101
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Wang Y, Kern A, Boatright NK, Schiller ZA, Sadowski A, Ejemel M, Souders CA, Reimann KA, Hu L, Thomas WD, Klempner MS. Pre-exposure Prophylaxis With OspA-Specific Human Monoclonal Antibodies Protects Mice Against Tick Transmission of Lyme Disease Spirochetes. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:205-11. [PMID: 27338767 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tick transmission of Borrelia spirochetes to humans results in significant morbidity from Lyme disease worldwide. Serum concentrations of antibodies against outer surface protein A (OspA) were shown to correlate with protection from infection with Borrelia burgdorferi, the primary cause of Lyme disease in the United States. METHODS Mice transgenic for human immunoglobulin genes were immunized with OspA from B. burgdorferi to generate human monoclonal antibodies (HuMabs) against OspA. HuMabs were generated and tested in in vitro borreliacidal assays and animal protection assays. RESULTS Nearly 100 unique OspA-specific HuMabs were generated, and 4 HuMabs (221-7, 857-2, 319-44, and 212-55) were selected as lead candidates on the basis of borreliacidal activity. HuMabs 319-44, 857-2, and 212-55 were borreliacidal against 1 or 2 Borrelia genospecies, whereas 221-7 was borreliacidal (half maximal inhibitory concentration, < 1 nM) against B. burgdorferi, Borrelia afzelii, and Borrelia garinii, the 3 main genospecies endemic in the United States, Europe, and Asia. All 4 HuMabs completely protected mice from infection at 10 mg/kg in a murine model of tick-mediated transmission of B. burgdorferi CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that OspA-specific HuMabs can prevent the transmission of Borrelia and that administration of these antibodies could be employed as preexposure prophylaxis for Lyme disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Bacterial/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/isolation & purification
- Antigens, Surface
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Bacterial Vaccines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Transmission, Infectious/prevention & control
- Immunization, Passive/methods
- Immunologic Factors/administration & dosage
- Immunologic Factors/isolation & purification
- Lipoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Lyme Disease/prevention & control
- Lyme Disease/transmission
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Transgenic
- Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis/methods
- Tick Bites/complications
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School
| | - Aurélie Kern
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | - Monir Ejemel
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School
| | | | | | - Linden Hu
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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Ricci-Azevedo R, Oliveira AF, Conrado MCAV, Carvalho FC, Roque-Barreira MC. Neutrophils Contribute to the Protection Conferred by ArtinM against Intracellular Pathogens: A Study on Leishmania major. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004609. [PMID: 27058234 PMCID: PMC4825989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ArtinM, a D-mannose binding lectin from Artocarpus heterophyllus, has immunomodulatory activities through its interaction with N-glycans of immune cells, culminating with the establishment of T helper type 1 (Th1) immunity. This interaction protects mice against intracellular pathogens, including Leishmania major and Leishmania amazonensis. ArtinM induces neutrophils activation, which is known to account for both resistance to pathogens and host tissue injury. Although exacerbated inflammation was not observed in ArtinM-treated animals, assessment of neutrophil responses to ArtinM is required to envisage its possible application to design a novel immunomodulatory agent based on carbohydrate recognition. Herein, we focus on the mechanisms through which neutrophils contribute to ArtinM-induced protection against Leishmania, without exacerbating inflammation. For this purpose, human neutrophils treated with ArtinM and infected with Leishmania major were analyzed together with untreated and uninfected controls, based on their ability to eliminate the parasite, release cytokines, degranulate, produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and change life span. We demonstrate that ArtinM-stimulated neutrophils enhanced L. major clearance and at least duplicated tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) release; otherwise, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) production was reduced by half. Furthermore, ROS production and cell degranulation were augmented. The life span of ArtinM-stimulated neutrophils decreased and they did not form NETs when infected with L. major. We postulate that the enhanced leishmanicidal ability of ArtinM-stimulated neutrophils is due to augmented release of inflammatory cytokines, ROS production, and cell degranulation, whereas host tissue integrity is favored by their shortened life span and the absence of NET formation. Our results reinforce the idea that ArtinM may be considered an appropriate molecular template for the construction of an efficient anti-infective agent. Vaccination is a successful way to eliminate infectious diseases. The generated antibodies neutralize the invading microbe and avoid the establishment of infection. Vaccines are efficient to prevent infections by pathogens living outside rather than inside the host`s cells. This occurs because protection against intracellular pathogens requires the engagement of T lymphocytes. The discovery of receptors on innate immunity cells opened new perspectives in trying manners to stimulate effective response against intracellular pathogens. Frequently the microbial sensing by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) besides triggering immediate defense also orchestrates adaptative immunity towards T-cell response. Therefore, TLR ligands started to be assayed in new anti-infective approaches. Our laboratory has been investigating the immunomodulation induced by lectins, which are ubiquitous sugar-binding proteins. Our primary model is ArtinM, from the seeds of jackfruit, a lectin that binds to TLR2 sugar chains on macrophages and dendritic cells and promotes production of cytokines that engages T lymphocytes in a process that culminate with elimination of intracellular pathogens. Concomitantly, ArtinM activates other immune cells, including neutrophils, which contributes to the pathogen elimination, but may also account for tissue damage. This last possibility led us to investigate the lectin effects on neutrophils deeply. We analyzed neutrophils treated with ArtinM and infected with Leishmania major. We concluded that the leishmanicidal ability of ArtinM-stimulated neutrophils was due to augmented release of inflammatory cytokines, ROS production, and cell degranulation. Otherwise, host tissue integrity is favored by shortened cells lifespan and absence of NET formation. This work reinforces the idea that ArtinM can be an appropriate molecular template for the construction of an efficient anti-infective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Ricci-Azevedo
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Aline Ferreira Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Marina C. A. V. Conrado
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Caroline Carvalho
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Maria Cristina Roque-Barreira
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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103
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Díaz-Murillo V, Medina-Estrada I, López-Meza JE, Ochoa-Zarzosa A. Defensin γ-thionin from Capsicum chinense has immunomodulatory effects on bovine mammary epithelial cells during Staphylococcus aureus internalization. Peptides 2016; 78:109-18. [PMID: 26939717 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
β-Defensins are members of the antimicrobial peptide superfamily that are produced in various species from different kingdoms, including plants. Plant defensins exhibit primarily antifungal activities, unlike those from animals that exhibit a broad-spectrum antimicrobial action. Recently, immunomodulatory roles of mammal β-defensins have been observed to regulate inflammation and activate the immune system. Similar roles for plant β-defensins remain unknown. In addition, the regulation of the immune system by mammalian β-defensins has been studied in humans and mice models, particularly in immune cells, but few studies have investigated these peptides in epithelial cells, which are in intimate contact with pathogens. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the chemically synthesized β-defensin γ-thionin from Capsicum chinense on the innate immune response of bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs) infected with Staphylococcus aureus, the primary pathogen responsible for bovine mastitis, which is capable of living within bMECs. Our results indicate that γ-thionin at 0.1 μg/ml was able to reduce the internalization of S. aureus into bMECs (∼50%), and it also modulates the innate immune response of these cells by inducing the mRNA expression (∼5-fold) and membrane abundance (∼3-fold) of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), as well as by inducing genes coding for the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β (∼14 and 8-fold, respectively) before and after the bacterial infection. γ-Thionin also induces the expression of the mRNA of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (∼12-fold). Interestingly, the reduction in bacterial internalization coincides with the production of other antimicrobial products by bMECs, such as NO before infection, and the secretion into the medium of the endogenous antimicrobial peptide DEFB1 after infection. The results from this work support the potential use of β-defensins from plants as immunomodulators of the mammalian innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Díaz-Murillo
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km 9.5 Carr. Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Posta Veterinaria, C.P. 58893, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Ivan Medina-Estrada
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km 9.5 Carr. Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Posta Veterinaria, C.P. 58893, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Joel E López-Meza
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km 9.5 Carr. Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Posta Veterinaria, C.P. 58893, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Ochoa-Zarzosa
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km 9.5 Carr. Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Posta Veterinaria, C.P. 58893, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico, Mexico.
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104
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De Benedictis P, Minola A, Rota Nodari E, Aiello R, Zecchin B, Salomoni A, Foglierini M, Agatic G, Vanzetta F, Lavenir R, Lepelletier A, Bentley E, Weiss R, Cattoli G, Capua I, Sallusto F, Wright E, Lanzavecchia A, Bourhy H, Corti D. Development of broad-spectrum human monoclonal antibodies for rabies post-exposure prophylaxis. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:407-21. [PMID: 26992832 PMCID: PMC4818751 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201505986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently available rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for use in humans includes equine or human rabies immunoglobulins (RIG). The replacement of RIG with an equally or more potent and safer product is strongly encouraged due to the high costs and limited availability of existing RIG. In this study, we identified two broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies that represent a valid and affordable alternative to RIG in rabies PEP. Memory B cells from four selected vaccinated donors were immortalized and monoclonal antibodies were tested for neutralizing activity and epitope specificity. Two antibodies, identified as RVC20 and RVC58 (binding to antigenic site I and III, respectively), were selected for their potency and broad-spectrum reactivity. In vitro, RVC20 and RVC58 were able to neutralize all 35 rabies virus (RABV) and 25 non-RABV lyssaviruses. They showed higher potency and breath compared to antibodies under clinical development (namely CR57, CR4098, and RAB1) and commercially available human RIG. In vivo, the RVC20-RVC58 cocktail protected Syrian hamsters from a lethal RABV challenge and did not affect the endogenous hamster post-vaccination antibody response.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Viral/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/isolation & purification
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Immunization, Passive/methods
- Immunologic Factors/administration & dosage
- Immunologic Factors/immunology
- Immunologic Factors/isolation & purification
- Mesocricetus
- Post-Exposure Prophylaxis/methods
- Rabies/prevention & control
- Rabies virus/immunology
- Survival Analysis
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola De Benedictis
- FAO and National Reference Centre for Rabies, National Reference Centre and OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Elena Rota Nodari
- FAO and National Reference Centre for Rabies, National Reference Centre and OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Roberta Aiello
- FAO and National Reference Centre for Rabies, National Reference Centre and OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Barbara Zecchin
- FAO and National Reference Centre for Rabies, National Reference Centre and OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Angela Salomoni
- FAO and National Reference Centre for Rabies, National Reference Centre and OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Mathilde Foglierini
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Rachel Lavenir
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation National Reference Centre for Rabies World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Anthony Lepelletier
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation National Reference Centre for Rabies World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Emma Bentley
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Robin Weiss
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- FAO and National Reference Centre for Rabies, National Reference Centre and OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Ilaria Capua
- FAO and National Reference Centre for Rabies, National Reference Centre and OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Federica Sallusto
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Edward Wright
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Antonio Lanzavecchia
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation National Reference Centre for Rabies World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Davide Corti
- Humabs BioMed SA, Bellinzona, Switzerland Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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105
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Wei W, Feng L, Bao WR, Ma DL, Leung CH, Nie SP, Han QB. Structure Characterization and Immunomodulating Effects of Polysaccharides Isolated from Dendrobium officinale. J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64:881-9. [PMID: 26752248 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A crude polysaccharide fraction (cDOP) has been determined to be the characteristic marker of Dendrobium officinale, an expensive tea material in Asia, but its chemistry and bioactivity have not been studied. In work reported here, cDOP was destarched (DOP, 90% yield) and separated into two subfraction polysaccharides, DOPa and DOPb, which were characterized by monosaccharide composition and methylation analyses and spectral analyses (FT-IR and (1)H and (13)C NMR). Both are composed of mannose and glucose at similar ratios and have a similar structure with a backbone of 1,4-linked β-D-mannopyranosyl and β-D-glucopyranosyl residues. Significant differences were observed only in their molecular weights. Bioassay using mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 indicated that DOP and its two subfractions enhance cell proliferation, TNF-α secretion, and phagocytosis in a dose-dependent manner. They also induced the proliferation of lymphocytes alone and with mitogens. DOPa and DOPb are thus proven to be major, active polysaccharide markers of D. officinale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong, China
| | - Lei Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wan-Rong Bao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong, China
| | - Dik-Lung Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao, China
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong, China
| | - Shao-Ping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Quan-Bin Han
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong, China
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106
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Lee CG, Lee J, Lee DG, Kim JW, Alnaeeli M, Park YI, Park JK. Immunostimulating activity of polyhydric alcohol isolated from Taxus cuspidata. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 85:505-13. [PMID: 26791584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A polyhydric alcohol (PAL) was isolated from Taxus cuspidata and its immunostimulatory activities were assessed. The primary monosaccharide composition of the PAL was determined to be glucose, where HPAEC analysis showed no significant amount of any other sugars. However, glycerol and xylitol were identified as the main sugar alcohols. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis indicated that the purified PAL is a complex glycitol, which structurally contains significant amount of hydroxyl groups. MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy also demonstrated that PAL is a complex glycitol built in hexose polymerization. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay showed that the PAL stimulates the release of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with PAL for 24h remarkably increased the phosphorylation levels of ERK, p38 and JNK in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the total protein levels of ERK (t-ERK), p38 (t-p38) and JNK (t-JNK) remained unchanged. These results clearly demonstrate that PAL stimulates the immune response in RAW 264.7 cells through the activation of MAPKs (ERK, p38 and JNK) signaling pathway. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the primary structure and immune-stimulating activities of PAL from the fruit of T. cuspidata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Guen Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Gachon University, Seongnamdaero 1342, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 461-701, South Korea
| | - Jisun Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, South Korea
| | - Da Gyung Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Gachon University, Seongnamdaero 1342, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 461-701, South Korea
| | - Joo Won Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Gachon University, Seongnamdaero 1342, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 461-701, South Korea
| | - Mawadda Alnaeeli
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Yong Il Park
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, South Korea
| | - Jae Kweon Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Gachon University, Seongnamdaero 1342, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 461-701, South Korea.
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107
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Mawa S, Jantan I, Husain K. Isolation of Terpenoids from the Stem of Ficus aurantiaca Griff and their Effects on Reactive Oxygen Species Production and Chemotactic Activity of Neutrophils. Molecules 2016; 21:9. [PMID: 26742027 PMCID: PMC6273527 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Three new triterpenoids; namely 28,28,30-trihydroxylupeol (1); 3,21,21,26-tetrahydroxy-lanostanoic acid (2) and dehydroxybetulinic acid (3) and seven known compounds; i.e., taraxerone (4); taraxerol (5); ethyl palmitate (6); herniarin (7); stigmasterol (8); ursolic acid (9) and acetyl ursolic acid (10) were isolated from the stem of Ficus aurantiaca Griff. The structures of the compounds were established by spectroscopic techniques. The compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) chemotaxis by using the Boyden chamber technique and on human whole blood and neutrophil reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by using a luminol-based chemiluminescence assay. Among the compounds tested, compounds 1–4, 6 and 9 exhibited strong inhibition of PMN migration towards the chemoattractant N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) with IC50 values of 6.8; 2.8; 2.5; 4.1; 3.7 and 3.6 μM, respectively, comparable to that of the positive control ibuprofen (6.7 μM). Compounds 2–4, 6, 7 and 9 exhibited strong inhibition of ROS production of PMNs with IC50 values of 0.9; 0.9; 1.3; 1.1; 0.5 and 0.8 μM, respectively, which were lower than that of aspirin (9.4 μM). The bioactive compounds might be potential lead molecules for the development of new immunomodulatory agents to modulate the innate immune response of phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukranul Mawa
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia.
| | - Ibrahim Jantan
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia.
| | - Khairana Husain
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia.
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108
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Nasr-Bouzaiene N, Sassi A, Bedoui A, Krifa M, Chekir-Ghedira L, Ghedira K. Immunomodulatory and cellular antioxidant activities of pure compounds from Teucrium ramosissimum Desf. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:7703-12. [PMID: 26692099 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4635-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of the immunomodulatory activity of plant compounds is an interesting and growing area of research. Teucrium ramosissimum Desf. is a native and endemic medicinal plant from the South of Tunisia traditionally used for the treatment of many diseases. The anti-inflammatory activity of apigenin-7-glucoside, genkwanin, and naringenin isolated from T. ramosissimum were assayed. The phagocytic activities of macrophage and lymphocyte proliferation were investigated in the absence and presence of mitogens (lipopolysaccharide [LPS] or lectin). Depending on the concentrations, the compounds affect macrophage functions by modulating their lysosomal enzyme activity and nitric oxide (NO) release. The tested compounds enhance significantly splenocyte proliferation, either with or without mitogen stimulation. In studies to assess any potential effects of apigenin-7-glucoside, genkwanin, and naringenin on innate immunity, the results showed that these compounds significantly enhanced the killing activity of natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic activity of the T lymphocyte (CTL) isolated from splenocytes. These results suggest that T. ramosissimum compounds such as apigenin-7-glucoside, genkwanin, and naringenin may be potentially useful for modulating immune cell functions in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouha Nasr-Bouzaiene
- Unit of Bioactive Natural Substances and Biotechnology UR12ES12, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia
| | - Aicha Sassi
- Unit of Bioactive Natural Substances and Biotechnology UR12ES12, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Bedoui
- Unit of Bioactive Natural Substances and Biotechnology UR12ES12, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia
| | - Mounira Krifa
- Unit of Bioactive Natural Substances and Biotechnology UR12ES12, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia
| | - Leila Chekir-Ghedira
- Unit of Bioactive Natural Substances and Biotechnology UR12ES12, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia.
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia.
| | - Kamel Ghedira
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia
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Boudjeko T, Megnekou R, Woguia AL, Kegne FM, Ngomoyogoli JEK, Tchapoum CDN, Koum O. Antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties of polysaccharides from Allanblackia floribunda Oliv stem bark and Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and H.E. Robins leaves. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:759. [PMID: 26651330 PMCID: PMC4673734 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1703-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many plant polysaccharides have shown high antioxidant and immunostimulating properties and can be explored as novel molecules with biological properties that can potentially improve immune function. The objective of this work was to characterize soluble and cell wall polysaccharides isolated from the stem bark of Allanblackia floribunda and Chromolaena odorata leaves and to evaluate their antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties. METHODS Three polysaccharide fractions: soluble polysaccharides (PoS), pectins (Pec) and hemicelluloses (Hem) were extracted from A. floribunda stem bark and C. odorata leaves. These samples were analysed for their proteins, phenolic compounds and total sugar contents. The monosaccharide composition was determined by gas chromatography and arabinogalactan proteins content in PoS was evaluated by rocket electrophoresis. The in vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-éthylbenzylthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging assays and ferrous ions chelating activity. Immunomodulatory activities were performed on the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using proliferation and enzyme linked immunospot (ELISPOT) method to determine the production of an interferon-gamma. RESULTS The characterization of the various fractions showed varied metabolites in each plant. In PoS fractions, Ara and Gal were the major monosaccharides found, indicating that arabinogalactans are the primary macromolecules. Hem fractions contained predominantly Xyl and GalA for A. floribunda and Xyl (upto 80 %) for and C. odorata. A. floribunda Hem fraction and C. odorata PoS fraction showed significant DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and immunostimulatory activity via stimulation of PBMC and production of IFN-γ in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION The results obtained from this study support the ethnomedicinal use of the stem bark of A. floribunda and leaves of C. odorata. Further research is necessary to have supporting evidence that the antioxidative and immunomodulative activities of these fractions are really connected to the polysaccharides and not polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddée Boudjeko
- Laboratory of Phytoprotection and Valorisation of Plants Resources, Biotechnology Centre-Nkolbisson, P.O. Box 3851, Messa, Yaounde, Cameroon.
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon.
| | - Rosette Megnekou
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon.
| | - Alice Louise Woguia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon.
| | - Francine Mediesse Kegne
- Laboratory of Phytoprotection and Valorisation of Plants Resources, Biotechnology Centre-Nkolbisson, P.O. Box 3851, Messa, Yaounde, Cameroon.
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon.
| | - Judith Emery Kanemoto Ngomoyogoli
- Laboratory of Phytoprotection and Valorisation of Plants Resources, Biotechnology Centre-Nkolbisson, P.O. Box 3851, Messa, Yaounde, Cameroon.
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon.
| | - Christiane Danielle Nounga Tchapoum
- Laboratory of Phytoprotection and Valorisation of Plants Resources, Biotechnology Centre-Nkolbisson, P.O. Box 3851, Messa, Yaounde, Cameroon.
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon.
| | - Olga Koum
- Laboratory of Phytoprotection and Valorisation of Plants Resources, Biotechnology Centre-Nkolbisson, P.O. Box 3851, Messa, Yaounde, Cameroon.
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon.
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Yap HYY, Fung SY, Ng ST, Tan CS, Tan NH. Shotgun proteomic analysis of tiger milk mushroom (Lignosus rhinocerotis) and the isolation of a cytotoxic fungal serine protease from its sclerotium. J Ethnopharmacol 2015; 174:437-451. [PMID: 26320692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The sclerotium of Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden (tiger milk mushroom) has been traditionally used as a complementary and alternative medicine for cancer treatment by the local communities of Southeast Asia. Despite the continuous research interest in its antiproliferative activity, the identity of the bioactive compound(s) responsible has yet to be determined. This study aims to bridge the gap in existing research literature by using proteomics approach for investigation of the nature of the anticancer substance of L. rhinocerotis. AIM OF THE STUDY To elucidate the proteome of L. rhinocerotis TM02 sclerotium by protein mass spectrometry and to further isolate and identify the cytotoxic component(s) bearing anticancer potential. MATERIALS AND METHODS The proteome of L. rhinocerotis sclerotium was analyzed by label-free quantitative shotgun proteomics, using 1D-SDS-PAGE coupled with nano-ESI-LC-MS/MS based on the availability of its genome-sequence database. The cytotoxicity of L. rhinocerotis sclerotial extracts against human breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF7) were assessed by MTT cytotoxicity assay prior to successive purification steps by a combination of gel filtration chromatography, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and anion exchange chromatography. Bioactive compound(s) in the extracts was identified by shotgun proteomics and N-terminal protein sequencing. RESULTS Several proteins with interesting biological activities including lectins, fungal immunomodulatory proteins, and several antioxidant proteins were identified from the proteome of L. rhinocerotis. A cytotoxic protein fraction (termed F5) which was partially purified from its sclerotial cold water extract F5 shows two distinct bands of 31 and 36 kDa in reducing SDS-PAGE and exhibited potent selective cytotoxicity against MCF7 cells with IC50 value of 3.00 ± 1.01 μg/ml. Both bands were identified to be serine protease by LC-MS/MS analysis. Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, a specific serine protease inhibitor, inhibited both the proteolytic activity and cytotoxicity of F5, suggesting that the cytotoxicity of F5 is related to its protease activity. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first comprehensive and semi-quantitative profiling of the proteome of L. rhinocerotis sclerotium. Further investigation into its selective cytotoxicity shows that a serine protease-like protein, termed F5, may be targeted for new anticancer agent development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yeng Y Yap
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Shin-Yee Fung
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Szu-Ting Ng
- Ligno Biotech Sdn Bhd, 43300 Balakong Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chon-Seng Tan
- Ligno Biotech Sdn Bhd, 43300 Balakong Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nget-Hong Tan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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111
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Boudoukha C, Bouriche H, Ortega E, Senator A. Immunomodulatory effects of Santolina chamaecyparissus leaf extracts on human neutrophil functions. Pharm Biol 2015; 54:667-673. [PMID: 26453376 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1071853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Santolina chamaecyparissus L. (Asteraceae) is an aromatic plant wide spread in the Mediterranean region. It is used in folk medicine for its anti-inflammatory properties. OBJECTIVE The effects of S. chamaecyparissus aqueous extract (SCAE) and polyphenolic extract (SCPE) on human polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) degranulation, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and microbicidal capacity were examined in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Aqueous and polyphenolic extracts were prepared from S. chamaecyparissus leaves. The elastase release was used as a marker for measuring PMN degranulation, while chemotaxis was performed using a 48-microwell chemotaxis chamber. The phagocytosis and the microbicidal capacity were evaluated using fresh cultures of Candida albicans. RESULTS The treatment of neutrophils with different concentrations (10-200 µg/ml) of SCAE and SCPE caused a significant (p < 0.001) and dose-dependent inhibitory effect on elastase release in fMLP/Cytochalasin B (CB)-stimulated neutrophils. Indeed, 100 µg/ml of SCAE exerted an inhibitory effect of 51.97 ± 6.2%, whereas SCPE at the same concentration abolished completely PMN degranulation. Moreover, both extracts inhibited markedly (p < 0.01) fMLP-induced chemotactic migration. At 200 µg/ml, SCAE and SCPE exerted an inhibitory effect of 54.61 ± 7.3% and 57.71 ± 7.44%, respectively. In addition, a decline in both phagocytosis and microbicidal capacity against Candida albicans was observed when PMNs were exposed to 100 and 200 µg/ml of SCAE or SCPE. CONCLUSION The exerted effects on neutrophil functions support the anti-inflammatory activity and show new mechanisms of action and effectiveness of S. chamaecyparissus leaf extracts. This plant may be considered as an interesting source of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chahra Boudoukha
- a Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry , Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Ferhat Abbas , Setif , Algeria and
| | - Hamama Bouriche
- a Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry , Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Ferhat Abbas , Setif , Algeria and
| | - Eduardo Ortega
- b Group of Immunophysiology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura , Badajoz , Spain
| | - Abderrahmane Senator
- a Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry , Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Ferhat Abbas , Setif , Algeria and
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Yuan Q, Zhao L, Cha Q, Sun Y, Ye H, Zeng X. Structural Characterization and Immunostimulatory Activity of a Homogeneous Polysaccharide from Sinonovacula constricta. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:7986-7994. [PMID: 26317410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sinonovacula constricta has been widely used as a health food and medicine in China, Japan, and Korea. In the present study, a water-soluble polysaccharide fraction (SCP-1) was prepared from S. constricta by enzyme-assisted extraction and purification of chromatography with DEAE-52 cellulose anion-exchange column and Sephadex G-100 size exclusion column. On the basis of the analytical results of high-performance liquid chromatography, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, methylation analysis, and NMR spectroscopy, SCP-1 was found to have an average molecular weight of 15.63 kDa and a linear backbone of (1→4)-linked α-D-Glcp residue with one branch, α-D-Glcp, attached to the main chain by a (1→6) glycosidic bond at every five α-D-Glcp units. Furthermore, it was found that SCP-1 could significantly increase the viability of macrophages, enhance the capability of macrophage phagocytosis, increase the activity of acid phosphatase, and promote the production of nitric oxide, mouse tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, mouse interferon (IFN)-γ, and mouse interleukin (IL)-1β. The results suggest that SCP-1 possesses potent immunomodulating effect and may be explored as a potential biological response modifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxia Yuan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Longyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming, Yunnan 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Cha
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Ye
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiong Zeng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
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Maistrenko OM, Luchakivska YS, Zholobak NM, Spivak MY, Kuchuk MV. OBTAINING OF THE TRANSGENIC HELIANTHUS TUBEROSUS L. PLANTS, CALLUS AND "HAIRY" ROOT CULTURES ABLE TO EXPRESS THE RECOMBINANT HUMAN INTERFERON ALPHA-2b GENE. Tsitol Genet 2015; 49:38-44. [PMID: 26638495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This work is the first to our knowledge to describe the successful attempt of Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of topinambour in order to obtain the transgenic H. tuberosus plants, callus and "hairy" root cultures. The plasmid vectors contained the sequence of interferon gene fused with Nicotiana plumbagenifolia L. calreticulin apoplast targeting signal driven by 35S CaMV promoter or root-specific Mll promoter. Nearly 75% isolated Ri-root lines and callus cultures were proved (by PCR analysis) to contain HuINFa-2b transgene. We also managed to obtain H. tuberosus transgenic plants through somatic embryogenesis on the transgenic "hairy" root culture. The obtained transgenic H. tuberosus cultures exhibited high-level antiviral activity that ranged from 2000 to 54500 IU/g FW that makes this crop considered a promising source of recombinant interferon alpha 2b protein.
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Kikuchi H, Hoshikawa T, Fujimura S, Sakata N, Kurata S, Katou Y, Oshima Y. Isolation of a Cyclic Depsipetide, Aspergillicin F, and Synthesis of Aspergillicins with Innate Immune-Modulating Activity. J Nat Prod 2015; 78:1949-1956. [PMID: 26273902 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity is the front line of self-defense against microbial infection. After searching for natural compounds that regulate innate immunity using an ex vivo Drosophila culture system, we identified a new cyclic depsipeptide, aspergillicin F, from the fungus Aspergillus sp., as an innate immune suppressor. The total synthesis and biological evaluation of the aspergillicin family, including aspergillicin F, were performed, revealing that slight structural differences in the side chains of amino acid residues alter innate immunity-regulating activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhisa Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University , Aoba-yama, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hoshikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University , Aoba-yama, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shimpei Fujimura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University , Aoba-yama, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Noriaki Sakata
- Bioresource Laboratories, MicroBiopharm Japan Co., Ltd. (MBJ), 1808 Nakaizumi, Iwata, Shizuoka 438-0078, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Kurata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University , Aoba-yama, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Katou
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University , Aoba-yama, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Oshima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University , Aoba-yama, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Gilcy GK, Kuttan G. Immune response modulatory effect of Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC: an in vivo experimental study. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 26:613-22. [PMID: 26280169 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2015-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was performed in order to provide a scientific basis for the conventional use of Emilia sonchifolia in the traditional Indian Ayurvedic medicine possibly through modulation of the host immune defense. METHODS Emilia sonchifolia methanolic extract (25 mg/kg body weight) was administered intraperitoneally in mice, and hematological parameters, relative organ weights, bone marrow cellularity, and α-esterase activity were assessed. Humoral immune response was evaluated by hemagglutinating antibody (HA) titer and plaque forming cell (PFC) assay. Blastogenesis assays of lymphoid organs were done in the presence and absence of various mitogens such as phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen, and lipopolysaccharide. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) production was assessed by Winn's neutralization test. The levels of cytokines interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were evaluated by ELISA. RESULTS Emilia sonchifolia significantly enhanced the total white blood cell count (9995±535 cells/mm3), bone marrow cellularity, α-esterase activity, and weight of lymphoid organs (p<0.001). The effect on humoral immune response was evident from the enhanced HA titer and increased number of PFCs (p<0.001). The blastogenic effects of mitogens were also stimulated to significant levels by E. sonchifolia treatment. Emilia sonchifolia treatment augmented cell-mediated immune response by enhancing the killing activity of CTLs and by enhanced production of IL-2 and IFN-γ. CONCLUSIONS From these results, it was very evident that E. sonchifolia, an indigenous medicinal plant, is a potent immune response modulator, and the present report is so far the first study to demonstrate the immunoregulatory activity of E. sonchifolia.
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Abstract
Peptides are important bioactive natural products which are present in many marine species. These marine peptides have high potential nutraceutical and medicinal values because of their broad spectra of bioactivities. Their antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumor, antioxidative, cardioprotective (antihypertensive, antiatherosclerotic and anticoagulant), immunomodulatory, analgesic, anxiolytic anti-diabetic, appetite suppressing and neuroprotective activities have attracted the attention of the pharmaceutical industry, which attempts to design them for use in the treatment or prevention of various diseases. Some marine peptides or their derivatives have high commercial values and had reached the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical markets. A large number of them are already in different phases of the clinical and preclinical pipeline. This review highlights the recent research in marine peptides and the trends and prospects for the future, with special emphasis on nutraceutical and pharmaceutical development into marketed products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy Chi Fai Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jack Ho Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Kicha AA, Kalinovsky AI, Malyarenko TV, Ivanchina NV, Dmitrenok PS, Menchinskaya ES, Yurchenko EA, Pislyagin EA, Aminin DL, Huong TTT, Long PQ, Stonik VA. Cyclic Steroid Glycosides from the Starfish Echinaster luzonicus: Structures and Immunomodulatory Activities. J Nat Prod 2015; 78:1397-1405. [PMID: 26068600 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Five new steroid glycosides, luzonicosides B-E (2-5), belonging to a rare structure group of marine glycosides, containing carbohydrate moieties incorporated into a macrocycle, and a related open carbohydrate chain steroid glycoside, luzonicoside F (6), were isolated from the starfish Echinaster luzonicus along with the previously known cyclic steroid glycoside luzonicoside A (1). The structures of compounds 2-6 were established by extensive NMR and ESIMS techniques as well as chemical transformations. Luzonicoside A (1) at concentrations of 0.01-0.1 μM was shown to be potent in lysosomal activity stimulation, intracellular ROS level elevation, and NO synthesis up-regulation in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Luzonicoside D (4) was less active in these biotests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla A Kicha
- †G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-let Vladivostoku 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Anatoly I Kalinovsky
- †G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-let Vladivostoku 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Timofey V Malyarenko
- †G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-let Vladivostoku 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia V Ivanchina
- †G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-let Vladivostoku 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel S Dmitrenok
- †G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-let Vladivostoku 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina S Menchinskaya
- †G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-let Vladivostoku 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina A Yurchenko
- †G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-let Vladivostoku 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeny A Pislyagin
- †G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-let Vladivostoku 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry L Aminin
- †G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-let Vladivostoku 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Trinh T T Huong
- ‡Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pham Quoc Long
- ‡Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Valentin A Stonik
- †G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-let Vladivostoku 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russian Federation
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Sonar PK, Singh R, Saraf SK. Phytochemical, chromatographic and spectroscopic investigation of Carum copticum seeds and their potential as immunomodulatory agents. Pharm Biol 2015; 54:494-502. [PMID: 26030463 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1050116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Carum copticum seeds have been prescribed in the traditional system of medicine for the treatment of immune disorders, such as asthma and rheumatism. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine immunomodulatory effects of the alcoholic extract and isolated compounds in Swiss albino mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seeds of C. copticum were extracted with 95% v/v alcohol. The immunomodulatory activity of the crude extract was evaluated at the doses of 100, 300, and 500 mg/kg body weight of mice, administered in mice once daily (orally) for 25 days. Volatile oil of C. copticum was isolated by steam distillation and was characterized by GLC and HPLC. Bio-assay-guided fractionation and isolation were carried out and the isolated compounds were characterized and subjected to immunomodulatory activity studies. RESULTS The n-hexane fraction yielded p-cymene, carvacrol, and α-pinene. The LD50 value of the crude extract was found to be 4500 mg/kg and the values reported for p-cymene, carvacrol, and α-pinene in the literature were 4750, 810, and 3700 mg/kg, respectively. The oral administration of crude extract, n-hexane fraction (HEF), and isolated oils at the dose of 500, 150, and 50 mg/kg body weight, respectively, showed a significant increase in the HA titers, DTH-response, and phagocytosis. The stimulatory effect observed, on humoral and cellular immunity, was compared with the standard (levamisole treated) and control groups. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The results obtained in the study endorse the traditional use of the seeds of C. copticum and the isolated constituents act as immunostimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj K Sonar
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Babu Banarasi Das Northern India Institute of Technology , Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Ranjit Singh
- b Government College of Pharmacy , Rohru, Dist. Shimla , Himachal Pradesh , India , and
| | - Shailendra K Saraf
- c Faculty of Pharmacy , Babu Banarasi Das Northern India Institute of Technology , Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh , India
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Tabarsa M, Park GM, Shin IS, Lee E, Kim JK, You S. Structure-activity relationships of sulfated glycoproteins from Codium fragile on nitric oxide releasing capacity from RAW264.7 Cells. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2015; 17:266-276. [PMID: 25627693 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-015-9615-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of sulfate and protein contents as well as molecular weights of the sulfated glycoproteins (NF2) from Codium fragile on the immunomodulation were systematically investigated. The obtained NF2 derivatives displayed various amounts of proteins (2.3-8.7 %) and sulfates (4.3-8.1 %) as well as different molecular weights (47.3-128.0 × 10(3) g/mol). NF2 was not able to stimulate RAW264.7 cells to release NO without its protein moiety, which was essential to activate NF-κB pathway through the degradation and phosphorylation of IκB-α and the subsequent translocation of p65/p50 complex in the cell nucleus. In addition, the proteins in NF2 were required to trigger MAPK pathway for the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38, and JNK1/2 as well as the nuclear translocation of c-JUN and c-FOS. However, the protein moiety itself could not activate RAW264.7 cells, thus the complex formation of the polysaccharide and protein moieties in NF2 was pivotal to stimulate macrophage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Tabarsa
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 120 Gangneungdaehangno, Gangneung, Gangwon, 210-702, South Korea
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Mizerska-Dudka M, Jaszek M, Błachowicz A, Rejczak TP, Matuszewska A, Osińska-Jaroszuk M, Stefaniuk D, Janusz G, Sulej J, Kandefer-Szerszeń M. Fungus Cerrena unicolor as an effective source of new antiviral, immunomodulatory, and anticancer compounds. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 79:459-68. [PMID: 26003302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the report, three bioactive fractions from Cerrena unicolor: laccase (LAC), endopolysaccharides (c-EPL), and low molecular weight (ex-LMS) were tested for the first time towards their antiviral, immunostimulatory, cytotoxic and antiproliferative effect. The immunomodulatory activity was studied by means of THP-1-derived macrophages able to synthesize and secrete IL-6 and TNF-α. We used cervical carcinoma cell lines SiHa (ATCC, HTB-35) and CaSki (ATCC, CRL 1550) to determine antitumor activity and human skin fibroblasts (HSF) as a control. SiHa and L929 cell lines were used in the antiviral activity assay to propagate HHV-1 and EMCV, respectively. LAC was the most active against HSV at an early stage of viral replication, whereas the activity of laccase against EMCV was evident after incubation of the virus with LAC before and after the adsorption step. Moreover, the investigations showed that the fungal c-EPL fraction stimulated the production and secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 by THP-1-derived macrophages up to a level of 2000 pg/ml and 400 pg/ml, respectively. It was indicated for the first time that the LAC and ex-LMS fractions exhibited anticancer activity. This resulted from their cytotoxic or antiproliferative action against the investigated tumor cells at concentrations above 250 μg/ml and 10 μg/ml, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Jaszek
- Department of Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Adriana Błachowicz
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Piotr Rejczak
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Matuszewska
- Department of Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Dawid Stefaniuk
- Department of Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Janusz
- Department of Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Justyna Sulej
- Department of Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
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Zha XQ, Lu CQ, Cui SH, Pan LH, Zhang HL, Wang JH, Luo JP. Structural identification and immunostimulating activity of a Laminaria japonica polysaccharide. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 78:429-38. [PMID: 25934106 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a new water-soluble polysaccharide (LJP-11) was obtained from Laminaria japonica by anion exchange DEAE-cellulose chromatography and Sephacryl S-500 chromatography. The average molecular weight of this polysaccharide was estimated to be about 2.89×10(6) Da by high performance liquid chromatography system. Gas chromatography showed that LJP-11 was composed of arabinose, mannose and glucose in a molar ratio of 1.0:1.16:6.33. LJP-11 contains a long backbone consisting of (1→4)-β-D-GlcpAc, (1→4)-α-D-Glcp, (1→6)-β-D-Glcp and (1→3,6)-α-D-Manp. The 1-linked β-L-Araf was linked to the C-6 of (1→3)-α-D-Manp and the sulfate group was attached to the C-4 of (1→6)-β-D-Glcp. Pharmacological tests displayed that LJP-11 can stimulate macrophages to release NO, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10 as well as the up-regulation of their gene expressions, indicating LJP-11 has beneficial effects on immunostimulation. Moreover, LJP-11 exhibited positive effects on the translocation of NF-κB p65 from cytoplasm to nucleus and the phosphorylation of IκBα, ERK1/2, JNK1/2 and P38 in macrophages. These results suggested that the activation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways is one of the mechanisms responsible for the immunostimulating activity of LJP-11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qiang Zha
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Chao-Qun Lu
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Shao-Hua Cui
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Li-Hua Pan
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Hai-Lin Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Jun-Hui Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Jian-Ping Luo
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, China.
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da Costa-Silva TA, Grecco SS, de Sousa FS, Lago JHG, Martins EGA, Terrazas CA, Varikuti S, Owens KL, Beverley SM, Satoskar AR, Tempone AG. Immunomodulatory and Antileishmanial Activity of Phenylpropanoid Dimers Isolated from Nectandra leucantha. J Nat Prod 2015; 78:653-7. [PMID: 25835647 PMCID: PMC4730870 DOI: 10.1021/np500809a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Three phenylpropanoid dimers (1-3) including two new metabolites were isolated from the extract of the twigs of Nectandra leucantha using antileishmanial bioassay-guided fractionation. The in vitro antiparasitic activity of the isolated compounds against Leishmania donovani parasites and mammalian cytotoxicity and immunomodulatory effects were evaluated. Compounds 1-3 were effective against the intracellular amastigotes within macrophages, with IC50 values of 26.7, 17.8, and 101.9 μM, respectively. The mammalian cytotoxicity, given by the 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50), was evaluated against peritoneal macrophages. Compounds 1 and 3 were not toxic up to 290 μM, whereas compound 2 demonstrated a CC50 value of 111.2 μM. Compounds 1-3 also suppressed production of disease exacerbatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 but had minimal effect on nitric oxide production in L. donovani-infected macrophages, indicating that antileishmanial activity of these compounds is mediated via an NO-independent mechanism. Therefore, these new natural products could represent promising scaffolds for drug design studies for leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simone S. Grecco
- Center of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda S. de Sousa
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Henrique G. Lago
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Euder G. A. Martins
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - César A. Terrazas
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Sanjay Varikuti
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Katherine L. Owens
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Stephen M. Beverley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Abhay R. Satoskar
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Andre G. Tempone
- Center for Parasitology and Mycology, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil
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Nworu CS, Ihim SA, Okoye FBC, Esimone CO, Adikwu MU, Akah PA. Immunomodulatory and immunorestorative activities of β-D-glucan-rich extract and polysaccharide fraction of mushroom, Pleurutus tuberregium. Pharm Biol 2015; 53:1555-1566. [PMID: 25857364 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.991838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Some edible mushrooms are reputed to possess useful medicinal properties which are related to their ability to modulate the protective responses of the immune system. OBJECTIVE This study explored the immunomodulatory and immunorestorative properties of a hot aqueous extract (APTR) and of a β-d-glucan-enriched polysaccharide fraction (BGP) of a local oyster mushroom Pleurutus tuberregium (Fr.) Singer (Pleurotaceae). MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunomodulatory activities were investigated by assessing specific and none-specific immune responses in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice; as well as in vitro in culture of RAW264.7 macrophages stimulated with BGP. RESULTS In a homologous prime-boost immunization schedule, oral supplementation with APTR (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg) and BGP (100 or 200 mg/kg) resulted in significantly higher titers of total IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a by as much as 2-4-folds compared with the levels in untreated control mice. The mean hemagglutination (HA) titer in immunized mice that were treated with dexamethasone (DEX; 5 mg/kg) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than the titer in groups that did not receive dexamethasone; however, short-term alternate day administration of APTR (200 mg/kg) to mice that had been immunosuppressed with 5 mg DEX/kg produced significant increases in secondary anti-SRBC antibody compared with the mean titer of mice immunized and treated with DEX alone. In in vitro studies, stimulation of RAW264.7 macrophages with BGP caused significant increases in iNO and TNF-α expression, and phagocytic functions of the cell. CONCLUSION Taken together, the results of these studies showed that P. tuberregium imparts immunostimulatory and immunorestorative effects that could be explained, in part, by the actions of its β-d-glucan constituent(s) on macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwuemeka S Nworu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nigeria , Nsukka , Nigeria
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Abstract
CONTEXT Phytopharmacology is a complex but very promising research area. The different plant parts and extraction methods may result in opposed effects. Phlomis species have been reported for both anti-inflammatory and tonic properties. OBJECTIVE The effect of Phlomis lanata Willd. (Lamiaceae) protein extracts on immune cell reactivity was studied in the experimental mouse model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Protein extracts from P. lanata aerial parts were fractionated by Q-sepharose ion-exchange chromatography and applied to whole spleen cells or T-cell subsets at 5 μg/ml. Cell growth and cytokine production were evaluated after 4 and 2 d of culture using (3)H-thymidine-uptake and ELISA techniques, respectively. RESULTS Among the protein fractions tested, column wash proteins (W1) and the fraction eluted using 600 mM NaCl (F6) reduced by 76% and increased by 78% spleen cell proliferation, respectively. W1 suppressed proliferation of effector T-cells, but stimulated the growth of suppressor/regulatory cells by 62-148%. Although W1 stimulated IL-2 and IL-10 production from total spleen cells, it significantly increased IL-10 (50%) and reduced IL-2 (30-50%) production from T-cells, while TNF-α release was enhanced in CD25(+)CD4(+) by 92% and reduced by 50% in CD25(+)CD8(+) cells. F6 stimulated whole spleen cell growth, reduced proliferation of CD8(+) and CD25(+) cells by approximately 50%, while decreasing by 60-80% TNF-α production from CD25(-) and CD25(+)CD8(+) cells. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The suppressive activity of W1 could be attributed to IL-10 and TNF-α, while the stimulatory effect of F6 could be attributed to the inhibition of T-regulatory cells. In the same plant, coexisting protein fractions induce both immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Karali
- a Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Biology , University of Crete , Crete , Greece
| | - Luciana Georgescu
- b Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Biology , University of Crete , Crete , Greece , and
| | - Stergios Pirintsos
- b Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Biology , University of Crete , Crete , Greece , and
- c Botanical Garden, University of Crete , Crete , Greece
| | - Irene Athanassakis
- a Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Biology , University of Crete , Crete , Greece
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Abstract
CONTEXT Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz is a traditional herb. Atractylodes macrocephalaon polysaccharides (AMP) have been found to enhance immunity and improve heart function. However, the mechanisms of the immunomodulatory effect have not been investigated. OBJECTIVE We examined whether AMP activated macrophages and explored the mechanisms of activation. MATERIALS AND METHODS AMP was prepared and evaluated its immunomodulatory activity (25, 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL) by detecting the phagocytosis and the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IFN-γ, and nitric oxide (NO) in RAW264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, the role of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway was examined in regulating TNF-α and NO production. RESULTS The phagocytosis of macrophages was enhanced by AMP in a dose-dependent manner and the maximal phagocytosis of macrophages occurred at concentrations of 100 and 200 μg/mL. NO, TNF-α, and IFN-γ release was also found to be dose dependent by increasing concentrations of AMP and reached the peak at a concentration of 200 μg/mL. In addition, AMP induced inhibitor kappaB (IκB) degradation and the activation of NF-κB by p65 nuclear translocation, and then the activation of NF-κB in nucleus peaked at a concentration of 200 μg/mL. Besides, NF-κB-specific inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) decreased AMP-induced NO and TNF-α production. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION These data suggest that AMP may modulate macrophage activities by stimulating NF-κB or activating NF-κB-dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Quan Ji
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , China and
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126
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Zhang W, Oda T, Yu Q, Jin JO. Fucoidan from Macrocystis pyrifera has powerful immune-modulatory effects compared to three other fucoidans. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:1084-104. [PMID: 25706632 PMCID: PMC4377974 DOI: 10.3390/md13031084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide purified from brown algae, has a variety of immune-modulation effects, such as promoting activation of dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK) cells and T cells, and enhancing anti-viral and anti-tumor responses. However, the immune-modulatory effect of fucoidan from different seaweed extracts has not been thoroughly analyzed and compared. We analyzed fucoidans obtained from Ascophyllum nodosum (A. nodosum), Macrocystis pyrifera (M. pyrifera), Undaria pinnatifida (U. pinnatifida) and Fucus vesiculosus (F. vesiculosus) for their effect on the apoptosis of human neutrophils, activation of mouse NK cells, maturation of spleen DCs, proliferation and activation of T cells, and the adjuvant effect in vivo. Fucoidans from M. pyrifera and U. pinnatifida strongly delayed human neutrophil apoptosis at low concentration, whereas fucoidans from A. nodosum and F. vesiculosus delayed human neutrophil apoptosis at higher concentration. Moreover, fucoidan from M. pyrifera promoted NK cell activation and cytotoxic activity against YAC-1 cells. In addition, M. pyrifera fucoidan induced the strongest activation of spleen DCs and T cells and ovalbumin (OVA) specific immune responses compared to other fucoidans. These data suggest that fucoidan from M. pyrifera can be potentially useful as a therapeutic agent for infectious diseases, cancer and an effective adjuvant for vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China.
| | - Tatsuya Oda
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
| | - Qing Yu
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Jun-O Jin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China.
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Liao W, Luo Z, Liu D, Ning Z, Yang J, Ren J. Structure characterization of a novel polysaccharide from Dictyophora indusiata and its macrophage immunomodulatory activities. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:535-544. [PMID: 25525995 DOI: 10.1021/jf504677r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel polysaccharide, here named DP1, was isolated from the fruiting body of Dictyophora indusiata using a water extraction method. Structure characterization revealed that DP1 had an average molecular weight of 1132 kDa and consisted of glucose (56.2%), galactose (14.1%), and mannose (29.7%). The main linkage type of DP1 were proven to be (1 → 3)-linked α-l-Man, (1 → 2,6)-linked α-d-Glc, (1 → 6)-linked β-d-Glc, (1 → 6)-linked β-d-Gal, and (1 → 6)-linked β-d-Man by periodate oxidation-Smith degradation and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. The immunostimulating assay indicated that DP1 could significantly promote macrophage NO, TNF-α, and IL-6 secretion in murine RAW 264.7 cells involving complement receptor 3 (CR3). The immune activities of DP1 were quite stable under thermal processing (100, 121, and 145 °C). Besides, DP1 retained stability after acidic/alkline treatment (pH 4.0-10.0), which enabled it to be an ideal complementary medicine or functional food for therapeutics of hypoimmunity and immunodeficiency diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhen Liao
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China
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Cho WK, Weeratunga P, Lee BH, Park JS, Kim CJ, Ma JY, Lee JS. Epimedium koreanum Nakai displays broad spectrum of antiviral activity in vitro and in vivo by inducing cellular antiviral state. Viruses 2015; 7:352-77. [PMID: 25609307 PMCID: PMC4306843 DOI: 10.3390/v7010352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epimedium koreanum Nakai has been extensively used in traditional Korean and Chinese medicine to treat a variety of diseases. Despite the plant's known immune modulatory potential and chemical make-up, scientific information on its antiviral properties and mode of action have not been completely investigated. In this study, the broad antiviral spectrum and mode of action of an aqueous extract from Epimedium koreanum Nakai was evaluated in vitro, and moreover, the protective effect against divergent influenza A subtypes was determined in BALB/c mice. An effective dose of Epimedium koreanum Nakai markedly reduced the replication of Influenza A Virus (PR8), Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV), Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) and Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) in RAW264.7 and HEK293T cells. Mechanically, we found that an aqueous extract from Epimedium koreanum Nakai induced the secretion of type I IFN and pro-inflammatory cytokines and the subsequent stimulation of the antiviral state in cells. Among various components present in the extract, quercetin was confirmed to have striking antiviral properties. The oral administration of Epimedium koreanum Nakai exhibited preventive effects on BALB/c mice against lethal doses of highly pathogenic influenza A subtypes (H1N1, H5N2, H7N3 and H9N2). Therefore, an extract of Epimedium koreanum Nakai and its components play roles as immunomodulators in the innate immune response, and may be potential candidates for prophylactic or therapeutic treatments against diverse viruses in animal and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Kyung Cho
- Korean Medicine (KM) Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Deajeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Prasanna Weeratunga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Byeong-Hoon Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Jun-Seol Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Chul-Joong Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Jin Yeul Ma
- Korean Medicine (KM) Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Deajeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
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Abstract
Scorpions are well known for their dangerous stings that can result in severe consequences for human beings, including death. Neurotoxins present in their venoms are responsible for their toxicity. Due to their medical relevance, toxins have been the driving force in the scorpion natural compounds research field. On the other hand, for thousands of years, scorpions and their venoms have been applied in traditional medicine, mainly in Asia and Africa. With the remarkable growth in the number of characterized scorpion venom components, several drug candidates have been found with the potential to tackle many of the emerging global medical threats. Scorpions have become a valuable source of biologically active molecules, from novel antibiotics to potential anticancer therapeutics. Other venom components have drawn attention as useful scaffolds for the development of drugs. This review summarizes the most promising candidates for drug development that have been isolated from scorpion venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Ortiz
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico
| | - Georgina B Gurrola
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico
| | - Elisabeth Ferroni Schwartz
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Lourival D Possani
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico.
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130
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Generalov EA. [Water-soluble polysaccharide from Heliantnus tuberosus L.: radioprotective, colony-stimulation and immunomodulation activities]. Biofizika 2015; 60:73-79. [PMID: 25868343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Experimental data on the presence of immunomodulatory activity, colony-stimulation and radioprotective properties of the polysaccharide from Heliantnus tuberosus L. with the molecular weight of 1-2 MDa, were obtained. The effect of different concentrations of the polysaccharide on production of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 was studied. The nature of radioprotective properties of the polysaccharide is discussed: stimulation of growth of colonies of hematopoietic stem cells, direct interaction with the products of ionizing radiation, and stimulation of cytokine cascades. The possibility of further usage and studying of the polysaccharide is discussed.
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Abstract
Immunoglobulin preparations are one of the products of the human plasma fractionation, where the plasma is obtained, in accordance with WHO guidelines from at least 1,000 donors. These preparations contain all IgG subclasses with various antigen characteristics. In clinical practice these drugs are used as replacement therapy in patients with primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as immunomodulatory therapy in many autoimmune diseases and systemic inflammatory diseases. Here we present characteristics of i.v. polyvalent, human immunoglobulin preparations available on the Polish market and the possibilities of their use in clinical practice, in children with hematological diseases. Considering the very low consumption of immunoglobulin preparations in our country as compared to other European countries, we would like to draw the attention of medical professionals, especially pediatricians and haematologists, to the benefits that stem from the use of these drugs in the therapy of children with haematological diseases. Our work will also facilitate the choice of an optimal polyvalent human immunoglobulin preparation for a particular patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Łaguna
- Department of Pediatrics Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Małgorzata Grabarczyk
- Department of Pediatrics Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Matysiak
- Department of Pediatrics Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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132
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Besednova NN, Kuznetsova TA, Zaporozhets TS, Zvyagintseva TN. [Brown Seaweeds as a Source of New Pharmaceutical Substances with Antibacterial Action]. Antibiot Khimioter 2015; 60:31-41. [PMID: 26415381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
At present the increase of antibiotic resistance in infection agents to antimicrobial drugs requires discovery of new antimicrobial substances with improved pharmacological properties and novel mechanisms of action, to which microorganisms do not develop resistance. Three areas are of interest for the search: recovery of new compounds from natural objects, including aquatic organisms, chemical modification of the known antibiotic molecules, discovery of compounds with antimicrobial activity among some new chemical structures which have no analogues in nature. The review is mainly concerned with discussion of antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal activity of sulfated polysaccharides (fucoidans) and extracts of brown, red and green algae, as well as of antioxidant, antiinflammatory, immunomodulatory and antiendotoxin properties that contribute to their antiinfective action. Such an activity makes fucoidans promising as a basis for developing new drugs for therapy of infectious diseases.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Abstract Context: Most of the present studies on the antitumor efficiency of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf (Gramineae) are limited to its low-mass compounds, and little information about the antitumor activity of polysaccharides from this plant is available. OBJECTIVES This study focused on the potential antitumor and immunomodulatory activities of polysaccharides (CCPS) from C. citratus. MATERIALS AND METHODS CCPS was isolated using the water extraction-ethanol precipitation method. The sarcoma 180 (S180) cells-inoculated mice were intraperitoneally administrated with CCPS (30-200 mg/kg/d) for seven consecutive days. The effects of CCPS on tumor growth, thymus and spleen weights, splenocyte proliferation, and cytokine secretion in the tumor-bearing mice were measured. The cytotoxicity of CCPS (50-800 μg/mL) towards S180 cells was also studied. RESULTS CCPS significantly inhibited the growth of the transplanted S180 tumors, with the inhibition rates ranging from 14.8 to 37.8%. Simultaneously, CCPS dose-dependently improved the immunity of the tumor-bearing mice. With the highest dose of 200 mg/kg/d, the thymus and spleen indices were increased by 21.9 and 91.9%, respectively; ConA- and LSP-induced splenocyte proliferations were increased by 32.7 and 35.3%, respectively. The secretions of interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 2 (IL-12), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were increased by 103.2, 40.2, 23.6, and 26.3%, respectively. Nevertheless, almost no toxicity of CCPS towards S180 cells was observed, with the maximal inhibition rate less than 15% at the CCPS concentration of 800 μg/mL. CONCLUSION CCPS exhibited antitumor activity in vivo, and this activity might be achieved by immunoenhancement rather than direct cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Bao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, and Research Centre of Analysis and Test, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai , PR China and
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134
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Li SS, Jin YP, Yao CL, Wang YP. [Research achievements on structures and activities of polysaccharides from Panax ginseng]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2014; 39:4709-4715. [PMID: 25898565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (P. ginseng) has been used as traditional medicine in Asian countries for more than 2,000 years. P. ginseng contains many active components such as ginsenosides, peptides, essential oil and polysaccharides, among which, P. ginseng polysaccharides were reported to have immunomodulating, anti-cancer, anti-adhesive and antioxidant activities. For better understanding of the structures and biological activities of all the ginseng polysaccharides, here the recent research achievements were reviewed. This review would be helpful for the relevant researchers to get useful information.
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135
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Zou YF, Ho GTT, Malterud KE, Le NHT, Inngjerdingen KT, Barsett H, Diallo D, Michaelsen TE, Paulsen BS. Enzyme inhibition, antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities, and brine shrimp toxicity of extracts from the root bark, stem bark and leaves of Terminalia macroptera. J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 155:1219-1226. [PMID: 25017373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The root bark, stem bark and leaves of Terminalia macroptera have been traditionally used against a variety of ailments such as wounds, hepatitis, malaria, fever, cough, and diarrhea as well as tuberculosis and skin diseases in African folk medicine. Boiling water extracts of Terminalia macroptera, administered orally, are the most common preparations of this plant used by the traditional healers in Mali. This study aimed to investigate the inhibition of the activities of α-glucosidase, 15-lipoxygenase and xanthine oxidase, DPPH scavenging activity, complement fixation activity and brine shrimp toxicity of different extracts obtained by boiling water extraction (BWE) and by ASE (accelerated solvent extraction) with ethanol, ethanol-water and water as extractants from different plant parts of Terminalia macroptera. MATERIALS AND METHODS 27 different crude extracts were obtained by BWE and ASE from root bark, stem bark and leaves of Terminalia macroptera. The total phenolic and carbohydrate contents, enzyme inhibition activities (α-glucosidase, 15-lipoxygenase and xanthine oxidase), DPPH scavenging activity, complement fixation activity and brine shrimp toxicity of these extracts were evaluated. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied for total biological activities evaluation. RESULTS Several of the extracts from root bark, stem bark and leaves of Terminalia macroptera obtained by BWE and ASE showed potent enzyme inhibition activities, radical-scavenging properties and complement fixation activities. None of the extracts are toxic against brine shrimp larvae in the test concentration. Based on the results from PCA, the ASE ethanol extracts of root bark and stem bark and the low molecular weight fraction of the 50% ethanol-water extract of leaves showed the highest total biological activities. The boiling water extracts were less active, but the bark extracts showed activity as α-glucosidase inhibitors and radical scavengers, the leaf extract being less active. CONCLUSION The observed enzyme inhibition activities, radical scavenging properties and complement fixation activities may explain some of the traditional uses of this medicinal tree, such as in wound healing and against diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Feng Zou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Giang Thanh Thi Ho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Karl Egil Malterud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Nhat Hao Tran Le
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kari Tvete Inngjerdingen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde Barsett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Drissa Diallo
- Department of Traditional Medicine, BP 1746, Bamako, Mali
| | - Terje Einar Michaelsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Berit Smestad Paulsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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Deng YY, Yi Y, Zhang LF, Zhang RF, Zhang Y, Wei ZC, Tang XJ, Zhang MW. Immunomodulatory activity and partial characterisation of polysaccharides from Momordica charantia. Molecules 2014; 19:13432-47. [PMID: 25178064 PMCID: PMC6271773 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190913432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Momordica charantia Linn. is used as an edible and medicinal vegetable in sub-tropical areas. Until now, studies on its composition and related activities have been confined to compounds of low molecular mass, and no data have been reported concerning the plant's polysaccharides. In this work, a crude polysaccharide of M. charantia (MCP) fruit was isolated by hot water extraction and then purified using DEAE-52 cellulose anion-exchange chromatography to produce two main fractions MCP1 and MCP2. The immunomodulatory effects and physicochemical characteristics of these fractions were investigated in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that intragastric administration of 150 or 300 mg·kg-·d⁻¹ of MCP significantly increased the carbolic particle clearance index, serum haemolysin production, spleen index, thymus index and NK cell cytotoxicity to normal control levels in cyclophosphamide (Cy)-induced immunosuppressed mice. Both MCP1 and MCP2 effectively stimulated normal and concanavalin A-induced splenic lymphocyte proliferation in vitro at various doses. The average molecular weights of MCP1 and MCP2, which were measured using high-performance gel permeation chromatography, were 8.55×10⁴ Da and 4.41×10⁵ Da, respectively. Both fractions exhibited characteristic polysaccharide bands in their Fourier transform infrared spectrum. MCP1 is mainly composed of glucose and galactose, and MCP2 is mainly composed of glucose, mannose and galactose. The results indicate that MCP and its fractions have good potential as immunotherapeutic adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, China; E-Mail:
- Sericulture and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China; E-Mails: (Y.Y.); (L.-F.Z.); (R.-F.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.-C.W.); (X.-J.T.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Yi
- Sericulture and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China; E-Mails: (Y.Y.); (L.-F.Z.); (R.-F.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.-C.W.); (X.-J.T.)
| | - Li-Fang Zhang
- Sericulture and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China; E-Mails: (Y.Y.); (L.-F.Z.); (R.-F.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.-C.W.); (X.-J.T.)
| | - Rui-Fen Zhang
- Sericulture and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China; E-Mails: (Y.Y.); (L.-F.Z.); (R.-F.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.-C.W.); (X.-J.T.)
| | - Yan Zhang
- Sericulture and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China; E-Mails: (Y.Y.); (L.-F.Z.); (R.-F.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.-C.W.); (X.-J.T.)
| | - Zhen-Cheng Wei
- Sericulture and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China; E-Mails: (Y.Y.); (L.-F.Z.); (R.-F.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.-C.W.); (X.-J.T.)
| | - Xiao-Jun Tang
- Sericulture and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China; E-Mails: (Y.Y.); (L.-F.Z.); (R.-F.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.-C.W.); (X.-J.T.)
| | - Ming-Wei Zhang
- Sericulture and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China; E-Mails: (Y.Y.); (L.-F.Z.); (R.-F.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.-C.W.); (X.-J.T.)
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Konno N, Nakade K, Nishitani Y, Mizuno M, Sakamoto Y. Lentinan degradation in the Lentinula edodes fruiting body during postharvest preservation is reduced by downregulation of the exo-β-1,3-glucanase EXG2. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:8153-7. [PMID: 25033107 DOI: 10.1021/jf501578w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Lentinan from Lentinula edodes fruiting bodies (shiitake mushrooms) is a valuable β-glucan for medical purposes based on its anticancer activity and immunomodulating activity. However, lentinan content in fruiting bodies decreases after harvesting and storage due to an increase in glucanase activity. In this study, we downregulated the expression of an exo-β-1,3-glucanase, exg2, in L. edodes using RNA interference. In the wild-type strain, β-1,3-glucanase activity in fruiting bodies remarkably increased after harvesting, and 41.7% of the lentinan content was lost after 4 days of preservation. The EXG2 downregulated strain showed significantly lower lentinan degrading activity (60-70% of the wild-type strain) in the fruiting bodies 2-4 days after harvesting. The lentinan content of fresh fruiting bodies was similar in the wild-type and EXG2 downregulated strains, but in the downregulated strain, only 25.4% of the lentinan was lost after 4 days, indicating that downregulation of EXG2 enables keeping the lentinan content high longer.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/isolation & purification
- Antineoplastic Agents/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents/supply & distribution
- Crops, Agricultural/enzymology
- Crops, Agricultural/growth & development
- Crops, Agricultural/metabolism
- Down-Regulation
- Food Preservation
- Food, Genetically Modified
- Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/enzymology
- Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/growth & development
- Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/metabolism
- Fungal Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Fungal Proteins/genetics
- Fungal Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal
- Glucan 1,3-beta-Glucosidase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Glucan 1,3-beta-Glucosidase/genetics
- Glucan 1,3-beta-Glucosidase/metabolism
- Hydrolysis
- Immunologic Factors/isolation & purification
- Immunologic Factors/metabolism
- Immunologic Factors/supply & distribution
- Japan
- Lentinan/isolation & purification
- Lentinan/metabolism
- Lentinan/supply & distribution
- Organisms, Genetically Modified/growth & development
- Organisms, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Shiitake Mushrooms/enzymology
- Shiitake Mushrooms/growth & development
- Shiitake Mushrooms/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Transformation, Genetic
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotake Konno
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center , 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami-shi, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
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138
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Shi M, Yang Y, Hu X, Zhang Z. Effect of ultrasonic extraction conditions on antioxidative and immunomodulatory activities of a Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide originated from fermented soybean curd residue. Food Chem 2014; 155:50-6. [PMID: 24594153 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A crude Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLPL) was extracted from fermented soybean curd residue by ultrasonic assisted extraction. The optimal extraction conditions were 30 min at 80 °C with 80 W and water to solid ratio of 10, and with this method 115.47 ± 2.95 mg/g of GLPL yield was obtained. Additionally, the antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities of GLPL were investigated. The results showed that GLPL exhibited strong antioxidant effects, which included scavenging activities against DPPH radicals, hydrogen oxide and ABTS radicals with IC50 values of 0.23, 0.48 and 0.69 mg/mL, respectively. For immunomodulatory activities, GLPL was shown to strongly stimulate the proliferation of macrophages (158.02 ± 13.12%), the production of nitric oxide and phagocytosis (21.16 ± 1.65 μM), and, at 40.00 μg/mL, protected macrophage from Doxorubicin (DOX) (0.16 ± 0.003).
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yingnan Yang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Xuansheng Hu
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Zhenya Zhang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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139
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Wang H, Wei G, Liu F, Banerjee G, Joshi M, Bligh SWA, Shi S, Lian H, Fan H, Gu X, Wang S. Characterization of two homogalacturonan pectins with immunomodulatory activity from green tea. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:9963-78. [PMID: 24901527 PMCID: PMC4100133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15069963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Two natural homogalacturonan (HG) pectins (MW ca. 20 kDa) were isolated from green tea based on their immunomodulatory activity. The crude tea polysaccharides (TPS1 and TPS2) were obtained from green tea leaves by hot water extraction and followed by 40% and 70% ethanol precipitation, respectively. Two homogenous water soluble polysaccharides (TPS1-2a and TPS1-2b) were obtained from TPS1 after purification with gel permeation, which gave a higher phagocytic effect than TPS2. A combination of composition, methylation and configuration analyses, as well as NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy revealed that TPS1-2a and TPS1-2b were homogalacturonan (HG) pectins consisting of a backbone of 1,4-linked α-D-galacturonic acid (GalA) residues with 28.4% and 26.1% of carboxyl groups as methyl ester, respectively. The immunological assay results demonstrated that TPS1-2, which consisted mainly of HG pectins, showed phagocytosis-enhancing activity in HL-60 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Guodong Wei
- Unilever R&D Shanghai, 66 Lin Xin Road, Linkong Economic Development Zone, Shanghai 200335, China.
| | - Fei Liu
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Gautam Banerjee
- Unilever R&D Bangalore, 66 Main Road, Whitefield, Bangalore 560066, India.
| | - Manoj Joshi
- Unilever R&D Bangalore, 66 Main Road, Whitefield, Bangalore 560066, India.
| | - S W Annie Bligh
- Department of Complementary Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK.
| | - Songshan Shi
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Hui Lian
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Hongwei Fan
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Xuelan Gu
- Unilever R&D Shanghai, 66 Lin Xin Road, Linkong Economic Development Zone, Shanghai 200335, China.
| | - Shunchun Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
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140
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Abstract
Abstract
Looking for new plant sources of immunomodulating agents polysaccharide-rich fractions (PS) from Menyanthes trifoliata L. (Menyanthaceae) have been isolated. The herb of Menyanthes trifoliata L. was sequentially extracted with water, 0.1 м NaOH, 8% CH3COOH, and 1 м NaOH. After dialysis and resolution on Biogel P-10 four homogenic (B-4, B-5, C-4, D-5) and two nonhomogenic (A-3 and D-4) PS were isolated. About 0.5% of PS over 3500 Da were found in the dry plant material. They were characterized through chemical analysis, NMR and vibrational spectroscopy. Speciation analysis of chosen metal/metaloid elements was performed and an exceptionally high concentration of Se was found in PS of a pure water extract (A-3). The biological tests on the immunomodulating influence with human blood-derived lymphocytes and granulocytes revealed that two fractions, B-4 and B-5, were strong stimulators of immune cells, whereas fractions D-5 and A-3 were found as potent suppressive and anti-inflammatory agents. The applied isolation procedures led to the separation of active compounds into stimulatory and inhibitory fractions.
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141
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Cao RA, Lee Y, You S. Water soluble sulfated-fucans with immune-enhancing properties from Ecklonia cava. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 67:303-11. [PMID: 24661888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Water-soluble sulfated fucans isolated from Ecklonia cava were fractionated using an anion-exchange chromatography to investigate their molecular characteristics and immunomodulating activities. The crude fucoidan extract and purified fractions (EF1, EF2, and EF3) consisted mostly of different ratios of neutral sugars, proteins, sulfates, uronic acids, and their monosaccharide compositions were also significantly different. The backbone of the most immunoenhancing fraction, EF2, was mainly linked by (1→3)-linked fucopyranosyl and (1→4)-linked mannopyranosyl residues with sulfates at C-4 of fucopyranosyl units. The molecular weights of the crude fucoidan extract and purified fractions ranged from 8.3×10(3) to 442.6×10(3)g/mol. The crude extract, EF1 and EF2 stimulated RAW264.7 cells to produce considerable amounts of nitric oxide and cytokines. The treatment of cells with the sulfated fucans induced the degradation of Iκ-B and the phosphorylation of MAPK in RAW264.7 cells, implying that they might stimulate RAW264.7 cells through the activation of NF-κB and MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-An Cao
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 120 Gangneung Daehangno, Gangneung, Gangwon 210-702, South Korea
| | - YongJin Lee
- Chuncheon Bioindustry Foundation, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-957, South Korea.
| | - SangGuan You
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 120 Gangneung Daehangno, Gangneung, Gangwon 210-702, South Korea.
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142
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Kaur I, Bhatia S, Bhati Y, Sharma V, Mediratta PK, Bhattacharya SK. Augmented primary humoral immune response and decreased cell-mediated immunity by Murraya koenigii in rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2014; 25:211-215. [PMID: 24129104 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2013-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Murraya koenigii (Rutaceae) (curry patta: Hindi) of the family Rutaceae is used in the traditional Indian system of medicine for its immunomodulatory properties. The essential oil of the leaves of M. koenigii possesses antimicrobial, antifungal, and pesticidal activities and is used for the treatment of amebiasis, diabetes, and hepatitis. The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of M. koenigii on humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in rats. METHODS Aqueous extract of M. koenigii leaves was administered orally in a dose of 350 mg/kg. Cell-mediated immunity was assessed by measuring foot pad thickness following sensitization by injection of keyhole limpet hemocyanin and subsequent challenge by the same. Humoral immunity was assessed by measurement of hemagglutination titer to sheep red blood cells (SRBCs). RESULTS In the humoral immune response, the administration of M. koenigii [350 mg/kg per os (p.o.)] from day 1 to day 7 after sensitization with SRBC on day 0 caused a significant increase in the primary anti-SRBC titer. However, the secondary immune response was decreased significantly (p<0.05) as shown by a decrease in secondary anti-SRBC titer measured on day 11 following a booster dose of antigen on day 8. In the delayed-type hypersensitivity test, M. koenigii (350 mg/kg, p.o.), when administered for 14 days, produced a significant (p<0.05) decrease in foot pad thickness when compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS Thus, these results suggest that oral administration of M. koenigii augments primary humoral immune response and decreases cell-mediated immunity.
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143
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McCarthy AL, O'Callaghan YC, Connolly A, Piggott CO, FitzGerald RJ, O'Brien NM. Phenolic-enriched fractions from brewers' spent grain possess cellular antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects in cell culture model systems. J Sci Food Agric 2014; 94:1373-1379. [PMID: 24114648 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Large quantities of brewers' spent grain (BSG), a co-product of the brewing industry, are produced annually. BSG contains hydroxycinnamic acids, and phenolic-rich extracts from BSG have previously demonstrated the ability to protect against oxidant-induced DNA damage. The present study investigated the anti-inflammatory potential of eight phenolic extracts from BSG: four pale (P1-P4) and four black (B1-B4) extracts. RESULTS BSG extracts were more cytotoxic in Jurkat T than U937 cells, with lower IC₅₀ values in Jurkat T cells, measured using the (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Pale BSG extracts P2 and P3 showed the greatest anti-inflammatory potential, significantly (P < 0.05) reducing interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-4 (IL-4, P2 only), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production. In addition, extracts P1-P3 and B2-B4 showed significant (P < 0.05) antioxidant effects, determined by the cellular antioxidant activity assays superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione content (GSH). CONCLUSION Phenolic extracts from BSG, particularly the pale BSG extracts, have the ability to reduce a stimulated cytokine production and may also protect against cellular oxidative stress. Results of the present study highlight the potential of BSG phenolic extracts to act as functional food ingredients, providing an alternative use and improving the value of this brewing industry co-product.
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MESH Headings
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/analysis
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/economics
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/isolation & purification
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/analysis
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/economics
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/isolation & purification
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/metabolism
- Antioxidants/analysis
- Antioxidants/economics
- Antioxidants/isolation & purification
- Antioxidants/metabolism
- Beer/economics
- Beer/microbiology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Coumaric Acids/analysis
- Coumaric Acids/economics
- Coumaric Acids/isolation & purification
- Coumaric Acids/metabolism
- Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Edible Grain/chemistry
- Edible Grain/economics
- Food, Fortified/analysis
- Food, Fortified/economics
- Food-Processing Industry/economics
- Humans
- Immunologic Factors/analysis
- Immunologic Factors/economics
- Immunologic Factors/isolation & purification
- Immunologic Factors/metabolism
- Industrial Waste/analysis
- Industrial Waste/economics
- Ireland
- Leukemia, T-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, T-Cell/metabolism
- Monocytes/enzymology
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Phenols/analysis
- Phenols/economics
- Phenols/isolation & purification
- Phenols/metabolism
- Pigmentation
- Plant Extracts/chemistry
- Plant Extracts/economics
- Plant Extracts/isolation & purification
- Plant Extracts/metabolism
- Recycling
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife L McCarthy
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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144
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Biserova NM, Kutyrev IA. [Localization of prostaglandin E2, γ-aminobutyric acid, and other potential immunomodulators in the plerocercoid Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Cestoda)]. Izv Akad Nauk Ser Biol 2014:271-280. [PMID: 25731038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, the potential immunomodulators prostaglandin E2 and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) have been revealed in the plerocercoid Diphyllobothrium dendriticum, which is a parasite in the tissues and abdominal cavity of the Baikal omul Coregonus migratorius. The localization of immunomodulators in parasite tissues was compared with the location of typical markers of the nervous system (serotonin (5-HT) and FMRF-amide) and a marker of microtubules (α-tubulin). Prostaglandin E2 was revealed in the cells that are immunoreactive to α-tubulin and are situated in the cortical parenchyma outside the central nervous system (CNS). It is supposed that prostaglandin E2 is produced by the frontal glands and is carried out onto the tegument surface through specialized ducts. Immunoreaction to GABA was revealed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. GABA-ergic neurosomes, the neurites of which form a net on the surface of muscle layers and in the subtegument, were revealed in the cerebral ganglion and main nerve cords. The morphological characteristics for the identification of serotoninergic neurons in the CNS were described.
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145
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Lin CC, Chen HH, Chen YK, Chang HC, Lin PY, Pan IH, Chen DY, Chen CM, Lin SY. Rice bran feruloylated oligosaccharides activate dendritic cells via Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 signaling. Molecules 2014; 19:5325-47. [PMID: 24762969 PMCID: PMC6271473 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19045325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This work presents the effects of feruloylated oligosaccharides (FOs) of rice bran on murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and the potential pathway through which the effects are mediated. We found that FOs induced phenotypic maturation of DCs, as shown by the increased expression of CD40, CD80/CD86 and MHC-I/II molecules. FOs efficiently induced maturation of DCs generated from C3H/HeN or C57BL/6 mice with normal toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) or TLR-2 but not DCs from mice with mutated TLR4 or TLR2. The mechanism of action of FOs may be mediated by increased phosphorylation of ERK, p38 and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) and increased NF-κB activity, which are important signaling molecules downstream of TLR-4 and TLR-2. These data suggest that FOs induce DCs maturation through TLR-4 and/or TLR-2 and that FOs might have potential efficacy against tumor or virus infection or represent a candidate-adjuvant approach for application in immunotherapy and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Chen Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Science, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, 407, Taiwan; E-Mail:
- Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; E-Mail:
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (C.C.L.); (H.H.C.); Fax: +886-4-2359-2705 (C.C.L.); +886-6-926-0259 (H.H.C.)
| | - Hua Han Chen
- Department of Food Science, National Penghu University of Science and Technology, Makung City, Penghu Hsien 880, Taiwan; E-Mail:
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (C.C.L.); (H.H.C.); Fax: +886-4-2359-2705 (C.C.L.); +886-6-926-0259 (H.H.C.)
| | - Yu Kuo Chen
- Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Hung Chia Chang
- Department of Food Science, National Penghu University of Science and Technology, Makung City, Penghu Hsien 880, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Ping Yi Lin
- Transplant Medicine & Surgery Research Centre, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - I-Hong Pan
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 310, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Der-Yuan Chen
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, 407, Taiwan; E-Mail:
- Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Chuan Mu Chen
- Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; E-Mail:
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Su Yi Lin
- Department of Applied Science of Living, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 111, Taiwan; E-Mail:
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146
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Amakura Y, Yoshimura M, Takaoka M, Toda H, Tsutsumi T, Matsuda R, Teshima R, Nakamura M, Handa H, Yoshida T. Characterization of natural aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists from cassia seed and rosemary. Molecules 2014; 19:4956-66. [PMID: 24747651 PMCID: PMC6271233 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19044956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many recent studies have suggested that activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) reduces immune responses, thus suppressing allergies and autoimmune diseases. In our continuing study on natural AhR agonists in foods, we examined the influence of 37 health food materials on the AhR using a reporter gene assay, and found that aqueous ethanol extracts of cassia seed and rosemary had particularly high AhR activity. To characterize the AhR-activating substances in these samples, the chemical constituents of the respective extracts were identified. From an active ethyl acetate fraction of the cassia seed extract, eight aromatic compounds were isolated. Among these compounds, aurantio-obtusin, an anthraquinone, elicited marked AhR activation. Chromatographic separation of an active ethyl acetate fraction of the rosemary extract gave nine compounds. Among these compounds, cirsimaritin induced AhR activity at 10-10² μM, and nepitrin and homoplantagenin, which are flavone glucosides, showed marked AhR activation at 10-10³ μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Amakura
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, 4-2 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8578, Japan.
| | - Morio Yoshimura
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, 4-2 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8578, Japan.
| | - Masashi Takaoka
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, 4-2 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8578, Japan.
| | - Haruka Toda
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, 4-2 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8578, Japan.
| | - Tomoaki Tsutsumi
- Division of Foods, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan.
| | - Rieko Matsuda
- Division of Foods, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan.
| | - Reiko Teshima
- Division of Foods, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan.
| | - Masafumi Nakamura
- Hiyoshi Corporation, 908 Kitanosho-cho, Omihachiman, Shiga 523-8555, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Handa
- Hiyoshi Corporation, 908 Kitanosho-cho, Omihachiman, Shiga 523-8555, Japan.
| | - Takashi Yoshida
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, 4-2 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8578, Japan.
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147
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Yang LC, Hsieh CC, Lu TJ, Lin WC. Structurally characterized arabinogalactan from Anoectochilus formosanus as an immuno-modulator against CT26 colon cancer in BALB/c mice. Phytomedicine 2014; 21:647-655. [PMID: 24315348 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the innate immuno-modulatory effects and anti-cancer action of arabinogalactan (AG), a derivative of a well-known orchid, Anoectochilus formosanus, were investigated. The innate immuno-modulatory effects of AG were determined in vitro using RAW 264.7 cells for microarray analysis, and in vivo using BALB/c mice administrated with AG at 5 and 15 mg/kg intra-peritoneally for 3 weeks. The anti-cancer activity of AG was evaluated by CT26 colon cancer-bearing BALB/c mice. The microarray analysis was performed to evaluate the innate immunity and demonstrated that AG significantly induced the expression of cytokines, chemokines, and co-stimulatory receptors, such as IL-1α, CXCL2, and CD69. An intraperitoneal injection of AG in mice increased the spleen weight, but not the body weight. The treatment of mitogen, LPS significantly stimulated splenocyte proliferation in AG treated groups. The AG treatment also promoted splenocyte cytotoxicity against YAC-1 cells and increased the percentage of CD3(+)CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells in innate immunity test. Our experiments revealed that AG significantly decreased both tumour size and tumour weight. Besides, AG increased the percentage of DC, CD3(+)CD8(+) T cells, CD49b(+)CD3(-) NK cells among splenocytes, and cytotoxicity activity in tumour-bearing mice. In addition, the immunohistochemistry of the tumour demonstrated that the AG treatments increased the tumour-filtrating NK and cytotoxic T-cell. These results demonstrated that AG, a polysaccharide derived from a plant source, has potent innate immuno-modulatory and anti-cancer activity. AG may therefore be used for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chan Yang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Chi Hsieh
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Jang Lu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chuan Lin
- School of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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148
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Huang F, Zhang R, Yi Y, Tang X, Zhang M, Su D, Deng Y, Wei Z. Comparison of physicochemical properties and immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides from fresh and dried litchi pulp. Molecules 2014; 19:3909-25. [PMID: 24691064 PMCID: PMC6270829 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19043909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Drying is commonly used for preservation and processing of litchi. However, its polysaccharide structure may be altered by the drying process, resulting in biological activity changes. Polysaccharides from fresh and dried litchi pulp (denoted as LPF and LPD, respectively) were isolated, investigated by GC-MS, GPC and UV/IR spectrum analysis and their antitumor and immunomodulatory activities were evaluated in vitro. LPD, the molecular weight of which was lower than that of LPF, contained more protein, uronic acid, arabinose, galactose and xylose. Compared with LPF, LPD exhibited a higher inhibitory effect on the proliferation of HepG2, Hela and A549 cells from 50-750 μg/mL. LPD was also a better stimulator of spleen lymphocyte proliferation, NK cells cytotoxicity and macrophage phagocytosis from 50-400 μg/mL. In summary, drying could change the physicochemical properties and enhance the bioactivity of polysaccharides from litchi pulp. This finding is supported by the fact that dried litchi pulps are used in Traditional Chinese Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Huang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ruifen Zhang
- Sericultural and Agri-food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China
| | - Yang Yi
- College of Food Science & Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Xiaojun Tang
- Sericultural and Agri-food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China
| | - Mingwei Zhang
- Sericultural and Agri-food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China.
| | - Dongxiao Su
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuanyuan Deng
- Sericultural and Agri-food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China
| | - Zhencheng Wei
- Sericultural and Agri-food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China
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149
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Kim JH, Park Y, Yu KW, Imm JY, Suh HJ. Enzyme-assisted extraction of cactus bioactive molecules under high hydrostatic pressure. J Sci Food Agric 2014; 94:850-856. [PMID: 23893871 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To improve the extraction and recovery of bioactive materials from cactus, the present study investigated the effect of polysaccharide-degrading enzymes [Rapidase-Viscozyme mixture, 1/3 (v/v)] treatment under high hydrostatic pressure (HHP). RESULTS The dry weight of the extract increased with the use of increasing pressure regardless of enzyme treatment. However, the polyphenol content showed a tendency to decrease with the increase in pressure in the cactus extract with or without enzyme treatment. The enzyme-assisted extraction resulted in an increase of dry weight and polyphenol content in the cactus extract. The total sugar and reducing sugar contents of the cactus extract increased with increasing pressure in enzyme-assisted extraction. The uronic acid content of the cactus extract showed a pattern similar to that of the reducing sugars. The enzyme-assisted extraction also increased the contents of taxifolin, quercetin and isorhametin. The cactus extract obtained through enzyme-assisted extraction showed intense scavenging activity of both DPPH and ABTS radicals. The crude polysaccharides isolated from the extract (51.2% at 1000 µg mL⁻¹ for HHP extraction at 300 MPa) had higher anti-complementary activity than the others except for lipopolysaccharide (60.00% at 1000 µg mL⁻¹). HHP extraction and enzyme-assisted extraction using HHP showed an increase of anti-complementary activity compared with the heat and enzyme controls, respectively. CONCLUSION Overall, the use of HHP in enzyme-assisted extraction resulted in more efficient extraction than the use of enzyme treatment alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hwan Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Seoul, 136-703, Republic of Korea
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150
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Meng FY, Ning YL, Qi J, He Z, Jie J, Lin JJ, Huang YJ, Li FS, Li XH. Structure and antitumor and immunomodulatory activities of a water-soluble polysaccharide from Dimocarpus longan pulp. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:5140-62. [PMID: 24663085 PMCID: PMC3975445 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15035140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new water-soluble polysaccharide (longan polysaccharide 1 (LP1)) was extracted and successfully purified from Dimocarpus longan pulp via diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose anion-exchange and Sephacryl S-300 HR gel chromatography. The chemical structure was determined using Infrared (IR), gas chromatography (GC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. The results indicated that the molecular weight of the sample was 1.1 × 10(5) Da. Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that LP1 was composed of Glc, GalA, Ara and Gal in a molar ratio of 5.39:1.04:0.74:0.21. Structural analysis indicated that LP1 consisted of a backbone of → 4)-α-D-Glcp-(1 → 4)-α-D-GALPA-(1 → 4)-α-D-Glcp-(1 → 4)-β-D-Glcp-(1 → units with poly saccharide side chains composed of → 2)-β-D-Fruf-(1 → 2)-L-sorbose-(1 → attached to the O-6 position of the α-D-Glcp residues. In vitro experiments indicated that LP1 had significantly high antitumor activity against SKOV3 and HO8910 tumor cells, with inhibition percentages of 40% and 50%, respectively. In addition, LP1 significantly stimulated the production of the cytokine interferon-γ (IFN-γ), increased the activity of murine macrophages and enhanced B- and T-lymphocyte proliferation. The results of this study demonstrate that LP1 has potential applications as a natural antitumor agent with immunomodulatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Yan Meng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Yuan-Ling Ning
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Jia Qi
- Department of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang Nursing College, No. 209 Xuefu Road, Harbin 150036, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Zhou He
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, No. 6 Taoyuan Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Jiang Jie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Juan-Juan Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Yan-Jun Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Fu-Sen Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Xue-Hua Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.
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