1
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Erazo D, Grant L, Ghisbain G, Marini G, Colón-González FJ, Wint W, Rizzoli A, Van Bortel W, Vogels CBF, Grubaugh ND, Mengel M, Frieler K, Thiery W, Dellicour S. Contribution of climate change to the spatial expansion of West Nile virus in Europe. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1196. [PMID: 38331945 PMCID: PMC10853512 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45290-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging mosquito-borne pathogen in Europe where it represents a new public health threat. While climate change has been cited as a potential driver of its spatial expansion on the continent, a formal evaluation of this causal relationship is lacking. Here, we investigate the extent to which WNV spatial expansion in Europe can be attributed to climate change while accounting for other direct human influences such as land-use and human population changes. To this end, we trained ecological niche models to predict the risk of local WNV circulation leading to human cases to then unravel the isolated effect of climate change by comparing factual simulations to a counterfactual based on the same environmental changes but a counterfactual climate where long-term trends have been removed. Our findings demonstrate a notable increase in the area ecologically suitable for WNV circulation during the period 1901-2019, whereas this area remains largely unchanged in a no-climate-change counterfactual. We show that the drastic increase in the human population at risk of exposure is partly due to historical changes in population density, but that climate change has also been a critical driver behind the heightened risk of WNV circulation in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Erazo
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Luke Grant
- Department of Water and Climate, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Ghisbain
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Giovanni Marini
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | | | - William Wint
- Environmental Research Group Oxford Ltd, Department of Biology, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Annapaola Rizzoli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Wim Van Bortel
- Unit Entomology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Outbreak Research team, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Chantal B F Vogels
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nathan D Grubaugh
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Matthias Mengel
- Department Transformation Pathways, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Katja Frieler
- Department Transformation Pathways, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Wim Thiery
- Department of Water and Climate, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Simon Dellicour
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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2
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Parums DV. Editorial: Climate Change and the Spread of Vector-Borne Diseases, Including Dengue, Malaria, Lyme Disease, and West Nile Virus Infection. Med Sci Monit 2024; 29:e943546. [PMID: 38161310 PMCID: PMC10768291 DOI: 10.12659/msm.943546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The major health threats from climate change include increasing temperatures, air pollution, extreme weather events, changes in the spread of infectious diseases, antimicrobial resistance, emerging pathogens, and an increase in vector-borne disease. Between October and December 2023, in 200 medical journal, epidemiologists, clinicians, healthcare policymakers, and journal editors published an emergency call to action to health professionals, the United Nations, and political leaders on climate change and its effects on the ecosystem and human health. Also, in December 2023, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) published its sixth Assessment Report (AR6) that summarizes current knowledge, impacts, and health risks from climate change, as well as suggestions for mitigation and adaptation. For over a decade, the IPCC has reported that the prevalence of vector-borne diseases has increased and highlighted the importance of monitoring dengue, malaria, Lyme disease, West Nile virus infection, and other vector-borne diseases. This editorial aims to provide an update on the association between climate change and the spread of vector-borne diseases and highlights the urgent need for public health and disease prevention and treatment strategies to control the rise in vector-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinah V Parums
- Science Editor, Medical Science Monitor, International Scientific Information, Inc., Melville, NY, USA
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3
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Maloney BE, Carpio KL, Bilyeu AN, Saunders DRD, Park SL, Pohl AE, Ball NC, Raetz JL, Huang CY, Higgs S, Barrett ADT, Roman-Sosa G, Kenney JL, Vanlandingham DL, Huang YJS. Identification of the flavivirus conserved residues in the envelope protein hinge region for the rational design of a candidate West Nile live-attenuated vaccine. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:172. [PMID: 37932282 PMCID: PMC10628263 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00765-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The flavivirus envelope protein is a class II fusion protein that drives flavivirus-cell membrane fusion. The membrane fusion process is triggered by the conformational change of the E protein from dimer in the virion to trimer, which involves the rearrangement of three domains, EDI, EDII, and EDIII. The movement between EDI and EDII initiates the formation of the E protein trimer. The EDI-EDII hinge region utilizes four motifs to exert the hinge effect at the interdomain region and is crucial for the membrane fusion activity of the E protein. Using West Nile virus (WNV) NY99 strain derived from an infectious clone, we investigated the role of eight flavivirus-conserved hydrophobic residues in the EDI-EDII hinge region in the conformational change of E protein from dimer to trimer and viral entry. Single mutations of the E-A54, E-I130, E-I135, E-I196, and E-Y201 residues affected infectivity. Importantly, the E-A54I and E-Y201P mutations fully attenuated the mouse neuroinvasive phenotype of WNV. The results suggest that multiple flavivirus-conserved hydrophobic residues in the EDI-EDII hinge region play a critical role in the structure-function of the E protein and some contribute to the virulence phenotype of flaviviruses as demonstrated by the attenuation of the mouse neuroinvasive phenotype of WNV. Thus, as a proof of concept, residues in the EDI-EDII hinge region are proposed targets to engineer attenuating mutations for inclusion in the rational design of candidate live-attenuated flavivirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey E Maloney
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Kassandra L Carpio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Ashley N Bilyeu
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Danielle R D Saunders
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
- Department of Biology, Dean of Faculty, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO, 80840, USA
| | - So Lee Park
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Adrienne E Pohl
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Natalia Costa Ball
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Janae L Raetz
- Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - Claire Y Huang
- Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - Stephen Higgs
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Alan D T Barrett
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Gleyder Roman-Sosa
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, Buentewg 17, 30559, Hanover, Germany
| | - Joanie L Kenney
- Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - Dana L Vanlandingham
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Yan-Jang S Huang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and SUNY Center for Vector-Borne Diseases, Institute of Global Health and Translation Science, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
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4
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Mikhaiel JP, Mckenzie A, Saab L, Zubair AS. A Case of West Nile Encephalitis: Neuroimaging Findings and Clinico-Radiological Mismatch. Cureus 2023; 15:e49727. [PMID: 38161903 PMCID: PMC10757579 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
West Nile Virus, an arthropod-borne RNA virus, may result in severe neurological disease. West Nile neuroinvasive disease is characterized by meningitis, encephalitis, and possible acute flaccid paralysis. Classically, signal intensity abnormalities on T2-weighted magnetic resonance images are associated with poor outcomes. Herein, we present a case of previous West Nile encephalitis with diffuse leukoencephalopathy on imaging that demonstrates a favorable clinical outcome with limited neurologic sequelae. A 53-year-old male presented to the hospital with one month of headaches, dizziness, generalized weakness, and a seizure. His initial neurologic exam was notable for wide-based gait and imbalance. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain demonstrated diffuse bilateral white matter signal hyperintensities without contrast enhancement, suggestive of leukoencephalopathy. His lumbar puncture revealed lymphocytic pleocytosis and infectious studies demonstrated positive West Nile Virus immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum with negative immunoglobulin M (IgM) in both CSF and serum, suggestive of previous infection. A diagnosis of sequelae of West Nile neuroinvasive disease was made. He was started on anti-seizure medications without further seizures. At his subsequent nine-month follow-up visit, he remained asymptomatic without weakness, headaches, or confusion. Repeat MRI demonstrated interval improvement of white matter signal change. This case report highlights that West Nile neuroinvasive disease may present with profound white matter changes on MRI with limited clinical symptoms and long-term neurologic sequelae. Further research is needed to identify imaging correlation with symptom severity in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lea Saab
- Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
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5
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Zaka A, Dehkordi O, Weir R, Oyawusi M, Millis RM. A Case of Guillain-Barré Syndrome With Multiple Causative Factors in a Young Male. Cureus 2023; 15:e49745. [PMID: 38161846 PMCID: PMC10757645 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), an immune-mediated disease of the peripheral nervous system, is mainly characterized by rapidly progressive ascending weakness of the limbs with reduced or absent deep tendon reflexes. The exact cause of GBS is unknown, but it often occurs after a gastrointestinal or respiratory infection. The present study represents a case of GBS in which multiple antecedent antigenic stimuli may have contributed to the development of GBS. The patient, a 28-year-old immunocompetent man with no significant medical history, presented to the emergency department (ED) with acute ascending flaccid paralysis that persisted for a few days. His initial symptoms included tingling in his legs, which started at his shin and calf and developed into numbness, which extended to his upper limbs and arms. A CT scan of the lumbar and cervical spine indicated minor L4-L5 and L5-S1 disc herniation as well as slight bulging in C5-C6 and C7. The patient was discharged but returned to the ED for urgent treatment the next day after he weakened rapidly, losing the ability to walk or maintain balance. Based on his clinical presentation of ascending weakness and generalized hyporeflexia, he was diagnosed with GBS. Abnormal liver function and positive blood tests for anti-cytomegalovirus (anti-CMV) and anti-Epstein-Barr virus (anti-EBV) IgG and IgM antibodies diagnosed hepatitis, CMV, and EBV, respectively. The patient was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin therapy (IVIG; 27 g/day) and antiviral medicine (ganciclovir; 340 mg IV/day) for five days. His nonexistent deep tendon reflexes began to improve two to three days following treatment. He was able to ambulate longer distances with a walker, and his upper extremities regained full strength. This case highlights the importance of a multiple-treatment approach to the treatment of GBS, wherein multiple antigenic triggering factors may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Zaka
- Neurology, Howard University Hospital, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Ozra Dehkordi
- Neurology, Howard University Hospital, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Roger Weir
- Neurology, Howard University Hospital, Washington D.C., USA
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6
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Mencattelli G, Ndione MHD, Silverj A, Diagne MM, Curini V, Teodori L, Di Domenico M, Mbaye R, Leone A, Marcacci M, Gaye A, Ndiaye E, Diallo D, Ancora M, Secondini B, Di Lollo V, Mangone I, Bucciacchio A, Polci A, Marini G, Rosà R, Segata N, Fall G, Cammà C, Monaco F, Diallo M, Rota-Stabelli O, Faye O, Rizzoli A, Savini G. Spatial and temporal dynamics of West Nile virus between Africa and Europe. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6440. [PMID: 37833275 PMCID: PMC10575862 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42185-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
It is unclear whether West Nile virus (WNV) circulates between Africa and Europe, despite numerous studies supporting an African origin and high transmission in Europe. We integrated genomic data with geographic observations and phylogenetic and phylogeographic inferences to uncover the spatial and temporal viral dynamics of WNV between these two continents. We focused our analysis towards WNV lineages 1 (L1) and 2 (L2), the most spatially widespread and pathogenic WNV lineages. Our study shows a Northern-Western African origin of L1, with back-and-forth exchanges between West Africa and Southern-Western Europe; and a Southern African origin of L2, with one main introduction from South Africa to Europe, and no back introductions observed. We also noticed a potential overlap between L1 and L2 Eastern and Western phylogeography and two Afro-Palearctic bird migratory flyways. Future studies linking avian and mosquito species susceptibility, migratory connectivity patterns, and phylogeographic inference are suggested to elucidate the dynamics of emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Mencattelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy.
- Centre Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.
| | | | - Andrea Silverj
- Centre Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Curini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Liana Teodori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Marco Di Domenico
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Rassoul Mbaye
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Alessandra Leone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Maurilia Marcacci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Alioune Gaye
- Medical Zoology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - ElHadji Ndiaye
- Medical Zoology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Diawo Diallo
- Medical Zoology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Massimo Ancora
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Barbara Secondini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Valeria Di Lollo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Iolanda Mangone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Andrea Bucciacchio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Andrea Polci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Marini
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Roberto Rosà
- Centre Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Nicola Segata
- Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Gamou Fall
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Cesare Cammà
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Federica Monaco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- Medical Zoology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Omar Rota-Stabelli
- Centre Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Oumar Faye
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Annapaola Rizzoli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Giovanni Savini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy
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7
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Lin SC, Zhao FR, Janova H, Gervais A, Rucknagel S, Murray KO, Casanova JL, Diamond MS. Blockade of interferon signaling decreases gut barrier integrity and promotes severe West Nile virus disease. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5973. [PMID: 37749080 PMCID: PMC10520062 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41600-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The determinants of severe disease caused by West Nile virus (WNV) and why only ~1% of individuals progress to encephalitis remain poorly understood. Here, we use human and mouse enteroids, and a mouse model of pathogenesis, to explore the capacity of WNV to directly infect gastrointestinal (GI) tract cells and contribute to disease severity. At baseline, WNV poorly infects human and mouse enteroid cultures and enterocytes in mice. However, when STAT1 or type I interferon (IFN) responses are absent, GI tract cells become infected, and this is associated with augmented GI tract and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, accumulation of gut-derived molecules in the brain, and more severe WNV disease. The increased gut permeability requires TNF-α signaling, and is absent in WNV-infected IFN-deficient germ-free mice. To link these findings to human disease, we measured auto-antibodies against type I IFNs in serum from WNV-infected human cohorts. A greater frequency of auto- and neutralizing antibodies against IFN-α2 or IFN-ω is present in patients with severe WNV infection, whereas virtually no asymptomatic WNV-infected subjects have such antibodies (odds ratio 24 [95% confidence interval: 3.0 - 192.5; P = 0.003]). Overall, our experiments establish that blockade of type I IFN signaling extends WNV tropism to enterocytes, which correlates with increased gut and BBB permeability, and more severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Ching Lin
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Fang R Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Hana Janova
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Adrian Gervais
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, EU, 75015, France
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, EU, 75015, France
| | - Summer Rucknagel
- Gnotobiotic Research, Education, and Transgenic Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kristy O Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, EU, 75015, France
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, EU, 75015, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Paediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, EU, 75015, France
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky the Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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8
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Musto C, Tamba M, Calzolari M, Rossi A, Grisendi A, Marzani K, Bonilauri P, Delogu M. Detection of West Nile and Usutu Virus RNA in Autumn Season in Wild Avian Hosts in Northern Italy. Viruses 2023; 15:1771. [PMID: 37632113 PMCID: PMC10458002 DOI: 10.3390/v15081771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile (WNV) and Usutu (USUV) viruses are two mosquito-borne viruses belonging to the family Flaviviridae and genus Flavivirus. The natural transmission cycle of WNV and USUV involves mosquitoes and birds, while mammals are thought to be accidental hosts. The goal of this study was to report-in the context of "off-season monitoring" and passive surveillance-the detection of WNV and USUV RNA in wild birds. To this end, we analyzed biological samples of wild birds in Northern Italy, from October to May, hence outside of the regional monitoring period (June-September). The virological investigations for the detection of USUV and WNV RNA were performed using real-time PCR on frozen samples of the brain, myocardium, kidney, and spleen. In a total sample of 164 wild birds belonging to 27 different species, sequences of both viruses were detected: four birds (2.44%) were positive for WNV and five (3.05%) for USUV. Off-season infections of WNV and especially USUV are still widely discussed and only a few studies have been published to date. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first report on the detection of USUV RNA until December 22nd. Although further studies are required, our results confirm the viral circulation out-of-season of Flavivirus in wild birds, suggesting reconsidering the epidemiological monitoring period based on each individual climate zone and taking into consideration global warming which will play an important role in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Musto
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Marco Tamba
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (M.T.); (M.C.); (A.R.); (A.G.); (K.M.); (P.B.)
| | - Mattia Calzolari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (M.T.); (M.C.); (A.R.); (A.G.); (K.M.); (P.B.)
| | - Arianna Rossi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (M.T.); (M.C.); (A.R.); (A.G.); (K.M.); (P.B.)
| | - Annalisa Grisendi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (M.T.); (M.C.); (A.R.); (A.G.); (K.M.); (P.B.)
| | - Katia Marzani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (M.T.); (M.C.); (A.R.); (A.G.); (K.M.); (P.B.)
| | - Paolo Bonilauri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (M.T.); (M.C.); (A.R.); (A.G.); (K.M.); (P.B.)
| | - Mauro Delogu
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy;
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9
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Srichawla BS, Kipkorir V, Manan MR, Dhali A, Diebel S, Sawant T, Zia S, Carrion-Alvarez D, Suteja RC, Nurani K, Găman MA. Stealth invaders: unraveling the mystery of neurotropic viruses and their elusive presence in cerebrospinal fluid - a comprehensive review. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2023; 85:2761-2766. [PMID: 37363567 PMCID: PMC10289609 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000000736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotropic viruses are a threat to human populations due to ongoing zoonosis. A wide array of neurological manifestations can occur most often including parkinsonism, encephalitis/encephalopathy, flaccid myelitis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Neuroinvasion occurs through: transneural transmission, blood brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, and 'trojan horse' mechanism or infected immune cell trafficking into the central nervous system (CNS). Transneural transmission occurs through virus mediated hijacking of intracellular transport proteins allowing retrograde viral transport. BBB dysfunction occurs through cytokine storm increasing membrane permissibility. Increased chemokine expression allows leukocyte trafficking to the BBB. Virally infected leukocytes may successfully pass through the BBB allowing the pathogen to infect microglia and other CNS cell types. We define cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) nondetection as a virus' ability to evade direct CSF detection but still causing significant neurological symptoms and disease. Mechanisms of CSF nondetection include: transneuronal propagation through trans-synaptic transmission, and synaptic microfusion, as well as intrathecal antibody synthesis and virus neutralization. Direct virus detection in CSF is associated with an increased neurological disease burden. However, the lack of CSF detection does not exclude CNS involvement due to possible neuroevasive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincent Kipkorir
- Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, University Way, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Arkadeep Dhali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Diebel
- Department of Family Medicine, Northern Ontario School of Medicine University, Sudbury, Canada
| | - Tirtha Sawant
- Department of Neurology, Spartan Health Sciences University, Spartan Drive St. Jude’s Highway, St. Lucia
| | - Subtain Zia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Massachusetts, Chan Medical School, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Diego Carrion-Alvarez
- Departmento de Medicina Interna, ISSSTE Regional de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Richard C. Suteja
- Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Kampus BukitKabupaten Badung, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Khulud Nurani
- Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, University Way, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mihnea-Alexandru Găman
- Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucuresti, Romania
- Romania and Department of Hematology, Center of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Soseaua Fundeni 258, Bucuresti, Romania
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10
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Garcia G, Irudayam JI, Jeyachandran AV, Dubey S, Chang C, Cario SC, Price N, Arumugam S, Marquez AL, Shah A, Fanaei A, Chakravarty N, Joshi S, Sinha S, French SW, Parcells M, Ramaiah A, Arumugaswami V. Broad-spectrum antiviral inhibitors targeting pandemic potential RNA viruses. bioRxiv 2023:2023.01.19.524824. [PMID: 36711787 PMCID: PMC9882367 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.19.524824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
RNA viruses continue to remain a clear and present threat for potential pandemics due to their rapid evolution. To mitigate their impact, we urgently require antiviral agents that can inhibit multiple families of disease-causing viruses, such as arthropod-borne and respiratory pathogens. Potentiating host antiviral pathways can prevent or limit viral infections before escalating into a major outbreak. Therefore, it is critical to identify broad-spectrum antiviral agents. We have tested a small library of innate immune agonists targeting pathogen recognition receptors, including TLRs, STING, NOD, Dectin and cytosolic DNA or RNA sensors. We observed that TLR3, STING, TLR8 and Dectin-1 ligands inhibited arboviruses, Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), West Nile virus (WNV) and Zika virus, to varying degrees. Cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) STING agonists, such as cAIMP, diABZI, and 2',3'-cGAMP, and Dectin-1 agonist scleroglucan, demonstrated the most potent, broad-spectrum antiviral function. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that CHIKV-infected cells had larger number of differentially expressed genes than of WNV and ZIKV. Furthermore, gene expression analysis showed that cAIMP treatment rescued cells from CHIKV-induced dysregulation of cell repair, immune, and metabolic pathways. In addition, cAIMP provided protection against CHIKV in a CHIKV-arthritis mouse model. Cardioprotective effects of synthetic STING ligands against CHIKV, WNV, SARS-CoV-2 and enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) infections were demonstrated using human cardiomyocytes. Interestingly, the direct-acting antiviral drug remdesivir, a nucleoside analogue, was not effective against CHIKV and WNV, but exhibited potent antiviral effects against SARS-CoV-2, RSV (respiratory syncytial virus), and EV-D68. Our study identifies broad-spectrum antivirals effective against multiple families of pandemic potential RNA viruses, which can be rapidly deployed to prevent or mitigate future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Ignatius Irudayam
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arjit Vijay Jeyachandran
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Swati Dubey
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christina Chang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sebastian Castillo Cario
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nate Price
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sathya Arumugam
- Department of Mathematics, Government College Daman, U.T of DNH & DD, India
| | - Angelica L. Marquez
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aayushi Shah
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amir Fanaei
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nikhil Chakravarty
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shantanu Joshi
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sanjeev Sinha
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Samuel W. French
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mark Parcells
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Arunachalam Ramaiah
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Center at inStem, Bangalore 560065, India,City of Milwaukee Health Department, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA.,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami, DVM, PhD., 10833 Le Conte Ave, CHS B2-049A, Los Angeles, California 90095, Phone: (310) 794-9568, , Arunachalam Ramaiah, MS, PhD., 841 N. Broadway, 2nd Floor, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53202,
| | - Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Lead Contact,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami, DVM, PhD., 10833 Le Conte Ave, CHS B2-049A, Los Angeles, California 90095, Phone: (310) 794-9568, , Arunachalam Ramaiah, MS, PhD., 841 N. Broadway, 2nd Floor, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53202,
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11
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Tolsá-García MJ, Wehmeyer ML, Lühken R, Roiz D. Worldwide transmission and infection risk of mosquito vectors of West Nile, St. Louis encephalitis, Usutu and Japanese encephalitis viruses: a systematic review. Sci Rep 2023; 13:308. [PMID: 36609450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27236-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing trend of mosquito-borne pathogens demands more accurate global estimations of infection and transmission risks between mosquitoes. Here, we systematically review field and laboratory studies to assess the natural field infection and experimental laboratory transmission risk in Culex mosquitoes. We studied four worldwide flaviviruses: West Nile, Usutu, Japanese encephalitis, and St. Louis encephalitis, belonging to the Japanese encephalitis Serocomplex (JES). The PRISMA statement was carried out for both approaches. The Transmission-Infection Risk of the diverse mosquito species for the different viruses was estimated through seven variables. We considered 130 and 95 articles for field and experimental approach, respectively. We identified 30 species naturally infected, and 23 species capable to transmit some of the four flaviviruses. For the JES, the highest Transmission-Infection Risk estimate was recorded in Culex quinquefasciatus (North America). The maximum Infection-Transmission Risk values for West Nile was Culex restuans, for Usutu it was Culex pipiens (Europe), for St. Louis encephalitis Culex quinquefasciatus (North America), and for Japanese encephalitis Culex gelidus (Oceania). We conclude that on a worldwide scale, a combination of field and experimental data offers a better way of understanding natural infection and transmission risks between mosquito populations.
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12
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Jacob Nelson, Lorenzo Ochoa, Paula Villareal, Tiffany Dunn, Ping Wu, Gracie Vargas, Alexander N. Freiberg. Powassan Virus Induces Structural Changes in Human Neuronal Cells In Vitro and Murine Neurons In Vivo. Pathogens 2022; 11:1218. [PMID: 36297275 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Powassan virus (POWV) is a tick-borne flavivirus (TBFV) that can cause severe encephalitis in humans with a case-fatality rate as high as 11%. Patients who survive severe encephalitic disease can develop long-term neurological sequelae that can be debilitating and life-long. In this study, we have sought to characterize a primary human fetal brain neural stem cell system (hNSC), which can be differentiated into neuron and astrocyte co-cultures, to serve as a translational in vitro system for infection with POWV and a comparative mosquito-borne flavivirus (MBFV), West Nile virus (WNV). We found that both viruses are able to infect both cell types in the co-culture and that WNV elicits a strong inflammatory response characterized by increased cytokines IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and IL-1β and activation of apoptosis pathways. POWV infection resulted in fewer cytokine responses, as well as less detectable apoptosis, while neurons infected with POWV exhibited structural aberrations forming in the dendrites. These anomalies are consistent with previous findings in which tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infected murine primary neurons formed laminal membrane structures (LMS). Furthermore, these structural aberrations are also recapitulated in brain tissue from infected mice. Our findings indicate that POWV is capable of infecting human primary neurons and astrocytes without causing apparent widespread apoptosis, while forming punctate structures reminiscent with LMS in primary human neurons and in vivo.
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13
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Molini U, Franzo G, Nel H, Khaiseb S, Ntahonshikira C, Chiwome B, Baines I, Madzingira O, Monaco F, Savini G, D'Alterio N. West Nile Virus Seroprevalence in a Selected Donkey Population of Namibia. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:681354. [PMID: 34222404 PMCID: PMC8249584 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.681354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile Virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne virus enzootically maintained in birds. However, it can incidentally infect other species, leading to sometimes severe clinical consequences like in horses and especially human beings. Despite the topic relevance, the presence and distribution of WNV are currently unknown in Namibia. Several countries implement surveillance systems based on virus detection in birds, mosquitoes, and vertebrate species including horses. The present study aimed to fill this knowledge gap by serologically evaluating WNV exposure in Namibian donkeys, whose population is remarkably bigger than the horse one. Forty-seven out of 260 sampled animals showed neutralizing antibodies against WNV (18.07% [95% CI = 13.59–23.30%]), demonstrating its circulation in all country territory, although, with apparent regional differences. On the contrary, no association with animal age or sex could be identified. The present study demonstrates the widespread presence of WNV in Namibia as well as the practical utility and effectiveness of donkeys as sentinels for infection surveillance. Due to clinical relevance, vaccination campaigns should be considered for horses of high economic or genetic value. Additionally, the burden of WNV infection on human health should be carefully evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Molini
- Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus, Windhoek, Namibia.,Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production, and Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Hannah Nel
- Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus, Windhoek, Namibia
| | | | - Charles Ntahonshikira
- Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Bernard Chiwome
- Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Ian Baines
- Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Oscar Madzingira
- Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Federica Monaco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Savini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Nicola D'Alterio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
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14
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Sehrawat S, Khasa R, Deb A, Prajapat SK, Mallick S, Basu A, Surjit M, Kalia M, Vrati S. Valosin-containing protein/p97 plays critical roles in the Japanese encephalitis virus life cycle. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI. [PMID: 33731458 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02336-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Host factors provide critical support for every aspect of the virus life cycle. We recently identified the valosin-containing protein (VCP)/p97, an abundant cellular ATPase with diverse cellular functions, as a host factor important for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) replication. In cultured cells, using siRNA-mediated protein depletion and pharmacological inhibitors, we show that VCP is crucial for replication of three flaviviruses: JEV, Dengue, and West Nile viruses. An FDA-approved VCP inhibitor, CB-5083, extended survival of mice in the animal model of JEV infection. While VCP depletion did not inhibit JEV attachment on cells, it delayed capsid degradation, potentially through the entrapment of the endocytosed virus in clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs). Early during infection, VCP-depleted cells showed an increased colocalization of JEV capsid with clathrin, and also higher viral RNA levels in purified CCVs. We show that VCP interacts with the JEV nonstructural protein NS5 and is an essential component of the virus replication complex. The depletion of the major VCP cofactor UFD-1 also significantly inhibited JEV replication. Mechanistically, thus, VCP affected two crucial steps of the JEV life cycle - nucleocapsid release and RNA replication. Our study establishes VCP as a common host factor with a broad antiviral potential against flaviviruses.ImportanceJEV is the leading cause of viral encephalitis epidemics in South-east Asia, affecting majorly children with high morbidity and mortality. Identification of host factors is thus essential for the rational design of anti-virals that are urgently need as therapeutics. Here we have identified the VCP protein as one such host-factor. This protein is highly abundant in cells and engages in diverse functions and cellular pathways by its ability to interact with different co-factors. Using siRNA mediated protein knockdown, we show that this protein is essential for release of the viral RNA into the cell so that it can initiate replication. The protein plays a second crucial role for the formation of the JEV replication complex. FDA-approved drugs targeting VCP show enhanced mouse survival in JE model of disease, suggesting that this could be a druggable target for flavivirus infections.
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15
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Giraud E, Del Val CO, Caillet-Saguy C, Zehrouni N, Khou C, Caillet J, Jacob Y, Pardigon N, Wolff N. Role of PDZ-binding motif from West Nile virus NS5 protein on viral replication. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3266. [PMID: 33547379 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82751-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a Flavivirus, which can cause febrile illness in humans that may progress to encephalitis. Like any other obligate intracellular pathogens, Flaviviruses hijack cellular protein functions as a strategy for sustaining their life cycle. Many cellular proteins display globular domain known as PDZ domain that interacts with PDZ-Binding Motifs (PBM) identified in many viral proteins. Thus, cellular PDZ-containing proteins are common targets during viral infection. The non-structural protein 5 (NS5) from WNV provides both RNA cap methyltransferase and RNA polymerase activities and is involved in viral replication but its interactions with host proteins remain poorly known. In this study, we demonstrate that the C-terminal PBM of WNV NS5 recognizes several human PDZ-containing proteins using both in vitro and in cellulo high-throughput methods. Furthermore, we constructed and assayed in cell culture WNV replicons where the PBM within NS5 was mutated. Our results demonstrate that the PBM of WNV NS5 is important in WNV replication. Moreover, we show that knockdown of the PDZ-containing proteins TJP1, PARD3, ARHGAP21 or SHANK2 results in the decrease of WNV replication in cells. Altogether, our data reveal that interactions between the PBM of NS5 and PDZ-containing proteins affect West Nile virus replication.
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16
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Ain-Najwa MY, Yasmin AR, Arshad SS, Omar AR, Abu J, Kumar K, Mohammed HO, Natasha JA, Mohammed MN, Bande F, Abdullah ML, J. Rovie-Ryan J. Exposure to Zoonotic West Nile Virus in Long-Tailed Macaques and Bats in Peninsular Malaysia. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122367. [PMID: 33321964 PMCID: PMC7764493 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The role of wildlife animals, such as macaques and bats, in the spreading and maintenance of deadly zoonotic pathogens in nature are documented in several studies. The present study substantially highlights the first evidence of West Nile Virus (WNV) infection, a mosquito borne virus in the Malaysian macaques and bats. Of the 81 macaques sampled, 24 of the long-tailed macaques were seropositive to WNV, indicating that they were exposed to the virus in the past. The long-tailed macaques were found in the mangrove forests located in the Central, Southern, and West Peninsular Malaysia. Meanwhile, five out of 41 bats (Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bats, Lesser Sheath-tailed Bats, and Thai Horseshoe Bats) that were found in the caves from Northern Peninsular Malaysia showed susceptibility to WNV. Therefore, a constant bio surveillance of WNV in the wildlife in Malaysia is a proactive attempt. This study was aligned with the Malaysian government’s mission under the Malaysia Strategy for Emerging Diseases and Public Health Emergencies (MYSED) II (2017–2021) and the Ministry of Health priorities in order to enhance the regional capability to rapidly and accurately survey, detect, diagnose, and report outbreaks of pathogens and diseases of security concern. Abstract The role of wildlife such as wild birds, macaques, and bats in the spreading and maintenance of deadly zoonotic pathogens in nature have been well documented in many parts of the world. One such pathogen is the mosquitoes borne virus, namely the West Nile Virus (WNV). Previous research has shown that 1:7 and 1:6 Malaysian wild birds are WNV antibody and RNA positive, respectively, and bats in North America may not be susceptible to the WNV infection. This study was conducted to determine the status of WNV in Malaysian macaques and bats found in mangrove forests and caves, respectively. Archive sera and oropharyngeal swabs from long-tailed macaques were subjected to the antibody detection using WNV competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) and WNV RNA using RT-PCR, respectively, while the archive oropharyngeal and rectal swabs from bats were subjected to RT-PCR without serological analysis due to the unavailability of serum samples. The analysis revealed a WNV seropositivity of 29.63% (24/81) and none of the macaques were positive for WNV RNA. Meanwhile, 12.2% (5/41) of the bats from Pteropodidae, Emballonuridae, and Rhinolophidae families tested positive for WNV RNA. Here, we show a high WNV antibody prevalence in macaques and a moderate WNV RNA in various Malaysian bat species, suggesting that WNV circulates through Malaysian wild animals and Malaysian bat species may be susceptible to the WNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Yuseri Ain-Najwa
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (M.Y.A.-N.); (J.A.N.); (M.N.M.)
| | - Abd Rahaman Yasmin
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (M.Y.A.-N.); (J.A.N.); (M.N.M.)
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Siti Suri Arshad
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Jalila Abu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Kiven Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Hussni Omar Mohammed
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | - Jafar Ali Natasha
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (M.Y.A.-N.); (J.A.N.); (M.N.M.)
| | - Mohammed Nma Mohammed
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (M.Y.A.-N.); (J.A.N.); (M.N.M.)
| | - Faruku Bande
- Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Animal Health and Fisheries Development, Sokoto 840, Sokoto State, Nigeria;
| | - Mohd-Lutfi Abdullah
- Department of Conservation of Biodiversity of Wildlife and National Park Malaysia, Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (M.-L.A.); (J.J.R.-R.)
| | - Jeffrine J. Rovie-Ryan
- Department of Conservation of Biodiversity of Wildlife and National Park Malaysia, Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (M.-L.A.); (J.J.R.-R.)
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17
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Constant O, Bollore K, Clé M, Barthelemy J, Foulongne V, Chenet B, Gomis D, Virolle L, Gutierrez S, Desmetz C, Moares RA, Beck C, Lecollinet S, Salinas S, Simonin Y. Evidence of Exposure to USUV and WNV in Zoo Animals in France. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9121005. [PMID: 33266071 PMCID: PMC7760666 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) are zoonotic arboviruses. These flaviviruses are mainly maintained in the environment through an enzootic cycle involving mosquitoes and birds. Horses and humans are incidental, dead-end hosts, but can develop severe neurological disorders. Nevertheless, there is little data regarding the involvement of other mammals in the epidemiology of these arboviruses. In this study, we performed a serosurvey to assess exposure to these viruses in captive birds and mammals in a zoo situated in the south of France, an area described for the circulation of these two viruses. A total of 411 samples comprising of 70 species were collected over 16 years from 2003 to 2019. The samples were first tested by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The positive sera were then tested using virus-specific microneutralization tests against USUV and WNV. USUV seroprevalence in birds was 10 times higher than that of WNV (14.59% versus 1.46%, respectively). Among birds, greater rhea (Rhea Americana) and common peafowl (Pavo cristatus) exhibited the highest USUV seroprevalence. Infections occurred mainly between 2016-2018 corresponding to a period of high circulation of these viruses in Europe. In mammalian species, antibodies against WNV were detected in one dama gazelle (Nanger dama) whereas serological evidence of USUV infection was observed in several Canidae, especially in African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus). Our study helps to better understand the exposure of captive species to WNV and USUV and to identify potential host species to include in surveillance programs in zoos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orianne Constant
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, EFS, 34000 Montpellier, France; (O.C.); (K.B.); (M.C.); (J.B.); (V.F.); (S.S.)
| | - Karine Bollore
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, EFS, 34000 Montpellier, France; (O.C.); (K.B.); (M.C.); (J.B.); (V.F.); (S.S.)
| | - Marion Clé
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, EFS, 34000 Montpellier, France; (O.C.); (K.B.); (M.C.); (J.B.); (V.F.); (S.S.)
| | - Jonathan Barthelemy
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, EFS, 34000 Montpellier, France; (O.C.); (K.B.); (M.C.); (J.B.); (V.F.); (S.S.)
| | - Vincent Foulongne
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, EFS, 34000 Montpellier, France; (O.C.); (K.B.); (M.C.); (J.B.); (V.F.); (S.S.)
| | - Baptiste Chenet
- Parc de Lunaret—Zoo de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France; (B.C.); (D.G.); (L.V.)
| | - David Gomis
- Parc de Lunaret—Zoo de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France; (B.C.); (D.G.); (L.V.)
| | - Laurie Virolle
- Parc de Lunaret—Zoo de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France; (B.C.); (D.G.); (L.V.)
| | | | - Caroline Desmetz
- bBioCommunication en CardioMétabolique (BC2M), Montpellier University, 34000 Montpellier, France;
| | - Rayane Amaral Moares
- UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; (R.A.M.); (C.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Cécile Beck
- UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; (R.A.M.); (C.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Sylvie Lecollinet
- UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; (R.A.M.); (C.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Sara Salinas
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, EFS, 34000 Montpellier, France; (O.C.); (K.B.); (M.C.); (J.B.); (V.F.); (S.S.)
| | - Yannick Simonin
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, EFS, 34000 Montpellier, France; (O.C.); (K.B.); (M.C.); (J.B.); (V.F.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)4-3435-9114
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18
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Dellicour S, Lequime S, Vrancken B, Gill MS, Bastide P, Gangavarapu K, Matteson NL, Tan Y, du Plessis L, Fisher AA, Nelson MI, Gilbert M, Suchard MA, Andersen KG, Grubaugh ND, Pybus OG, Lemey P. Epidemiological hypothesis testing using a phylogeographic and phylodynamic framework. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5620. [PMID: 33159066 PMCID: PMC7648063 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19122-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Computational analyses of pathogen genomes are increasingly used to unravel the dispersal history and transmission dynamics of epidemics. Here, we show how to go beyond historical reconstructions and use spatially-explicit phylogeographic and phylodynamic approaches to formally test epidemiological hypotheses. We illustrate our approach by focusing on the West Nile virus (WNV) spread in North America that has substantially impacted public, veterinary, and wildlife health. We apply an analytical workflow to a comprehensive WNV genome collection to test the impact of environmental factors on the dispersal of viral lineages and on viral population genetic diversity through time. We find that WNV lineages tend to disperse faster in areas with higher temperatures and we identify temporal variation in temperature as a main predictor of viral genetic diversity through time. By contrasting inference with simulation, we find no evidence for viral lineages to preferentially circulate within the same migratory bird flyway, suggesting a substantial role for non-migratory birds or mosquito dispersal along the longitudinal gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Dellicour
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP160/12, 50 Avenue FD Roosevelt, 1050, Bruxelles, Belgium.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Sebastian Lequime
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bram Vrancken
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mandev S Gill
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Bastide
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karthik Gangavarapu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Nathaniel L Matteson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Yi Tan
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Infectious Diseases Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Alexander A Fisher
- Department of Biomathematics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Martha I Nelson
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Marius Gilbert
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP160/12, 50 Avenue FD Roosevelt, 1050, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Marc A Suchard
- Department of Biomathematics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kristian G Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Nathan D Grubaugh
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | | | - Philippe Lemey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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19
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Shocket MS, Verwillow AB, Numazu MG, Slamani H, Cohen JM, El Moustaid F, Rohr J, Johnson LR, Mordecai EA. Transmission of West Nile and five other temperate mosquito-borne viruses peaks at temperatures between 23°C and 26°C. eLife 2020; 9:e58511. [PMID: 32930091 PMCID: PMC7492091 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The temperature-dependence of many important mosquito-borne diseases has never been quantified. These relationships are critical for understanding current distributions and predicting future shifts from climate change. We used trait-based models to characterize temperature-dependent transmission of 10 vector-pathogen pairs of mosquitoes (Culex pipiens, Cx. quinquefascsiatus, Cx. tarsalis, and others) and viruses (West Nile, Eastern and Western Equine Encephalitis, St. Louis Encephalitis, Sindbis, and Rift Valley Fever viruses), most with substantial transmission in temperate regions. Transmission is optimized at intermediate temperatures (23-26°C) and often has wider thermal breadths (due to cooler lower thermal limits) compared to pathogens with predominately tropical distributions (in previous studies). The incidence of human West Nile virus cases across US counties responded unimodally to average summer temperature and peaked at 24°C, matching model-predicted optima (24-25°C). Climate warming will likely shift transmission of these diseases, increasing it in cooler locations while decreasing it in warmer locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta S Shocket
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | | | - Mailo G Numazu
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Hani Slamani
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech)BlacksburgUnited States
| | - Jeremy M Cohen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South FloridaTampaUnited States
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of WisconsinMadisonUnited States
| | - Fadoua El Moustaid
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech)BlacksburgUnited States
| | - Jason Rohr
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South FloridaTampaUnited States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute of Global Health, Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre DameSouth BendUnited States
| | - Leah R Johnson
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech)BlacksburgUnited States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech)BlacksburgUnited States
| | - Erin A Mordecai
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
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20
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Bournez L, Umhang G, Faure E, Boucher JM, Boué F, Jourdain E, Sarasa M, Llorente F, Jiménez-Clavero MA, Moutailler S, Lacour SA, Lecollinet S, Beck C. Exposure of Wild Ungulates to the Usutu and Tick-Borne Encephalitis Viruses in France in 2009-2014: Evidence of Undetected Flavivirus Circulation a Decade Ago. Viruses 2019; 12:E10. [PMID: 31861683 PMCID: PMC7019733 DOI: 10.3390/v12010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract: Flaviviruses have become increasingly important pathogens in Europe over the past few decades. A better understanding of the spatiotemporal distribution of flaviviruses in France is needed to better define risk areas and to gain knowledge of the dynamics of virus transmission cycles. Serum samples from 1014 wild boar and 758 roe deer from 16 departments (administrative units) in France collected from 2009 to 2014 were screened for flavivirus antibodies using a competitive ELISA (cELISA) technique. Serum samples found to be positive or doubtful by cELISA were then tested for antibodies directed against West Nile virus (WNV), Usutu virus (USUV), Bagaza virus (BAGV), and tick-borne encephalitis/Louping ill viruses (TBEV/LIV) by microsphere immunoassays (except BAGV) and micro-neutralization tests. USUV antibodies were detected only in southeastern and southwestern areas. TBEV/LIV antibodies were detected in serum samples from eastern, southwestern and northern departments. The results indicate continuous circulation of USUV in southern France from 2009 to 2014, which was unnoticed by the French monitoring system for bird mortality. The findings also confirm wider distribution of TBEV in the eastern part of the country than of human clinical cases. However, further studies are needed to determine the tick-borne flavivirus responsible for the seroconversion in southwestern and northern France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Bournez
- Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, The French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), CS 40009 54220 Malzéville, France; (G.U.); (J.-M.B.); (F.B.)
| | - Gérald Umhang
- Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, The French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), CS 40009 54220 Malzéville, France; (G.U.); (J.-M.B.); (F.B.)
| | - Eva Faure
- National Hunters Federation, 92130 Issy-les-Moulineaux, France; (E.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Jean-Marc Boucher
- Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, The French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), CS 40009 54220 Malzéville, France; (G.U.); (J.-M.B.); (F.B.)
| | - Franck Boué
- Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, The French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), CS 40009 54220 Malzéville, France; (G.U.); (J.-M.B.); (F.B.)
| | - Elsa Jourdain
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, Unité mixte de recherche Epidémiologie des maladies animales et zoonotiques (UMR EPIA), 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France;
| | - Mathieu Sarasa
- National Hunters Federation, 92130 Issy-les-Moulineaux, France; (E.F.); (M.S.)
- Biologie et Ecologie des Organismes et Populations Sauvages (BEOPS), 1 Esplanade Compans Caffarelli, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Francisco Llorente
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CISA), 28130 Valdeolmos, Spain; (F.L.); (M.A.J.-C.)
| | - Miguel A. Jiménez-Clavero
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CISA), 28130 Valdeolmos, Spain; (F.L.); (M.A.J.-C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Moutailler
- Unité mixte de recherche Biologie moléculaire et Immunologie Parasitaire (UMR BIPAR), ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France;
| | - Sandrine A. Lacour
- Unité mixte de recherche (UMR) Virologie, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (S.A.L.); (S.L.); (C.B.)
| | - Sylvie Lecollinet
- Unité mixte de recherche (UMR) Virologie, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (S.A.L.); (S.L.); (C.B.)
| | - Cécile Beck
- Unité mixte de recherche (UMR) Virologie, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (S.A.L.); (S.L.); (C.B.)
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Steiner CD, Riemersma KK, Stuart JB, Singapuri A, Lothrop HD, Coffey LL. Scented Sugar Baits Enhance Detection of St. Louis Encephalitis and West Nile Viruses in Mosquitoes in Suburban California. J Med Entomol 2018; 55:1307-1318. [PMID: 29718284 PMCID: PMC6113650 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Scented sugar baits deployed in California deserts detected early West Nile virus (WNV) transmission by mosquitoes, representing a potential improvement to conventional arbovirus surveillance that relies heavily on infection rates in mosquito pools. In this study, we expanded deployment of scented sugar baits into suburban Sacramento and Yolo (2015, 2016) and Riverside Counties (2016), California. The goal of the study was to determine whether scented sugar baits detect WNV and St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) concurrent with mosquito infections in trapped pools in areas of high human density. Between 8 and 10% of sugar baits were WNV RNA positive in both study years across the three counties. In Riverside County, where SLEV re-emerged in 2015, 1% of sugar baits were SLEV positive in 2016. Rates of sugar bait positives were at least 100 times higher than infection rates in trapped mosquitoes in the same districts. The prevalence of sugar bait positives varied temporally and did not coincide with infections in mosquitoes collected at the same sites each week. WNV RNA positive sugar baits were detected up to 2 wk before and after concurrent surveillance detected infection in mosquito pools at the same sites. Sugar baits also detected WNV in Riverside County at locations where no WNV activity was detected in mosquito pools. Sugar baits generated between 0.8 and 1.2 WNV positives per $1,000 and can be more economical than carbon dioxide baited traps that produce 0.8 positives per $1,000. These results indicate that the sugar bait approach enhances conventional arbovirus surveillance in mosquitoes in suburban California.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody D Steiner
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA
| | - Kasen K Riemersma
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA
| | - Jackson B Stuart
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA
| | - Anil Singapuri
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA
| | - Hugh D Lothrop
- Coachella Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District, Riverside County, CA
| | - Lark L Coffey
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA
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22
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Poh KC, Martin E, Walker ED, Kitron U, Ruiz MO, Goldberg TL, Hamer GL. Co-circulation of Flanders Virus and West Nile Virus in Culex Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from Chicago, Illinois. J Med Entomol 2018; 55:1062-1066. [PMID: 29659921 PMCID: PMC6025230 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) and Flanders virus (FLAV) co-occur in regions of North America. Because both viruses are maintained in a transmission cycle involving Culex mosquitoes and birds, screening mosquitoes for FLAV has been suggested as an enhancement to WNV surveillance and epidemic prediction. Using samples collected in 2010 and 2012 in Chicago, IL, USA, we demonstrate the presence of FLAV in four out of 287 (1.4%) Culex pools. We estimated minimum infection rates for WNV and FLAV to be 5.66 and 1.22 in 2010 and 8.74 and 0.61 in 2012, respectively. FLAV occurred 1 and 3 wk prior to the peak of WNV transmission in 2010 and 2012, respectively. FLAV sequences from Chicago were genetically diverse and phylogenetically representative of lineage A viruses from across the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen C Poh
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, TAMU, College Station, TX
| | - Estelle Martin
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, TAMU, College Station, TX
| | - Edward D Walker
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Uriel Kitron
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Marilyn O Ruiz
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, Linden Drive, Madison, WI
| | - Gabriel L Hamer
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, TAMU, College Station, TX
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23
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Burkhalter KL, Wiggins K, Burkett-Cadena N, Alto BW. Laboratory Evaluation of Commercially Available Platforms to Detect West Nile and Zika Viruses From Honey Cards. J Med Entomol 2018; 55:717-722. [PMID: 29462341 PMCID: PMC7147935 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Commercially available assays utilizing antigen or nucleic acid detection chemistries provide options for mosquito control districts to screen their mosquito populations for arboviruses and make timely operational decisions regarding vector control. These assays may be utilized even more advantageously when combined with honey-soaked nucleic acid preservation substrate ('honey card') testing by reducing or replacing the time- and labor-intensive efforts of identifying and processing mosquito pools. We tested artificially inoculated honey cards and cards fed upon individually by West Nile virus (WNV) and Zika virus (ZIKV)-infected mosquitoes with three assays to compare detection rates and the limit of detection for each platform with respect to virus detection of a single infected mosquito and quantify the time interval of virus preservation on the cards. Assays evaluated included CDC protocols for real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for WNV and ZIKV, Pro-Lab Diagnostics ProAmpRT WNV loop-mediated amplification (LAMP) and ZIKV LAMP assays, and the Rapid Analyte Measurement Platform (RAMP) WNV assay. Real-time RT-PCR was the most sensitive assay and the most robust to viral RNA degradation over time. To maximize the detection of virus, honey cards should be left in the traps ≤1 d if using LAMP assays and ≤3 d if using real-time RT-PCR to detect viruses from field samples. The WNV RAMP assay, although effective for pool screening, lacks sensitivity required for honey card surveillance. Future studies may determine the minimum number of infectious mosquitoes required to feed on a honey card that would be reliably detected by the LAMP or RAMP assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L Burkhalter
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Keenan Wiggins
- University of Florida IFAS, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, SE, Vero Beach, FL
| | - Nathan Burkett-Cadena
- University of Florida IFAS, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, SE, Vero Beach, FL
| | - Barry W Alto
- University of Florida IFAS, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, SE, Vero Beach, FL
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Mark F. Stidworthy, Daniela Denk. Sphenisciformes, Gaviiformes, Podicipediformes, Procellariiformes, and Pelecaniformes. Pathology of Wildlife and Zoo Animals 2018. [ DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-805306-5.00027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Penguins are flightless seabirds with unique anatomy. Although susceptible to a wide range of diseases, aspergillosis and avian malaria dominate captive mortalities, whereas starvation impacts free-ranging colonies. Gastrointestinal foreign bodies, pododermatitis, drug and heavy metal toxicities are relevant in captivity; oil and algal biotoxicities in the wild. Arthropod-borne, pox-, and herpesviruses are significant for captive and free-ranging populations. Important bacterial diseases include salmonellosis, clostridiosis, and the polymicrobial contribution to penguin diphtheria. Free-ranging populations frequently harbor metazoan parasites but avian malaria is the most clinically important parasitic disease. Many Pelecaniformes, Gaviiformes, Podicipediformes, and Procellariiformes are pelagic species that congregate periodically in nesting colonies or during migration. For free-ranging pelagic species, information derives from infrequent opportunistic screening as sentinels of ocean health and pathogen circulation, and mass mortality events. Birds in captive populations, whose life history differs dramatically, are sparsely represented. Nutritional stress, infectious disease, and toxins contribute to morbidity in congregating birds. Adverse anthropogenic influences (population growth, climate change, environmental pollution, and intensive fishing) pose conservation threats.
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25
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Vázquez-Calvo Á, Blázquez AB, Escribano-Romero E, Merino-Ramos T, Saiz JC, Martín-Acebes MA, Jiménez de Oya N. Zika virus infection confers protection against West Nile virus challenge in mice. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e81. [PMID: 28928416 PMCID: PMC5625318 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Flaviviruses are RNA viruses that constitute a worrisome threat to global human and animal health. Zika virus (ZIKV), which was initially reported to cause a mild disease, recently spread in the Americas, infecting millions of people. During this recent epidemic, ZIKV infection has been linked to serious neurological diseases and birth defects, specifically Guillain-Barrè syndrome (GBS) and microcephaly. Because information about ZIKV immunity remains scarce, we assessed the humoral response of immunocompetent mice to infection with three viral strains of diverse geographical origin (Africa, Asia and America). No infected animals showed any sign of disease or died after infection. However, specific neutralizing antibodies were elicited in all infected mice. Considering the rapid expansion of ZIKV throughout the American continent and its co-circulation with other medically relevant flaviviruses, such as West Nile virus (WNV), the induction of protective immunity between ZIKV and WNV was analyzed. Remarkably, protection after challenge with WNV was observed in mice previously infected with ZIKV, as survival rates were significantly higher than in control mice. Moreover, previous ZIKV infection enhanced the humoral immune response against WNV. These findings may be relevant in geographical areas where both ZIKV and WNV co-circulate, as well as for the future development of broad-spectrum flavivirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Vázquez-Calvo
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Ana-Belén Blázquez
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Estela Escribano-Romero
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Teresa Merino-Ramos
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Juan-Carlos Saiz
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Miguel A Martín-Acebes
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Nereida Jiménez de Oya
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid 28040, Spain
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Tantely ML, Goodman SM, Rakotondranaivo T, Boyer S. Review of West Nile virus circulation and outbreak risk in Madagascar: Entomological and ornithological perspectives. Parasite 2016; 23:49. [PMID: 27849515 PMCID: PMC5112766 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2016058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile fever (WNF) is a zoonotic disease, occurring nearly globally. In Madagascar, West Nile virus (WNV) was first detected in 1978 from wild birds and the virus is currently distributed across the island, but no epidemic or epizootic period has been recorded. One fatal human case of WNV infection was reported in 2011, suggesting a "tip of the iceberg" phenomenon of a possible WNF epidemic/epizootic on the island. The main objective of this literature-based survey is to review patterns of WNV circulation in Madagascar from the entomological and ornithological points of view. Among the 235 mosquito species described from Madagascar, 29 species are widely associated with WNV infection; 16 of them are found naturally infected with WNV on the island and categorized into major, candidate, and potential vectors of WNV according to their vector capacity. This study upholds the hypothesis that WNV enzooticity is independent of annual movements of migratory birds passing through Madagascar. Moreover, the lack of regular migratory bird flux between Africa and Madagascar would reduce the probability of transmission and the subsequent reintroduction of the virus into locally occurring mosquito species. Given that Palearctic migratory birds are strongly implicated in the transmission of WNV, we highlight notable differences in the movements and species diversity of these birds in Madagascar as compared to eastern and northern Africa. Risk factors from this two-pronged approach are presented for the emergence of WNF outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Luciano Tantely
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Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Ambatofotsikely BP 1274 Antananarivo 101 Madagascar
| | - Steven M. Goodman
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Field Museum of Natural History 1400 South Lake Shore Drive Chicago
60605 Illinois USA
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Association Vahatra BP 3972 Antananarivo 101 Madagascar
| | - Tsirinaina Rakotondranaivo
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Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Ambatofotsikely BP 1274 Antananarivo 101 Madagascar
| | - Sébastien Boyer
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Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Ambatofotsikely BP 1274 Antananarivo 101 Madagascar
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Varsha Gupta, Manjistha Sengupta, Jaya Prakash, Baishnab Charan Tripathy. Production of Recombinant Pharmaceutical Proteins. Basic and Applied Aspects of Biotechnology 2016. [ DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-0875-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The proteins produced in the body control and mediate the metabolic processes and help in its routine functioning. Any kind of impairment in protein production, such as production of mutated protein, or misfolded protein, leads to disruption of the pathway controlled by that protein. This may manifest in the form of the disease. However, these diseases can be treated, by supplying the protein from outside or exogenously. The supply of active exogenous protein requires its production on large scale to fulfill the growing demand. The process is complex, requiring higher protein expression, purification, and processing. Each product needs unique settings or standardizations for large-scale production and purification. As only large-scale production can fulfill the growing demand, thus it needs to be cost-effective. The tools of genetic engineering are utilized to produce the proteins of human origin in bacteria, fungi, insect, or mammalian host. Usage of recombinant DNA technology for large-scale production of proteins requires ample amount of time, labor, and resources, but it also offers many opportunities for economic growth. After reading this chapter, readers would be able to understand the basics about production of recombinant proteins in various hosts along with the advantages and limitations of each host system and properties and production of some of the important pharmaceutical compounds and growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- College of Animal Technology and Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Animal Technology and Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Animal Technology and Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Jinfeng Ti
- College of Animal Technology and Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Youxiang Diao
- College of Animal Technology and Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China.
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Semenza JC, Tran A, Espinosa L, Sudre B, Domanovic D, Paz S. Climate change projections of West Nile virus infections in Europe: implications for blood safety practices. Environ Health 2016; 15 Suppl 1:28. [PMID: 26961903 PMCID: PMC4895699 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-016-0105-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND West Nile virus (WNV) is transmitted by mosquitoes in both urban as well as in rural environments and can be pathogenic in birds, horses and humans. Extrinsic factors such as temperature and land use are determinants of WNV outbreaks in Europe, along with intrinsic factors of the vector and virus. METHODS With a multivariate model for WNV transmission we computed the probability of WNV infection in 2014, with July 2014 temperature anomalies. We applied the July temperature anomalies under the balanced A1B climate change scenario (mix of all energy sources, fossil and non-fossil) for 2025 and 2050 to model and project the risk of WNV infection in the future. Since asymptomatic infections are common in humans (which can result in the contamination of the donated blood) we estimated the predictive prevalence of WNV infections in the blood donor population. RESULTS External validation of the probability model with 2014 cases indicated good prediction, based on an Area Under Curve (AUC) of 0.871 (SD = 0.032), on the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC). The climate change projections for 2025 reveal a higher probability of WNV infection particularly at the edges of the current transmission areas (for example in Eastern Croatia, Northeastern and Northwestern Turkey) and an even further expansion in 2050. The prevalence of infection in (blood donor) populations in the outbreak-affected districts is expected to expand in the future. CONCLUSIONS Predictive modelling of environmental and climatic drivers of WNV can be a valuable tool for public health practice. It can help delineate districts at risk for future transmission. These areas can be subjected to integrated disease and vector surveillance, outreach to the public and health care providers, implementation of personal protective measures, screening of blood donors, and vector abatement activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan C Semenza
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm,, SE-171 83, Sweden.
| | - Annelise Tran
- CIRAD, UPR Animal et Gestion Intégrée des Risques, Montpellier,, F-34093, France.
| | - Laura Espinosa
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm,, SE-171 83, Sweden.
| | - Bertrand Sudre
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm,, SE-171 83, Sweden.
| | - Dragoslav Domanovic
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm,, SE-171 83, Sweden.
| | - Shlomit Paz
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa,, 31905, Israel.
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Fauver JR, Pecher L, Schurich JA, Bolling BG, Calhoon M, Grubaugh ND, Burkhalter KL, Eisen L, Andre BG, Nasci RS, LeBailly A, Ebel GD, Moore CG. Temporal and Spatial Variability of Entomological Risk Indices for West Nile Virus Infection in Northern Colorado: 2006-2013. J Med Entomol 2016; 53:425-434. [PMID: 26718715 PMCID: PMC5778898 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is enzootic in northern Colorado. Annual surveillance activities in Fort Collins, CO, include collecting female Culex mosquitoes and testing them for the presence of WNV RNA in order to calculate 1) Culex female abundance, 2) WNV infection rate, and 3) the vector index (VI). These entomological risk indices inform public policy regarding the need for emergency adulticiding. Currently, these are calculated on a city-wide basis. In this study, we present descriptive data from historical surveillance records spanning 2006-2013 to discern seasonal and yearly patterns of entomological risk for WNV infection. Also, we retrospectively test the hypothesis that entomological risk is correlated with human transmission risk and is heterogeneous within the City of Fort Collins. Four logistically relevant zones within the city were established and used to test this hypothesis. Zones in the eastern portion of the city consistently had significantly higher Culex abundance and VI compared with zones in the west, leading to higher entomological risk indicators for human WNV infection in the east. Moreover, the relative risk of a reported human case of WNV infection was significantly higher in the eastern zones of the city. Our results suggest that a more spatially targeted WNV management program may better mitigate human risk for WNV infection in Fort Collins, and possibly other cities where transmission is enzootic, while at the same time reducing pesticide use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R. Fauver
- Arthropod-borne & Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, 1690 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80521
| | - Lauren Pecher
- Larimer County Department of Health and Environment, 1525 Blue Spruce Dr., Fort Collins, CO 80524
- 106th Medical Detachment (Veterinary Service Support), Unit no. 15252, APO, AP 96205
| | - Jessica A. Schurich
- Colorado Mosquito Control, Inc., 318 North Garfield Ave., Loveland, CO 80537
| | - Bethany G. Bolling
- Arthropod-borne & Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, 1690 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80521
- Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, TX 78714
| | - Mike Calhoon
- City of Fort Collins, Parks Deptartment, 413 S. Bryan Ave., Fort Collins, CO 80521
| | - Nathan D. Grubaugh
- Arthropod-borne & Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, 1690 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80521
| | - Kristen L. Burkhalter
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521
| | - Lars Eisen
- Arthropod-borne & Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, 1690 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80521
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521
| | - Barbara G. Andre
- Deptartment of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Roger S. Nasci
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521
| | - Adrienne LeBailly
- Larimer County Department of Health and Environment, 1525 Blue Spruce Dr., Fort Collins, CO 80524
| | - Gregory D. Ebel
- Arthropod-borne & Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, 1690 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80521
| | - Chester G. Moore
- Arthropod-borne & Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, 1690 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80521
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Voyles J, Kilpatrick AM, Collins JP, Fisher MC, Frick WF, McCallum H, Willis CKR, Blehert DS, Murray KA, Puschendorf R, Rosenblum EB, Bolker BM, Cheng TL, Langwig KE, Lindner DL, Toothman M, Wilber MQ, Briggs CJ. Moving Beyond Too Little, Too Late: Managing Emerging Infectious Diseases in Wild Populations Requires International Policy and Partnerships. Ecohealth 2015; 12:404-7. [PMID: 25287279 PMCID: PMC7088098 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-014-0980-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Voyles
- Department of Biology, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, New Mexico, USA.
| | - A Marm Kilpatrick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - James P Collins
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Matthew C Fisher
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College of London, London, UK
| | - Winifred F Frick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Hamish McCallum
- School of Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Craig K R Willis
- Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - David S Blehert
- United States Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | | | - Erica Bree Rosenblum
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Benjamin M Bolker
- Departments of Mathematics & Statistics and Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tina L Cheng
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Kate E Langwig
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Daniel L Lindner
- United States Forest Service, Center for Mycology Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mary Toothman
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Mark Q Wilber
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Cheryl J Briggs
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
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Stephen C, Berezowski J, Misra V. Surprise is a Neglected Aspect of Emerging Infectious Disease. Ecohealth 2015; 12:208-211. [PMID: 25503051 PMCID: PMC7088240 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-014-1001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Craig Stephen
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| | - John Berezowski
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Schwarzenburgstrasse 155, 3097, Liebefeld, Switzerland.
| | - Vikram Misra
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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Kortenhoeven C, Joubert F, Bastos ADS, Abolnik C. Virus genome dynamics under different propagation pressures: reconstruction of whole genome haplotypes of West Nile viruses from NGS data. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:118. [PMID: 25766117 PMCID: PMC4338619 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1340-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive focus is placed on the comparative analyses of consensus genotypes in the study of West Nile virus (WNV) emergence. Few studies account for genetic change in the underlying WNV quasispecies population variants. These variants are not discernable in the consensus genome at the time of emergence, and the maintenance of mutation-selection equilibria of population variants is greatly underestimated. The emergence of lineage 1 WNV strains has been studied extensively, but recent epidemics caused by lineage 2 WNV strains in Hungary, Austria, Greece and Italy emphasizes the increasing importance of this lineage to public health. In this study we explored the quasispecies dynamics of minority variants that contribute to cell-tropism and host determination, i.e. the ability to infect different cell types or cells from different species from Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) data of a historic lineage 2 WNV strain. RESULTS Minority variants contributing to host cell membrane association persist in the viral population without contributing to the genetic change in the consensus genome. Minority variants are shown to maintain a stable mutation-selection equilibrium under positive selection, particularly in the capsid gene region. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to infer positive selection and the persistence of WNV haplotype variants that contribute to viral fitness without accompanying genetic change in the consensus genotype, documented solely from NGS sequence data. The approach used in this study streamlines the experimental design seeking viral minority variants accurately from NGS data whilst minimizing the influence of associated sequence error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornell Kortenhoeven
- Poultry Section, Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Old Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Lynwood Road, Pretoria, South Africa.
- ARC-Ondestepoort Veterinary Institute, 100 Old Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
| | - Fourie Joubert
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Lynwood Road, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Armanda D S Bastos
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Lynwood Road, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Celia Abolnik
- Poultry Section, Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Old Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
- ARC-Ondestepoort Veterinary Institute, 100 Old Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
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Suen WW, Prow NA, Hall RA, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H. Mechanism of West Nile virus neuroinvasion: a critical appraisal. Viruses 2014; 6:2796-825. [PMID: 25046180 PMCID: PMC4113794 DOI: 10.3390/v6072796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is an important emerging neurotropic virus, responsible for increasingly severe encephalitis outbreaks in humans and horses worldwide. However, the mechanism by which the virus gains entry to the brain (neuroinvasion) remains poorly understood. Hypotheses of hematogenous and transneural entry have been proposed for WNV neuroinvasion, which revolve mainly around the concepts of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and retrograde axonal transport, respectively. However, an over‑representation of in vitro studies without adequate in vivo validation continues to obscure our understanding of the mechanism(s). Furthermore, WNV infection in the current rodent models does not generate a similar viremia and character of CNS infection, as seen in the common target hosts, humans and horses. These differences ultimately question the applicability of rodent models for pathogenesis investigations. Finally, the role of several barriers against CNS insults, such as the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the CSF-brain and the blood-spinal cord barriers, remain largely unexplored, highlighting the infancy of this field. In this review, a systematic and critical appraisal of the current evidence relevant to the possible mechanism(s) of WNV neuroinvasion is conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willy W Suen
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia.
| | - Natalie A Prow
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Roy A Hall
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW West Nile virus (WNV) is the most important cause of epidemic encephalitis in the United States. We review articles published in the last 18 months related to the epidemiology, immunology, clinical features, and treatment of this disease. RECENT FINDINGS There was a resurgence in WNV disease in the United States in 2012. The WNV strain now predominant in the United States (NA/WN02) differs from the initial emergent isolate in 1999 (NY99). However, differences in the genetics of currently circulating United States WNV strains do not explain variations in epidemic magnitude or disease severity. Innate and acquired immunity are critical in control of WNV, and in some cases pathways are central nervous system specific. The clinical features of infection are now well understood, although nonconfirmed observations of chronic viral excretion in urine remain controversial. There is no specific antiviral therapy for WNV, but studies of antivirals specific for other flaviviruses may identify agents with promise against WNV. Phase I and II human WNV vaccine clinical trials have established that well tolerated and immunogenic WNV vaccines can be developed. SUMMARY WNV remains an important public health problem. Although recent studies have significantly increased our understanding of host immune and genetic factors involved in control of WNV infection, no specific therapy is yet available. Development of a well tolerated, immunogenic, and effective vaccine against WNV is almost certainly feasible, but economic factors and the lack of predictability of the magnitude and location of outbreaks are problematic for designing phase III trials and ultimate licensure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L. Tyler
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
- Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Denver, Colorado, USA
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Burkhalter KL, Horiuchi K, Biggerstaff BJ, Savage HM, Nasci RS. Evaluation of a rapid analyte measurement platform and real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay West Nile virus detection system in mosquito pools. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2014; 30:21-30. [PMID: 24772673 PMCID: PMC7111561 DOI: 10.2987/13-6386.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the commercially available Rapid Analyte Measurement Platform (RAMP) West Nile virus (WNV) antigen detection test for sensitivity and consistency with real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmation testing. Panels of samples consisting of WNV-spiked mosquito pools and negative control pools were sent to 20 mosquito abatement districts (MADs) that processed the pools using the RAMP assay. The samples were then sent to the reference laboratories used by the MADs for confirmation by real-time RT-PCR. Positive pools with virus titers of roughly 1-3 log10 PFU/ml had RAMP scores above the RAMP test positive cutoff score of 30 RAMP units, but these virus-positive samples could not be reliably confirmed by real-time RT-PCR testing. Pools with virus titers > or =4 log10 PFU/ml scored > or =50 RAMP units. Real-time RT-PCR results varied among the confirmation laboratories. With few exceptions, pools returning a RAMP score of > or =100 were confirmed with real-time RT-PCR, while pools returning a RAMP score of 50-99 appeared to be at the limit of real-time RT-PCR detection. Therefore, we recommend using a positive cutoff of 50 RAMP units with no real-time RT-PCR confirmation to maximize speed, efficiency, and economy of the RAMP assay. A more conservative approach would be to implement a "gray zone" range of 50-100 RAMP units. Pools scoring within the gray zone could be submitted for real-time RT-PCR confirmation with the understanding that positive pools may not confirm due to the inhibitory effect of the RAMP buffer on the real-time RT-PCR assay. We also conducted a series of experiments using laboratory-prepared mosquito pools spiked with WNV to compare mosquito homogenization buffers, pool sizes, and grinding methods in order to determine how these variables affect the RAMP and real-time RT-PCR assay results.
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Maramattom BV, Philips G, Sudheesh N, Arunkumar G. Acute flaccid paralysis due to West nile virus infection in adults: A paradigm shift entity. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2014; 17:85-8. [PMID: 24753667 PMCID: PMC3992778 DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.128561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Three cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) with preceding fever are described. One patient had a quadriparesis with a florid meningoencephalitic picture and the other two had asymmetric flaccid paralysis with fasciculations at the onset of illness. Magnetic resonance imaging in two cases showed prominent hyperintensitities in the spinal cord and brainstem with prominent involvement of the grey horn (polio-myelitis). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) polymerase chain reaction was positive for West Nile virus (WNV) in the index patient. All three cases had a positive WNV immunoglobulin M antibody in serum/CSF and significantly high titer of WNV neutralizing antibody in serum, clearly distinguishing the infection from other Flaviviridae such as Japanese encephalitis. WNV has been recognized in India for many decades; however, AFP has not been adequately described. WNV is a flavivirus that is spread by Culex mosquitoes while they take blood meals from humans and lineage 1 is capable of causing a devastating neuro-invasive disease with fatal consequences or severe morbidity. We describe the first three laboratory confirmed cases of WNV induced AFP from Kerala and briefly enumerate the salient features of this emerging threat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geetha Philips
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lourdes Hospital, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Nittur Sudheesh
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research (ICMR Virus Diagnostic Laboratory-Grade-I), Manipal University, Madhavnagar, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Govindakarnavar Arunkumar
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research (ICMR Virus Diagnostic Laboratory-Grade-I), Manipal University, Madhavnagar, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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LUJAN DA, GREENBERG JA, HUNG AS, DIMENNA MA, HOFKIN BV. Evaluation of seasonal feeding patterns of West Nile virus vectors in Bernalillo county, New Mexico, United States: implications for disease transmission. J Med Entomol 2014; 51:264-8. [PMID: 24605477 PMCID: PMC3979523 DOI: 10.1603/me13163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Many mosquito species take bloodmeals predominantly from either birds or mammals. Other mosquito species are less host-specific and feed readily on both. Furthermore, some species tend to alter their feeding patterns over the course of the year; early in the mosquito season such species may feed primarily on a particular host type, and subsequently take an increasingly larger proportion of their bloodmeals from an alternative host type as the season progresses. We have examined the feeding patterns of the three mosquito species found in Bernalillo County, NM: Culex quinquefasciatus (Say), Culex tarsalis (Coquillett), and Aedes vexans (Meigen). Specifically, we seek to determine if any of these species displays a seasonal shift in terms of its host utilization pattern. Our analysis focuses on these three species because they are all considered to be competent vectors for the West Nile virus (WNV). Our current data for Cx. quinquefasciatus suggest that unlike elsewhere in its range, this species increases its proportion of avian bloodmeals as the season progresses. Alternatively, Ae. vexans feeds primarily on mammals, whereas Cx. tarsalis appears to feed on both mammals and birds throughout the mosquito season. A more complete understanding of the feeding habits of these three mosquito species may help to clarify the transmission dynamics of WNV in Bernalillo County.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. A. LUJAN
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, 167 Castetter Hall MSC03 2020, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001
| | - J. A. GREENBERG
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, 167 Castetter Hall MSC03 2020, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001
| | - A. S. HUNG
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, 167 Castetter Hall MSC03 2020, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001
| | - M. A. DIMENNA
- Urban Biology Division, City of Albuquerque Environmental Health Department, P.O. Box 1293, Albuquerque, NM 87103
| | - B. V. HOFKIN
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, 167 Castetter Hall MSC03 2020, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001
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Marka A, Diamantidis A, Papa A, Valiakos G, Chaintoutis SC, Doukas D, Tserkezou P, Giannakopoulos A, Papaspyropoulos K, Patsoula E, Badieritakis E, Baka A, Tseroni M, Pervanidou D, Papadopoulos NT, Koliopoulos G, Tontis D, Dovas CI, Billinis C, Tsakris A, Kremastinou J, Hadjichristodoulou C. West Nile virus state of the art report of MALWEST Project. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2013; 10:6534-610. [PMID: 24317379 PMCID: PMC3881129 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10126534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During the last three years Greece is experiencing the emergence of West Nile virus (WNV) epidemics. Within this framework, an integrated surveillance and control programme (MALWEST project) with thirteen associate partners was launched aiming to investigate the disease and suggest appropriate interventions. One out of seven work packages of the project is dedicated to the State of the Art report for WNV. Three expert working groups on humans, animals and mosquitoes were established. Medical databases (PubMed, Scopus) were searched together with websites: e.g., WHO, CDC, ECDC. In total, 1,092 relevant articles were initially identified and 258 of them were finally included as references regarding the current knowledge about WNV, along with 36 additional sources (conference papers, reports, book chapters). The review is divided in three sections according to the fields of interest: (1) WNV in humans (epidemiology, molecular characteristics, transmission, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, surveillance); (2) WNV in animals (epidemiological and transmission characteristics concerning birds, horses, reptiles and other animal species) and (3) WNV in mosquitoes (control, surveillance). Finally, some examples of integrated surveillance programmes are presented. The introduction and establishment of the disease in Greece and other European countries further emphasizes the need for thorough research and broadening of our knowledge on this viral pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriani Marka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece; E-mail:
| | - Alexandros Diamantidis
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos 38446, Greece; E-mails: (A.D.); (N.T.P.)
| | - Anna Papa
- National Reference Center for Arboviruses, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece; E-mail:
| | - George Valiakos
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa 43100, Greece; E-mails: (G.V); (A.G.); (K.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Serafeim C. Chaintoutis
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece; E-mails: (S.C.C.); (C.I.D.)
| | - Dimitrios Doukas
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa 43100, Greece; E-mails: (D.D.); (D.T.)
| | - Persefoni Tserkezou
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece; E-mail:
| | - Alexios Giannakopoulos
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa 43100, Greece; E-mails: (G.V); (A.G.); (K.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Konstantinos Papaspyropoulos
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa 43100, Greece; E-mails: (G.V); (A.G.); (K.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Eleni Patsoula
- Department of Parasitology, Entomology and Tropical Diseases, National School of Public Health, Athens 11521, Greece; E-mail:
| | - Evangelos Badieritakis
- Laboratory of Biological Control of Pesticides, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens 14561, Greece; E-mails: (E.B.); (G.K.)
| | - Agoritsa Baka
- Hellenic Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (KEELPNO), Athens 15123, Greece; E-mails: (A.B.); (M.T.); (D.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Maria Tseroni
- Hellenic Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (KEELPNO), Athens 15123, Greece; E-mails: (A.B.); (M.T.); (D.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Danai Pervanidou
- Hellenic Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (KEELPNO), Athens 15123, Greece; E-mails: (A.B.); (M.T.); (D.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Nikos T. Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos 38446, Greece; E-mails: (A.D.); (N.T.P.)
| | - George Koliopoulos
- Laboratory of Biological Control of Pesticides, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens 14561, Greece; E-mails: (E.B.); (G.K.)
| | - Dimitrios Tontis
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa 43100, Greece; E-mails: (D.D.); (D.T.)
| | - Chrysostomos I. Dovas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece; E-mails: (S.C.C.); (C.I.D.)
| | - Charalambos Billinis
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa 43100, Greece; E-mails: (G.V); (A.G.); (K.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Athanassios Tsakris
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +30-2410-565-007; Fax: +30-2410-565-051
| | - Jenny Kremastinou
- Hellenic Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (KEELPNO), Athens 15123, Greece; E-mails: (A.B.); (M.T.); (D.P.); (J.K.)
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Quammen D. The circle. Ecohealth 2013; 10:492-493. [PMID: 24488188 PMCID: PMC7088317 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-014-0905-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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Beck C, Jimenez-Clavero MA, Leblond A, Durand B, Nowotny N, Leparc-Goffart I, Zientara S, Jourdain E, Lecollinet S. Flaviviruses in Europe: complex circulation patterns and their consequences for the diagnosis and control of West Nile disease. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2013; 10:6049-83. [PMID: 24225644 PMCID: PMC3863887 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10116049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In Europe, many flaviviruses are endemic (West Nile, Usutu, tick-borne encephalitis viruses) or occasionally imported (dengue, yellow fever viruses). Due to the temporal and geographical co-circulation of flaviviruses in Europe, flavivirus differentiation by diagnostic tests is crucial in the adaptation of surveillance and control efforts. Serological diagnosis of flavivirus infections is complicated by the antigenic similarities among the Flavivirus genus. Indeed, most flavivirus antibodies are directed against the highly immunogenic envelope protein, which contains both flavivirus cross-reactive and virus-specific epitopes. Serological assay results should thus be interpreted with care and confirmed by comparative neutralization tests using a panel of viruses known to circulate in Europe. However, antibody cross-reactivity could be advantageous in efforts to control emerging flaviviruses because it ensures partial cross-protection. In contrast, it might also facilitate subsequent diseases, through a phenomenon called antibody-dependent enhancement mainly described for dengue virus infections. Here, we review the serological methods commonly used in WNV diagnosis and surveillance in Europe. By examining past and current epidemiological situations in different European countries, we present the challenges involved in interpreting flavivirus serological tests and setting up appropriate surveillance programs; we also address the consequences of flavivirus circulation and vaccination for host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Beck
- UMR1161 Virologie INRA, ANSES, ENVA, EU-RL on equine West Nile disease, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort 94704, France; E-Mails: (C.B.); (S.Z.)
| | | | - Agnès Leblond
- Département Hippique, VetAgroSup, Marcy l’Etoile 69280, France; E-Mail:
- UR346, INRA, Saint Genès Champanelle 63122, France; E-Mail:
| | - Benoît Durand
- Epidemiology Unit, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort 94704, France; E-Mail:
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria; E-Mail:
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Sultanate of Oman
| | | | - Stéphan Zientara
- UMR1161 Virologie INRA, ANSES, ENVA, EU-RL on equine West Nile disease, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort 94704, France; E-Mails: (C.B.); (S.Z.)
| | - Elsa Jourdain
- UR346, INRA, Saint Genès Champanelle 63122, France; E-Mail:
| | - Sylvie Lecollinet
- UMR1161 Virologie INRA, ANSES, ENVA, EU-RL on equine West Nile disease, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort 94704, France; E-Mails: (C.B.); (S.Z.)
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Ashhurst TM, van Vreden C, Munoz-Erazo L, Niewold P, Watabe K, Terry RL, Deffrasnes C, Getts DR, King NJC. Antiviral macrophage responses in flavivirus encephalitis. Indian J Med Res 2013; 138:632-47. [PMID: 24434318 PMCID: PMC3928696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne flaviviruses are a major current and emerging threat, affecting millions of people worldwide. Global climate change, combined with increasing proximity of humans to animals and mosquito vectors by expansion into natural habitats, coupled with the increase in international travel, have resulted in significant spread and concomitant increase in the incidence of infection and severe disease. Although neuroinvasive disease has been well described for some viral infections such as Japanese Encephalitis virus (JEV) and West Nile virus (WNV), others such as dengue virus (DENV) have recently displayed an emerging pattern of neuroinvasive disease, distinct from the previously observed, systemically-induced encephalomyelopathy. In this setting, the immune response is a crucial component of host defence, in preventing viral dissemination and invasion of the central nervous system (CNS). However, subversion of the anti-viral activities of macrophages by flaviviruses can facilitate viral replication and spread, enhancing the intensity of immune responses, leading to severe immune-mediated disease which may be further exacerbated during the subsequent infection with some flaviviruses. Furthermore, in the CNS myeloid cells may be responsible for inducing specific inflammatory changes, which can lead to significant pathological damage during encephalitis. The interaction of virus and cells of the myeloid lineage is complex, and this interaction is likely responsible at least in part, for crucial differences between viral clearance and pathology. Recent studies on the role of myeloid cells in innate immunity and viral control, and the mechanisms of evasion and subversion used by flaviviruses are rapidly advancing our understanding of the immunopathological mechanisms involved in flavivirus encephalitis and will lead to the development of therapeutic strategies previously not considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Myles Ashhurst
- Viral Immunopathology Unit, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, Bosch Institute & The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Disease & Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Caryn van Vreden
- Viral Immunopathology Unit, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, Bosch Institute & The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Disease & Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Luis Munoz-Erazo
- Viral Immunopathology Unit, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, Bosch Institute & The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Disease & Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Paula Niewold
- Viral Immunopathology Unit, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, Bosch Institute & The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Disease & Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Kanami Watabe
- Viral Immunopathology Unit, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, Bosch Institute & The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Disease & Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Rachael L. Terry
- Viral Immunopathology Unit, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, Bosch Institute & The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Disease & Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia,Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60208, USA
| | - Celine Deffrasnes
- Viral Immunopathology Unit, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, Bosch Institute & The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Disease & Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia,CSIRO, Animal, Food & Health Science, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Daniel R. Getts
- Viral Immunopathology Unit, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, Bosch Institute & The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Disease & Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia,Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60208, USA
| | - Nicholas Jonathan Cole King
- Viral Immunopathology Unit, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, Bosch Institute & The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Disease & Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Abstract
West Nile Virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen that impacts the health of its passerine bird hosts as well as incidentally infected humans in the United States. Intensive enzootic activity among the hosts and vectors does not always lead to human outbreaks, as is the situation throughout much of the southeastern United States. In Georgia, substantial yearly evidence of WNV in the mosquito vectors and avian hosts since 2001 has only led to 324 human cases. Although virus has been consistently isolated from mosquitoes trapped in Atlanta, GA, little is known about viral activity among the passerine hosts. A possible reason for the suppression of WNV spillover to humans is that viremic birds are absent from high human-use areas of the city. To test this hypothesis, multiseason, multihabitat, longitudinal WNV surveillance for active WNV viremia was conducted within the avian host community of urban Atlanta by collection of blood samples from wild passerine birds in five urban microhabitats. WNV was isolated from the serum of six blood samples collected from 630 (0.95%) wild passerine birds in Atlanta during 2010-2012, a proportion similar to that found in the Chicago, IL, area in 2005, when over 200 human cases were reported. Most of the viremic birds were Northern Cardinals, suggesting they may be of particular importance to the WNV transmission cycle in Georgia. Results indicated active WNV transmission in all microhabitats of urban Atlanta, except in the old-growth forest patches. The number of viremic birds was highest in Zoo Atlanta, where 3.5% of samples were viremic. Although not significant, these observations may suggest a possible transmission reduction effect of urban old-growth forests and a potential role in WNV amplification for Zoo Atlanta. Overall, spillover to humans remains a rare occurrence in urban Atlanta settings despite active WNV transmission in the avian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S. Levine
- Emory University, Department of Environmental Studies and Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Daniel G. Mead
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Athens, Georgia
| | - Uriel D. Kitron
- Emory University, Department of Environmental Studies and Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Atlanta, Georgia
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Ziegler U, Skrypnyk A, Keller M, Staubach C, Bezymennyi M, Damiani AM, Osterrieder N, Groschup MH. West nile virus antibody prevalence in horses of Ukraine. Viruses 2013; 5:2469-82. [PMID: 24100889 PMCID: PMC3814598 DOI: 10.3390/v5102469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne virus of global importance. Over the last two decades, it has been responsible for significant numbers of cases of illness in humans and animals in many parts of the world. In Ukraine, WNV infections in humans and birds were first reported more than 25 years ago, yet the current epidemiological status is quite unclear. In this study, serum samples from over 300 equines were collected and screened in order to detect current WNV activity in Ukraine with the goal to estimate the risk of infection for humans and horses. Sera were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and virus neutralization assay (NT) to detect WNV-specific antibodies. The results clearly revealed that WNV circulates in most of the regions from which samples were obtained, shown by a WNV seroprevalence rate of 13.5% of examined horses. This is the first topical report indicating the presence of WNV infections in horses in Ukraine, and the results of this study provide evidence of a widespread WNV circulation in this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Ziegler
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; E-Mails: (U.Z.); (M.K.); (M.H.G.)
| | - Artem Skrypnyk
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, Donetska Str. 30, Kyiv, 03151 Ukraine; E-Mails: (A.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Markus Keller
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; E-Mails: (U.Z.); (M.K.); (M.H.G.)
| | - Christoph Staubach
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Seestraße 55, D-16868 Wusterhausen, Germany; E-Mail: (C.S.)
| | - Maksym Bezymennyi
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, Donetska Str. 30, Kyiv, 03151 Ukraine; E-Mails: (A.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Armando M. Damiani
- Institut für Virologie, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Philippstr. 13, D-14163 Berlin, Germany; E-Mails: (A.M.D.); (N.O.)
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Philippstr. 13, D-14163 Berlin, Germany; E-Mails: (A.M.D.); (N.O.)
| | - Martin H. Groschup
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; E-Mails: (U.Z.); (M.K.); (M.H.G.)
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Abstract
West Nile encephalitis emerged in 1999 in the United States, then rapidly spread through the North American continent causing severe disease in human and horses. Since then, outbreaks appeared in Europe, and in 2012, the United States experienced a new severe outbreak reporting a total of 5,387 cases of West Nile virus (WNV) disease in humans, including 243 deaths. So far, no human vaccine is available to control new WNV outbreaks and to avoid worldwide spreading. In this review, we discuss the state-of-the-art of West Nile vaccine development and the potential of a novel safe and effective approach based on recombinant live attenuated measles virus (MV) vaccine. MV vaccine is a live attenuated negative-stranded RNA virus proven as one of the safest, most stable and effective human vaccines. We previously described a vector derived from the Schwarz MV vaccine strain that stably expresses antigens from emerging arboviruses, such as dengue, West Nile or chikungunya viruses, and is strongly immunogenic in animal models, even in the presence of MV pre-existing immunity. A single administration of a recombinant MV vaccine expressing the secreted form of WNV envelope glycoprotein elicited protective immunity in mice and non-human primates as early as two weeks after immunization, indicating its potential as a human vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Brandler
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, INSTITUT PASTEUR, 28 rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France.
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Paz S, Semenza JC. Environmental drivers of West Nile fever epidemiology in Europe and Western Asia--a review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2013; 10:3543-62. [PMID: 23939389 PMCID: PMC3774453 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10083543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abiotic and biotic conditions are both important determinants of West Nile Fever (WNF) epidemiology. Ambient temperature plays an important role in the growth rates of vector populations, the interval between blood meals, viral replication rates and transmission of West Nile Virus (WNV). The contribution of precipitation is more complex and less well understood. In this paper we discuss impacts of climatic parameters (temperature, relative humidity, precipitation) and other environmental drivers (such as bird migration, land use) on WNV transmission in Europe. WNV recently became established in southeastern Europe, with a large outbreak in the summer of 2010 and recurrent outbreaks in 2011 and 2012. Abundant competent mosquito vectors, bridge vectors, infected (viremic) migrating and local (amplifying) birds are all important characteristics of WNV transmission. In addition, certain key climatic factors, such as increased ambient temperatures, and by extension climate change, may also favor WNF transmission, and they should be taken into account when evaluating the risk of disease spread in the coming years. Monitoring epidemic precursors of WNF, such as significant temperature deviations in high risk areas, could be used to trigger vector control programs and public education campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomit Paz
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498837, Israel
| | - Jan C. Semenza
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Tomtebodavägen 11A, Stockholm 17183, Sweden; E-Mail:
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Abstract
Enveloped viruses rely on fusion proteins in their envelope to fuse the viral membrane to the host-cell membrane. This key step in viral entry delivers the viral genome into the cytoplasm for replication. Although class II fusion proteins are genetically and structurally unrelated to class I fusion proteins, they use the same physical principles and topology as other fusion proteins to drive membrane fusion. Exposure of a fusion loop first allows it to insert into the host-cell membrane. Conserved hydrophobic residues in the fusion loop act as an anchor, which penetrates only partway into the outer bilayer leaflet of the host-cell membrane. Subsequent folding back of the fusion protein on itself directs the C-terminal viral transmembrane anchor towards the fusion loop. This fold-back forces the host-cell membrane (held by the fusion loop) and the viral membrane (held by the C-terminal transmembrane anchor) against each other, resulting in membrane fusion. In class II fusion proteins, the fold-back is triggered by the reduced pH of an endosome, and is accompanied by the assembly of fusion protein monomers into trimers. The fold-back occurs by domain rearrangement rather than by an extensive refolding of secondary structure, but this domain rearrangement and the assembly of monomers into trimers together bury a large surface area. The energy that is thus released exerts a bending force on the apposed viral and cellular membranes, causing them to bend towards each other and, eventually, to fuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Pöhlmann
- grid.10423.340000000095299877Institute for Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany ,grid.418215.b0000000085027018German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Graham Simmons
- grid.266102.10000000122976811Blood Systems Research Institute, and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California USA
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MICIELI MARÍAV, MATACCHIERO AMYC, MUTTIS EVANGELINA, FONSECA DINAM, ALIOTA MATTHEWT, KRAMER LAURAD. Vector competence of Argentine mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) for West Nile virus (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus). J Med Entomol 2013; 50:853-862. [PMID: 23926785 PMCID: PMC3932752 DOI: 10.1603/me12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We examined the ability of Culex pipiens L. complex mosquitoes from Argentina to vector West Nile virus (WNV) to assess their role in the transmission of WNV in South America. Several egg rafts of Culex spp. were collected from different breeding sites in the suburbs of the city of La Plata, Argentina, and a subset of each progeny was scored with morphological and genetic species indicators. Surprisingly, we did not find Cx. pipiens form pipiens, but found evidence of genetic hybrids of Culex quinquefasciatus and Cx. pipiens f. molestus. We then used morphological traits to create two colonies predominantly composed of one of these two taxa, although some hybrids are likely to have been included in both. These colonies were used in vector competence studies using NY99 and WN02 genotype strains of WNV obtained in New York State. As controls, we also tested colonies of U.S. Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. pipiens f. molestus. Additional Culex larvae from three drainage ditches near the cities of La Plata and Berisso, Argentina, were identified by morphological and high-resolution molecular markers (microsatellites) as Cx. quinquefasciatus Say, Cx. pipiens form molestus, and hybrids. Results indicate that Argentinian Culex are competent but only moderately efficient vectors of WNV and are less susceptible to this virus than comparable U.S. mosquito strains. Studies of vertical transmission of NY99 virus by Cx. pipiens f. molestus hybrids from Argentina yielded a minimal filial infection rate of 1.19 from females feeding during their second and later bloodmeals.
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Affiliation(s)
- MARÍA V. MICIELI
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CONICETCCT-La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata). Calle 2 No 584, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - AMY C. MATACCHIERO
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, 5668 State Farm Rd., Slingerlands, NY 12159
| | - EVANGELINA MUTTIS
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CONICETCCT-La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata). Calle 2 No 584, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - DINA M. FONSECA
- Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, 180 Jones Ave., New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - MATTHEW T. ALIOTA
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, 5668 State Farm Rd., Slingerlands, NY 12159
| | - LAURA D. KRAMER
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, 5668 State Farm Rd., Slingerlands, NY 12159
- School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 22002, Albany, NY 12201-02002
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Chen S, Blanford JI, Fleischer SJ, Hutchinson M, Saunders MC, Thomas MB. Estimating West Nile virus transmission period in Pennsylvania using an optimized degree-day model. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2013; 13:489-97. [PMID: 23590317 PMCID: PMC3700474 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2012.1094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract We provide calibrated degree-day models to predict potential West Nile virus (WNV) transmission periods in Pennsylvania. We begin by following the standard approach of treating the degree-days necessary for the virus to complete the extrinsic incubation period (EIP), and mosquito longevity as constants. This approach failed to adequately explain virus transmission periods based on mosquito surveillance data from 4 locations (Harrisburg, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and Williamsport) in Pennsylvania from 2002 to 2008. Allowing the EIP and adult longevity to vary across time and space improved model fit substantially. The calibrated models increase the ability to successfully predict the WNV transmission period in Pennsylvania to 70-80% compared to less than 30% in the uncalibrated model. Model validation showed the optimized models to be robust in 3 of the locations, although still showing errors for Philadelphia. These models and methods could provide useful tools to predict WNV transmission period from surveillance datasets, assess potential WNV risk, and make informed mosquito surveillance strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Chen
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.
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NELMS BRITTANYM, MACEDO PAULAA, KOTHERA LINDA, SAVAGE HARRYM, REISEN WILLIAMK. Overwintering biology of Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes in the Sacramento Valley of California. J Med Entomol 2013; 50:773-90. [PMID: 23926775 PMCID: PMC3920460 DOI: 10.1603/me12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
At temperate latitudes, Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes typically overwinter as adult females in reproductive arrest and also may serve as reservoir hosts for arboviruses when cold temperatures arrest viral replication. To evaluate their role in the persistence of West Nile virus (WNV) in the Sacramento Valley of California, the induction and termination of diapause were investigated for members of the Culex pipiens (L.) complex, Culex tarsalis Coquillett, and Culex stigmatosoma Dyar under field, seminatural, and experimental conditions. All Culex spp. remained vagile throughout winter, enabling the collection of 3,174 females and 1,706 males from diverse habitats during the winters of 2010-2012. Overwintering strategies included both quiescence and diapause. In addition, Cx. pipiens form molestus Forskäl females remained reproductively active in both underground and aboveground habitats. Some blood-fed, gravid, and parous Cx. tarsalis and Cx. pipiens complex females were collected throughout the winter period. Under both field and experimental conditions, Cx. tarsalis and Cx. stigmatosoma females exposed to autumnal conditions arrested primary follicular maturation at previtellogenic stage I, with primary to secondary follicular ratios <1.5 (indicative of a hormonally induced diapause). In contrast, most Cx. pipiens complex females did not enter reproductive diapause and ovarian follicles matured to >or=stage I-II (host-seeking arrest) or were found in various stages of degeneration. Diapause was initiated in the majority of Cx. tarsalis and Cx. stigmatosoma females by mid-late October and was terminated after the winter solstice, but host-seeking seemed limited by temperature. An accrual of 97.52 +/- 30.7 and 162.85 +/- 79.3 degree-days after the winter solstice was estimated to be necessary for diapause termination in Cx. tarsalis under field and seminatural conditions, respectively. An increase in the proportion of blood-fed Culex females in resting collections occurred concurrently with diapause termination in field populations based on ovarian morphometrics. WNV RNA was detected in one pool of 18 males and in a single blood-fed female Cx. tarsalis collected during winter. Therefore, both vertically and horizontally infected Culex females may persist through winter and possibly transmit WNV after diapause termination in late winter or early spring in the Sacramento Valley of California.
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Affiliation(s)
- BRITTANY M. NELMS
- Center for Vectorborne Diseases and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616
| | - PAULA A. MACEDO
- Sacramento-Yolo Mosquito and Vector Control District, 8631 Bond Rd., Elk Grove, CA 95624
| | - LINDA KOTHERA
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521
| | - HARRY M. SAVAGE
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521
| | - WILLIAM K. REISEN
- Center for Vectorborne Diseases and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616
- Corresponding author:
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