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Hussein AK, Kishimba RS, Simba AA, Urio LJ, Lema NA, Mmbaga VM, Mutayoba BK, Malugu NE, Leonard D, Hokororo J, Kelly ME, Paschal A, Ngenzi D, Hellar JA, Kauki GC, Saguti GE, Yoti Z, Mukurasi KI, Mponela M, Mgomella GS, Gatei W, Kaniki I, Swaminathan M, Kwesi EM, Nagu TJ. Tanzania's first Marburg Viral Disease outbreak response: Describing the roles of FELTP graduates and residents. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0003189. [PMID: 38809954 PMCID: PMC11135762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0003189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Viral Haemorrhagic Fever Outbreak presents a significant public health threat, requiring a timely, robust, and well-coordinated response. This paper aims to describe the roles of the Tanzania Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program (TFELTP) graduates and residents in responding to Tanzania's first Marburg Viral Disease (MVD) outbreak. We performed a secondary data analysis using a range of documents, such as rosters of deployed responders and the TFELTP graduate and resident database, to count and describe them. Additionally, we conducted an exploratory textual analysis of field deployment reports and outbreak situational reports to delineate the roles played by the residents and graduates within each response pillar. A total of 70 TFELTP graduates and residents from different regions were involved in supporting the response efforts. TFELTP graduates and residents actively participated in several interventions, including contact tracing and follow up, sensitising clinicians on surveillance tools such as standard case definitions, alert management, supporting the National and Kagera Regional Public Health Emergency Operations Centres, active case search, risk communication, and community engagement, coordination of logistics, passenger screening at points of entry, and conducting Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) assessments and orientations in 144 Health Facilities. The successes achieved and lessons learned from the MVD response lay a foundation for sustained investment in skilled workforce development. FELTP Training is a key strategy for enhancing global health security and strengthening outbreak response capabilities in Tanzania and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ally Kassim Hussein
- Tanzania Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
- African Field Epidemiology Network, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
- Tanzania Field and Laboratory Epidemiologists Association, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Rogath Saika Kishimba
- Tanzania Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
- Tanzania Field and Laboratory Epidemiologists Association, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
- Ministry of Health, Dodoma, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Azma Ayoub Simba
- Tanzania Field and Laboratory Epidemiologists Association, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Loveness John Urio
- Tanzania Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
- African Field Epidemiology Network, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
- Tanzania Field and Laboratory Epidemiologists Association, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Nsiande Andrew Lema
- Tanzania Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
- African Field Epidemiology Network, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
- Tanzania Field and Laboratory Epidemiologists Association, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Vida Makundi Mmbaga
- Tanzania Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
- Tanzania Field and Laboratory Epidemiologists Association, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
- Ministry of Health, Dodoma, United Republic of Tanzania
| | | | - Nelson Edwin Malugu
- Tanzania Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
- Tanzania Field and Laboratory Epidemiologists Association, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
- Centre of Excellence in Health Monitoring & Evaluation, Mzumbe University, Morogoro, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Devotha Leonard
- Tanzania Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
- Centre of Excellence in Health Monitoring & Evaluation, Mzumbe University, Morogoro, United Republic of Tanzania
| | | | - Maria Ezekiely Kelly
- Tanzania Field and Laboratory Epidemiologists Association, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
- National Public Health Laboratory, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Albert Paschal
- Tanzania Field and Laboratory Epidemiologists Association, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
- Presidents Office, Regional Authority and Local Government, Dodoma, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Danstan Ngenzi
- Tanzania Field and Laboratory Epidemiologists Association, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
- Ministry of Health, Dodoma, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - James Andrew Hellar
- Tanzania Field and Laboratory Epidemiologists Association, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
- Ministry of Health, Dodoma, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - George Cosmas Kauki
- Tanzania Field and Laboratory Epidemiologists Association, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
- World Health Organization, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | | | - Zabulon Yoti
- World Health Organization, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Kokuhabwa Irene Mukurasi
- Tanzania Field and Laboratory Epidemiologists Association, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
- U.S. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Marcelina Mponela
- Tanzania Field and Laboratory Epidemiologists Association, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
- U.S. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - George S. Mgomella
- U.S. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Wangeci Gatei
- U.S. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Issesanda Kaniki
- Presidents Office, Regional Authority and Local Government, Dodoma, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Mahesh Swaminathan
- U.S. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
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2
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Kessler S, Burke B, Andrieux G, Schinköthe J, Hamberger L, Kacza J, Zhan S, Reasoner C, Dutt TS, Kaukab Osman M, Henao-Tamayo M, Staniek J, Villena Ossa JF, Frank DT, Ma W, Ulrich R, Cathomen T, Boerries M, Rizzi M, Beer M, Schwemmle M, Reuther P, Schountz T, Ciminski K. Deciphering bat influenza H18N11 infection dynamics in male Jamaican fruit bats on a single-cell level. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4500. [PMID: 38802391 PMCID: PMC11130286 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48934-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Jamaican fruit bats (Artibeus jamaicensis) naturally harbor a wide range of viruses of human relevance. These infections are typically mild in bats, suggesting unique features of their immune system. To better understand the immune response to viral infections in bats, we infected male Jamaican fruit bats with the bat-derived influenza A virus (IAV) H18N11. Using comparative single-cell RNA sequencing, we generated single-cell atlases of the Jamaican fruit bat intestine and mesentery. Gene expression profiling showed that H18N11 infection resulted in a moderate induction of interferon-stimulated genes and transcriptional activation of immune cells. H18N11 infection was predominant in various leukocytes, including macrophages, B cells, and NK/T cells. Confirming these findings, human leukocytes, particularly macrophages, were also susceptible to H18N11, highlighting the zoonotic potential of this bat-derived IAV. Our study provides insight into a natural virus-host relationship and thus serves as a fundamental resource for future in-depth characterization of bat immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kessler
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bradly Burke
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Geoffroy Andrieux
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Schinköthe
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lea Hamberger
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Kacza
- BioImaging Core Facility, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Shijun Zhan
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Clara Reasoner
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Taru S Dutt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Maria Kaukab Osman
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marcela Henao-Tamayo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Julian Staniek
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jose Francisco Villena Ossa
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dalit T Frank
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Toni Cathomen
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Boerries
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site Freiburg, a partnership between DKFZ and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marta Rizzi
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Reuther
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tony Schountz
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Kevin Ciminski
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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3
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Akoi Boré J, Timothy JWS, Tipton T, Kekoura I, Hall Y, Hood G, Longet S, Fornace K, Lucien MS, Fehling SK, Koivogui BK, Coggins SA, Laing ED, Broder CC, Magassouba NF, Strecker T, Rossman J, Konde K, Carroll MW. Serological evidence of zoonotic filovirus exposure among bushmeat hunters in Guinea. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4171. [PMID: 38755147 PMCID: PMC11099012 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48587-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Human Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreaks caused by persistent EBOV infection raises questions on the role of zoonotic spillover in filovirus epidemiology. To characterise filovirus zoonotic exposure, we collected cross-sectional serum samples from bushmeat hunters (n = 498) in Macenta Prefecture Guinea, adjacent to the index site of the 2013 EBOV-Makona spillover event. We identified distinct immune signatures (20/498, 4.0%) to multiple EBOV antigens (GP, NP, VP40) using stepwise ELISA and Western blot analysis and, live EBOV neutralisation (5/20; 25%). Using comparative serological data from PCR-confirmed survivors of the 2013-2016 EBOV outbreak, we demonstrated that most signatures (15/20) were not plausibly explained by prior EBOV-Makona exposure. Subsequent data-driven modelling of EBOV immunological outcomes to remote-sensing environmental data also revealed consistent associations with intact closed canopy forest. Together our findings suggest exposure to other closely related filoviruses prior to the 2013-2016 West Africa epidemic and highlight future surveillance priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph W S Timothy
- Faulty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Tom Tipton
- Centre for Human Genetics & Pandemic Sciences Inst, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ifono Kekoura
- Ministère de la Santé et de l'hygiène publique, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Yper Hall
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
| | - Grace Hood
- Centre for Human Genetics & Pandemic Sciences Inst, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephanie Longet
- Centre for Human Genetics & Pandemic Sciences Inst, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kimberly Fornace
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | - Si'Ana A Coggins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, MD, USA
| | - Eric D Laing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, MD, USA
| | - Christopher C Broder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, MD, USA
| | | | - Thomas Strecker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jeremy Rossman
- School of Bioscience, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Kader Konde
- Centre for Training and Research on Priority Diseases including Malaria in Guinea, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Miles W Carroll
- Centre for Human Genetics & Pandemic Sciences Inst, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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4
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Cuomo-Dannenburg G, McCain K, McCabe R, Unwin HJT, Doohan P, Nash RK, Hicks JT, Charniga K, Geismar C, Lambert B, Nikitin D, Skarp J, Wardle J, Kont M, Bhatia S, Imai N, van Elsland S, Cori A, Morgenstern C. Marburg virus disease outbreaks, mathematical models, and disease parameters: a systematic review. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 24:e307-e317. [PMID: 38040006 PMCID: PMC7615873 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00515-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The 2023 Marburg virus disease outbreaks in Equatorial Guinea and Tanzania highlighted the importance of better understanding this lethal pathogen. We did a systematic review (PROSPERO CRD42023393345) of peer-reviewed articles reporting historical outbreaks, modelling studies, and epidemiological parameters focused on Marburg virus disease. We searched PubMed and Web of Science from database inception to March 31, 2023. Two reviewers evaluated all titles and abstracts with consensus-based decision making. To ensure agreement, 13 (31%) of 42 studies were double-extracted and a custom-designed quality assessment questionnaire was used for risk of bias assessment. We present detailed information on 478 reported cases and 385 deaths from Marburg virus disease. Analysis of historical outbreaks and seroprevalence estimates suggests the possibility of undetected Marburg virus disease outbreaks, asymptomatic transmission, or cross-reactivity with other pathogens, or a combination of these. Only one study presented a mathematical model of Marburg virus transmission. We estimate an unadjusted, pooled total random effect case fatality ratio of 61·9% (95% CI 38·8-80·6; I2=93%). We identify epidemiological parameters relating to transmission and natural history, for which there are few estimates. This systematic review and the accompanying database provide a comprehensive overview of Marburg virus disease epidemiology and identify key knowledge gaps, contributing crucial information for mathematical models to support future Marburg virus disease epidemic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Cuomo-Dannenburg
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Modelling, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kelly McCain
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Modelling, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ruth McCabe
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Modelling, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - H Juliette T Unwin
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Modelling, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Patrick Doohan
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Modelling, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca K Nash
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Modelling, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Joseph T Hicks
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Modelling, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kelly Charniga
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Modelling, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Cyril Geismar
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Modelling, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; Health Protection Research Unit in Modelling and Health Economics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ben Lambert
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Dariya Nikitin
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Modelling, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Janetta Skarp
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Modelling, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jack Wardle
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Modelling, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mara Kont
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Modelling, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sangeeta Bhatia
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Modelling, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; Health Protection Research Unit in Modelling and Health Economics, Imperial College London, London, UK; Modelling and Economics Unit, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Natsuko Imai
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Modelling, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sabine van Elsland
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Modelling, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anne Cori
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Modelling, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; Health Protection Research Unit in Modelling and Health Economics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Christian Morgenstern
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Modelling, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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5
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Amman BR, Koroma AH, Schuh AJ, Conteh I, Sealy TK, Foday I, Johnny J, Bakarr IA, Whitmer SLM, Wright EA, Gbakima AA, Graziano J, Bangura C, Kamanda E, Osborne A, Saidu E, Musa JA, Bangura DF, Williams SMT, Fefegula GM, Sumaila C, Jabaty J, James FH, Jambai A, Garnett K, Kamara TF, Towner JS, Lebbie A. Sosuga Virus Detected in Egyptian Rousette Bats ( Rousettus aegyptiacus) in Sierra Leone. Viruses 2024; 16:648. [PMID: 38675988 PMCID: PMC11054331 DOI: 10.3390/v16040648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Sosuga virus (SOSV), a rare human pathogenic paramyxovirus, was first discovered in 2012 when a person became ill after working in South Sudan and Uganda. During an ecological investigation, several species of bats were sampled and tested for SOSV RNA and only one species, the Egyptian rousette bat (ERBs; Rousettus aegyptiacus), tested positive. Since that time, multiple other species have been sampled and ERBs in Uganda have continued to be the only species of bat positive for SOSV infection. Subsequent studies of ERBs with SOSV demonstrated that ERBs are a competent host for SOSV and shed this infectious virus while exhibiting only minor infection-associated pathology. Following the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa, surveillance efforts focused on discovering reservoirs for zoonotic pathogens resulted in the capture and testing of many bat species. Here, SOSV RNA was detected by qRT-PCR only in ERBs captured in the Moyamba District of Sierra Leone in the central region of the country. These findings represent a substantial range extension from East Africa to West Africa for SOSV, suggesting that this paramyxovirus may occur in ERB populations throughout its sub-Saharan African range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R. Amman
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (A.J.S.); (T.K.S.); (S.L.M.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Alusine H. Koroma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone; (A.H.K.); (I.C.); (I.F.); (J.J.); (I.A.B.); (C.B.); (E.K.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (J.A.M.); (D.F.B.); (S.M.T.W.); (G.M.F.); (C.S.); (J.J.); (F.H.J.)
| | - Amy J. Schuh
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (A.J.S.); (T.K.S.); (S.L.M.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Immah Conteh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone; (A.H.K.); (I.C.); (I.F.); (J.J.); (I.A.B.); (C.B.); (E.K.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (J.A.M.); (D.F.B.); (S.M.T.W.); (G.M.F.); (C.S.); (J.J.); (F.H.J.)
| | - Tara K. Sealy
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (A.J.S.); (T.K.S.); (S.L.M.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Ibrahim Foday
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone; (A.H.K.); (I.C.); (I.F.); (J.J.); (I.A.B.); (C.B.); (E.K.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (J.A.M.); (D.F.B.); (S.M.T.W.); (G.M.F.); (C.S.); (J.J.); (F.H.J.)
| | - Jonathan Johnny
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone; (A.H.K.); (I.C.); (I.F.); (J.J.); (I.A.B.); (C.B.); (E.K.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (J.A.M.); (D.F.B.); (S.M.T.W.); (G.M.F.); (C.S.); (J.J.); (F.H.J.)
| | - Ibrahim A. Bakarr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone; (A.H.K.); (I.C.); (I.F.); (J.J.); (I.A.B.); (C.B.); (E.K.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (J.A.M.); (D.F.B.); (S.M.T.W.); (G.M.F.); (C.S.); (J.J.); (F.H.J.)
| | - Shannon L. M. Whitmer
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (A.J.S.); (T.K.S.); (S.L.M.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Emily A. Wright
- Oak Ridge Institute Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA;
| | - Aiah A. Gbakima
- National Public Health Agency, Wilberforce, 42A Main Mottor Road, Freetown, Sierra Leone;
| | - James Graziano
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (A.J.S.); (T.K.S.); (S.L.M.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Camilla Bangura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone; (A.H.K.); (I.C.); (I.F.); (J.J.); (I.A.B.); (C.B.); (E.K.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (J.A.M.); (D.F.B.); (S.M.T.W.); (G.M.F.); (C.S.); (J.J.); (F.H.J.)
| | - Emmanuel Kamanda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone; (A.H.K.); (I.C.); (I.F.); (J.J.); (I.A.B.); (C.B.); (E.K.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (J.A.M.); (D.F.B.); (S.M.T.W.); (G.M.F.); (C.S.); (J.J.); (F.H.J.)
| | - Augustus Osborne
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone; (A.H.K.); (I.C.); (I.F.); (J.J.); (I.A.B.); (C.B.); (E.K.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (J.A.M.); (D.F.B.); (S.M.T.W.); (G.M.F.); (C.S.); (J.J.); (F.H.J.)
| | - Emmanuel Saidu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone; (A.H.K.); (I.C.); (I.F.); (J.J.); (I.A.B.); (C.B.); (E.K.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (J.A.M.); (D.F.B.); (S.M.T.W.); (G.M.F.); (C.S.); (J.J.); (F.H.J.)
| | - Jonathan A. Musa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone; (A.H.K.); (I.C.); (I.F.); (J.J.); (I.A.B.); (C.B.); (E.K.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (J.A.M.); (D.F.B.); (S.M.T.W.); (G.M.F.); (C.S.); (J.J.); (F.H.J.)
| | - Doris F. Bangura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone; (A.H.K.); (I.C.); (I.F.); (J.J.); (I.A.B.); (C.B.); (E.K.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (J.A.M.); (D.F.B.); (S.M.T.W.); (G.M.F.); (C.S.); (J.J.); (F.H.J.)
| | - Sammuel M. T. Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone; (A.H.K.); (I.C.); (I.F.); (J.J.); (I.A.B.); (C.B.); (E.K.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (J.A.M.); (D.F.B.); (S.M.T.W.); (G.M.F.); (C.S.); (J.J.); (F.H.J.)
| | - George M. Fefegula
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone; (A.H.K.); (I.C.); (I.F.); (J.J.); (I.A.B.); (C.B.); (E.K.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (J.A.M.); (D.F.B.); (S.M.T.W.); (G.M.F.); (C.S.); (J.J.); (F.H.J.)
| | - Christian Sumaila
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone; (A.H.K.); (I.C.); (I.F.); (J.J.); (I.A.B.); (C.B.); (E.K.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (J.A.M.); (D.F.B.); (S.M.T.W.); (G.M.F.); (C.S.); (J.J.); (F.H.J.)
| | - Juliet Jabaty
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone; (A.H.K.); (I.C.); (I.F.); (J.J.); (I.A.B.); (C.B.); (E.K.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (J.A.M.); (D.F.B.); (S.M.T.W.); (G.M.F.); (C.S.); (J.J.); (F.H.J.)
| | - Fatmata H. James
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone; (A.H.K.); (I.C.); (I.F.); (J.J.); (I.A.B.); (C.B.); (E.K.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (J.A.M.); (D.F.B.); (S.M.T.W.); (G.M.F.); (C.S.); (J.J.); (F.H.J.)
| | - Amara Jambai
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Brookfields, Youyi Building, Freetown, Sierra Leone;
| | - Kate Garnett
- Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Brookfields, Youyi Building, Freetown, Sierra Leone;
| | - Thomas F. Kamara
- National Protected Area Authority, 4-6 FA John Avenue, Main Congo Town Road, Freetown, Sierra Leone;
| | - Jonathan S. Towner
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (A.J.S.); (T.K.S.); (S.L.M.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Aiah Lebbie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone; (A.H.K.); (I.C.); (I.F.); (J.J.); (I.A.B.); (C.B.); (E.K.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (J.A.M.); (D.F.B.); (S.M.T.W.); (G.M.F.); (C.S.); (J.J.); (F.H.J.)
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6
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Koch B, Filzmayer M, Patyna S, Wetzstein N, Lampe S, Schmid T, Geiger H, Baer PC, Dolnik O. Transcriptomics of Marburg virus-infected primary proximal tubular cells reveals negative correlation of immune response and energy metabolism. Virus Res 2024; 342:199337. [PMID: 38346476 PMCID: PMC10875301 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Marburg virus, a member of the Filoviridae, is the causative agent of Marburg virus disease (MVD), a hemorrhagic fever with a case fatality rate of up to 90 %. Acute kidney injury is common in MVD and is associated with increased mortality, but its pathogenesis in MVD remains poorly understood. Interestingly, autopsies show the presence of viral proteins in different parts of the nephron, particularly in proximal tubular cells (PTC). These findings suggest a potential role for the virus in the development of MVD-related kidney injury. To shed light on this effect, we infected primary human PTC with Lake Victoria Marburg virus and conducted transcriptomic analysis at multiple time points. Unexpectedly, infection did not induce marked cytopathic effects in primary tubular cells at 20 and 40 h post infection. However, gene expression analysis revealed robust renal viral replication and dysregulation of genes essential for different cellular functions. The gene sets mainly downregulated in PTC were associated with the targets of the transcription factors MYC and E2F, DNA repair, the G2M checkpoint, as well as oxidative phosphorylation. Importantly, the downregulated factors comprise PGC-1α, a well-known factor in acute and chronic kidney injury. By contrast, the most highly upregulated gene sets were those related to the inflammatory response and cholesterol homeostasis. In conclusion, Marburg virus infects and replicates in human primary PTC and induces downregulation of processes known to be relevant for acute kidney injury as well as a strong inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Koch
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine 4, Nephrology, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Filzmayer
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Department of Urology, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany
| | - Sammy Patyna
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine 4, Nephrology, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany
| | - Nils Wetzstein
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lampe
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Biochemistry I, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany
| | - Tobias Schmid
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Biochemistry I, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany
| | - Helmut Geiger
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine 4, Nephrology, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany
| | - Patrick C Baer
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine 4, Nephrology, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany
| | - Olga Dolnik
- Philipps University Marburg, Institute of Virology, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, Marburg 35043, Germany.
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7
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Sánchez CA, Phelps KL, Frank HK, Geldenhuys M, Griffiths ME, Jones DN, Kettenburg G, Lunn TJ, Moreno KR, Mortlock M, Vicente-Santos A, Víquez-R LR, Kading RC, Markotter W, Reeder DM, Olival KJ. Advances in understanding bat infection dynamics across biological scales. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20232823. [PMID: 38444339 PMCID: PMC10915549 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, research on bat-associated microbes such as viruses, bacteria and fungi has dramatically increased. Here, we synthesize themes from a conference symposium focused on advances in the research of bats and their microbes, including physiological, immunological, ecological and epidemiological research that has improved our understanding of bat infection dynamics at multiple biological scales. We first present metrics for measuring individual bat responses to infection and challenges associated with using these metrics. We next discuss infection dynamics within bat populations of the same species, before introducing complexities that arise in multi-species communities of bats, humans and/or livestock. Finally, we outline critical gaps and opportunities for future interdisciplinary work on topics involving bats and their microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hannah K. Frank
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Marike Geldenhuys
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Devin N. Jones
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | | | - Tamika J. Lunn
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kelsey R. Moreno
- Department of Psychology, Saint Xavier University, Chicago, IL 60655, USA
| | - Marinda Mortlock
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Luis R. Víquez-R
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
| | - Rebekah C. Kading
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Center for Vector-borne and Infectious Diseases, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - DeeAnn M. Reeder
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
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8
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Lunn TJ, Jackson RT, Webala PW, Ogola J, Forbes KM. Kenyan Free-Tailed Bats Demonstrate Seasonal Birth Pulse Asynchrony with Implications for Virus Maintenance. ECOHEALTH 2024; 21:94-111. [PMID: 38372845 PMCID: PMC11127837 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-024-01674-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Ecological information on wildlife reservoirs is fundamental for research targeting prevention of zoonotic infectious disease, yet basic information is lacking for many species in global hotspots of disease emergence. We provide the first estimates of synchronicity, magnitude, and timing of seasonal birthing in Mops condylurus, a putative ebolavirus host, and a co-roosting species, Mops pumilus (formerly Chaerephon pumilus). We show that population-level synchronicity of M. condylurus birthing is wide (~ 8.5 weeks) and even wider in M. pumilus (> 11 weeks). This is predicted to promote the likelihood of filovirus persistence under conditions of bi-annual birthing (two births per year). Ecological features underlying the magnitude of the birth pulse-relative female abundance (higher than expected for M. condylurus and lower for M. pumilus, based on literature) and reproductive rate (lower than expected)-will have countering effects on birthing magnitude. Species-specific models are needed to interpret how identified birth pulse attributes may interact with other features of molossid ebolavirus ecology to influence infection dynamics. As a common feature of wildlife species, and a key driver of infection dynamics, detailed information on seasonal birthing will be fundamental for future research on these species and will be informative for bat-borne zoonoses generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamika J Lunn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Science and Engineering Building, 850 W Dickson St, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Reilly T Jackson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Science and Engineering Building, 850 W Dickson St, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
- Wildlife Research Branch, Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix, AZ, 85086, USA
| | - Paul W Webala
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Maasai Mara University, Narok, 20500, Kenya
| | - Joseph Ogola
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, 19676, Kenya
| | - Kristian M Forbes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Science and Engineering Building, 850 W Dickson St, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
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9
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Eskew EA, Olival KJ, Mazet JAK, Daszak P. A global-scale dataset of bat viral detection suggests that pregnancy reduces viral shedding. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.25.581969. [PMID: 38464184 PMCID: PMC10925100 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.25.581969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Understanding viral infection dynamics in wildlife hosts can help forecast zoonotic pathogen spillover and human disease risk. Bats are particularly important reservoirs of zoonotic viruses, including some of major public health concern such as Nipah virus, Hendra virus, and SARS-related coronaviruses. Previous work has suggested that metapopulation dynamics, seasonal reproductive patterns, and other bat life history characteristics might explain temporal variation in spillover of bat-associated viruses into people. Here, we analyze viral dynamics in free-ranging bat hosts, leveraging a multi-year, global-scale viral detection dataset that spans eight viral families and 96 bat species from 14 countries. We fit hierarchical Bayesian models that explicitly control for important sources of variation, including geographic region, specimen type, and testing protocols, while estimating the influence of reproductive status on viral detection in female bats. Our models revealed that late pregnancy had a negative effect on viral shedding across multiple data subsets, while lactation had a weaker influence that was inconsistent across data subsets. These results are unusual for mammalian hosts, but given recent findings that bats may have high individual viral loads and population-level prevalence due to dampening of antiviral immunity, we propose that it would be evolutionarily advantageous for pregnancy to either not further reduce immunity or actually increase the immune response, reducing viral load, shedding, and risk of fetal infection. This novel hypothesis would be valuable to test given its potential to help monitor, predict, and manage viral spillover risk from bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A. Eskew
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10018, USA
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Data Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | | | - Jonna A. K. Mazet
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | - PREDICT Consortium
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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10
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Kinganda-Lusamaki E, Whitmer S, Lokilo-Lofiko E, Amuri-Aziza A, Muyembe-Mawete F, Makangara-Cigolo JC, Makaya G, Mbuyi F, Whitesell A, Kallay R, Choi M, Pratt C, Mukadi-Bamuleka D, Kavunga-Membo H, Matondo-Kuamfumu M, Mambu-Mbika F, Ekila-Ifinji R, Shoemaker T, Stewart M, Eng J, Rajan A, Soke GN, Fonjungo PN, Otshudiema JO, Folefack GLT, Pukuta-Simbu E, Talundzic E, Shedroff E, Bokete JL, Legand A, Formenty P, Mores CN, Porzucek AJ, Tritsch SR, Kombe J, Tshapenda G, Mulangu F, Ayouba A, Delaporte E, Peeters M, Wiley MR, Montgomery JM, Klena JD, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Ahuka-Mundeke S, Mbala-Kingebeni P. 2020 Ebola virus disease outbreak in Équateur Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo: a retrospective genomic characterisation. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2024; 5:e109-e118. [PMID: 38278165 PMCID: PMC10849974 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00259-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Democratic Republic of the Congo has had 15 Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreaks, from 1976 to 2023. On June 1, 2020, the Democratic Republic of the Congo declared an outbreak of EVD in the western Équateur Province (11th outbreak), proximal to the 2018 Tumba and Bikoro outbreak and concurrent with an outbreak in the eastern Nord Kivu Province. In this Article, we assessed whether the 11th outbreak was genetically related to previous or concurrent EVD outbreaks and connected available epidemiological and genetic data to identify sources of possible zoonotic spillover, uncover additional unreported cases of nosocomial transmission, and provide a deeper investigation into the 11th outbreak. METHODS We analysed epidemiological factors from the 11th EVD outbreak to identify patient characteristics, epidemiological links, and transmission modes to explore virus spread through space, time, and age groups in the Équateur Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Trained field investigators and health professionals recorded data on suspected, probable, and confirmed cases, including demographic characteristics, possible exposures, symptom onset and signs and symptoms, and potentially exposed contacts. We used blood samples from individuals who were live suspected cases and oral swabs from individuals who were deceased to diagnose EVD. We applied whole-genome sequencing of 87 available Ebola virus genomes (from 130 individuals with EVD between May 19 and Sept 16, 2020), phylogenetic divergence versus time, and Bayesian reconstruction of phylogenetic trees to calculate viral substitution rates and study viral evolution. We linked the available epidemiological and genetic datasets to conduct a genomic and epidemiological study of the 11th EVD outbreak. FINDINGS Between May 19 and Sept 16, 2020, 130 EVD (119 confirmed and 11 probable) cases were reported across 13 Équateur Province health zones. The individual identified as the index case reported frequent consumption of bat meat, suggesting the outbreak started due to zoonotic spillover. Sequencing revealed two circulating Ebola virus variants associated with this outbreak-a Mbandaka variant associated with the majority (97%) of cases and a Tumba-like variant with similarity to the ninth EVD outbreak in 2018. The Tumba-like variant exhibited a reduced substitution rate, suggesting transmission from a previous survivor of EVD. INTERPRETATION Integrating genetic and epidemiological data allowed for investigative fact-checking and verified patient-reported sources of possible zoonotic spillover. These results demonstrate that rapid genetic sequencing combined with epidemiological data can inform responders of the mechanisms of viral spread, uncover novel transmission modes, and provide a deeper understanding of the outbreak, which is ultimately needed for infection prevention and control during outbreaks. FUNDING WHO and US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddy Kinganda-Lusamaki
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Shannon Whitmer
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emmanuel Lokilo-Lofiko
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Adrienne Amuri-Aziza
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Francisca Muyembe-Mawete
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jean Claude Makangara-Cigolo
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | | | - Amy Whitesell
- Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Ruth Kallay
- Emergency Response and Recovery Branch USA, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mary Choi
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Catherine Pratt
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Daniel Mukadi-Bamuleka
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Hugo Kavunga-Membo
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Meris Matondo-Kuamfumu
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Fabrice Mambu-Mbika
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Richard Ekila-Ifinji
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Trevor Shoemaker
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Miles Stewart
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Julia Eng
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Abraham Rajan
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Gnakub N Soke
- Division of Global Health Protection, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Peter N Fonjungo
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | | | - Elisabeth Pukuta-Simbu
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Emir Talundzic
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Shedroff
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Anaïs Legand
- Health Emergencies Programme, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Christopher N Mores
- Global Health Department, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Abigail J Porzucek
- Global Health Department, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sarah R Tritsch
- Global Health Department, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - John Kombe
- Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Felix Mulangu
- Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Ahidjo Ayouba
- TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Delaporte
- TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Martine Peeters
- TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Michael R Wiley
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; PraesensBio, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Joel M Montgomery
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John D Klena
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Steve Ahuka-Mundeke
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Placide Mbala-Kingebeni
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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11
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Pinheiro A, Borges JR, Côrte-Real JV, Esteves PJ. Evolution of guanylate binding protein genes shows a remarkable variability within bats (Chiroptera). Front Immunol 2024; 15:1329098. [PMID: 38357541 PMCID: PMC10864436 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1329098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background GBPs (guanylate binding proteins), an evolutionary ancient protein family, play a key role in the host's innate immune response against bacterial, parasitic and viral infections. In Humans, seven GBP genes have been described (GBP1-7). Despite the interest these proteins have received over the last years, evolutionary studies have only been performed in primates, Tupaia and rodents. These have shown a pattern of gene gain and loss in each family, indicative of the birth-and-death evolution process. Results In this study, we analysed the evolution of this gene cluster in several bat species, belonging to the Yangochiroptera and Yinpterochiroptera sub-orders. Detailed analysis shows a conserved synteny and a gene expansion and loss history. Phylogenetic analysis showed that bats have GBPs 1,2 and 4-6. GBP2 has been lost in several bat families, being present only in Hipposideidae and Pteropodidae. GBPs1, 4 and 5 are present mostly as single-copy genes in all families but have suffered duplication events, particularly in Myotis myotis and Eptesicus fuscus. Most interestingly, we demonstrate that GBP6 duplicated in a Chiroptera ancestor species originating two genes, which we named GBP6a and GBP6b, with different subsequent evolutionary histories. GBP6a underwent several duplication events in all families while GBP6b is present as a single copy gene and has been lost in Pteropodidae, Miniopteridae and Desmodus rotundus, a Phyllostomidae. With 14 and 15 GBP genes, Myotis myotis and Eptesicus fuscus stand out as having far more copies than all other studied bat species. Antagonistically, Pteropodidae have the lowest number of GBP genes in bats. Conclusion Bats are important reservoirs of viruses, many of which have become zoonotic diseases in the last decades. Further functional studies on bats GBPs will help elucidate their function, evolutionary history, and the role of bats as virus reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pinheiro
- CIBIO-UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, InBIO, Laboratório Associado, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
| | - J. Ricardo Borges
- CIBIO-UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, InBIO, Laboratório Associado, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Vasco Côrte-Real
- CIBIO-UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, InBIO, Laboratório Associado, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU) München, Munich, Germany
| | - Pedro J. Esteves
- CIBIO-UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, InBIO, Laboratório Associado, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- CITS - Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias de Saúde, CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
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12
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Riesle-Sbarbaro SA, Wibbelt G, Düx A, Kouakou V, Bokelmann M, Hansen-Kant K, Kirchoff N, Laue M, Kromarek N, Lander A, Vogel U, Wahlbrink A, Wozniak DM, Scott DP, Prescott JB, Schaade L, Couacy-Hymann E, Kurth A. Selective replication and vertical transmission of Ebola virus in experimentally infected Angolan free-tailed bats. Nat Commun 2024; 15:925. [PMID: 38297087 PMCID: PMC10830451 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The natural reservoir of Ebola virus (EBOV), agent of a zoonosis burdening several African countries, remains unidentified, albeit evidence points towards bats. In contrast, the ecology of the related Marburg virus is much better understood; with experimental infections of bats being instrumental for understanding reservoir-pathogen interactions. Experiments have focused on elucidating reservoir competence, infection kinetics and specifically horizontal transmission, although, vertical transmission plays a key role in many viral enzootic cycles. Herein, we investigate the permissiveness of Angolan free-tailed bats (AFBs), known to harbour Bombali virus, to other filoviruses: Ebola, Marburg, Taï Forest and Reston viruses. We demonstrate that only the bats inoculated with EBOV show high and disseminated viral replication and infectious virus shedding, without clinical disease, while the other filoviruses fail to establish productive infections. Notably, we evidence placental-specific tissue tropism and a unique ability of EBOV to traverse the placenta, infect and persist in foetal tissues of AFBs, which results in distinct genetic signatures of adaptive evolution. These findings not only demonstrate plausible routes of horizontal and vertical transmission in these bats, which are expectant of reservoir hosts, but may also reveal an ancillary transmission mechanism, potentially required for the maintenance of EBOV in small reservoir populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Riesle-Sbarbaro
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - G Wibbelt
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Düx
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for One Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - V Kouakou
- LANADA, Laboratoire National d'Appui au Développement Agricole, Bingerville, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - M Bokelmann
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - K Hansen-Kant
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - N Kirchoff
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Laue
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - N Kromarek
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Lander
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - U Vogel
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Wahlbrink
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - D M Wozniak
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - D P Scott
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - J B Prescott
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - L Schaade
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - E Couacy-Hymann
- LANADA, Laboratoire National d'Appui au Développement Agricole, Bingerville, Côte d'Ivoire
- Centre National de Recherches Agronomiques, LIRED, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - A Kurth
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
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13
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Saeed M, Alamri MA, Rashid MAR, Javed MR, Azeem F, Bashir Z, Alanzi AR, Muhseen ZT, Almusallam SY, Hussain K. Identification of novel inhibitors against VP40 protein of Marburg virus by integrating molecular modeling and dynamics approaches. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38178383 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2300134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Marburg virus (MV) is a highly etiological agent of haemorrhagic fever in humans and has spread across the world. Its outbreaks caused a 23-90% human death rate. However, there are currently no authorized preventive or curative measures yet. VP40 is the MV matrix protein, which builds protein shell underneath the viral envelope and confers hallmark filamentous. VP40 alone is able to induce assembly and budding of filamentous virus-like particles (VLPs), which resemble authentic virions. As a result, this research is credited with clarifying the function of VP40 and leading to the discovery of new therapeutic targets effective in combating MV disease (MVD). Virtual screening, molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation were used to find the putative active chemicals based on a 3D pharmacophore model of the protein's active site cavity. Initially, andrographidine-C, a potent inhibitor was selected for the development of the pharmacophore model. Later, a library of 30,000 compounds along with the andrographidine-C was docked against VP40 protein. Three best hits including avanafil, diuvaretin and macrourone were subjected to further MD simulation analysis, as these compounds had better binding affinities as compared to andrographidine-C. Furthermore, throughout the 100 ns simulations, the back bone of VP40 protein in presence of avanafil, diuvaretin and macrourone remained stable which was further validated by MM-PBSA analysis. Additionally, all of these compounds depict maximum drug-like properties. The predicted drugs based on the ligand, avanafil, diuvaretin and macrourone could be exploited and developed as an alternative or complementary therapy for the treatment of MVD.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saeed
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mubarak A Alamri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Muhammad Rizwan Javed
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Farrukh Azeem
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zarmina Bashir
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah R Alanzi
- Department of Pharmacogonsy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Shahad Youseff Almusallam
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khadim Hussain
- Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Changula K, Kajihara M, Muramatsu S, Hiraoka K, Yamaguchi T, Yago Y, Kato D, Miyamoto H, Mori-Kajihara A, Shigeno A, Yoshida R, Henderson CW, Marzi A, Takada A. Development of an Immunochromatography Assay to Detect Marburg Virus and Ravn Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:2349. [PMID: 38140590 PMCID: PMC10747695 DOI: 10.3390/v15122349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent outbreaks of Marburg virus disease (MVD) in Guinea, Ghana, Equatorial Guinea, and Tanzania, none of which had reported previous outbreaks, imply increasing risks of spillover of the causative viruses, Marburg virus (MARV) and Ravn virus (RAVV), from their natural host animals. These outbreaks have emphasized the need for the development of rapid diagnostic tests for this disease. Using monoclonal antibodies specific to the viral nucleoprotein, we developed an immunochromatography (IC) assay for the rapid diagnosis of MVD. The IC assay was found to be capable of detecting approximately 102-4 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50)/test of MARV and RAVV in the infected culture supernatants. We further confirmed that the IC assay could detect the MARV and RAVV antigens in the serum samples from experimentally infected nonhuman primates. These results indicate that the IC assay to detect MARV can be a useful tool for the rapid point-of-care diagnosis of MVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katendi Changula
- Department of Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia;
| | - Masahiro Kajihara
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (M.K.); (H.M.); (A.M.-K.); (A.S.); (R.Y.)
| | - Shino Muramatsu
- DENKA Co., Ltd., Tokyo 103-8338, Japan; (S.M.); (K.H.); (T.Y.); (Y.Y.); (D.K.)
| | - Koji Hiraoka
- DENKA Co., Ltd., Tokyo 103-8338, Japan; (S.M.); (K.H.); (T.Y.); (Y.Y.); (D.K.)
| | - Toru Yamaguchi
- DENKA Co., Ltd., Tokyo 103-8338, Japan; (S.M.); (K.H.); (T.Y.); (Y.Y.); (D.K.)
| | - Yoko Yago
- DENKA Co., Ltd., Tokyo 103-8338, Japan; (S.M.); (K.H.); (T.Y.); (Y.Y.); (D.K.)
| | - Daisuke Kato
- DENKA Co., Ltd., Tokyo 103-8338, Japan; (S.M.); (K.H.); (T.Y.); (Y.Y.); (D.K.)
| | - Hiroko Miyamoto
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (M.K.); (H.M.); (A.M.-K.); (A.S.); (R.Y.)
| | - Akina Mori-Kajihara
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (M.K.); (H.M.); (A.M.-K.); (A.S.); (R.Y.)
| | - Asako Shigeno
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (M.K.); (H.M.); (A.M.-K.); (A.S.); (R.Y.)
| | - Reiko Yoshida
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (M.K.); (H.M.); (A.M.-K.); (A.S.); (R.Y.)
| | - Corey W. Henderson
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (M.K.); (H.M.); (A.M.-K.); (A.S.); (R.Y.)
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
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15
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Debroy B, Chowdhury S, Pal K. Designing a novel and combinatorial multi-antigenic epitope-based vaccine "MarVax" against Marburg virus-a reverse vaccinology and immunoinformatics approach. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:143. [PMID: 38012426 PMCID: PMC10681968 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00575-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Marburg virus (MARV) is a member of the Filoviridae family and causes Marburg virus disease (MVD) among humans and primates. With fatality rates going up to 88%, there is currently no commercialized cure or vaccine to combat the infection. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) classified MARV as priority pathogen A, which presages the need for a vaccine candidate which can provide stable, long-term adaptive immunity. The surface glycoprotein (GP) and fusion protein (FP) mediate the adherence, fusion, and entry of the virus into the host cell via the TIM-I receptor. Being important antigenic determinants, studies reveal that GP and FP are prone to evolutionary mutations, underscoring the requirement of a vaccine construct capable of eliciting a robust and sustained immune response. In this computational study, a reverse vaccinology approach was employed to design a combinatorial vaccine from conserved and antigenic epitopes of essential viral proteins of MARV, namely GP, VP24, VP30, VP35, and VP40 along with an endogenous protein large polymerase (L). METHODS Epitopes for T-cell and B-cell were predicted using TepiTool and ElliPro, respectively. The surface-exposed TLRs like TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5 were used to screen high-binding affinity epitopes using the protein-peptide docking platform MdockPeP. The best binding epitopes were selected and assembled with linkers to design a recombinant multi-epitope vaccine construct which was then modeled in Robetta. The in silico biophysical and biochemical analyses of the recombinant vaccine were performed. The docking and MD simulation of the vaccine using WebGro and CABS-Flex against TLRs support the stable binding of vaccine candidates. A virtual immune simulation to check the immediate and long-term immunogenicity was carried out using the C-ImmSim server. RESULTS The biochemical characteristics and docking studies with MD simulation establish the recombinant protein vaccine construct MarVax as a stable, antigenic, and potent vaccine molecule. Immune simulation studies reveal 1-year passive immunity which needs to be validated by in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishal Debroy
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Barasat-Barrackpore Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700126, India
| | - Sribas Chowdhury
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Barasat-Barrackpore Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700126, India
| | - Kuntal Pal
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Adamas University, Barasat-Barrackpore Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700126, India.
- School of Biosciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
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16
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Zumbrun EE, Garvey CB, Wells JB, Lynn GC, Van Tongeren S, Steffens JT, Wetzel KS, Gomba LM, O’Brien KA, Rossi FD, Zeng X, Lee ED, Raymond JLW, Hoffman DA, Jay AN, Brown ES, Kallgren PA, Norris SL, Cantey-Kiser J, Kudiya H, Arthur C, Blair C, Babusis D, Chu VC, Singh B, Bannister R, Porter DP, Cihlar T, Dye JM. Characterization of the Cynomolgus Macaque Model of Marburg Virus Disease and Assessment of Timing for Therapeutic Treatment Testing. Viruses 2023; 15:2335. [PMID: 38140576 PMCID: PMC10748006 DOI: 10.3390/v15122335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Marburg virus (MARV) causes severe disease and high mortality in humans. The objective of this study was to characterize disease manifestations and pathogenesis in cynomolgus macaques exposed to MARV. The results of this natural history study may be used to identify features of MARV disease useful in defining the ideal treatment initiation time for subsequent evaluations of investigational therapeutics using this model. Twelve cynomolgus macaques were exposed to a target dose of 1000 plaque-forming units MARV by the intramuscular route, and six control animals were mock-exposed. The primary endpoint of this study was survival to Day 28 post-inoculation (PI). Anesthesia events were minimized with the use of central venous catheters for periodic blood collection, and temperature and activity were continuously monitored by telemetry. All mock-exposed animals remained healthy for the duration of the study. All 12 MARV-exposed animals (100%) became infected, developed illness, and succumbed on Days 8-10 PI. On Day 4 PI, 11 of the 12 MARV-exposed animals had statistically significant temperature elevations over baseline. Clinically observable signs of MARV disease first appeared on Day 5 PI, when 6 of the 12 animals exhibited reduced responsiveness. Ultimately, systemic inflammation, coagulopathy, and direct cytopathic effects of MARV all contributed to multiorgan dysfunction, organ failure, and death or euthanasia of all MARV-exposed animals. Manifestations of MARV disease, including fever, systemic viremia, lymphocytolysis, coagulopathy, and hepatocellular damage, could be used as triggers for initiation of treatment in future therapeutic efficacy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E. Zumbrun
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.B.G.); (J.B.W.); (G.C.L.); (S.V.T.); (J.T.S.); (K.S.W.); (L.M.G.); (K.A.O.); (F.D.R.); (X.Z.); (E.D.L.); (J.L.W.R.); (D.A.H.); (A.N.J.); (E.S.B.); (P.A.K.); (S.L.N.); (J.M.D.)
| | - Carly B. Garvey
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.B.G.); (J.B.W.); (G.C.L.); (S.V.T.); (J.T.S.); (K.S.W.); (L.M.G.); (K.A.O.); (F.D.R.); (X.Z.); (E.D.L.); (J.L.W.R.); (D.A.H.); (A.N.J.); (E.S.B.); (P.A.K.); (S.L.N.); (J.M.D.)
- Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA
| | - Jay B. Wells
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.B.G.); (J.B.W.); (G.C.L.); (S.V.T.); (J.T.S.); (K.S.W.); (L.M.G.); (K.A.O.); (F.D.R.); (X.Z.); (E.D.L.); (J.L.W.R.); (D.A.H.); (A.N.J.); (E.S.B.); (P.A.K.); (S.L.N.); (J.M.D.)
- Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA
| | - Ginger C. Lynn
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.B.G.); (J.B.W.); (G.C.L.); (S.V.T.); (J.T.S.); (K.S.W.); (L.M.G.); (K.A.O.); (F.D.R.); (X.Z.); (E.D.L.); (J.L.W.R.); (D.A.H.); (A.N.J.); (E.S.B.); (P.A.K.); (S.L.N.); (J.M.D.)
- Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA
| | - Sean Van Tongeren
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.B.G.); (J.B.W.); (G.C.L.); (S.V.T.); (J.T.S.); (K.S.W.); (L.M.G.); (K.A.O.); (F.D.R.); (X.Z.); (E.D.L.); (J.L.W.R.); (D.A.H.); (A.N.J.); (E.S.B.); (P.A.K.); (S.L.N.); (J.M.D.)
- Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA
| | - Jesse T. Steffens
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.B.G.); (J.B.W.); (G.C.L.); (S.V.T.); (J.T.S.); (K.S.W.); (L.M.G.); (K.A.O.); (F.D.R.); (X.Z.); (E.D.L.); (J.L.W.R.); (D.A.H.); (A.N.J.); (E.S.B.); (P.A.K.); (S.L.N.); (J.M.D.)
- Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA
| | - Kelly S. Wetzel
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.B.G.); (J.B.W.); (G.C.L.); (S.V.T.); (J.T.S.); (K.S.W.); (L.M.G.); (K.A.O.); (F.D.R.); (X.Z.); (E.D.L.); (J.L.W.R.); (D.A.H.); (A.N.J.); (E.S.B.); (P.A.K.); (S.L.N.); (J.M.D.)
- Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA
| | - Laura M. Gomba
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.B.G.); (J.B.W.); (G.C.L.); (S.V.T.); (J.T.S.); (K.S.W.); (L.M.G.); (K.A.O.); (F.D.R.); (X.Z.); (E.D.L.); (J.L.W.R.); (D.A.H.); (A.N.J.); (E.S.B.); (P.A.K.); (S.L.N.); (J.M.D.)
- Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA
| | - Kristan A. O’Brien
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.B.G.); (J.B.W.); (G.C.L.); (S.V.T.); (J.T.S.); (K.S.W.); (L.M.G.); (K.A.O.); (F.D.R.); (X.Z.); (E.D.L.); (J.L.W.R.); (D.A.H.); (A.N.J.); (E.S.B.); (P.A.K.); (S.L.N.); (J.M.D.)
- Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA
| | - Franco D. Rossi
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.B.G.); (J.B.W.); (G.C.L.); (S.V.T.); (J.T.S.); (K.S.W.); (L.M.G.); (K.A.O.); (F.D.R.); (X.Z.); (E.D.L.); (J.L.W.R.); (D.A.H.); (A.N.J.); (E.S.B.); (P.A.K.); (S.L.N.); (J.M.D.)
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.B.G.); (J.B.W.); (G.C.L.); (S.V.T.); (J.T.S.); (K.S.W.); (L.M.G.); (K.A.O.); (F.D.R.); (X.Z.); (E.D.L.); (J.L.W.R.); (D.A.H.); (A.N.J.); (E.S.B.); (P.A.K.); (S.L.N.); (J.M.D.)
| | - Eric D. Lee
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.B.G.); (J.B.W.); (G.C.L.); (S.V.T.); (J.T.S.); (K.S.W.); (L.M.G.); (K.A.O.); (F.D.R.); (X.Z.); (E.D.L.); (J.L.W.R.); (D.A.H.); (A.N.J.); (E.S.B.); (P.A.K.); (S.L.N.); (J.M.D.)
| | - Jo Lynne W. Raymond
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.B.G.); (J.B.W.); (G.C.L.); (S.V.T.); (J.T.S.); (K.S.W.); (L.M.G.); (K.A.O.); (F.D.R.); (X.Z.); (E.D.L.); (J.L.W.R.); (D.A.H.); (A.N.J.); (E.S.B.); (P.A.K.); (S.L.N.); (J.M.D.)
| | - Diana A. Hoffman
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.B.G.); (J.B.W.); (G.C.L.); (S.V.T.); (J.T.S.); (K.S.W.); (L.M.G.); (K.A.O.); (F.D.R.); (X.Z.); (E.D.L.); (J.L.W.R.); (D.A.H.); (A.N.J.); (E.S.B.); (P.A.K.); (S.L.N.); (J.M.D.)
| | - Alexandra N. Jay
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.B.G.); (J.B.W.); (G.C.L.); (S.V.T.); (J.T.S.); (K.S.W.); (L.M.G.); (K.A.O.); (F.D.R.); (X.Z.); (E.D.L.); (J.L.W.R.); (D.A.H.); (A.N.J.); (E.S.B.); (P.A.K.); (S.L.N.); (J.M.D.)
| | - Elizabeth S. Brown
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.B.G.); (J.B.W.); (G.C.L.); (S.V.T.); (J.T.S.); (K.S.W.); (L.M.G.); (K.A.O.); (F.D.R.); (X.Z.); (E.D.L.); (J.L.W.R.); (D.A.H.); (A.N.J.); (E.S.B.); (P.A.K.); (S.L.N.); (J.M.D.)
- Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA
| | - Paul A. Kallgren
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.B.G.); (J.B.W.); (G.C.L.); (S.V.T.); (J.T.S.); (K.S.W.); (L.M.G.); (K.A.O.); (F.D.R.); (X.Z.); (E.D.L.); (J.L.W.R.); (D.A.H.); (A.N.J.); (E.S.B.); (P.A.K.); (S.L.N.); (J.M.D.)
| | - Sarah L. Norris
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.B.G.); (J.B.W.); (G.C.L.); (S.V.T.); (J.T.S.); (K.S.W.); (L.M.G.); (K.A.O.); (F.D.R.); (X.Z.); (E.D.L.); (J.L.W.R.); (D.A.H.); (A.N.J.); (E.S.B.); (P.A.K.); (S.L.N.); (J.M.D.)
| | | | - Humza Kudiya
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA 94404, USA; (H.K.); (C.A.); (C.B.); (D.B.); (V.C.C.); (B.S.); (R.B.); (D.P.P.); (T.C.)
| | - Chris Arthur
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA 94404, USA; (H.K.); (C.A.); (C.B.); (D.B.); (V.C.C.); (B.S.); (R.B.); (D.P.P.); (T.C.)
| | - Christiana Blair
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA 94404, USA; (H.K.); (C.A.); (C.B.); (D.B.); (V.C.C.); (B.S.); (R.B.); (D.P.P.); (T.C.)
| | - Darius Babusis
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA 94404, USA; (H.K.); (C.A.); (C.B.); (D.B.); (V.C.C.); (B.S.); (R.B.); (D.P.P.); (T.C.)
| | - Victor C. Chu
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA 94404, USA; (H.K.); (C.A.); (C.B.); (D.B.); (V.C.C.); (B.S.); (R.B.); (D.P.P.); (T.C.)
| | - Bali Singh
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA 94404, USA; (H.K.); (C.A.); (C.B.); (D.B.); (V.C.C.); (B.S.); (R.B.); (D.P.P.); (T.C.)
| | - Roy Bannister
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA 94404, USA; (H.K.); (C.A.); (C.B.); (D.B.); (V.C.C.); (B.S.); (R.B.); (D.P.P.); (T.C.)
| | - Danielle P. Porter
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA 94404, USA; (H.K.); (C.A.); (C.B.); (D.B.); (V.C.C.); (B.S.); (R.B.); (D.P.P.); (T.C.)
| | - Tomas Cihlar
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA 94404, USA; (H.K.); (C.A.); (C.B.); (D.B.); (V.C.C.); (B.S.); (R.B.); (D.P.P.); (T.C.)
| | - John M. Dye
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.B.G.); (J.B.W.); (G.C.L.); (S.V.T.); (J.T.S.); (K.S.W.); (L.M.G.); (K.A.O.); (F.D.R.); (X.Z.); (E.D.L.); (J.L.W.R.); (D.A.H.); (A.N.J.); (E.S.B.); (P.A.K.); (S.L.N.); (J.M.D.)
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Prasad AN, Agans KN, Geisbert JB, Borisevich V, Deer DJ, Dobias NS, Comer JE, Woolsey C, Fenton KA, Geisbert TW, Cross RW. Natural History of Nonhuman Primates After Oral Exposure to Ebola Virus Variant Makona. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S571-S581. [PMID: 37348509 PMCID: PMC10651204 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary route of infection by Ebola virus (EBOV) is through contact of mucosal surfaces. Few studies have explored infection of nonhuman primates (NHPs) via the oral mucosa, which is a probable portal of natural infection in humans. METHODS To further characterize the pathogenesis of EBOV infection via the oral exposure route, we challenged cohorts of cynomolgus monkeys with low doses of EBOV variant Makona. RESULTS Infection with 100 or 50 PFU of EBOV Makona via the oral route resulted in 50% and 83% lethality, respectively. Animals that progressed to fatal disease exhibited lymphopenia, marked coagulopathy, high viral loads, and increased levels of serum markers of inflammation and hepatic/renal injury. Survival in these cohorts was associated with milder fluctuations in leukocyte populations, lack of coagulopathy, and reduced or absent serum markers of inflammation and/or hepatic/renal function. Surprisingly, 2 surviving animals from the 100- and 50-PFU cohorts developed transient low-level viremia in the absence of other clinical signs of disease. Conversely, all animals in the 10 PFU cohort remained disease free and survived to the study end point. CONCLUSIONS Our observations highlight the susceptibility of NHPs, and by extension, likely humans, to relatively low doses of EBOV via the oral route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek N Prasad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Krystle N Agans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Joan B Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel J Deer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Natalie S Dobias
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jason E Comer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Courtney Woolsey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Karla A Fenton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert W Cross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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18
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Prasad AN, Fenton KA, Agans KN, Borisevich V, Woolsey C, Comer JE, Dobias NS, Peel JE, Deer DJ, Geisbert JB, Lawrence WS, Cross RW, Geisbert TW. Pathogenesis of Aerosolized Ebola Virus Variant Makona in Nonhuman Primates. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S604-S616. [PMID: 37145930 PMCID: PMC10651212 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Highly pathogenic filoviruses such as Ebola virus (EBOV) hold capacity for delivery by artificial aerosols, and thus potential for intentional misuse. Previous studies have shown that high doses of EBOV delivered by small-particle aerosol cause uniform lethality in nonhuman primates (NHPs), whereas only a few small studies have assessed lower doses in NHPs. METHODS To further characterize the pathogenesis of EBOV infection via small-particle aerosol, we challenged cohorts of cynomolgus monkeys with low doses of EBOV variant Makona, which may help define risks associated with small particle aerosol exposures. RESULTS Despite using challenge doses orders of magnitude lower than previous studies, infection via this route was uniformly lethal across all cohorts. Time to death was delayed in a dose-dependent manner between aerosol-challenged cohorts, as well as in comparison to animals challenged via the intramuscular route. Here, we describe the observed clinical and pathological details including serum biomarkers, viral burden, and histopathological changes leading to death. CONCLUSIONS Our observations in this model highlight the striking susceptibility of NHPs, and likely humans, via small-particle aerosol exposure to EBOV and emphasize the need for further development of diagnostics and postexposure prophylactics in the event of intentional release via deployment of an aerosol-producing device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek N Prasad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Karla A Fenton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Krystle N Agans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Courtney Woolsey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jason E Comer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Natalie S Dobias
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jennifer E Peel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel J Deer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Joan B Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - William S Lawrence
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert W Cross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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19
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Amman BR, Schuh AJ, Akurut G, Kamugisha K, Namanya D, Sealy TK, Graziano JC, Enyel E, Wright EA, Balinandi S, Lutwama JJ, Kading RC, Atimnedi P, Towner JS. Micro‒Global Positioning Systems for Identifying Nightly Opportunities for Marburg Virus Spillover to Humans by Egyptian Rousette Bats. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:2238-2245. [PMID: 37877537 PMCID: PMC10617345 DOI: 10.3201/eid2911.230362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Marburg virus disease, caused by Marburg and Ravn orthomarburgviruses, emerges sporadically in sub-Saharan Africa and is often fatal in humans. The natural reservoir is the Egyptian rousette bat (ERB), which sheds virus in saliva, urine, and feces. Frugivorous ERBs discard test-bitten and partially eaten fruit, potentially leaving infectious virus behind that could be consumed by other susceptible animals or humans. Historically, 8 of 17 known Marburg virus disease outbreaks have been linked to human encroachment on ERB habitats, but no linkage exists for the other 9 outbreaks, raising the question of how bats and humans might intersect, leading to virus spillover. We used micro‒global positioning systems to identify nightly ERB foraging locations. ERBs from a known Marburg virus‒infected population traveled long distances to feed in cultivated fruit trees near homes. Our results show that ERB foraging behavior represents a Marburg virus spillover risk to humans and plausibly explains the origins of some past outbreaks.
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20
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Weber N, Nagy M, Markotter W, Schaer J, Puechmaille SJ, Sutton J, Dávalos LM, Dusabe MC, Ejotre I, Fenton MB, Knörnschild M, López-Baucells A, Medellin RA, Metz M, Mubareka S, Nsengimana O, O'Mara MT, Racey PA, Tuttle M, Twizeyimana I, Vicente-Santos A, Tschapka M, Voigt CC, Wikelski M, Dechmann DK, Reeder DM. Robust evidence for bats as reservoir hosts is lacking in most African virus studies: a review and call to optimize sampling and conserve bats. Biol Lett 2023; 19:20230358. [PMID: 37964576 PMCID: PMC10646460 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2023.0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Africa experiences frequent emerging disease outbreaks among humans, with bats often proposed as zoonotic pathogen hosts. We comprehensively reviewed virus-bat findings from papers published between 1978 and 2020 to evaluate the evidence that African bats are reservoir and/or bridging hosts for viruses that cause human disease. We present data from 162 papers (of 1322) with original findings on (1) numbers and species of bats sampled across bat families and the continent, (2) how bats were selected for study inclusion, (3) if bats were terminally sampled, (4) what types of ecological data, if any, were recorded and (5) which viruses were detected and with what methodology. We propose a scheme for evaluating presumed virus-host relationships by evidence type and quality, using the contrasting available evidence for Orthoebolavirus versus Orthomarburgvirus as an example. We review the wording in abstracts and discussions of all 162 papers, identifying key framing terms, how these refer to findings, and how they might contribute to people's beliefs about bats. We discuss the impact of scientific research communication on public perception and emphasize the need for strategies that minimize human-bat conflict and support bat conservation. Finally, we make recommendations for best practices that will improve virological study metadata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Weber
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany
- University of Ulm, Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martina Nagy
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Juliane Schaer
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sébastien J. Puechmaille
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Liliana M. Dávalos
- Department of Ecology and Evolution and Consortium for Inter-Disciplinary Environmental Research, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA
| | | | - Imran Ejotre
- Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
- Muni University, Arua, Uganda
| | - M. Brock Fenton
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mirjam Knörnschild
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
- Evolutionary Ethology, Institute for Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
| | | | - Rodrigo A. Medellin
- Institute of Ecology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Samira Mubareka
- Sunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - M. Teague O'Mara
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
- Bat Conservation International Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, LA, USA
| | - Paul A. Racey
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Merlin Tuttle
- Merlin Tuttle's Bat Conservation, Austin, TX USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, USA
| | | | - Amanda Vicente-Santos
- Graduate Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Marco Tschapka
- University of Ulm, Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
| | | | - Martin Wikelski
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Dina K.N. Dechmann
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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21
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Geldenhuys M, Ross N, Dietrich M, de Vries JL, Mortlock M, Epstein JH, Weyer J, Pawęska JT, Markotter W. Viral maintenance and excretion dynamics of coronaviruses within an Egyptian rousette fruit bat maternal colony: considerations for spillover. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15829. [PMID: 37739999 PMCID: PMC10517123 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42938-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel coronavirus species of public health and veterinary importance have emerged in the first two decades of the twenty-first century, with bats identified as natural hosts for progenitors of many coronaviruses. Targeted wildlife surveillance is needed to identify the factors involved in viral perpetuation within natural host populations, and drivers of interspecies transmission. We monitored a natural colony of Egyptian rousette bats at monthly intervals across two years to identify circulating coronaviruses, and to investigate shedding dynamics and viral maintenance within the colony. Three distinct lineages were detected, with different seasonal temporal excretion dynamics. For two lineages, the highest periods of coronavirus shedding were at the start of the year, when large numbers of bats were found in the colony. Highest peaks for a third lineage were observed towards the middle of the year. Among individual bat-level factors (age, sex, reproductive status, and forearm mass index), only reproductive status showed significant effects on excretion probability, with reproductive adults having lower rates of detection, though factors were highly interdependent. Analysis of recaptured bats suggests that viral clearance may occur within one month. These findings may be implemented in the development of risk reduction strategies for potential zoonotic coronavirus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marike Geldenhuys
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa.
| | | | - Muriel Dietrich
- UMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Sainte-Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
| | - John L de Vries
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Marinda Mortlock
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Jonathan H Epstein
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, USA
| | - Jacqueline Weyer
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Janusz T Pawęska
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa.
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Ruhs EC, Chia WN, Foo R, Peel AJ, Li Y, Larman HB, Irving AT, Wang L, Brook CE. Applications of VirScan to broad serological profiling of bat reservoirs for emerging zoonoses. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1212018. [PMID: 37808979 PMCID: PMC10559906 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1212018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bats are important providers of ecosystem services such as pollination, seed dispersal, and insect control but also act as natural reservoirs for virulent zoonotic viruses. Bats host multiple viruses that cause life-threatening pathology in other animals and humans but, themselves, experience limited pathological disease from infection. Despite bats' importance as reservoirs for several zoonotic viruses, we know little about the broader viral diversity that they host. Bat virus surveillance efforts are challenged by difficulties of field capture and the limited scope of targeted PCR- or ELISA-based molecular and serological detection. Additionally, virus shedding is often transient, thus also limiting insights gained from nucleic acid testing of field specimens. Phage ImmunoPrecipitation Sequencing (PhIP-Seq), a broad serological tool used previously to comprehensively profile viral exposure history in humans, offers an exciting prospect for viral surveillance efforts in wildlife, including bats. Methods Here, for the first time, we apply PhIP-Seq technology to bat serum, using a viral peptide library originally designed to simultaneously assay exposures to the entire human virome. Results Using VirScan, we identified past exposures to 57 viral genera-including betacoronaviruses, henipaviruses, lyssaviruses, and filoviruses-in semi-captive Pteropus alecto and to nine viral genera in captive Eonycteris spelaea. Consistent with results from humans, we find that both total peptide hits (the number of enriched viral peptides in our library) and the corresponding number of inferred past virus exposures in bat hosts were correlated with poor bat body condition scores and increased with age. High and low body condition scores were associated with either seropositive or seronegative status for different viruses, though in general, virus-specific age-seroprevalence curves defied assumptions of lifelong immunizing infection, suggesting that many bat viruses may circulate via complex transmission dynamics. Discussion Overall, our work emphasizes the utility of applying biomedical tools, like PhIP-Seq, first developed for humans to viral surveillance efforts in wildlife, while highlighting opportunities for taxon-specific improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Cornelius Ruhs
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Grainger Bioinformatics Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Wan Ni Chia
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- CoV Biotechnology Pte Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - Randy Foo
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alison J. Peel
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisband, QLD, Australia
| | - Yimei Li
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Quantitative and Computational Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - H. Benjamin Larman
- HBL – Institute for Cell Engineering, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Aaron T. Irving
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Haining, Zhejiang, China
- BIMET - Biomedical and Translational Research Centre of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Linfa Wang
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cara E. Brook
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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23
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Peeters M, Champagne M, Ndong Bass I, Goumou S, Ndimbo Kumugo SP, Lacroix A, Esteban A, Meta Djomsi D, Soumah AK, Mbala Kingebeni P, Mba Djonzo FA, Lempu G, Thaurignac G, Mpoudi Ngole E, Kouanfack C, Mukadi Bamuleka D, Likofata J, Muyembe Tamfum JJ, De Nys H, Capelle J, Toure A, Delaporte E, Keita AK, Ahuka Mundeke S, Ayouba A. Extensive Survey and Analysis of Factors Associated with Presence of Antibodies to Orthoebolaviruses in Bats from West and Central Africa. Viruses 2023; 15:1927. [PMID: 37766333 PMCID: PMC10536003 DOI: 10.3390/v15091927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The seroprevalence to orthoebolaviruses was studied in 9594 bats (5972 frugivorous and 3622 insectivorous) from Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Guinea, with a Luminex-based serological assay including recombinant antigens of four orthoebolavirus species. Seroprevalence is expressed as a range according to different cut-off calculations. Between 6.1% and 18.9% bat samples reacted with at least one orthoebolavirus antigen; the highest reactivity was seen with Glycoprotein (GP) antigens. Seroprevalence varied per species and was higher in frugivorous than insectivorous bats; 9.1-27.5% versus 1.3-4.6%, respectively. Seroprevalence in male (13.5%) and female (14.4%) bats was only slightly different and was higher in adults (14.9%) versus juveniles (9.4%) (p < 0.001). Moreover, seroprevalence was highest in subadults (45.4%) when compared to mature adults (19.2%), (p < 0.001). Our data suggest orthoebolavirus circulation is highest in young bats. More long-term studies are needed to identify birthing pulses for the different bat species in diverse geographic regions and to increase the chances of detecting viral RNA in order to document the genetic diversity of filoviruses in bats and their pathogenic potential for humans. Frugivorous bats seem more likely to be reservoirs of orthoebolaviruses, but the role of insectivorous bats has also to be further examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Peeters
- TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.C.); (A.L.); (A.E.); (G.T.); (E.D.)
| | - Maëliss Champagne
- TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.C.); (A.L.); (A.E.); (G.T.); (E.D.)
| | - Innocent Ndong Bass
- Centre de Recherche sur les Maladies Emergentes et Réémergentes (CREMER), Yaounde P.O. Box 1857, Cameroon; (I.N.B.); (D.M.D.); (F.A.M.D.); (C.K.)
| | - Souana Goumou
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation en Infectiologie de Guinée (CERFIG), Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry BP6629, Guinea; (S.G.); (A.K.S.); (A.T.); (A.K.K.)
| | - Simon-Pierre Ndimbo Kumugo
- National Institute of Biomedical Research (INRB), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (S.-P.N.K.); (P.M.K.); (G.L.); (D.M.B.); (J.-J.M.T.); (S.A.M.)
| | - Audrey Lacroix
- TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.C.); (A.L.); (A.E.); (G.T.); (E.D.)
| | - Amandine Esteban
- TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.C.); (A.L.); (A.E.); (G.T.); (E.D.)
| | - Dowbiss Meta Djomsi
- Centre de Recherche sur les Maladies Emergentes et Réémergentes (CREMER), Yaounde P.O. Box 1857, Cameroon; (I.N.B.); (D.M.D.); (F.A.M.D.); (C.K.)
| | - Abdoul Karim Soumah
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation en Infectiologie de Guinée (CERFIG), Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry BP6629, Guinea; (S.G.); (A.K.S.); (A.T.); (A.K.K.)
| | - Placide Mbala Kingebeni
- National Institute of Biomedical Research (INRB), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (S.-P.N.K.); (P.M.K.); (G.L.); (D.M.B.); (J.-J.M.T.); (S.A.M.)
- Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Flaubert Auguste Mba Djonzo
- Centre de Recherche sur les Maladies Emergentes et Réémergentes (CREMER), Yaounde P.O. Box 1857, Cameroon; (I.N.B.); (D.M.D.); (F.A.M.D.); (C.K.)
| | - Guy Lempu
- National Institute of Biomedical Research (INRB), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (S.-P.N.K.); (P.M.K.); (G.L.); (D.M.B.); (J.-J.M.T.); (S.A.M.)
| | - Guillaume Thaurignac
- TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.C.); (A.L.); (A.E.); (G.T.); (E.D.)
| | - Eitel Mpoudi Ngole
- Centre de Recherche sur les Maladies Emergentes et Réémergentes (CREMER), Yaounde P.O. Box 1857, Cameroon; (I.N.B.); (D.M.D.); (F.A.M.D.); (C.K.)
| | - Charles Kouanfack
- Centre de Recherche sur les Maladies Emergentes et Réémergentes (CREMER), Yaounde P.O. Box 1857, Cameroon; (I.N.B.); (D.M.D.); (F.A.M.D.); (C.K.)
| | - Daniel Mukadi Bamuleka
- National Institute of Biomedical Research (INRB), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (S.-P.N.K.); (P.M.K.); (G.L.); (D.M.B.); (J.-J.M.T.); (S.A.M.)
- Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jacques Likofata
- Laboratoire Provincial de Mbandaka, Equateur, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
| | - Jean-Jacques Muyembe Tamfum
- National Institute of Biomedical Research (INRB), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (S.-P.N.K.); (P.M.K.); (G.L.); (D.M.B.); (J.-J.M.T.); (S.A.M.)
- Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Helene De Nys
- Astre, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier, 34398 Montpellier, France; (H.D.N.); (J.C.)
- Astre, CIRAD, 6 Lanark Road, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Julien Capelle
- Astre, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier, 34398 Montpellier, France; (H.D.N.); (J.C.)
| | - Abdoulaye Toure
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation en Infectiologie de Guinée (CERFIG), Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry BP6629, Guinea; (S.G.); (A.K.S.); (A.T.); (A.K.K.)
| | - Eric Delaporte
- TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.C.); (A.L.); (A.E.); (G.T.); (E.D.)
| | - Alpha Kabinet Keita
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation en Infectiologie de Guinée (CERFIG), Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry BP6629, Guinea; (S.G.); (A.K.S.); (A.T.); (A.K.K.)
| | - Steve Ahuka Mundeke
- National Institute of Biomedical Research (INRB), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (S.-P.N.K.); (P.M.K.); (G.L.); (D.M.B.); (J.-J.M.T.); (S.A.M.)
- Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Ahidjo Ayouba
- TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.C.); (A.L.); (A.E.); (G.T.); (E.D.)
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Srivastava S, Sharma D, Kumar S, Sharma A, Rijal R, Asija A, Adhikari S, Rustagi S, Sah S, Al-qaim ZH, Bashyal P, Mohanty A, Barboza JJ, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Sah R. Emergence of Marburg virus: a global perspective on fatal outbreaks and clinical challenges. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1239079. [PMID: 37771708 PMCID: PMC10526840 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1239079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Marburg virus (MV), identified in 1967, has caused deadly outbreaks worldwide, the mortality rate of Marburg virus disease (MVD) varies depending on the outbreak and virus strain, but the average case fatality rate is around 50%. However, case fatality rates have varied from 24 to 88% in past outbreaks depending on virus strain and case management. Designated a priority pathogen by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), MV induces hemorrhagic fever, organ failure, and coagulation issues in both humans and non-human primates. This review presents an extensive exploration of MVD outbreak evolution, virus structure, and genome, as well as the sources and transmission routes of MV, including human-to-human spread and involvement of natural hosts such as the Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) and other Chiroptera species. The disease progression involves early viral replication impacting immune cells like monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, followed by damage to the spleen, liver, and secondary lymphoid organs. Subsequent spread occurs to hepatocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells. MV can evade host immune response by inhibiting interferon type I (IFN-1) synthesis. This comprehensive investigation aims to enhance understanding of pathophysiology, cellular tropism, and injury sites in the host, aiding insights into MVD causes. Clinical data and treatments are discussed, albeit current methods to halt MVD outbreaks remain elusive. By elucidating MV infection's history and mechanisms, this review seeks to advance MV disease treatment, drug development, and vaccine creation. The World Health Organization (WHO) considers MV a high-concern filovirus causing severe and fatal hemorrhagic fever, with a death rate ranging from 24 to 88%. The virus often spreads through contact with infected individuals, originating from animals. Visitors to bat habitats like caves or mines face higher risk. We tailored this search strategy for four databases: Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and PubMed. we primarily utilized search terms such as "Marburg virus," "Epidemiology," "Vaccine," "Outbreak," and "Transmission." To enhance comprehension of the virus and associated disease, this summary offers a comprehensive overview of MV outbreaks, pathophysiology, and management strategies. Continued research and learning hold promise for preventing and controlling future MVD outbreaks. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shriyansh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi, India
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Deepika Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi, India
| | - Aditya Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Rishikesh Rijal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Ankush Asija
- WVU United Hospital Center, Bridgeport, WV, United States
| | | | - Sarvesh Rustagi
- School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sanjit Sah
- Global Consortium for Public Health and Research, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha, India
- Department of Anesthesia Techniques, SR Sanjeevani Hospital, Siraha, Nepal
| | | | - Prashant Bashyal
- Lumbini Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu University Parvas, Palpa, Nepal
| | - Aroop Mohanty
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
- Master Program on Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Spital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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25
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Scheben A, Mendivil Ramos O, Kramer M, Goodwin S, Oppenheim S, Becker DJ, Schatz MC, Simmons NB, Siepel A, McCombie WR. Long-Read Sequencing Reveals Rapid Evolution of Immunity- and Cancer-Related Genes in Bats. Genome Biol Evol 2023; 15:evad148. [PMID: 37728212 PMCID: PMC10510315 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evad148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats are exceptional among mammals for their powered flight, extended lifespans, and robust immune systems and therefore have been of particular interest in comparative genomics. Using the Oxford Nanopore Technologies long-read platform, we sequenced the genomes of two bat species with key phylogenetic positions, the Jamaican fruit bat (Artibeus jamaicensis) and the Mesoamerican mustached bat (Pteronotus mesoamericanus), and carried out a comprehensive comparative genomic analysis with a diverse collection of bats and other mammals. The high-quality, long-read genome assemblies revealed a contraction of interferon (IFN)-α at the immunity-related type I IFN locus in bats, resulting in a shift in relative IFN-ω and IFN-α copy numbers. Contradicting previous hypotheses of constitutive expression of IFN-α being a feature of the bat immune system, three bat species lost all IFN-α genes. This shift to IFN-ω could contribute to the increased viral tolerance that has made bats a common reservoir for viruses that can be transmitted to humans. Antiviral genes stimulated by type I IFNs also showed evidence of rapid evolution, including a lineage-specific duplication of IFN-induced transmembrane genes and positive selection in IFIT2. In addition, 33 tumor suppressors and 6 DNA-repair genes showed signs of positive selection, perhaps contributing to increased longevity and reduced cancer rates in bats. The robust immune systems of bats rely on both bat-wide and lineage-specific evolution in the immune gene repertoire, suggesting diverse immune strategies. Our study provides new genomic resources for bats and sheds new light on the extraordinary molecular evolution in this critically important group of mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Scheben
- Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | | | - Melissa Kramer
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | - Sara Goodwin
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | - Sara Oppenheim
- American Museum of Natural History, Institute for Comparative Genomics, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniel J Becker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Michael C Schatz
- Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
- Departments of Computer Science and Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nancy B Simmons
- Department of Mammalogy, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adam Siepel
- Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
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26
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Elsheikh R, Makram AM, Selim H, Nguyen D, Le TTT, Tran VP, Elaziz Khader SA, Huy NT. Reemergence of Marburgvirus disease: Update on current control and prevention measures and review of the literature. Rev Med Virol 2023; 33:e2461. [PMID: 37208958 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In 1967, the very first case of the Marburgvirus disease (MVD) was detected in Germany and Serbia sequentially. Since then, MVD has been considered one of the most serious and deadly infectious diseases in the world with a case-fatality rate between 23% and 90% and a substantial number of recorded deaths. Marburgvirus belongs to the family of Filoviridae (filoviruses), which causes severe viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF). Some major risk factors for human infections are close contact with African fruit bats, MVD-infected non-human primates, and MVD-infected individuals. Currently, there is no vaccine or specific treatment for MVD, which emphasizes the seriousness of this disease. In July 2022, the World Health Organization reported outbreaks of MVD in Ghana after two suspected VHF cases were detected. This was followed in February and March 2023 with the emergence of the virus in two countries new to the virus: Equatorial Guinea and Tanzania, respectively. In this review, we aim to highlight the characteristics, etiology, epidemiology, and clinical symptoms of MVD, along with the current prevention measures and the possible treatments to control this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randa Elsheikh
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Online Research Club, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Abdelrahman M Makram
- Online Research Club, Nagasaki, Japan
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Hager Selim
- Online Research Club, Nagasaki, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dung Nguyen
- Online Research Club, Nagasaki, Japan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the People, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Thi Thu Thao Le
- Online Research Club, Nagasaki, Japan
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Van-Phu Tran
- Online Research Club, Nagasaki, Japan
- Tra Vinh University, Tra Vinh City, Vietnam
| | - Sarah Abd Elaziz Khader
- Online Research Club, Nagasaki, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nguyen Tien Huy
- Online Research Club, Nagasaki, Japan
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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27
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Raghwani J, Faust CL, François S, Nguyen D, Marsh K, Raulo A, Hill SC, Parag KV, Simmonds P, Knowles SCL, Pybus OG. Seasonal dynamics of the wild rodent faecal virome. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:4763-4776. [PMID: 36367339 PMCID: PMC7614976 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Viral discovery studies in wild animals often rely on cross-sectional surveys at a single time point. As a result, our understanding of the temporal stability of wild animal viromes remains poorly resolved. While studies of single host-virus systems indicate that host and environmental factors influence seasonal virus transmission dynamics, comparable insights for whole viral communities in multiple hosts are lacking. Utilizing noninvasive faecal samples from a long-term wild rodent study, we characterized viral communities of three common European rodent species (Apodemus sylvaticus, A. flavicollis and Myodes glareolus) living in temperate woodland over a single year. Our findings indicate that a substantial fraction of the rodent virome is seasonally transient and associated with vertebrate or bacteria hosts. Further analyses of one of the most common virus families, Picornaviridae, show pronounced temporal changes in viral richness and evenness, which were associated with concurrent and up to ~3-month lags in host density, ambient temperature, rainfall and humidity, suggesting complex feedbacks from the host and environmental factors on virus transmission and shedding in seasonal habitats. Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of understanding the seasonal dynamics of wild animal viromes in order to better predict and mitigate zoonotic risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayna Raghwani
- Department of BiologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Department of Pathobiology and Population SciencesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeLondonUK
| | - Christina L. Faust
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | | | - Dung Nguyen
- Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Kirsty Marsh
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Aura Raulo
- Department of BiologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- University of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Sarah C. Hill
- Department of Pathobiology and Population SciencesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeLondonUK
| | | | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | - Oliver G. Pybus
- Department of BiologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Department of Pathobiology and Population SciencesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeLondonUK
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28
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Garnett L, Tran KN, Schiffman Z, Muise KA, Fletcher QE, Dzal YA, Leung A, Albietz A, Warner BM, Griffin BD, Kobasa D, Willis CKR, Strong JE. Adipose Tissues from Human and Bat-Derived Cell Lines Support Ebola Virus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:1827. [PMID: 37766234 PMCID: PMC10537186 DOI: 10.3390/v15091827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus is a zoonotic pathogen with a geographic range covering diverse ecosystems that are home to many potential reservoir species. Although researchers have detected Ebola virus RNA and serological evidence of previous infection in different rodents and bats, the infectious virus has not been isolated. The field is missing critical knowledge about where the virus is maintained between outbreaks, either because the virus is rarely encountered, overlooked during sampling, and/or requires specific unknown conditions that regulate viral expression. This study assessed adipose tissue as a previously overlooked tissue capable of supporting Ebola virus infection. Adipose tissue is a dynamic endocrine organ helping to regulate and coordinate homeostasis, energy metabolism, and neuroendocrine and immune functions. Through in vitro infection of human and bat (Eptesicus fuscus) brown adipose tissue cultures using wild-type Ebola virus, this study showed high levels of viral replication for 28 days with no qualitative indicators of cytopathic effects. In addition, alterations in adipocyte metabolism following long-term infection were qualitatively observed through an increase in lipid droplet number while decreasing in size, a harbinger of lipolysis or adipocyte browning. The finding that bat and human adipocytes are susceptible to Ebola virus infection has important implications for potential tissue tropisms that have not yet been investigated. Additionally, the findings suggest how the metabolism of this tissue may play a role in pathogenesis, viral transmission, and/or zoonotic spillover events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Garnett
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Kaylie N. Tran
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Zachary Schiffman
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Kristina A. Muise
- Department of Biology and Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Quinn E. Fletcher
- Department of Biology and Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Yvonne A. Dzal
- Department of Biology and Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Anders Leung
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Alix Albietz
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Bryce M. Warner
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Bryan D. Griffin
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Darwyn Kobasa
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Craig K. R. Willis
- Department of Biology and Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - James E. Strong
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- Pediatrics & Child Health, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1S1, Canada
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29
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Schneor L, Kaltenbach S, Friedman S, Tussia-Cohen D, Nissan Y, Shuler G, Fraimovitch E, Kolodziejczyk AA, Weinberg M, Donati G, Teeling EC, Yovel Y, Hagai T. Comparison of antiviral responses in two bat species reveals conserved and divergent innate immune pathways. iScience 2023; 26:107435. [PMID: 37575178 PMCID: PMC10415932 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats host a range of disease-causing viruses without displaying clinical symptoms. The mechanisms behind this are a continuous source of interest. Here, we studied the antiviral response in the Egyptian fruit bat and Kuhl's pipistrelle, representing two subordinal clades. We profiled the antiviral response in fibroblasts using RNA sequencing and compared bat with primate and rodent responses. Both bats upregulate similar genes; however, a subset of these genes is transcriptionally divergent between them. These divergent genes also evolve rapidly in sequence, have specific promoter architectures, and are associated with programs underlying tolerance and resistance. Finally, we characterized antiviral genes that expanded in bats, with duplicates diverging in sequence and expression. Our study reveals a largely conserved antiviral program across bats and points to a set of genes that rapidly evolve through multiple mechanisms. These can contribute to bat adaptation to viral infection and provide directions to understanding the mechanisms behind it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilach Schneor
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Stefan Kaltenbach
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Sivan Friedman
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Dafna Tussia-Cohen
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Yomiran Nissan
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Gal Shuler
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Evgeny Fraimovitch
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | | | - Maya Weinberg
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Giacomo Donati
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Emma C. Teeling
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yossi Yovel
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Tzachi Hagai
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Szentiványi T, Heintz AC, Markotter W, Wassef J, Christe P, Glaizot O. Vector-borne protozoan and bacterial pathogen occurrence and diversity in ectoparasites of the Egyptian Rousette bat. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 37:189-194. [PMID: 36625469 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Bats are known reservoir hosts for a wide variety of parasites and pathogens, including bacteria and protozoans. Some of these pathogens are vector-borne, and although their role is poorly studied, ectoparasites may contribute significantly to their transmission. The aim of this study was to molecularly detect the presence of vector-borne microorganisms in bat-associated ectoparasites to explore their diversity and distribution in these insects. We tested the presence of Bartonella spp., Polychromophilus spp., and Trypanosoma spp. in bat flies and bat fleas collected from 56 Egyptian Rousette bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus), using conventional PCR. We found a high prevalence of 43.9% (47/107) of Bartonella spp. in bat flies, but a low prevalence of 6.6% (4/61) in bat fleas. Polychromophilus and Trypanosoma DNA were absent in both bat flies and bat fleas. Furthermore, we found novel gltA Bartonella sequences, as well as genotypes that are highly similar to recently described and potentially zoonotic ones. Our results show high diversity of Bartonella in bat flies, however, their role in pathogen transmission is still unknown and should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Szentiványi
- Museum of Zoology, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Vácrátót, Hungary
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Caroline Heintz
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Department of Medical Virology, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jérôme Wassef
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Christe
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Glaizot
- Museum of Zoology, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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31
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Kim Y, Leopardi S, Scaravelli D, Zecchin B, Priori P, Festa F, Drzewnioková P, De Benedictis P, Nouvellet P. Transmission dynamics of lyssavirus in Myotis myotis: mechanistic modelling study based on longitudinal seroprevalence data. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230183. [PMID: 37072038 PMCID: PMC10113028 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the transmission dynamics of lyssavirus in Myotis myotis and Myotis blythii, using serological, virological, demographic and ecological data collected between 2015 and 2022 from two maternity colonies in northern Italian churches. Despite no lyssavirus detection in 556 bats sampled over 11 events by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), 36.3% of 837 bats sampled over 27 events showed neutralizing antibodies to European bat lyssavirus 1, with a significant increase in summers. By fitting sets of mechanistic models to seroprevalence data, we investigated factors that influenced lyssavirus transmission within and between years. Five models were selected as a group of final models: in one model, a proportion of exposed bats (median model estimate: 5.8%) became infectious and died while the other exposed bats recovered with immunity without becoming infectious; in the other four models, all exposed bats became infectious and recovered with immunity. The final models supported that the two colonies experienced seasonal outbreaks driven by: (i) immunity loss particularly during hibernation, (ii) density-dependent transmission, and (iii) a high transmission rate after synchronous birthing. These findings highlight the importance of understanding ecological factors, including colony size and synchronous birthing timing, and potential infection heterogeneities to enable more robust assessments of lyssavirus spillover risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younjung Kim
- Department of Evolution, Behaviour, and Environment, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, BN1 9RH Brighton, UK
| | - Stefania Leopardi
- FAO and National Reference Centre for Rabies, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy
| | - Dino Scaravelli
- S.T.E.R.N.A. and Museo Ornitologico 'F. Foschi', via Pedrali 12, 47121 Forlì, Italy
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Zecchin
- FAO and National Reference Centre for Rabies, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy
| | - Pamela Priori
- S.T.E.R.N.A. and Museo Ornitologico 'F. Foschi', via Pedrali 12, 47121 Forlì, Italy
| | - Francesca Festa
- FAO and National Reference Centre for Rabies, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy
| | - Petra Drzewnioková
- FAO and National Reference Centre for Rabies, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy
| | - Paola De Benedictis
- FAO and National Reference Centre for Rabies, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy
| | - Pierre Nouvellet
- Department of Evolution, Behaviour, and Environment, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, BN1 9RH Brighton, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, UK
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Cross RW, Prasad AN, Woolsey CB, Agans KN, Borisevich V, Dobias NS, Comer JE, Deer DJ, Geisbert JB, Rasmussen AL, Lipkin WI, Fenton KA, Geisbert TW. Natural history of nonhuman primates after conjunctival exposure to Ebola virus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4175. [PMID: 36914721 PMCID: PMC10011569 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmission of Ebola virus (EBOV) primarily occurs via contact exposure of mucosal surfaces with infected body fluids. Historically, nonhuman primate (NHP) challenge studies have employed intramuscular (i.m.) or small particle aerosol exposure, which are largely lethal routes of infection, but mimic worst-case scenarios such as a needlestick or intentional release, respectively. When exposed by more likely routes of natural infection, limited NHP studies have shown delayed onset of disease and reduced mortality. Here, we performed a series of systematic natural history studies in cynomolgus macaques with a range of conjunctival exposure doses. Challenge with 10,000 plaque forming units (PFU) of EBOV was uniformly lethal, whereas 5/6 subjects survived lower dose challenges (100 or 500 PFU). Conjunctival challenge resulted in a protracted time-to death compared to i.m. Asymptomatic infection was observed in survivors with limited detection of EBOV replication. Inconsistent seropositivity in survivors may suggest physical or natural immunological barriers are sufficient to prevent widespread viral dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Cross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA
| | - Abhishek N Prasad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA
| | - Courtney B Woolsey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA
| | - Krystle N Agans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA
| | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA
| | - Natalie S Dobias
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA
| | - Jason E Comer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA
| | - Daniel J Deer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA
| | - Joan B Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA
| | - Angela L Rasmussen
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Walter Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Karla A Fenton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA.
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA.
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Johnson E, Campos-Cerqueira M, Jumail A, Yusni ASA, Salgado-Lynn M, Fornace K. Applications and advances in acoustic monitoring for infectious disease epidemiology. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:386-399. [PMID: 36842917 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases continue to pose a significant burden on global public health, and there is a critical need to better understand transmission dynamics arising at the interface of human activity and wildlife habitats. Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM), more typically applied to questions of biodiversity and conservation, provides an opportunity to collect and analyse audio data in relative real time and at low cost. Acoustic methods are increasingly accessible, with the expansion of cloud-based computing, low-cost hardware, and machine learning approaches. Paired with purposeful experimental design, acoustic data can complement existing surveillance methods and provide a novel toolkit to investigate the key biological parameters and ecological interactions that underpin infectious disease epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Johnson
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
| | | | - Amaziasizamoria Jumail
- Danau Girang Field Centre c/o Sabah Wildlife Department, Wisma Muis, Block B, 5th Floor, 88100 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia; Organisms and Environment Division, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Ashraft Syazwan Ahmady Yusni
- Danau Girang Field Centre c/o Sabah Wildlife Department, Wisma Muis, Block B, 5th Floor, 88100 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia; Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Milena Salgado-Lynn
- Danau Girang Field Centre c/o Sabah Wildlife Department, Wisma Muis, Block B, 5th Floor, 88100 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia; Organisms and Environment Division, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; Wildlife Health, Genetic and Forensic Laboratory, c/o Sabah Wildlife Department, Wisma Muis, Block B, 5th Floor, 88100 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
| | - Kimberly Fornace
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; Centre for Climate Change and Planetary Health and Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore; National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore
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Wallau GL, Barbier E, Tomazatos A, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Bernard E. The Virome of Bats Inhabiting Brazilian Biomes: Knowledge Gaps and Biases towards Zoonotic Viruses. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0407722. [PMID: 36625641 PMCID: PMC9927472 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04077-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats host a large variety of viruses, including some that may infect other vertebrates and humans. Research on bat-borne viruses attracted significant attention in recent years mainly due to epizootics caused by viruses having bats as hosts. The characterization of the viral communities of bats was then prioritized, but despite increasing efforts, there are large disparities in the geographical ranges covered and the methodologies employed around the world. As a result, large gaps remain in our current understanding of bat viromes and their role in disease emergence. This is particularly true for megadiverse regions in Latin America. This review aims to summarize the current understanding about bat viruses that inhabit Brazilian biomes, one of the most bat species-rich and diverse regions of the globe. Taking into account all known bat-associated viral families studied in Brazilian biomes, we found that almost half of all bat species (86/181 species) were not investigated for viruses at all. Moreover, only a small fraction of viral lineages or families have been studied more in depth, usually employing targeted methods with limited power to characterize a broad virus diversity. Additionally, these studies relied on limited spatiotemporal sampling and small sample sizes. Therefore, our current understanding of bat viral communities in the Brazilian biomes is limited and biased at different levels, limiting zoonotic risk assessments of bat-borne viruses. Considering these limitations, we propose strategies to bridge the existing gaps in the near future. IMPORTANCE Bat-borne viruses have attracted much attention due to zoonotic outbreaks with large consequences to humans. Because of that, virus characterization in bats has been prioritized in tropical regions of the globe. However, bat-virus research in Latin America and particularly in Brazil, which are among the most bat species-rich regions of the world, are highly biased toward zoonotic viruses and known bat reservoir species. These results have direct implication for virus studies in general but also for new zoonotic virus and spillover events characterization. The limited knowledge we currently have about the virome of Brazilian bats drastically limits any broad assessment of zoonotic viruses they carry and calls for coordinated and large-scale studies to fill this crucial knowledge gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Luz Wallau
- Departamento de Entomologia and Núcleo de Bioinformática, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM) - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Cidade Universitária, Recife, Brazil
- Department of Arbovirology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eder Barbier
- Laboratório de Ciência Aplicada à Conservação da Biodiversidade, Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Brazil
| | - Alexandru Tomazatos
- Department of Arbovirology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit
- Department of Arbovirology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hamburg, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Enrico Bernard
- Laboratório de Ciência Aplicada à Conservação da Biodiversidade, Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Brazil
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Detection and Characterization of an H9N2 Influenza A Virus in the Egyptian Rousette Bat in Limpopo, South Africa. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020498. [PMID: 36851712 PMCID: PMC9958621 DOI: 10.3390/v15020498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, bats have been shown to host various novel bat-specific influenza viruses, including H17N10 and H18N11 in the Americas and the H9N2 subtype from Africa. Rousettus aegyptiacus (Egyptian Rousette bat) is recognized as a host species for diverse viral agents. This study focused on the molecular surveillance of a maternal colony in Limpopo, South Africa, between 2017-2018. A pan-influenza hemi-nested RT-PCR assay targeting the PB1 gene was established, and influenza A virus RNA was identified from one fecal sample out of 860 samples. Genome segments were recovered using segment-specific amplification combined with standard Sanger sequencing and Illumina unbiased sequencing. The identified influenza A virus was closely related to the H9N2 bat-influenza virus, confirming the circulation of this subtype among Egyptian fruit bat populations in Southern Africa. This bat H9N2 subtype contained amino acid residues associated with transmission and virulence in either mammalian or avian hosts, though it will likely require additional adaptations before spillover.
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36
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Hoarau AOG, Köster M, Dietrich M, Le Minter G, Joffrin L, Ramanantsalama RV, Mavingui P, Lebarbenchon C. Synchronicity of viral shedding in molossid bat maternity colonies. Epidemiol Infect 2023; 151:e47. [PMID: 36750225 PMCID: PMC10052574 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268823000171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection dynamics in vertebrates are driven by biological and ecological processes. For bats, population structure and reproductive cycles have major effects on RNA virus transmission. On Reunion Island, previous studies have shown that parturition of pregnant females and aggregation of juvenile Reunion free-tailed bats (Mormopterus francoismoutoui) are associated with major increase in the prevalence of bats shedding RNA viruses. The synchronicity of such shedding pulses, however, is yet to be assessed between viruses but also maternity colonies. Based on 3422 fresh faeces collected every 2-5 weeks during four consecutive birthing seasons, we report the prevalence of bats shedding astroviruses (AstVs), coronaviruses (CoVs) and paramyxoviruses (PMVs) in two maternity colonies on Reunion Island. We found that the proportion of bats shedding viruses is highly influenced by sampling collection periods, and therefore by the evolution of the population age structure. We highlight that virus shedding patterns are consistent among years and colonies for CoVs and to a lesser extent for PMVs, but not for AstVs. We also report that 1% of bats harbour co-infections, with two but not three of the viruses, and most co-infections were due to CoVs and PMVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel O G Hoarau
- Université de La Réunion, Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Inserm 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Marie Köster
- Université de La Réunion, Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Inserm 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Muriel Dietrich
- Université de La Réunion, Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Inserm 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Gildas Le Minter
- Université de La Réunion, Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Inserm 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Léa Joffrin
- Université de La Réunion, Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Inserm 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Riana V Ramanantsalama
- Université de La Réunion, Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Inserm 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Patrick Mavingui
- Université de La Réunion, Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Inserm 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Camille Lebarbenchon
- Université de La Réunion, Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Inserm 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
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Jayaprakash AD, Ronk AJ, Prasad AN, Covington MF, Stein KR, Schwarz TM, Hekmaty S, Fenton KA, Geisbert TW, Basler CF, Bukreyev A, Sachidanandam R. Marburg and Ebola Virus Infections Elicit a Complex, Muted Inflammatory State in Bats. Viruses 2023; 15:350. [PMID: 36851566 PMCID: PMC9958679 DOI: 10.3390/v15020350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The Marburg and Ebola filoviruses cause a severe, often fatal, disease in humans and nonhuman primates but have only subclinical effects in bats, including Egyptian rousettes, which are a natural reservoir of Marburg virus. A fundamental question is why these viruses are highly pathogenic in humans but fail to cause disease in bats. To address this question, we infected one cohort of Egyptian rousette bats with Marburg virus and another cohort with Ebola virus and harvested multiple tissues for mRNA expression analysis. While virus transcripts were found primarily in the liver, principal component analysis (PCA) revealed coordinated changes across multiple tissues. Gene signatures in kidney and liver pointed at induction of vasodilation, reduction in coagulation, and changes in the regulation of iron metabolism. Signatures of immune response detected in spleen and liver indicated a robust anti-inflammatory state signified by macrophages in the M2 state and an active T cell response. The evolutionary divergence between bats and humans of many responsive genes might provide a framework for understanding the differing outcomes upon infection by filoviruses. In this study, we outline multiple interconnected pathways that respond to infection by MARV and EBOV, providing insights into the complexity of the mechanisms that enable bats to resist the disease caused by filoviral infections. The results have the potential to aid in the development of new strategies to effectively mitigate and treat the disease caused by these viruses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam J. Ronk
- Department of Pathology, the University Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Abhishek N. Prasad
- Department of Pathology, the University Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | | | - Kathryn R. Stein
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Toni M. Schwarz
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Saboor Hekmaty
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Karla A. Fenton
- Galveston National Laboratory, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department Microbiology & Immunology, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Thomas W. Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department Microbiology & Immunology, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Christopher F. Basler
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, the University Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department Microbiology & Immunology, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Ravi Sachidanandam
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Filion A, Sundaram M, Stephens PR. Preliminary Investigation of Schmalhausen's Law in a Directly Transmitted Pathogen Outbreak System. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020310. [PMID: 36851523 PMCID: PMC9961160 DOI: 10.3390/v15020310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The past few decades have been marked by drastic modifications to the landscape by anthropogenic processes, leading to increased variability in the environment. For populations that thrive at their distributional boundaries, these changes can affect them drastically, as Schmalhausen's law predicts that their dynamics are more likely to be susceptible to environmental variation. Recently, this evolutionary theory has been put to the test in vector-borne disease emergences systems, and has been demonstrated effective in predicting emergence patterns. However, it has yet to be tested in a directly transmitted pathogen. Here, we provide a preliminary test of Schmalhausen's law using data on Marburg virus outbreaks originating from spillover events. By combining the two important aspects of Schmalhausen's law, namely climatic anomalies and distance to species distributional edges, we show that Marburgvirus outbreaks may support an aspect of this evolutionary theory, with distance to species distributional edge having a weak influence on outbreak size. However, we failed to demonstrate any effect of climatic anomalies on Marburgvirus outbreaks, arguably related to the lack of importance of these variables in directly transmitted pathogen outbreaks. With increasing zoonotic spillover events occurring from wild species, we highlight the importance of considering ecological variability to better predict emergence patterns.
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Juhas M. Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases. BRIEF LESSONS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2023:111-122. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-29544-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Becker DJ, Eby P, Madden W, Peel AJ, Plowright RK. Ecological conditions predict the intensity of Hendra virus excretion over space and time from bat reservoir hosts. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:23-36. [PMID: 36310377 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The ecological conditions experienced by wildlife reservoirs affect infection dynamics and thus the distribution of pathogen excreted into the environment. This spatial and temporal distribution of shed pathogen has been hypothesised to shape risks of zoonotic spillover. However, few systems have data on both long-term ecological conditions and pathogen excretion to advance mechanistic understanding and test environmental drivers of spillover risk. We here analyse three years of Hendra virus data from nine Australian flying fox roosts with covariates derived from long-term studies of bat ecology. We show that the magnitude of winter pulses of viral excretion, previously considered idiosyncratic, are most pronounced after recent food shortages and in bat populations displaced to novel habitats. We further show that cumulative pathogen excretion over time is shaped by bat ecology and positively predicts spillover frequency. Our work emphasises the role of reservoir host ecology in shaping pathogen excretion and provides a new approach to estimate spillover risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Becker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Peggy Eby
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wyatt Madden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Alison J Peel
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Raina K Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
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41
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Sundaram M, Schmidt JP, Han BA, Drake JM, Stephens PR. Traits, phylogeny and host cell receptors predict Ebolavirus host status among African mammals. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010993. [PMID: 36542657 PMCID: PMC9815631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We explore how animal host traits, phylogenetic identity and cell receptor sequences relate to infection status and mortality from ebolaviruses. We gathered exhaustive databases of mortality from Ebolavirus after exposure and infection status based on PCR and antibody tests. We performed ridge regressions predicting mortality and infection as a function of traits, phylogenetic eigenvectors and separately host receptor sequences. We found that mortality from Ebolavirus had a strong association to life history characteristics and phylogeny. In contrast, infection status related not just to life history and phylogeny, but also to fruit consumption which suggests that geographic overlap of frugivorous mammals can lead to spread of virus in the wild. Niemann Pick C1 (NPC1) receptor sequences predicted infection statuses of bats included in our study with very high accuracy, suggesting that characterizing NPC1 in additional species is a promising avenue for future work. We combine the predictions from our mortality and infection status models to differentiate between species that are infected and also die from Ebolavirus versus species that are infected but tolerate the virus (possible reservoirs of Ebolavirus). We therefore present the first comprehensive estimates of Ebolavirus reservoir statuses for all known terrestrial mammals in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mekala Sundaram
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - John Paul Schmidt
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Barbara A. Han
- Cary Institute of Ecosystems Studies, Millbrook, New York, United States of America
| | - John M. Drake
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Patrick R. Stephens
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
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42
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Kading RC, Borland EM, Mossel EC, Nakayiki T, Nalikka B, Ledermann JP, Crabtree MB, Panella NA, Nyakarahuka L, Gilbert AT, Kerbis-Peterhans JC, Towner JS, Amman BR, Sealy TK, Miller BR, Lutwama JJ, Kityo RM, Powers AM. Exposure of Egyptian Rousette Bats ( Rousettus aegyptiacus) and a Little Free-Tailed Bat ( Chaerephon pumilus) to Alphaviruses in Uganda. Diseases 2022; 10:diseases10040121. [PMID: 36547207 PMCID: PMC9777265 DOI: 10.3390/diseases10040121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The reservoir for zoonotic o'nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) has remained unknown since this virus was first recognized in Uganda in 1959. Building on existing evidence for mosquito blood-feeding on various frugivorous bat species in Uganda, and seroprevalence for arboviruses among bats in Uganda, we sought to assess if serum samples collected from bats in Uganda demonstrated evidence of exposure to ONNV or the closely related zoonotic chikungunya virus (CHIKV). In total, 652 serum samples collected from six bat species were tested by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) for neutralizing antibodies against ONNV and CHIKV. Forty out of 303 (13.2%) Egyptian rousettes from Maramagambo Forest and 1/13 (8%) little free-tailed bats from Banga Nakiwogo, Entebbe contained neutralizing antibodies against ONNV. In addition, 2/303 (0.7%) of these Egyptian rousettes contained neutralizing antibodies to CHIKV, and 8/303 (2.6%) contained neutralizing antibodies that were nonspecifically reactive to alphaviruses. These data support the interepidemic circulation of ONNV and CHIKV in Uganda, although Egyptian rousette bats are unlikely to serve as reservoirs for these viruses given the inconsistent occurrence of antibody-positive bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah C. Kading
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-970-491-7833
| | - Erin M. Borland
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Eric C. Mossel
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Teddy Nakayiki
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging, and Re-Emerging Infections, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Betty Nalikka
- Department of Zoology, Entomology, and Fisheries Science, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jeremy P. Ledermann
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Mary B. Crabtree
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Panella
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Luke Nyakarahuka
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging, and Re-Emerging Infections, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Amy T. Gilbert
- Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, National Wildlife Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Julian C. Kerbis-Peterhans
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, College of Arts & Sciences, Roosevelt University, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Towner
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Brian R. Amman
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Tara K. Sealy
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Barry R. Miller
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Julius J. Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging, and Re-Emerging Infections, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Robert M. Kityo
- Department of Zoology, Entomology, and Fisheries Science, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ann M. Powers
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
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43
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Natural reservoir Rousettus aegyptiacus bat host model of orthonairovirus infection identifies potential zoonotic spillover mechanisms. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20936. [PMID: 36463252 PMCID: PMC9719536 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24673-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The human-pathogenic Kasokero virus (KASV; genus Orthonairovirus) has been isolated from the sera of Egyptian rousette bats (ERBs; Rousettus aegyptiacus) captured in Uganda and unengorged Ornithodoros (Reticulinasus) faini ticks collected from the rock crevices of ERB colonies in South Africa and Uganda. Although evidence suggests that KASV is maintained in an enzootic transmission cycle between O. (R.) faini ticks and ERBs with potential for incidental virus spillover to humans through the bite of an infected tick, the vertebrate reservoir status of ERBs for KASV has never been experimentally evaluated. Furthermore, the potential for bat-to-bat and bat-to-human transmission of KASV is unknown. Herein, we inoculate two groups of ERBs with KASV; one group of bats is serially sampled to assess viremia, oral, fecal, and urinary shedding and the second group of bats is serially euthanized to assess virus-tissue tropism. Throughout the study, none of the bats exhibit overt signs of clinical disease. Following the detection of high KASV loads of long duration in blood, oral, fecal, and urine specimens collected from ERBs in the serial sampling group, all bats seroconvert to KASV. ERBs from the serial euthanasia group exhibit high KASV loads indicative of virus replication in the skin at the inoculation site, spleen, and inguinal lymph node tissue, and histopathology and in situ hybridization reveal virus replication in the liver and self-limiting, KASV-induced lymphohistiocytic hepatitis. The results of this study suggest that ERBs are competent, natural vertebrate reservoir hosts for KASV that can sustain viremias of appropriate magnitude and duration to support virus maintenance through bat-tick-bat transmission cycles. Viral shedding data suggests that KASV might also be transmitted bat-to-bat and highlights the potential for KASV spillover to humans through contact with infectious oral secretions, feces, or urine.
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Andrianiaina A, Andry S, Gentles A, Guth S, Héraud JM, Ranaivoson HC, Ravelomanantsoa NAF, Treuer T, Brook CE. Reproduction, seasonal morphology, and juvenile growth in three Malagasy fruit bats. J Mammal 2022; 103:1397-1408. [PMID: 36686611 PMCID: PMC9841406 DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyac072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The island nation of Madagascar is home to three endemic species of Old World fruit bat in the family Pteropodidae: Pteropus rufus, Eidolon dupreanum, and Rousettus madagascariensis, all three of which are IUCN Red Listed under some category of threat. Delineation of seasonal limits in the reproductive calendar for threatened mammals can inform conservation efforts by clarifying parameters used in population viability models, as well as elucidate understanding of the mechanisms underpinning pathogen persistence in host populations. Here, we define the seasonal limits of a staggered annual birth pulse across the three species of endemic Madagascar fruit bat, known reservoirs for viruses of high zoonotic potential. Our field studies indicate that this annual birth pulse takes place in September/October for P. rufus, November for E. dupreanum, and December for R. madagascariensis in central-eastern Madagascar where the bulk of our research was concentrated. Juvenile development periods vary across the three Malagasy pteropodids, resulting in near-synchronous weaning of pups for all species in late January-February at the height of the fruiting season for this region. We here document the size range in morphological traits for the three Malagasy fruit bat species, with P. rufus and E. dupreanum among the larger of pteropodids globally and R. madagascariensis among the smaller. All three species demonstrate subtle sexual dimorphism with males being larger than females. We explore seasonal variation in adult body condition by comparing observed body mass with body mass predicted by forearm length, demonstrating that pregnant females add weight during staggered gestation periods and males lose weight during the nutritionally deficit Malagasy winter. Finally, we quantify forearm, tibia, and ear length growth rates in juvenile bats, demonstrating both faster growth and more protracted development times for P. rufus as compared with E. dupreanum and R. madagascariensis. The longer development period for the already-threatened P. rufus further undermines the conservation status of this species as human hunting is particularly detrimental to population viability during reproductive periods. Our work highlights the importance of longitudinal field studies in collecting critical data for mammalian conservation efforts and human public health alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Andrianiaina
- Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale, Université d’Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Santino Andry
- Mention Entomologie, Université d’Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Anecia Gentles
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens 30609, Georgia, USA
| | - Sarah Guth
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley 94720, California, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Héraud
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 10200, Senegal
- Ecole Doctorale Science de la Vie et de l’Environnement, Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Hafaliana Christian Ranaivoson
- Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale, Université d’Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | | | - Timothy Treuer
- Gund Institute for Environment, The University of Vermont, Burlington 05405, Vermont, USA
| | - Cara E Brook
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley 94720, California, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago 60637, Illinois, USA
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45
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Lebarbenchon C, Goodman SM, Hoarau AOG, Le Minter G, Dos Santos A, Schoeman MC, Léculier C, Raoul H, Gudo ES, Mavingui P. Bombali Ebolavirus in Mops condylurus Bats (Molossidae), Mozambique. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:2583-2585. [PMID: 36418002 PMCID: PMC9707587 DOI: 10.3201/eid2812.220853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We detected Bombali ebolavirus RNA in 3 free-tailed bats (Mops condylurus, Molossidae) in Mozambique. Sequencing of the large protein gene revealed 98% identity with viruses previously detected in Sierra Leone, Kenya, and Guinea. Our findings further support the suspected role of Mops condylurus bats in maintaining Bombali ebolavirus.
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46
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No molecular evidence for influenza A virus and coronavirus in bats belonging to the families Phyllostomidae, Vespertilionidae, and Molossidae in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 54:523-529. [PMID: 36422849 PMCID: PMC9685036 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00878-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate, by molecular methods, the presence of influenza A virus (IAV) and coronavirus in non-hematophagous bats collected in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Samples of lung tissue and small intestine from 105 bats belonging to three families (Phyllostomidae, Vespertilionidae, and Molossidae) were collected in 22 municipalities in the state of São Paulo. Genetic identification of bats species was performed by amplification and sequencing of a fragment of 710 bp of the mitochondrial COI gene. In the detection of IAV, genomes were performed by RT-PCR, aiming at the amplification of a 245-bp fragment of the IAV matrix (M) protein gene. For coronaviruses, two fragments of 602 and 440 bp corresponding to segments along the gene encoding the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) were targeted. The detection limit for each of the PCRs was also determined. All samples analyzed here were negative for both viruses, and the lower limit of detection of the PCRs for the amplification of influenza virus A and coronavirus was estimated at 3.5 × 103 and 4.59 genomic copies per microliter, respectively. Although bats have been shown to harbor a large number of pathogens, the results of the present study support the theory that virus circulation in bats in the wild often occurs at low viral loads and that our understanding of the complex infectious dynamics of these viruses in wild conditions is still limited.
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47
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Ellwanger JH, Fearnside PM, Ziliotto M, Valverde-Villegas JM, Veiga ABGDA, Vieira GF, Bach E, Cardoso JC, Müller NFD, Lopes G, Caesar L, Kulmann-Leal B, Kaminski VL, Silveira ES, Spilki FR, Weber MN, Almeida SEDEM, Hora VPDA, Chies JAB. Synthesizing the connections between environmental disturbances and zoonotic spillover. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20211530. [PMID: 36169531 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220211530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic spillover is a phenomenon characterized by the transfer of pathogens between different animal species. Most human emerging infectious diseases originate from non-human animals, and human-related environmental disturbances are the driving forces of the emergence of new human pathogens. Synthesizing the sequence of basic events involved in the emergence of new human pathogens is important for guiding the understanding, identification, and description of key aspects of human activities that can be changed to prevent new outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics. This review synthesizes the connections between environmental disturbances and increased risk of spillover events based on the One Health perspective. Anthropogenic disturbances in the environment (e.g., deforestation, habitat fragmentation, biodiversity loss, wildlife exploitation) lead to changes in ecological niches, reduction of the dilution effect, increased contact between humans and other animals, changes in the incidence and load of pathogens in animal populations, and alterations in the abiotic factors of landscapes. These phenomena can increase the risk of spillover events and, potentially, facilitate new infectious disease outbreaks. Using Brazil as a study model, this review brings a discussion concerning anthropogenic activities in the Amazon region and their potential impacts on spillover risk and spread of emerging diseases in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular/PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Philip Martin Fearnside
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia/INPA, Avenida André Araújo, 2936, Aleixo, 69067-375 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Marina Ziliotto
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular/PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline María Valverde-Villegas
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier/IGMM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/CNRS, Laboratoire coopératif IGMM/ABIVAX, 1919, route de Mende, 34090 Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ana Beatriz G DA Veiga
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre/UFCSPA, Departamento de Ciências Básicas de Saúde, Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, Centro Histórico, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gustavo F Vieira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular/PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Laboratório de Imunoinformática, Núcleo de Bioinformática do Laboratório de Imunogenética/NBLI, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade La Salle, Laboratório de Saúde Humana in silico, Avenida Victor Barreto, 2288, Centro, 92010-000 Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Evelise Bach
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular/PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jáder C Cardoso
- Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde/CEVS, Divisão de Vigilância Ambiental em Saúde, Secretaria da Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 5400, Jardim Botânico, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Nícolas Felipe D Müller
- Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde/CEVS, Divisão de Vigilância Ambiental em Saúde, Secretaria da Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 5400, Jardim Botânico, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Lopes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Casa de Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lílian Caesar
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular/PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Indiana University/IU, Department of Biology, 915 East 3rd Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Bruna Kulmann-Leal
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular/PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Valéria L Kaminski
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/UNIFESP, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia/ICT, Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Rua Talim, 330, Vila Nair, 12231-280 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Etiele S Silveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular/PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Laboratório de Imunoinformática, Núcleo de Bioinformática do Laboratório de Imunogenética/NBLI, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando R Spilki
- Universidade Feevale, Laboratório de Saúde Única, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde/ICS, Rodovia ERS-239, 2755, Vila Nova, 93525-075 Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Matheus N Weber
- Universidade Feevale, Laboratório de Saúde Única, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde/ICS, Rodovia ERS-239, 2755, Vila Nova, 93525-075 Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Sabrina E DE Matos Almeida
- Universidade Feevale, Laboratório de Saúde Única, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde/ICS, Rodovia ERS-239, 2755, Vila Nova, 93525-075 Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Vanusa P DA Hora
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande/FURG, Faculdade de Medicina, Rua Visconde de Paranaguá, 102, Centro, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - José Artur B Chies
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular/PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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48
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Comparison of two injectable anaesthetic protocols in Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) undergoing gonadectomy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15962. [PMID: 36153361 PMCID: PMC9509369 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20408-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Egyptian fruit bats have gained increasing interest being a natural reservoir for emerging zoonotic viruses. Anaesthesia is often required to allow safe handling of bats. We aimed to compare the sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of two balanced anaesthetic protocols in bats undergoing gonadectomy. Group DK (n = 10) received intramuscular dexmedetomidine (40 µg/kg) and ketamine (7 mg/kg), whereas group DBM (n = 10) received intramuscular dexmedetomidine (40 µg/kg), butorphanol (0.3 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.3 mg/kg). Induction time and cardiopulmonary parameters were recorded. If anaesthetic plan was inadequate, isoflurane was titrated-to-effect. At the end of surgery venous blood gas analysis was performed and atipamezole or atipamezole-flumazenil was administered for timed and scored recovery. In DBM group heart rate and peripheral oxygen saturation were significantly higher (p = 0.001; p = 0.003 respectively), while respiratory rate was significantly lower (p = 0.001). All bats required isoflurane supplementation with no significant differences between groups. Induction and recovery times showed no significant differences. In group DK a better recovery was scored (p = 0.034). Sodium and chloride were significantly higher in DBM group (p = 0.001; p = 0.002 respectively). Both anaesthetic protocols were comparable and can be recommended for minor procedures in bats.
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Landscape and age dynamics of immune cells in the Egyptian rousette bat. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111305. [PMID: 36070695 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats harbor high-impact zoonotic viruses often in the absence of disease manifestation. This restriction and disease tolerance possibly rely on specific immunological features. In-depth molecular characterization of cellular immunity and imprinting of age on leukocyte compartments remained unexplored in bats. We employ single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and establish immunostaining panels to characterize the immune cell landscape in juvenile, subadult, and adult Egyptian rousette bats (ERBs). Transcriptomic and flow cytometry data reveal conserved subsets and substantial enrichments of CD79a+ B cells and CD11b+ T cells in juvenile animals, whereas neutrophils, CD206+ myeloid cells, and CD3+ T cells dominate as bats reach adulthood. Despite differing frequencies, phagocytosis of circulating and tissue-resident myeloid cells and proliferation of peripheral and splenic lymphocytes are analogous in juvenile and adult ERBs. We provide a comprehensive map of the immune landscape in ERBs and show age-imprinted resilience progression and find that variability in cellular immunity only partly recapitulates mammalian archetypes.
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Bruns EB, Hood ME, Antonovics J, Ballister IH, Troy SE, Cho J. Can disease resistance evolve independently at different ages? Genetic variation in age-dependent resistance to disease in three wild plant species. THE JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2022; 110:2046-2061. [PMID: 36250132 PMCID: PMC9541240 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.13966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Juveniles are typically less resistant (more susceptible) to infectious disease than adults, and this difference in susceptibility can help fuel the spread of pathogens in age-structured populations. However, evolutionary explanations for this variation in resistance across age remain to be tested.One hypothesis is that natural selection has optimized resistance to peak at ages where disease exposure is greatest. A central assumption of this hypothesis is that hosts have the capacity to evolve resistance independently at different ages. This would mean that host populations have (a) standing genetic variation in resistance at both juvenile and adult stages, and (b) that this variation is not strongly correlated between age classes so that selection acting at one age does not produce a correlated response at the other age.Here we evaluated the capacity of three wild plant species (Silene latifolia, S. vulgaris and Dianthus pavonius) to evolve resistance to their anther-smut pathogens (Microbotryum fungi), independently at different ages. The pathogen is pollinator transmitted, and thus exposure risk is considered to be highest at the adult flowering stage.Within each species we grew families to different ages, inoculated individuals with anther smut, and evaluated the effects of age, family and their interaction on infection.In two of the plant species, S. latifolia and D. pavonius, resistance to smut at the juvenile stage was not correlated with resistance to smut at the adult stage. In all three species, we show there are significant age × family interaction effects, indicating that age specificity of resistance varies among the plant families. Synthesis. These results indicate that different mechanisms likely underlie resistance at juvenile and adult stages and support the hypothesis that resistance can evolve independently in response to differing selection pressures as hosts age. Taken together our results provide new insight into the structure of genetic variation in age-dependent resistance in three well-studied wild host-pathogen systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B. Bruns
- BiologyUniversity of Maryland at College ParkCollege ParkMarylandUSA
| | | | | | | | - Sarah E. Troy
- BiologyUniversity of North Carolina SystemChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
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