/pathology
- Tunica Intima/virology
- Tunica Media/pathology
- Tunica Media/virology
- Virus Replication/genetics
- beta-Galactosidase
- von Willebrand Factor/analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Miyatake
- Department of Neurosurgery & Clinical Neuroscience, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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36
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Zhou YF, Shou M, Guetta E, Guzman R, Unger EF, Yu ZX, Zhang J, Finkel T, Epstein SE. Cytomegalovirus infection of rats increases the neointimal response to vascular injury without consistent evidence of direct infection of the vascular wall. Circulation 1999; 100:1569-75. [PMID: 10510062 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.100.14.1569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies suggest that infection may play a role in restenosis and atherogenesis; cytomegalovirus (CMV) is one of the implicated pathogens. To determine a potential causal role of CMV in these disease processes, we assessed whether CMV infection increases the neointimal response to injury of the rat carotid artery. METHODS AND RESULTS Carotid injury was performed on 60 rats; immediately thereafter, 30 rats were infected with rat CMV, and the other 30 were mock-infected. Six weeks later, rats were euthanized, and the salivary glands, spleen, and carotid arteries were harvested. CMV infection was associated with significant exacerbation of the neointimal response to injury (neointimal to medial ratio 0.81+/-0. 59 versus 0.31+/-0.38 in CMV-infected versus control rats; P<0.0001). This occurred despite absence of infectious virus from vascular tissues and detection of CMV DNA by polymerase chain reaction in the injured artery only at day 3 after infection. Persistent distant infection, associated with systemic cytokine response, was evidenced by isolation of infectious virus from homogenates of both salivary glands and spleen and by higher serum levels of interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-4 (but not interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) in infected versus noninfected rats. CONCLUSIONS CMV infection of immunocompetent adult rats increases the neointimal response to vascular injury, suggesting that CMV may play a causal role in atherosclerosis/restenosis. Importantly, this CMV-induced response occurs even without the presence of virus in the vascular wall, suggesting that inflammatory and immune responses to infection of nonvascular tissues may contribute to the vascular response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y F Zhou
- Cardiovascular Research Foundation, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Bruggeman
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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38
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Residual necks and recurrences frequently occur after endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms. Addition of fibrinogen and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) to the embolic material may promote healing of embolized aneurysms by increasing neointima formation at the neck. METHODS Bilateral carotid aneurysms were constructed with venous pouches in 31 dogs. Aneurysms were packed intraoperatively with bare Gelfoam sponges, sponges treated with fibrinogen, or fibrinogen sponges seeded with the animal's own VSMCs or peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Animals were killed after angiography at 3 weeks, and morphometric studies were performed to measure the thickness of the neointima at the neck of treated lesions. Angiographic results and mean thickness of neointimas were compared using ANOVA. In 8 animals, 1 aneurysm was embolized with sponge seeded with VSMCs transduced by adenoviral infection to express a fluorescent protein (green fluorescent protein), and gene expression was monitored for 4, 7, 14, and 21 days by fluorescent microscopy. RESULTS Aneurysms treated with sponges seeded with VSMCs had significantly thicker neointimas and were more completely obliterated at 3 weeks than control aneurysms treated with fibrinogen sponges. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells could not reproduce these findings. Sponges treated with fibrinogen alone promoted formation of a thicker neointima than bare sponges. Transduced cells transplanted into in vivo aneurysms still expressed green fluorescent protein at 3 weeks. CONCLUSIONS VMSC grafts can improve healing of experimental aneurysms treated by embolization. Transplantation of cells transduced to express a foreign gene opens the way for in situ gene therapy for cerebral aneurysms.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Adenoviridae/metabolism
- Aneurysm/diagnostic imaging
- Aneurysm/pathology
- Aneurysm/therapy
- Angiography
- Animals
- Carotid Artery Diseases/diagnostic imaging
- Carotid Artery Diseases/pathology
- Carotid Artery Diseases/therapy
- Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured/transplantation
- Cells, Cultured/virology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dogs
- Embolization, Therapeutic/methods
- Femoral Artery/cytology
- Fibrinogen/therapeutic use
- Follow-Up Studies
- Gene Expression
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- Indicators and Reagents/metabolism
- Luminescent Proteins/biosynthesis
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/transplantation
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/virology
- Tunica Intima/pathology
- Wound Healing
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Affiliation(s)
- J Raymond
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.
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39
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Dollery CM, Humphries SE, McClelland A, Latchman DS, McEwan JR. Expression of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases 1 by use of an adenoviral vector inhibits smooth muscle cell migration and reduces neointimal hyperplasia in the rat model of vascular balloon injury. Circulation 1999; 99:3199-205. [PMID: 10377085 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.99.24.3199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell migration is a major contributor to injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia and depends on alteration of the proteolytic balance within the arterial wall toward matrix breakdown. This is partly mediated by the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their natural inhibitors, the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). METHODS AND RESULTS An increase in expression of biologically active and immunoreactive TIMP-1 was seen in vitro after infection of rat smooth muscle cells (SMCs) with Av1.TIMP1 (an adenoviral vector containing the human TIMP1 cDNA). Infection of rat SMCs with Av1.TIMP1 reduced migration in vitro by 27% compared with control virus-infected cells (37.6+/-4.34 versus 51+/-5.01 cells per high-power field, P<0.05). The adenoviral vector was delivered to the injured rat carotid artery, and 4 days later, immunoreactive protein was identified and migration of SMCs reduced by 60% (5.2+/-0. 5 versus 12.8+/-1.5 cells per section, P<0.05, n=5). Neointimal area 14 days after injury showed a 30% reduction in the animals receiving the Av1.TIMP1 virus compared with controls (0.09+/-0.01 versus 0. 14+/-0.01 mm2, P=0.02, n=14). CONCLUSIONS The response to arterial balloon injury involves MMP-dependent SMC migration and can be attenuated in vivo by the transmural expression of TIMP-1 by adenoviral gene transfer.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Angioplasty, Balloon/adverse effects
- Animals
- Basement Membrane/chemistry
- Basement Membrane/cytology
- Basement Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Division/physiology
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA/biosynthesis
- DNA, Complementary
- Disease Models, Animal
- Extracellular Matrix/chemistry
- Extracellular Matrix/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Genetic Vectors
- Humans
- Hyperplasia
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/chemistry
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/virology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1/genetics
- Tunica Intima/chemistry
- Tunica Intima/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Dollery
- Hatter Institute, University College London Hospitals, the Division of Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Medicine, University College London, London, UK.
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40
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Denger S, Jahn L, Wende P, Watson L, Gerber SH, Kübler W, Kreuzer J. Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 cDNA in vascular smooth muscle cells: induction of the synthetic phenotype: a possible clue to SMC differentiation in the process of atherogenesis. Atherosclerosis 1999; 144:15-23. [PMID: 10381273 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(99)00033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In the arterial wall, smooth muscle cells (SMC) normally exist in a quiescent, differentiated state, representing the contractile phenotype. During the development of atherosclerosis SMC change towards the synthetic phenotype going along with proliferation, chemotactic response and increased monocyte binding. Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), a potent chemoattractant for monocytes, has been shown to be among the earliest events in atherogenesis. We investigated the effect of MCP-1 on differentiated and dedifferentiated SMC. Differentiation of SMC was induced using Matrigel as a matrix for cultivation. MCP-1 was expressed in SMC by means of a recombinant adenovirus. Expression of MCP-1 led to dedifferentiation of SMC as demonstrated by induction of cytokeratin 18, a marker for the synthetic phenotype. Concurrently, migration was only detectable in MCP-1 expressing cells, whereas SMC infected with a control virus, coding for the nuclear-targeted lacZ gene showed no migration. The expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) could be demonstrated in synthetic SMC and was induced after infection of differentiated cells with recombinant adenovirus, coding for MCP-1 (AdMCP-1). Expression of ICAM-1 was associated with a tenfold higher monocyte binding compared to lacZ infected cells. Our data suggest that MCP-1 plays an important role for SMC in the functional switch from the contractile to the synthetic phenotype in the course of atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Denger
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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41
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Tanaka K, Zou JP, Takeda K, Ferrans VJ, Sandford GR, Johnson TM, Finkel T, Epstein SE. Effects of human cytomegalovirus immediate-early proteins on p53-mediated apoptosis in coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Circulation 1999; 99:1656-9. [PMID: 10190872 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.99.13.1656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Restenotic and atherosclerotic lesions often contain smooth muscle cells (SMCs), which display high rates of proliferation and apoptosis. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) may increase the incidence of restenosis and predispose to atherosclerosis. Although the mechanisms contributing to these processes are unclear, studies demonstrate that one of the immediate-early (IE) gene products of HCMV, IE2-84, binds to and inhibits p53 transcriptional activity. Given the role of p53 in mediating apoptosis, we studied the ability of IE2-84 to inhibit p53-dependent apoptosis in human coronary artery SMCs. METHODS AND RESULTS Apoptosis of SMCs was induced either by use of an adenovirus vector encoding human wild-type p53 protein or by treatment with doxorubicin. HCMV IE1-72 and IE2-84, the major IE proteins of HCMV, were overexpressed separately with adenovirus vectors encoding each protein, and the effects on p53-induced apoptosis were examined by both nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay and flow cytometry. Expression of IE2-84, but not IE1-72, protected SMCs from p53-mediated apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that an HCMV IE protein antagonizes p53-mediated apoptosis, suggesting a pathway by which HCMV infection predisposes to SMC accumulation and thereby contributes to restenosis and atherosclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Arteries/drug effects
- Arteries/metabolism
- Arteries/virology
- Blotting, Western
- Cells, Cultured
- Coronary Vessels/drug effects
- Coronary Vessels/metabolism
- Coronary Vessels/virology
- Cytomegalovirus/physiology
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Gene Expression
- Genes, p53/genetics
- Humans
- Immediate-Early Proteins/biosynthesis
- Immediate-Early Proteins/genetics
- Immediate-Early Proteins/physiology
- Membrane Glycoproteins
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/virology
- Trans-Activators
- Transcription, Genetic
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/physiology
- Viral Envelope Proteins
- Viral Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tanaka
- Cardiology and the Pathology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, and the Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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42
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Zhou YF, Yu ZX, Wanishsawad C, Shou M, Epstein SE. The immediate early gene products of human cytomegalovirus increase vascular smooth muscle cell migration, proliferation, and expression of PDGF beta-receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 256:608-13. [PMID: 10080946 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection contributes to the development of atherosclerosis and restenosis. Because smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and migration are crucial events of both processes, and because PDGF beta-receptor modulates SMC migration, we determined whether HCMV infection affects SMC proliferation, migration, and PDGF beta-receptor expression. We employed a SMC model in which HCMV infection leads to expression of only the immediate early (IE) HCMV gene products-HCMV infection of rat SMCs. We found that HCMV infection significantly (i) increased SMC proliferation (from 0.9 x 10(6) +/- 0.024 x 10(6) to 1.4 x 10(6) +/- 0.051 x 10(6) cells/well, p < 0.001); (ii) augmented SMC migration toward PDGF (from 64 +/- 37 to 116 +/- 51 cells/high power field; p < 0.01); and (iii) enhanced PDGF beta-receptor expression in a time-dependent fashion. We conclude that HCMV infection of rat SMCs increases SMC proliferation, migration, and PDGF beta-receptor expression. These findings identify further mechanisms by which CMV may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis and restenosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/physiology
- Aorta
- Becaplermin
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Count/drug effects
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytomegalovirus/genetics
- Cytomegalovirus/physiology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Genes, Immediate-Early
- Humans
- Immediate-Early Proteins/genetics
- Immediate-Early Proteins/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/virology
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis
- Rats
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta
- Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/biosynthesis
- Time Factors
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Y F Zhou
- Cardiovascular Research Foundation, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, 20010, USA.
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43
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Todaka T, Yokoyama C, Yanamoto H, Hashimoto N, Nagata I, Tsukahara T, Hara S, Hatae T, Morishita R, Aoki M, Ogihara T, Kaneda Y, Tanabe T. Gene transfer of human prostacyclin synthase prevents neointimal formation after carotid balloon injury in rats. Stroke 1999; 30:419-26. [PMID: 9933282 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.30.2.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE A disordered proliferative process in the vascular wall is thought to underlie the pathogenesis of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and carotid endarterectomy. A growth inhibitory property of overexpressed prostacyclin (PGI2) synthase (PGIS) was recently implicated in the pathological proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) in vitro. Here, we investigated the effects of increased PGI2 synthesis on the pathological proliferation of VSMCs. METHODS The cDNA encoding human PGIS was transfected into endothelium-denuded rat carotid arteries after arterial balloon injury with the use of hemagglutinating virus Japan (HVJ). HVJ liposome vector complex without PGIS cDNA was used for vehicle control. The level of 6-keto PGF1alpha, a stable hydrolyzed metabolite of PGI2, the histological distribution of the immunoreactivity for human PGIS and the ratio of neointimal/medial area were analyzed. RESULTS In the analyses of 6-keto PGF1alpha, the level in the carotid arteries was significantly elevated 3 days after PGIS expression-vector transfection compared with that in the arteries after vehicle transfection. Seven days after human PGIS expression-vector transfection, the PGIS cDNA-transfected neointimal cells were strongly positive for human PGIS immunoreactivity in 81% sections examined. Fourteen days after the injury, the ratio of neointimal/medial area was 1.2+/-0.4 in the PGIS expression-vector transfected group, which was significantly smaller than that of the vehicle control group, 1.7+/-0.5; P<0.01. CONCLUSIONS It was thus demonstrated that the gene transfer of human PGIS expression-vector into rat carotid arteries resulted in the increased production of human PGI2 in the vascular wall, the expression of human PGIS in the developing neointima and significantly inhibited the neointimal formation generated after balloon injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Todaka
- Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, Laboratory for Cerebrovascular Disorders, National Cardio-Vascular Center, Osaka University Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
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44
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Herrmann A, Müller G, Gödecke A, Schrader J. Recombination of nonreplicative RNA precursors of Sindbis virus in infected cells overexpressing murine-inducible nitric oxide synthase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 253:524-31. [PMID: 9878569 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Sindbis virus-based SINrep5 expression system is one of the most efficient vectors for gene transfer leading to fast and high expression of the gene of interest. This system was used to transfect vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells using murine inducible nitric oxide synthase (miNOS) as a reporter gene. Infection of both cell types leads to high expression levels of miNOS. In addition, the harvested supernatant of these infected cells was used for further rounds of infections, demonstrating that recombination of the parental RNA with the helper RNA takes place and results in the production of infectious particles. As shown by RT-PCR, after recombination the miNOS gene is located in between the nonstructural and structural viral genes. This study demonstrates that despite claims in other publications, the Sindbis virus-based SINrep5 expression system leads to recombination and is thus not a safe system for in vitro and in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Herrmann
- Department of Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
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45
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Hakonarson H, Maskeri N, Carter C, Hodinka RL, Campbell D, Grunstein MM. Mechanism of rhinovirus-induced changes in airway smooth muscle responsiveness. J Clin Invest 1998; 102:1732-41. [PMID: 9802887 PMCID: PMC509121 DOI: 10.1172/jci4141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An important interplay exists between specific viral respiratory infections and altered airway responsiveness in the development and exacerbations of asthma. However, the mechanistic basis of this interplay remains to be identified. This study addressed the hypothesis that rhinovirus (RV), the most common viral respiratory pathogen associated with acute asthma attacks, directly affects airway smooth muscle (ASM) to produce proasthmatic changes in receptor-coupled ASM responsiveness. Isolated rabbit and human ASM tissue and cultured ASM cells were inoculated with human RV (serotype 16) or adenovirus, each for 6 or 24 h. In contrast to adenovirus, which had no effect, inoculation of ASM tissue with RV induced heightened ASM tissue constrictor responsiveness to acetylcholine and attenuated the dose-dependent relaxation of ASM to beta-adrenoceptor stimulation with isoproterenol. These RV-induced changes in ASM responsiveness were largely prevented by pretreating the tissues with pertussis toxin or with a monoclonal blocking antibody to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), the principal endogenous receptor for most RVs. In extended studies, we found that the RV-induced changes in ASM responsiveness were associated with diminished cAMP accumulation in response to dose-dependent administration of isoproterenol, and this effect was accompanied by autologously upregulated expression of the Gi protein subtype, Gialpha3, in the ASM. Finally, in separate experiments, we found that the RV-induced effects on ASM responsiveness were also accompanied by autologously induced upregulated mRNA and cell surface protein expression of ICAM-1. Taken together, these findings provide new evidence that RV directly induces proasthmatic phenotypic changes in ASM responsiveness, that this effect is triggered by binding of RV to its ICAM-1 receptor in ASM, and that this binding is associated with the induced endogenously upregulated expression of ICAM-1 and enhanced expression and activation of Gi protein in the RV-infected ASM.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hakonarson
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Joseph Stokes, Jr. Research Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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46
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Speir E, Yu ZX, Ferrans VJ. Infectious agents in coronary artery disease: viral infection, aspirin, and gene expression in human coronary smooth muscle cells. Rev Port Cardiol 1998; 17 Suppl 2:II33-9. [PMID: 9835780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We and others have observational evidence that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) may be a pathogen in human atherosclerosis and restenosis. We have experimental evidence that HCMV infects human coronary smooth muscle cells and initiates viral replication. Vascular cells generate reactive oxygen species in response to stress (such as infection or reperfusion) and this leads to increased transcription of atherosclerosis-related cellular and viral genes, and to reactivation of latent HCMV. Finally, we found that aspirin can attenuate this augmented gene transcription via direct and indirect effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Speir
- Cardiology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1518, USA
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47
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Speir E, Yu ZX, Ferrans VJ, Huang ES, Epstein SE. Aspirin attenuates cytomegalovirus infectivity and gene expression mediated by cyclooxygenase-2 in coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 1998; 83:210-6. [PMID: 9686761 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.83.2.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection of smooth muscle cells generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thereby activates nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB), which causes expression of viral and cellular genes involved in immune and inflammatory responses. These changes could account for the mounting evidence suggesting that CMV may contribute causally to restenosis and atherosclerosis. We found that CMV induces ROS, at least partly, through a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-dependent pathway. Moreover, the viral immediate-early (IE) gene products, IE72 and IE84, have the capacity to transactivate the COX-2 promoter. Aspirin and indomethacin, both cyclooxygenase inhibitors as well as direct ROS scavengers, reduce CMV-induced ROS, probably through both of these activities. Sodium salicylate also has antiviral effects as the result of its potent antioxidant properties. Furthermore, by reducing ROS, aspirin and sodium salicylate inhibit CMV-induced NFkappaB activation, the ability of IE72 to transactivate its promoter, CMV IE gene expression after infection of SMCs, and CMV replication in SMCs. This is the first time aspirin has been shown to have antiviral effects. Thus, it is possible that aspirin has previously unrecognized therapeutic effects in various clinical situations, such as in viral infections (when used as an antipyretic agent) and in atherosclerosis (when used as an antiplatelet agent).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Speir
- Cardiology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1650, USA.
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48
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Qiu C, De Young MB, Finn A, Dichek DA. Cationic liposomes enhance adenovirus entry via a pathway independent of the fiber receptor and alpha(v)-integrins. Hum Gene Ther 1998; 9:507-20. [PMID: 9525312 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1998.9.4-507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of adenoviral vectors to mediate efficient gene delivery both in vitro and in vivo is limited by the availability of specific cell surface receptors and alpha(v)-containing integrins. We tested whether this limitation could be overcome by enhancing viral entry with cationic liposomes. In cultured vascular smooth muscle cells, delivery of adenoviral vectors in the presence of cationic liposomes increased vector-encoded transgene expression up to 20-fold. The increase in transgene expression was associated with the formation of adenovirus-lipid aggregates and an increase in the amount of vector DNA in the cells, suggesting that enhanced viral entry was responsible for the increase in gene expression. Treatment of the cells with an RGD-containing peptide or adenovirus type 5 fiber protein did not diminish liposome enhancement of transgene expression, indicating that liposomes increase viral entry via a pathway independent of the fiber receptor and of alpha(v) integrin-assisted endocytosis. Liposomes also significantly enhanced transgene expression from adenoviral vectors delivered to cells deficient in alpha(v)-containing integrins. The magnitude of liposome enhancement of transgene expression in cultured smooth muscle cells was greatest during brief periods of virus-cell contact and at low concentrations of virus. Despite these promising in vitro results, addition of liposomes did not improve in vivo adenoviral gene delivery into injured rat carotid arteries. Liposomes can improve adenoviral gene delivery in vitro; however, application of this observation to accomplish improved in vivo gene delivery remains a challenge.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- COS Cells
- Capsid/pharmacology
- Capsid Proteins
- Carotid Arteries
- Cations
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytochalasin B/pharmacology
- DNA, Recombinant/analysis
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- Drug Carriers
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Genetic Vectors/ultrastructure
- Integrin alphaV
- Liposomes
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/chemistry
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/virology
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Virus/physiology
- Transgenes/genetics
- Virion/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- C Qiu
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94141-9100, USA
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49
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Yonemitsu Y, Komori K, Sueishi K, Sugimachi K. [Possible role of cytomegalovirus infection in the pathogenesis of human vascular diseases]. Nihon Rinsho 1998; 56:102-8. [PMID: 9465673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the pathogenic role of human cytomegalovirus(CMV) infection in human vascular disease, we first examined the role of CMV immediate early gene (CMV-IE) expression in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation. The in vitro IE gene transfer stimulated VSMC proliferation. The in vivo IE gene transfer showed neointimal thickening while the control arteries did not. In the wall of "so-called" inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm (IAAA), CMV infected cells were more frequently encountered than in that of AA and control cases. CMV infected cells were largely identified as macrophages or fibroblasts, and these cells frequently expressed CMV-IE gene. These findings thus suggest that the persistent expression of CMV-IE gene in the vessel wall may play a role in the vascular cellular responses, including progression of atherosclerosis or vasculitis, in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yonemitsu
- Department of Surgery II, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University
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50
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Berencsi K, Endresz V, Klurfeld D, Kari L, Kritchevsky D, Gönczöl E. Early atherosclerotic plaques in the aorta following cytomegalovirus infection of mice. Cell Adhes Commun 1998; 5:39-47. [PMID: 9638340 DOI: 10.3109/15419069809005597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We show here that BALB/c mice inoculated with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) express viral antigens in the endothelial and smooth muscle cells of the aortic wall, and that accumulation of inflammatory cells in the aortic lumen, similar to that seen in early atherosclerotic lesions in humans, colocalizes with the site of virus antigen expression. Immunosuppression of the mice at the time of virus infection increased the expression of viral antigens and the size of early atherosclerotic lesions in the intima. The percentage of the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), the major lipid contributor to atherosclerotic plaques, was significantly increased in the serum of MCMV-infected mice, whether or not the mice were fed a high cholesterol diet. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) significantly increased the esterified cholesterol component of the total cholesterol in a human arterial smooth muscle cell line infected in vitro with HCMV. These results suggest that CMV infection is involved in two of the major mechanisms that lead to development of atherosclerosis, i.e., immune injury and high LDL-C.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/biosynthesis
- Aortic Diseases/etiology
- Aortic Diseases/immunology
- Aortic Diseases/pathology
- Aortitis/etiology
- Aortitis/virology
- Arteriosclerosis/etiology
- Arteriosclerosis/immunology
- Arteriosclerosis/pathology
- Cholesterol, Dietary/pharmacokinetics
- Cholesterol, LDL/blood
- Crosses, Genetic
- Cytomegalovirus Infections/blood
- Cytomegalovirus Infections/complications
- Cytomegalovirus Infections/immunology
- Diet, Atherogenic
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/virology
- Female
- Hypercholesterolemia/etiology
- Immunosuppression Therapy
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muromegalovirus/immunology
- Muromegalovirus/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/virology
- Tunica Intima/pathology
- Virus Replication
- Whole-Body Irradiation
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Affiliation(s)
- K Berencsi
- Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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