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Zhang X, Yin Z, Zhang J, Guo H, Li J, Nie X, Wang S, Zhang L. Enterovirus 71 Activates Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell-Dependent PSGL-1 Binding Independent of Productive Infection. J Immunol 2024; 212:1782-1790. [PMID: 38629901 PMCID: PMC11102030 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a significant causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease, with potential serious neurologic complications or fatal outcomes. The lack of effective treatments for EV71 infection is attributed to its elusive pathogenicity. Our study reveals that human plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), the main type I IFN-producing cells, selectively express scavenger receptor class B, member 2 (SCARB2) and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1), crucial cellular receptors for EV71. Some strains of EV71 can replicate within pDCs and stimulate IFN-α production. The activation of pDCs by EV71 is hindered by Abs to PSGL-1 and soluble PSGL-1, whereas Abs to SCARB2 and soluble SCARB2 have a less pronounced effect. Our data suggest that only strains binding to PSGL-1, more commonly found in severe cases, can replicate in pDCs and induce IFN-α secretion, highlighting the importance of PSGL-1 in these processes. Furthermore, IFN-α secretion by pDCs can be triggered by EV71 or UV-inactivated EV71 virions, indicating that productive infection is not necessary for pDC activation. These findings provide new insights into the interaction between EV71 and pDCs, suggesting that pDC activation could potentially mitigate the severity of EV71-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyuan Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, The Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Jialong Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Guo
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyun Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohua Nie
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shouli Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, The Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Liguo Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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2
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Gao X, Wang B, Zhu K, Wang L, Qin B, Shang K, Ding W, Wang J, Cui S. The EV71 2A protease occupies the central cleft of SETD3 and disrupts SETD3-actin interaction. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4176. [PMID: 38755176 PMCID: PMC11099015 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48504-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
SETD3 is an essential host factor for the replication of a variety of enteroviruses that specifically interacts with viral protease 2A. However, the interaction between SETD3 and the 2A protease has not been fully characterized. Here, we use X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy to determine the structures of SETD3 complexed with the 2A protease of EV71 to 3.5 Å and 3.1 Å resolution, respectively. We find that the 2A protease occupies the V-shaped central cleft of SETD3 through two discrete sites. The relative positions of the two proteins vary in the crystal and cryo-EM structures, showing dynamic binding. A biolayer interferometry assay shows that the EV71 2A protease outcompetes actin for SETD3 binding. We identify key 2A residues involved in SETD3 binding and demonstrate that 2A's ability to bind SETD3 correlates with EV71 production in cells. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments in EV71 infected and 2A expressing cells indicate that 2A interferes with the SETD3-actin complex, and the disruption of this complex reduces enterovirus replication. Together, these results reveal the molecular mechanism underlying the interplay between SETD3, actin, and viral 2A during virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopan Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Bei Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Kaixiang Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Linyue Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Bo Qin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Kun Shang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Medical School, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Wei Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Jianwei Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Sheng Cui
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Liang Y, Kong Y, Rao M, Zhou X, Li C, Meng Y, Chen Y, Li H, Luo Z. Inhibition of ESCRT-independent extracellular vesicles biogenesis suppresses enterovirus 71 replication and pathogenesis in mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131453. [PMID: 38588842 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) causes hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), neurological complications, and even fatalities in infants. Clinically, the increase of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in EV71 patients' serum was highly associated with the severity of HFMD. EV71 boosts EVs biogenesis in an endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-dependent manner to facilitate viral replication. Yet, the impact of EVs-derived from ESCRT-independent pathway on EV71 replication and pathogenesis is highly concerned. Here, we assessed the effects of EV71-induced EVs from ESCRT-independent pathway on viral replication and pathogenesis by GW4869, a neutral sphingomyelinase inhibitor. Detailly, in EV71-infected mice, blockade of the biogenesis of tissue-derived EVs in the presence of GW4869 restored body weight loss, attenuated clinical scores, and improved survival rates. Furthermore, GW4869 dampens EVs biogenesis to reduce viral load and pathogenesis in multiple tissues of EV71-infected mice. Consistently, GW4869 treatment in a human intestinal epithelial HT29 cells decreased the biogenesis of EVs, in which the progeny EV71 particle was cloaked, leading to the reduction of viral infection and replication. Collectively, GW4869 inhibits EV71-induced EVs in an ESCRT-independent pathway and ultimately suppresses EV71 replication and pathogenesis. Our study provides a novel strategy for the development of therapeutic agents in the treatment for EV71-associated HFMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicong Liang
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yue Kong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Basic Medicine and Public Hygiene, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Menglan Rao
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xing Zhou
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chengcheng Li
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yi Meng
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yanxi Chen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hongjian Li
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510632, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Zhen Luo
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Lai RH, Chow YH, Lin YW, Chung NH, Nien SW, Juang JL. Hyperglycemia facilitates EV71 replication: Insights into miR-206-mediated regulation of G3BP2 promoting EV71 IRES activity. Theranostics 2024; 14:2706-2718. [PMID: 38773966 PMCID: PMC11103504 DOI: 10.7150/thno.93883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Neurotropic virus infections actively manipulate host cell metabolism to enhance virus neurovirulence. Although hyperglycemia is common during severe infections, its specific role remains unclear. This study investigates the impact of hyperglycemia on the neurovirulence of enterovirus 71 (EV71), a neurovirulent virus relying on internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-mediated translation for replication. Methods: Utilizing hSCARB2-transgenic mice, we explore the effects of hyperglycemia in EV71 infection and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Results: Remarkably, administering insulin alone to reduce hyperglycemia in hSCARB2-transgenic mice results in a decrease in brainstem encephalitis and viral load. Conversely, induced hyperglycemia exacerbates neuropathogenesis, highlighting the pivotal role of hyperglycemia in neurovirulence. Notably, miR-206 emerges as a crucial mediator induced by viral infection, with its expression further heightened by hyperglycemia and concurrently repressed by insulin. The use of antagomiR-206 effectively mitigates EV71-induced brainstem encephalitis and reduces viral load. Mechanistically, miR-206 facilitates IRES-driven virus replication by repressing the stress granule protein G3BP2. Conclusions: Novel therapeutic approaches against severe EV71 infections involve managing hyperglycemia and targeting the miR-206-stress granule pathway to modulate virus IRES activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rai-Hua Lai
- National Center for Geriatrics and Welfare Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hung Chow
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Lin
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Hsiang Chung
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wei Nien
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Microarray Core Laboratory, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Lyh Juang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
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5
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Moss DL, Paine AC, Krug PW, Kanekiyo M, Ruckwardt TJ. Enterovirus virus-like-particle and inactivated poliovirus vaccines do not elicit substantive cross-reactive antibody responses. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012159. [PMID: 38662650 PMCID: PMC11045126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Human enteroviruses are the most common human pathogen with over 300 distinct genotypes. Previous work with poliovirus has suggested that it is possible to generate antibody responses in humans and animals that can recognize members of multiple enterovirus species. However, cross protective immunity across multiple enteroviruses is not observed epidemiologically in humans. Here we investigated whether immunization of mice or baboons with inactivated poliovirus or enterovirus virus-like-particles (VLPs) vaccines generates antibody responses that can recognize enterovirus D68 or A71. We found that mice only generated antibodies specific for the antigen they were immunized with, and repeated immunization failed to generate cross-reactive antibody responses as measured by both ELISA and neutralization assay. Immunization of baboons with IPV failed to generate neutralizing antibody responses against enterovirus D68 or A71. These results suggest that a multivalent approach to enterovirus vaccination is necessary to protect against enterovirus disease in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Moss
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alden C. Paine
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter W. Krug
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Masaru Kanekiyo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tracy J. Ruckwardt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Luena Victorio CB, Chua IL, Xu Y, Ng Q, Chua BH, Chow VTK, Chua KB. EV71:TLLcho virus murine model of enterovirus A71 neurological disease does not exhibit neurogenic pulmonary oedema. Malays J Pathol 2024; 46:51-62. [PMID: 38682844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Small animal models play an important role in investigating and revealing the molecular determinants and mechanisms underlying neuro-virulence of enterovirus A71 (EV-A71). In our previous study, we successfully developed two mouse cell-line replication competent EV-A71 strains (EV71:TLLm and EV71:TLLmv) which were capable of inducing neuro-invasion in BALB/c mice. The more virulent EV71:TLLmv exhibited ability to induce acute encephalomyelitis accompanied by neurogenic pulmonary oedema. EV71:TLLcho virus strain was generated from EV71:TLLm by a series of passages in CHO-K1 cells. EV71:TLLcho demonstrated a broader range of infectivity across various mammalian cell lines and exhibited complete cytopathic effects (CPE) within 48 hours post-inoculation in comparison to EV71:TLLm or EV71:TLLmv. EV71:TLLcho consistently yielded higher levels of viral replication at all time points examined. In comparison to EV71:TLLm, EV71:TLLcho consistently induced more severe disease and increased mortality in one-week old BALB/c mice. However, unlike mice challenged with EV71:TLLmv, none of the mice challenged with EV71:TLLcho progressed to severe acute encephalomyelitis and developed neurogenic pulmonary oedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Luena Victorio
- National University of Singapore, Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, 117604 Singapore
| | - I L Chua
- Royal Hobart Hospital, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Hobart, 7004 Tasmania, Australia
| | - Y Xu
- National University of Singapore, Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, 117604 Singapore
| | - Q Ng
- National University of Singapore, Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, 117604 Singapore
| | - B H Chua
- Curtin University, Office of Research and Development, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - V T K Chow
- National University of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 117545 Singapore
| | - K B Chua
- National University of Singapore, Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, 117604 Singapore
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Zhang L, Peng W, Wu J, Wei X, Rong N, Zhang G, Yang H, Ding X, Zhao B, Liu J. Pathogenicity and landscape of differential gene expression in mice orally infected with clinical coxsackievirus A6 (CA6). J Virol 2024; 98:e0135823. [PMID: 38226810 PMCID: PMC10878243 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01358-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is caused by more than 20 pathogenic enteroviruses belonging to the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Since the introduction of the enterovirus-71 (EV71) vaccine in 2016, the number of HFMD cases caused by EV71 has decreased. However, cases of infections caused by other enteroviruses, such as coxsackievirus A6 (CA6) and coxsackievirus A10, have been increasing accordingly. In this study, we used a clinical isolate of CA6 to establish an intragastric infection mouse model using 7-day-old mice to mimic the natural transmission route, by which we investigated the differential gene expression profiles associated with virus infection and pathogenicity. After intragastric infection, mice exhibited hind limb paralysis symptoms and weight loss, similar to those reported for EV71 infection in mice. The skeletal muscle was identified as the main site of virus replication, with a peak viral load reaching 2.31 × 107 copies/mg at 5 dpi and increased infiltration of inflammatory cells. RNA sequencing analysis identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after CA6 infection. DEGs in the blood, muscle, brain, spleen, and thymus were predominantly enriched in immune system responses, including pathways such as Toll-like receptor signaling and PI3K-Akt signaling. Our study has unveiled the genes involved in the host immune response during CA6 infection, thereby enhancing our comprehension of the pathological mechanism of HFMD.IMPORTANCEThis study holds great significance for the field of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). It not only delves into the disease's etiology, transmission pathways, and severe complications but also establishes a novel mouse model that mimics the natural coxsackievirus A6 infection process, providing a pivotal platform to delve deeper into virus replication and pathogenic mechanisms. Additionally, utilizing RNA-seq technology, it unveils the dynamic gene expression changes during infection, offering valuable leads for identifying novel therapeutic drug targets. This research has the potential to enhance our understanding of HFMD, offering fresh perspectives for disease prevention and treatment and positively impacting children's health worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Zhang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Animal Models, Beijing, China
| | - Wanjun Peng
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Animal Models, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Animal Models, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Wei
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Animal Models, Beijing, China
| | - Na Rong
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Animal Models, Beijing, China
| | - Gengxin Zhang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Animal Models, Beijing, China
| | - Hekai Yang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Animal Models, Beijing, China
| | | | - Binbin Zhao
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Animal Models, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangning Liu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Animal Models, Beijing, China
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Yang H, Fan T, Xun M, Wu B, Guo S, Li X, Zhao X, Yao H, Wang H. N-terminal acetyltransferase 6 facilitates enterovirus 71 replication by regulating PI4KB expression and replication organelle biogenesis. J Virol 2024; 98:e0174923. [PMID: 38189249 PMCID: PMC10878262 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01749-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the major pathogens causing hand, foot, and mouth disease in children under 5 years old, which can result in severe neurological complications and even death. Due to limited treatments for EV71 infection, the identification of novel host factors and elucidation of mechanisms involved will help to counter this viral infection. N-terminal acetyltransferase 6 (NAT6) was identified as an essential host factor for EV71 infection with genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screening. NAT6 facilitates EV71 viral replication depending on its acetyltransferase activity but has little effect on viral release. In addition, NAT6 is also required for Echovirus 7 and coxsackievirus B5 infection, suggesting it might be a pan-enterovirus host factor. We further demonstrated that NAT6 is required for Golgi integrity and viral replication organelle (RO) biogenesis. NAT6 knockout significantly inhibited phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIIβ (PI4KB) expression and PI4P production, both of which are key host factors for enterovirus infection and RO biogenesis. Further mechanism studies confirmed that NAT6 formed a complex with its substrate actin and one of the PI4KB recruiters-acyl-coenzyme A binding domain containing 3 (ACBD3). Through modulating actin dynamics, NAT6 maintained the integrity of the Golgi and the stability of ACBD3, thereby enhancing EV71 infection. Collectively, these results uncovered a novel mechanism of N-acetyltransferase supporting EV71 infection.IMPORTANCEEnterovirus 71 (EV71) is an important pathogen for children under the age of five, and currently, no effective treatment is available. Elucidating the mechanism of novel host factors supporting viral infection will reveal potential antiviral targets and aid antiviral development. Here, we demonstrated that a novel N-acetyltransferase, NAT6, is an essential host factor for EV71 replication. NAT6 could promote viral replication organelle (RO) formation to enhance viral replication. The formation of enterovirus ROs requires numerous host factors, including acyl-coenzyme A binding domain containing 3 (ACBD3) and phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIIβ (PI4KB). NAT6 could stabilize the PI4KB recruiter, ACBD3, by inhibiting the autophagy degradation pathway. This study provides a fresh insight into the relationship between N-acetyltransferase and viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Tingting Fan
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Meng Xun
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Shangrui Guo
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Haoyan Yao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hongliang Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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9
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Shen S, Guo H, Li Y, Zhang L, Tang Y, Li H, Li X, Wang PH, Yu XF, Wei W. SARS-CoV-2 and oncolytic EV-D68-encoded proteases differentially regulate pyroptosis. J Virol 2024; 98:e0190923. [PMID: 38289118 PMCID: PMC10878271 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01909-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis, a pro-inflammatory programmed cell death, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 and other viral diseases. Gasdermin family proteins (GSDMs), including GSDMD and GSDME, are key regulators of pyroptotic cell death. However, the mechanisms by which virus infection modulates pyroptosis remain unclear. Here, we employed a mCherry-GSDMD fluorescent reporter assay to screen for viral proteins that impede the localization and function of GSDMD in living cells. Our data indicated that the main protease NSP5 of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) blocked GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis via cleaving residues Q29 and Q193 of GSDMD. While another SARS-CoV-2 protease, NSP3, cleaved GSDME at residue G370 but activated GSDME-mediated pyroptosis. Interestingly, respiratory enterovirus EV-D68-encoded proteases 3C and 2A also exhibit similar differential regulation on the functions of GSDMs by inactivating GSDMD but initiating GSDME-mediated pyroptosis. EV-D68 infection exerted oncolytic effects on human cancer cells by inducing pyroptotic cell death. Our findings provide insights into how respiratory viruses manipulate host cell pyroptosis and suggest potential targets for antiviral therapy as well as cancer treatment.IMPORTANCEPyroptosis plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019, and comprehending its function may facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies. This study aims to explore how viral-encoded proteases modulate pyroptosis. We investigated the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and respiratory enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) proteases on host cell pyroptosis. We found that SARS-CoV-2-encoded proteases NSP5 and NSP3 inactivate gasdermin D (GSDMD) but initiate gasdermin E (GSDME)-mediated pyroptosis, respectively. We also discovered that another respiratory virus EV-D68 encodes two distinct proteases 2A and 3C that selectively trigger GSDME-mediated pyroptosis while suppressing the function of GSDMD. Based on these findings, we further noted that EV-D68 infection triggers pyroptosis and produces oncolytic effects in human carcinoma cells. Our study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying virus-modulated pyroptosis and identifies potential targets for the development of antiviral and cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Shen
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Haoran Guo
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yubin Tang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Huili Li
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaohan Li
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Pei-Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Advanced Medical Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Yu
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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10
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Wang R, Sun Q, Xiao J, Wang C, Li X, Li J, Song Y, Lu H, Liu Y, Zhu S, Liu Z, Zhang Y. Effects of glycine 64 substitutions in RNA-dependent RNA polymerase on ribavirin sensitivity and pathogenicity of coxsackievirus A6. Virus Res 2024; 339:199268. [PMID: 37949376 PMCID: PMC10685073 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) caused by a group of enteroviruses is a global public health problem. In recent years, coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6) has emerged as an important HFMD agent. Previous studies have shown that mutations of glycine 64 in RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (3D polymerase), which is central to viral replication, cause phenotypic changes such as ribavirin resistance, increased replication fidelity, and virulence attenuation in poliovirus and enterovirus A71. In this study, we constructed CVA6 mutants with G64R, G64S, and G64T substitutions by site-directed mutagenesis in full-length cDNA of an infectious CVA6 strain cloned in pcDNA3.1. Viral RNA was obtained by in vitro transcription, and the rescued virus strains were propagated in RD cells. Sequencing after six passages revealed that G64S and G64T mutations were stably inherited, whereas G64R was genetically unstable and reversed to the wild type. Comparison of the biological characteristics of the wild-type and mutant CVA6 strains in an in vivo model (one-day-old ICR mice) revealed that the pathogenicity of CVA6-G64S and CVA6-G64T was significantly reduced compared to wild-type CVA6. In vitro experiments indicated the mutant CVA6-G64S and CVA6-G64T strains had increased resistance to 0.8 mM ribavirin and a decreased replication rate in the presence of 0.8 mM guanidine hydrochloride. Our results show that mutation of residue 64 reduces CVA6 susceptibility to ribavirin and increases CVA6 susceptibility to guanidine hydrochloride, together with increased replication fidelity and attenuated viral pathogenicity, thus laying a foundation for the development of safe and effective live attenuated CVA6 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID). National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID). National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jinbo Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID). National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Congcong Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID). National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaoliang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID). National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; Department of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jichen Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID). National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yang Song
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID). National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Huanhuan Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID). National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ying Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID). National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Shuangli Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID). National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhijun Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID). National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China.
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11
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Dai W, Li X, Liu Z, Zhang C. Identification of four neutralizing antigenic sites on the enterovirus D68 capsid. J Virol 2023; 97:e0160023. [PMID: 38047678 PMCID: PMC10734511 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01600-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is an emerging respiratory pathogen associated with acute flaccid myelitis. Currently, no approved vaccines or antiviral drugs are available. Here, we report four functionally independent neutralizing antigenic sites (I to IV) by analyses of neutralizing monoclonal antibody (MAb)-resistant mutants. Site I is located in the VP1 BC loop near the fivefold axis. Site II resides in the VP2 EF loop, and site III is situated in VP1 C-terminus; both sites are located at the south rim of the canyon. Site IV is composed of residue in VP2 βB strand and residues in the VP3 BC loop and resides around the threefold axis. The developed MAbs targeting the antigenic sites can inhibit viral binding to cells. These findings advance the understanding of the recognition of EV-D68 by neutralizing antibodies and viral evolution and immune escape and also have important implications for the development of novel EV-D68 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Dai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Vaccine Innovation Platform, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Li
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeyu Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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12
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Wang SH, Du J, Yu J, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Hua S, Zhao K. Coxsackievirus A6 2C protein antagonizes IFN-β production through MDA5 and RIG-I depletion. J Virol 2023; 97:e0107523. [PMID: 37847581 PMCID: PMC10688345 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01075-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6) is a major emerging pathogen associated with atypical hand, foot, and mouth disease and can cause serious complications such as encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, and neurorespiratory syndrome. Therefore, revealing the associated pathogenic mechanisms could benefit the control of CV-A6 infections. In this study, we demonstrate that the nonstructural 2CCV-A6 suppresses IFN-β production, which supports CV-A6 infection. This is achieved by depleting RNA sensors such as melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) through the lysosomal pathway. Such a function is shared by 2CEV-A71 and 2CCV-B3 but not 2CCV-A16, suggesting the latter might have an alternative way to promote viral replication. This study broadens our understanding of enterovirus 2C protein regulation of the RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway and reveals a novel mechanism by which CV-A6 and other enteroviruses evade the host innate immune response. These findings on 2C may provide new therapeutic targets for the development of effective inhibitors against CV-A6 and other enterovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Hua Wang
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Juan Du
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinghua Yu
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yifei Zhao
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shucheng Hua
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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13
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Zang L, Yang X, Chen Y, Huang F, Yuan Y, Chen X, Zuo Y, Miao Y, Gu J, Guo H, Xia W, Peng Y, Tang M, Huang Z, Wang Y, Ma J, Jiang J, Zhou W, Zheng H, Shi W. Ubiquitin E3 ligase SPOP is a host negative regulator of enterovirus 71-encoded 2A protease. J Virol 2023; 97:e0078623. [PMID: 37796126 PMCID: PMC10617436 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00786-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE EV71 poses a significant health threat to children aged 5 and below. The process of EV71 infection and replication is predominantly influenced by ubiquitination modifications. Our previous findings indicate that EV71 prompts the activation of host deubiquitinating enzymes, thereby impeding the host interferon signaling pathway as a means of evading the immune response. Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms by which the host employs ubiquitination modifications to hinder EV71 infection remain unclear. The present study demonstrated that the nonstructural protein 2Apro, which is encoded by EV71, exhibits ubiquitination and degradation mediated by the host E3 ubiquitin ligase SPOP. In addition, it is the first report, to our knowledge, that SPOP is involved in the host antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichao Zang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fan Huang
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yukang Yuan
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangjie Chen
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yibo Zuo
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Miao
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenxin Xia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Peng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengyuan Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ziwei Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinhong Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingting Jiang
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
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14
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Zhang L, Yang J, Li H, Zhang Z, Ji Z, Zhao L, Wei W. Enterovirus D68 Infection Induces TDP-43 Cleavage, Aggregation, and Neurotoxicity. J Virol 2023; 97:e0042523. [PMID: 37039659 PMCID: PMC10134869 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00425-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68), which causes severe respiratory diseases and irreversible central nervous system damage, has become a serious public health problem worldwide. However, the mechanisms by which EV-D68 exerts neurotoxicity remain unclear. Thus, we aimed to analyze the effects of EV-D68 infection on the cleavage, subcellular translocation, and pathogenic aggregation of TAR DNA-binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43) in respiratory or neural cells. The results showed that EV-D68-encoded proteases 2A and 3C induced TDP-43 translocation and cleavage, respectively. Specifically, 3C cleaved residue 327Q of TDP-43. The 3C-mediated cleaved TDP-43 fragments had substantially decreased protein solubility compared with the wild-type TDP-43. Hence, 3C activity promoted TDP-43 aggregation, which exerted cytotoxicity to diverse human cells, including glioblastoma T98G cells. The effects of commercially available antiviral drugs on 3C-mediated TDP-43 cleavage were screened, and the results revealed lopinavir as a potent inhibitor of EV-D68 3C protease. Overall, these results suggested TDP-43 as a conserved host target of EV-D68 3C. This study is the first to provide evidence on the involvement of TDP-43 dysregulation in EV-D68 pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Over the past decade, the incidence of enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) infection has increased worldwide. EV-D68 infection can cause different respiratory symptoms and severe neurological complications, including acute flaccid myelitis. Thus, elucidating the mechanisms underlying EV-D68 toxicity is important to develop novel methods to prevent EV-D68 infection-associated diseases. This study shows that EV-D68 infection triggers the translocalization, cleavage, and aggregation of TDP-43, an intracellular protein closely related to degenerative neurological disorders. The viral protease 3C decreased TDP-43 solubility, thereby exerting cytotoxicity to host cells, including human glioblastoma cells. Thus, counteracting 3C activity is an effective strategy to relieve EV-D68-triggered cell death. Cytoplasmic aggregation of TDP-43 is a hallmark of degenerative diseases, contributing to neural cell damage and central nervous system (CNS) disorders. The findings of this study on EV-D68-induced TDP-43 formation extend our understanding of virus-mediated cytotoxicity and the potential risks of TDP-43 dysfunction-related cognitive impairment and neurological symptoms in infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, Institute of Translational Medicine, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Huili Li
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhilin Ji
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lirong Zhao
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, Institute of Translational Medicine, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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15
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Kim H, Aponte-Diaz D, Sotoudegan MS, Shengjuler D, Arnold JJ, Cameron CE. The enterovirus genome can be translated in an IRES-independent manner that requires the initiation factors eIF2A/eIF2D. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3001693. [PMID: 36689548 PMCID: PMC9894558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA recombination in positive-strand RNA viruses is a molecular-genetic process, which permits the greatest evolution of the genome and may be essential to stabilizing the genome from the deleterious consequences of accumulated mutations. Enteroviruses represent a useful system to elucidate the details of this process. On the biochemical level, it is known that RNA recombination is catalyzed by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase using a template-switching mechanism. For this mechanism to function in cells, the recombining genomes must be located in the same subcellular compartment. How a viral genome is trafficked to the site of genome replication and recombination, which is membrane associated and isolated from the cytoplasm, is not known. We hypothesized that genome translation was essential for colocalization of genomes for recombination. We show that complete inactivation of internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-mediated translation of a donor enteroviral genome enhanced recombination instead of impairing it. Recombination did not occur by a nonreplicative mechanism. Rather, sufficient translation of the nonstructural region of the genome occurred to support subsequent steps required for recombination. The noncanonical translation initiation factors, eIF2A and eIF2D, were required for IRES-independent translation. Our results support an eIF2A/eIF2D-dependent mechanism under conditions in which the eIF2-dependent mechanism is inactive. Detection of an IRES-independent mechanism for translation of the enterovirus genome provides an explanation for a variety of debated observations, including nonreplicative recombination and persistence of enteroviral RNA lacking an IRES. The existence of an eIF2A/eIF2D-dependent mechanism in enteroviruses predicts the existence of similar mechanisms in other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejeong Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David Aponte-Diaz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mohamad S. Sotoudegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Jamie J. Arnold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Craig E. Cameron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Vogt
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | | | | | - Kelli L Boyd
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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17
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Rudy MJ, Coughlan C, Hixon AM, Clarke P, Tyler KL. Density Analysis of Enterovirus D68 Shows Viral Particles Can Associate with Exosomes. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0245221. [PMID: 35170992 PMCID: PMC8849102 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02452-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is an emerging pathogen which causes respiratory disease and is associated with an acute flaccid myelitis that predominately affects children. EV-D68 can infect motor neurons, causing cell death and a loss of motor control leading to flaccid paralysis. However, it remains unknown how viral particles gain entry into the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we show that three distinct densities of EV-D68 particle can be isolated from infected muscle and neural cell lines (RD and SH-SY5Y) using high-speed density centrifugation to separate cell supernatant. The lowest-density peak is composed of viral particles, which have adhered to the exterior surface of a small extracellular vesicle called an exosome. Analysis of prototypic (historic) and contemporary EV-D68 strains suggests that binding to exosomes is a ubiquitous characteristic of EV-D68. We further show that interaction with exosomes increases viral infectivity in a neural cell line. Analysis of the two higher-density peaks, which are not associated with exosomes, revealed that a significant amount of viral titer in the modern (2014) EV-D68 strains is found at 1.20 g/cm3, whereas this density has a very low viral titer in the prototypic Fermon strain. IMPORTANCE Despite the strong causal link between enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) and acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), it remains unclear how EV-D68 gains entry into the central nervous system and what receptors enable it to infect motor neurons. We show that EV-D68 particles can adhere to exosomes, placing EV-D68 among a handful of other picornaviruses which are known to interact with extracellular vesicles. Uptake and infection of permissive cells by virally contaminated exosomes would have major implications in the search for the EV-D68 receptor, as well as providing a possible route for viral entry into motor neurons. This work identifies a novel cellular entry route for EV-D68 and may facilitate the identification of genetic risk factors for development of AFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Rudy
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Christina Coughlan
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Alison M. Hixon
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Penny Clarke
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kenneth L. Tyler
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- VA Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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18
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Wang I, Gupta SK, Ems G, Jayawardena N, Strauss M, Bostina M. Cryo-EM Structure of a Possum Enterovirus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020318. [PMID: 35215909 PMCID: PMC8879876 DOI: 10.3390/v14020318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) represent a substantial concern to global health. Here, we present the cryo-EM structure of a non-human enterovirus, EV-F4, isolated from the Australian brushtail possum to assess the structural diversity of these picornaviruses. The capsid structure, determined to ~3 Å resolution by single particle analysis, exhibits a largely smooth surface, similar to EV-F3 (formerly BEV-2). Although the cellular receptor is not known, the absence of charged residues on the outer surface of the canyon suggest a different receptor type than for EV-F3. Density for the pocket factor is clear, with the entrance to the pocket being smaller than for other enteroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada;
| | | | - Guillaume Ems
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (G.E.); (N.J.)
- Faculté des Sciences, Université de Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Nadishka Jayawardena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (G.E.); (N.J.)
- Molecular Cryo-Electron Microscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Mike Strauss
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada;
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Mihnea Bostina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (G.E.); (N.J.)
- Otago Micro and Nano Imaging, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (M.B.)
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Liang L, Cheng Y, Li Y, Shang Q, Huang J, Ma C, Fang S, Long L, Zhou C, Chen Z, Cui P, Lv N, Lou P, Cui Y, Sabanathan S, van Doorn HR, Luan R, Turtle L, Yu H. Long-term neurodevelopment outcomes of hand, foot and mouth disease inpatients infected with EV-A71 or CV-A16, a retrospective cohort study. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:545-554. [PMID: 33691598 PMCID: PMC8009121 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1901612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infectious disease in western Asia area and the full range of the long-term sequelae of HFMD remains poorly described. We conducted a retrospective hospital-based cohort study of HFMD patients with central nervous system (CNS) complications caused by EV-A71 or CV-A16 between 2010 and 2016. Patients were classified into three groups, including CNS only, autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysregulation, and cardiorespiratory failure. Neurologic examination, neurodevelopmental assessments, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and lung function, were performed at follow up. Of the 176 patients followed up, 24 suffered CNS only, 133 ANS dysregulation, and 19 cardiorespiratory failure. Median follow-up period was 4.3 years (range [1.4-8.3]). The rate of neurological abnormalities was 25% (43 of 171) at discharge and 10% (17 of 171) at follow-up. The rates of poor outcome were significantly different between the three groups of complications in motor (28%, 38%, 71%) domain (p=0.020), but not for cognitive (20%, 24%, 35%), language (25%, 36%, 41%) and adaptive (24%, 16%, 26%) domains (p = 0.537, p = 0.551, p = 0.403). For children with ventilated during hospitalization, 41% patients (14 of 34) had an obstructive ventilatory defect, and one patient with scoliosis had mixed ventilatory dysfunction. Persistent abnormalities on brain MRI were 0% (0 of 7), 9% (2 of 23) and 57% (4 of 7) in CNS, ANS and cardiorespiratory failure group separately. Patients with HFMD may have abnormalities in neurological, motor, language, cognition, adaptive behaviour and respiratory function. Long-term follow-up programmes for children's neurodevelopmental and respiratory function may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yibing Cheng
- Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Li
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Shang
- Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiao Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Caiyun Ma
- Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuanfeng Fang
- Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Long
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chongchen Zhou
- Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiping Chen
- Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Cui
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nan Lv
- Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pu Lou
- Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yajie Cui
- Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Saraswathy Sabanathan
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - H. Rogier van Doorn
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Rongsheng Luan
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lance Turtle
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Tropical & Infectious Disease Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital (member of Liverpool Health Partners), Liverpool, UK
| | - Hongjie Yu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Shah MM, Perez A, Lively JY, Avadhanula V, Boom JA, Chappell J, Englund JA, Fregoe W, Halasa NB, Harrison CJ, Hickey RW, Klein EJ, McNeal MM, Michaels MG, Moffatt ME, Otten C, Sahni LC, Schlaudecker E, Schuster JE, Selvarangan R, Staat MA, Stewart LS, Weinberg GA, Williams JV, Ng TFF, Routh JA, Gerber SI, McMorrow ML, Rha B, Midgley CM. Enterovirus D68-Associated Acute Respiratory Illness ─ New Vaccine Surveillance Network, United States, July-November 2018-2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021; 70:1623-1628. [PMID: 34818320 PMCID: PMC8612514 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7047a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is associated with a broad spectrum of illnesses, including mild to severe acute respiratory illness (ARI) and acute flaccid myelitis (AFM). Enteroviruses, including EV-D68, are typically detected in the United States during late summer through fall, with year-to-year fluctuations. Before 2014, EV-D68 was infrequently reported to CDC (1). However, numbers of EV-D68 detection have increased in recent years, with a biennial pattern observed during 2014-2018 in the United States, after the expansion of surveillance and wider availability of molecular testing. In 2014, a national outbreak of EV-D68 was detected (2). EV-D68 was also reported in 2016 via local (3) and passive national (4) surveillance. EV-D68 detections were limited in 2017, but substantial circulation was observed in 2018 (5). To assess recent levels of circulation, EV-D68 detections in respiratory specimens collected from patients aged <18 years* with ARI evaluated in emergency departments (EDs) or admitted to one of seven U.S. medical centers† within the New Vaccine Surveillance Network (NVSN) were summarized. This report provides a provisional description of EV-D68 detections during July-November in 2018, 2019 and 2020, and describes the demographic and clinical characteristics of these patients. In 2018, a total of 382 EV-D68 detections in respiratory specimens obtained from patients aged <18 years with ARI were reported by NVSN; the number decreased to six detections in 2019 and 30 in 2020. Among patients aged <18 years with EV-D68 in 2020, 22 (73%) were non-Hispanic Black (Black) persons. EV-D68 detections in 2020 were lower than anticipated based on the biennial circulation pattern observed since 2014. The circulation of EV-D68 in 2020 might have been limited by widespread COVID-19 mitigation measures; how these changes in behavior might influence the timing and levels of circulation in future years is unknown. Ongoing monitoring of EV-D68 detections is warranted for preparedness for EV-D68-associated ARI and AFM.
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Wami AA, Hundie GB, Ambachew R, Gebreyohannes Berhe Z, Abrha A, Abebe W, Abeje D, Geteneh A, Mihret A, Mulu A. High rate of human enteroviruses among clinically suspected meningitis cases at selected Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258652. [PMID: 34762656 PMCID: PMC8584720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of limited infrastructure and skilled human capital, the etiology of meningitis is rarely identified in developing countries like Ethiopia. This results in unnecessary antibiotics use, economic crisis, hospitalization, and related nosocomial infections. Thus, we aimed to assess the epidemiology of human enteroviruses (HEVs) among clinically suspected meningitis cases in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. METHOD A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to August 2020 at selected Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was conducted on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from 146 clinically suspected meningitis and bacterial culture-negative patients. SPSS v 21.0 was used for data analysis and bivariate correlation was done for the association between variables of interest. RESULTS HEVs were detected in 39 (26.7%) of the 146 clinically suspected meningitis cases. Most of the HEVs cases 28 (71.9%) were detected in younger-aged infants less than 1 year. The most commonly observed clinical manifestations were vomiting (75.5%) followed by fever (56.8%) and impaired consciousness or irritability (50.7%). The mean length of hospital stay for patients with enteroviral meningitis was 9 days. Many patients with HEVs were recovered with sequelae (46.2%), and HEVs has contributed for one out of the nine meningeal deaths (11.1%). CONCLUSIONS HEVs were found to be the commonest cause of morbidity and mortality in all age groups. Many of the patients were mistreated with antibiotics and hospitalized. The detection of HEVs in 26.7% of clinically suspected meningitis cases indicated the need for molecular tests in investigating the etiology of meningitis. Therefore, we suggest the introduction of molecular tests as a routine practice in referral hospitals and the need to further characterize circulating HEVs strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gadissa Bedada Hundie
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Rozina Ambachew
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Zenebe Gebreyohannes Berhe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alem Abrha
- School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Workeabeba Abebe
- School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Alene Geteneh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
| | - Adane Mihret
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Hsieh HY, Huang LC, Yu HR, Kuo KC, Chen WH, Su CH, Lee CP, Chen KJ, Yang YH, Sheen JM. Pediatric thalassemic patients have higher incidence of asthma: A nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258727. [PMID: 34735494 PMCID: PMC8568177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Patients with hemoglobinopathies have been reported to have higher rates of pulmonary complications. Few studies have investigated the association between thalassemia and asthma in children. Methods We used the data of one million individuals randomly selected from the Registry for Beneficiaries of the National Health Insurance Research Database. One thalassemic child was matched with four control children without thalassemia according to sex, birth year, birth season, prematurity, and previous enteroviral infection. Results A total of 800 hundred thalassemic children and 3200 controls were included. Children with thalassemia had higher rates of developing asthma (41.81 vs 25.70 per 1000 person-years, P < 0.001) than the non-thalassemia controls with an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.37 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.19–1.58). Boys in the thalassemia cohort had a significantly higher adjusted incidence hazard ratio (IRR) of asthma than those in the non-thalassemia cohort (adjusted IRR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.02–1.73). The risk of atopic and nonatopic asthma was higher in the thalassemia cohort than in the non-thalassemia cohort (IRR = 1.3, 1.61, respectively). Conclusions Children with thalassemia were more likely to develop asthma. More attention should be paid to the early diagnosis of asthma and prevention of asthma attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yi Hsieh
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Chi Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Ren Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Che Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hao Su
- Department of Pediatrics, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Pin Lee
- Health Information and Epidemiology Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Jung Chen
- Health Information and Epidemiology Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Hsu Yang
- Health Information and Epidemiology Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Chiayi, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (JMS); (YHY)
| | - Jiunn-Ming Sheen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Chiayi, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (JMS); (YHY)
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Ji C, Zhang Y, Sun R, Ma J, Pan Z, Yao H. Isolation and Identification of Type F Bovine Enterovirus from Clinical Cattle with Diarrhoea. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112217. [PMID: 34835023 PMCID: PMC8617846 DOI: 10.3390/v13112217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, bovine enterovirus (BEV) has caused several respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases outbreaks in cattle. Monitoring the epidemiological and pathogenic characteristics of this virus is crucial to controlling its spread. We isolated a BEV strain with typical cytopathic effects from the faeces of cows with significant diarrhoeal symptoms in China and observed the viral particles within 20–30 nm through transmission electron microscopy. Then, we designated this strain as HB19-1 in this study. The multistep growth curves showed that the virus propagated well in the MDBK cells. Molecular genetic analysis of VP1 indicated that HB19-1 belonged to the BEV-F1 group. Although the challenged ICR mice did not exhibit typical disease symptoms in animal infection assay, we observed significant pathological damage in the lungs, intestines, and muscle tissues. In summary, we isolated a BEV strain HB19-1 causing severe diarrhoea in cattle and proposed reinforcing the epidemiological surveillance of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyuan Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (C.J.); (Y.Z.); (R.S.); (J.M.); (Z.P.)
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (C.J.); (Y.Z.); (R.S.); (J.M.); (Z.P.)
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ruini Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (C.J.); (Y.Z.); (R.S.); (J.M.); (Z.P.)
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiale Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (C.J.); (Y.Z.); (R.S.); (J.M.); (Z.P.)
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zihao Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (C.J.); (Y.Z.); (R.S.); (J.M.); (Z.P.)
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huochun Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (C.J.); (Y.Z.); (R.S.); (J.M.); (Z.P.)
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-025-84395328
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Bruijnesteijn van Coppenraet LES, Flipse J, Wallinga JA, Vermeer M, van der Reijden WA, Weel JFL, van der Zanden AGM, Schuurs TA, Ruijs GJHM. From a case-control survey to a diagnostic viral gastroenteritis panel for testing of general practitioners' patients. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258680. [PMID: 34731182 PMCID: PMC8565752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the pathogenicity of a broad range of 11 possible gastroenteritis viruses, by means of statistical relationships with cases vs. controls, or Ct-values, in order to establish the most appropriate diagnostic panel for our general practitioner (GP) patients in the Netherlands (2010-2012). METHODS Archived stool samples from 1340 cases and 1100 controls were retested using internally controlled multiplex real-time PCRs for putative pathogenic gastroenteritis viruses: adenovirus, astrovirus, bocavirus, enterovirus, norovirus GI and GII, human parechovirus, rotavirus, salivirus, sapovirus, and torovirus. RESULTS The prevalence of any virus in symptomatic cases and asymptomatic controls was 16.6% (223/1340) and 10.2% (112/1100), respectively. Prevalence of astrovirus (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 10.37; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.34-80.06) and norovirus GII (aOR 3.10; CI 1.62-5.92) was significantly higher in cases versus controls. Rotavirus was encountered only in cases. We did not find torovirus and there was no statistically significant relationship with cases for salivirus (aOR 1,67; (CI) 0.43-6.54)), adenovirus non-group F (aOR 1.20; CI 0.75-1.91), bocavirus (aOR 0.85; CI 0.05-13.64), enterovirus (aOR 0.83; CI 0.50-1.37), human parechovirus (aOR 1.61; CI 0.54-4.77) and sapovirus (aOR 1.15; CI 0.67-1.98). Though adenovirus group F (aOR 6.37; CI 0.80-50.92) and norovirus GI (aOR 2.22, CI: 0.79-6.23) are known enteropathogenic viruses and were more prevalent in cases than in controls, this did not reach significance in this study. The Ct value did not discriminate between carriage and disease in PCR-positive subjects. CONCLUSIONS In our population, diagnostic gastroenteritis tests should screen for adenovirus group F, astrovirus, noroviruses GI and GII, and rotavirus. Case-control studies as ours are lacking and should also be carried out in populations from other epidemiological backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacky Flipse
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Isala, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Janny A. Wallinga
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Isala, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Marloes Vermeer
- ZGT Academy, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, The Netherlands
| | - Wil A. van der Reijden
- Regional Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Public Health Kennemerland, Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | - Jan F. L. Weel
- Izore, Center for Infectious Diseases Friesland, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Theo A. Schuurs
- Izore, Center for Infectious Diseases Friesland, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs J. H. M. Ruijs
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Isala, Zwolle, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Oikarinen S, Krogvold L, Edwin B, Buanes T, Korsgren O, Laiho JE, Oikarinen M, Ludvigsson J, Skog O, Anagandula M, Frisk G, Hyöty H, Dahl-Jørgensen K. Characterisation of enterovirus RNA detected in the pancreas and other specimens of live patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes in the DiViD study. Diabetologia 2021; 64:2491-2501. [PMID: 34390364 PMCID: PMC8494699 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05525-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The Diabetes Virus Detection (DiViD) study is the first study to laparoscopically collect pancreatic tissue and purified pancreatic islets together with duodenal mucosa, serum, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and stools from six live adult patients (age 24-35 years) with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. The presence of enterovirus (EV) in the pancreatic islets of these patients has previously been reported. METHODS In the present study we used reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) and sequencing to characterise EV genomes present in different tissues to understand the nature of infection in these individuals. RESULTS All six patients were found to be EV-positive by RT-qPCR in at least one of the tested sample types. Four patients were EV-positive in purified islet culture medium, three in PBMCs, one in duodenal biopsy and two in stool, while serum was EV-negative in all individuals. Sequencing the 5' untranslated region of these EVs suggested that all but one belonged to enterovirus B species. One patient was EV-positive in all these sample types except for serum. Sequence analysis revealed that the virus strain present in the isolated islets of this patient was different from the strain found in other sample types. None of the islet-resident viruses could be isolated using EV-permissive cell lines. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION EV RNA can be frequently detected in various tissues of patients with type 1 diabetes. At least in some patients, the EV strain in the pancreatic islets may represent a slowly replicating persisting virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Oikarinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Lars Krogvold
- Paediatric Department, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Edwin
- Paediatric Department, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- The Intervention Centre, Department of HPB Surgery, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond Buanes
- Paediatric Department, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Cancer, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olle Korsgren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jutta E Laiho
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Maarit Oikarinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Johnny Ludvigsson
- Crown Princess Victoria Children's Hospital and Division of Pediatrics, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Oskar Skog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mahesh Anagandula
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gun Frisk
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Knut Dahl-Jørgensen
- Paediatric Department, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Chang X, Zhu L, Hu J, Zhang Q, Zhang F, Lin Q, Gai X, Wang X. Unveiling of Evolution Pattern for HY12 Enterovirus Quasispecies and Pathogenicity Alteration. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112174. [PMID: 34834980 PMCID: PMC8619380 DOI: 10.3390/v13112174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus, like the majority of RNA viruses, evolves to survive the changeable environments by a variety of strategies. Here, we showed that HY12 virus evolved to alter its characteristics and pathogenicity by employing a non-synonymous mutation. Analyses of 5'UTR, VP1 and VP2 gene sequences revealed the existence of HY12 virus in an array of mutants defined as quasispecies. The determination of diversity and complexity showed that the mutation rate and complexity of HY12 virus quasispecies increased, while the proportion of HY12 VP1 and VP2 consensus (master) sequences decreased with increasing passages. Synonymous mutation and non-synonymous mutation analysis displayed a positive selection for HY12 quasispecies evolution. A comparison of HY12 virus in different passages demonstrated that HY12 virus altered its characteristic, phenotype, and pathogenicity via non-synonymous mutation. These findings revealed the evolution pattern for HY12 virus, and the alteration of HY12 virus characteristics and pathogenicity by mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (X.C.); (L.Z.); (J.H.); (Q.Z.); (F.Z.); (Q.L.); (X.G.)
| | - Lisai Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (X.C.); (L.Z.); (J.H.); (Q.Z.); (F.Z.); (Q.L.); (X.G.)
| | - Junying Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (X.C.); (L.Z.); (J.H.); (Q.Z.); (F.Z.); (Q.L.); (X.G.)
| | - Qun Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (X.C.); (L.Z.); (J.H.); (Q.Z.); (F.Z.); (Q.L.); (X.G.)
| | - Fuhui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (X.C.); (L.Z.); (J.H.); (Q.Z.); (F.Z.); (Q.L.); (X.G.)
| | - Qian Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (X.C.); (L.Z.); (J.H.); (Q.Z.); (F.Z.); (Q.L.); (X.G.)
| | - Xiaochun Gai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (X.C.); (L.Z.); (J.H.); (Q.Z.); (F.Z.); (Q.L.); (X.G.)
| | - Xinping Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (X.C.); (L.Z.); (J.H.); (Q.Z.); (F.Z.); (Q.L.); (X.G.)
- Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130062, China
- Correspondence:
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Penela-Sánchez D, González-de-Audicana J, Armero G, Henares D, Esteva C, de-Sevilla MF, Ricart S, Jordan I, Brotons P, Cabrerizo M, Muñoz-Almagro C, Launes C. Lower Respiratory Tract Infection and Genus Enterovirus in Children Requiring Intensive Care: Clinical Manifestations and Impact of Viral Co-Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:2059. [PMID: 34696489 PMCID: PMC8541154 DOI: 10.3390/v13102059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by rhinovirus (RV) and enterovirus (EV) in children ranges from asymptomatic infection to severe lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). This cohort study evaluates the clinical impact of RV/EV species, alone or in codetection with other viruses, in young children with severe LRTI. Seventy-one patients aged less than 5 years and admitted to the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of a reference children's hospital with RV or EV (RV/EV) LRTI were prospectively included from 1/2018 to 3/2020. A commercial PCR assay for multiple respiratory pathogens was performed in respiratory specimens. In 22/71, RV/EV + respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was found, and 18/71 had RV/EV + multiple viral detections. Patients with single RV/EV detection required invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) as frequently as those with RSV codetection, whereas none of those with multiple viral codetections required IMV. Species were determined in 60 samples, 58 being RV. No EV-A, EV-C, or EV-D68 were detected. RV-B and EV-B were only found in patients with other respiratory virus codetections. There were not any associations between RV/EV species and severity outcomes. To conclude, RV/EV detection alone was observed in young children with severe disease, while multiple viral codetections may result in reduced clinical severity. Differences in pathogenicity between RV and EV species could not be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Penela-Sánchez
- Paediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (D.P.-S.); (G.A.); (M.-F.d.-S.); (S.R.)
- Paediatrics Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08195 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Jon González-de-Audicana
- Enterovirus and Viral Gastroenteritis Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto Carlos III, 28222 Madrid, Spain; (J.G.-d.-A.); (M.C.)
| | - Georgina Armero
- Paediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (D.P.-S.); (G.A.); (M.-F.d.-S.); (S.R.)
- Paediatrics Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08195 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Desiree Henares
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas Pediátricas, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (D.H.); (C.E.); (P.B.); (C.M.-A.)
- Molecular Microbiology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Esteva
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas Pediátricas, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (D.H.); (C.E.); (P.B.); (C.M.-A.)
- Molecular Microbiology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona-Fernández de-Sevilla
- Paediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (D.P.-S.); (G.A.); (M.-F.d.-S.); (S.R.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas Pediátricas, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (D.H.); (C.E.); (P.B.); (C.M.-A.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Paediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Ricart
- Paediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (D.P.-S.); (G.A.); (M.-F.d.-S.); (S.R.)
- Paediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iolanda Jordan
- Paediatrics Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08195 Barcelona, Spain;
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas Pediátricas, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (D.H.); (C.E.); (P.B.); (C.M.-A.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Paediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Brotons
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas Pediátricas, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (D.H.); (C.E.); (P.B.); (C.M.-A.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Cabrerizo
- Enterovirus and Viral Gastroenteritis Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto Carlos III, 28222 Madrid, Spain; (J.G.-d.-A.); (M.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Muñoz-Almagro
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas Pediátricas, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (D.H.); (C.E.); (P.B.); (C.M.-A.)
- Molecular Microbiology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristian Launes
- Paediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (D.P.-S.); (G.A.); (M.-F.d.-S.); (S.R.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas Pediátricas, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08195 Barcelona, Spain; (D.H.); (C.E.); (P.B.); (C.M.-A.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Paediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
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Lin JY, Weng KF, Chang CK, Gong YN, Huang GJ, Lee HL, Chen YC, Huang CC, Lu JY, Huang PN, Chiang HJ, Chen CM, Shih SR. Enterovirus A71 Induces Neurological Diseases and Dynamic Variants in Oral Infection of Human SCARB2-Transgenic Weaned Mice. J Virol 2021; 95:e0089721. [PMID: 34379497 PMCID: PMC8513470 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00897-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and many members of the Picornaviridae family are neurotropic pathogens of global concern. These viruses are primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route, and thus suitable animal models of oral infection are needed to investigate viral pathogenesis. An animal model of oral infection was developed using transgenic mice expressing human SCARB2 (hSCARB2 Tg), murine-adapted EV-A71/MP4 virus, and EV-A71/MP4 virus with an engineered nanoluciferase gene that allows imaging of viral replication and spread in infected mice. Next-generation sequencing of EV-A71 genomes in the tissues and organs of infected mice was also performed. Oral inoculation of EV-A71/MP4 or nanoluciferase-carrying MP4 virus stably induced neurological symptoms and death in infected 21-day-old weaned mice. In vivo bioluminescence imaging of infected mice and tissue immunostaining of viral antigens indicated that orally inoculated virus can spread to the central nervous system (CNS) and other tissues. Next-generating sequencing further identified diverse mutations in viral genomes that can potentially contribute to viral pathogenesis. This study presents an EV-A71 oral infection murine model that efficiently infects weaned mice and allows tracking of viral spread, features that can facilitate research into viral pathogenesis and neuroinvasion via the natural route of infection. IMPORTANCE Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), a positive-strand RNA virus of the Picornaviridae, poses a persistent global public health problem. EV-A71 is primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route, and thus suitable animal models of oral infection are needed to investigate viral pathogenesis. We present an animal model of EV-A71 infection that enables the natural route of oral infection in weaned and nonimmunocompromised 21-day-old hSCARB2 transgenic mice. Our results demonstrate that severe disease and death could be stably induced, and viral invasion of the CNS could be replicated in this model, similar to severe real-world EV-A71 infections. We also developed a nanoluciferase-containing EV-A71 virus that can be used with this animal model to track viral spread after oral infection in real time. Such a model offers several advantages over existing animal models and can facilitate future research into viral spread, tissue tropism, and viral pathogenesis, all pressing issues that remain unaddressed for EV-A71 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Feng Weng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kuang Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taoyuan Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Nong Gong
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Jen Huang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Lan Lee
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Cheng Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chih Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Ying Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Peng-Nien Huang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Jung Chiang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Che-Min Chen
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
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Yoon J, Park T, Kim A, Park J, Park BJ, Ahn HS, Go HJ, Kim DH, Jung S, Seo Y, Lee JB, Park SY, Song CS, Lee SW, Choi IS. First Clinical Case of Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis-Related Theiler's Disease in Asia. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101917. [PMID: 34696347 PMCID: PMC8541225 DOI: 10.3390/v13101917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) is a newly identified etiologic agent of Theiler’s disease (TD). We present a case of EqPV-H-related fulminant hepatitis in a 14-year-old thoroughbred mare in Korea. The mare had acute hepatopathy and gastrointestinal symptoms, with abnormal liver-related blood parameters. The horse was born in the USA and imported to Korea in 2017, with no history of administration of equine biological products after entry into Korea. The horse was diagnosed with EqPV-H-associated hepatitis after abdominal ultrasonography, laparotomy, and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in situ hybridization (ISH) assays. The serum, nasal swab, oral swab, and liver biopsy were positive for EqPV-H according to the PCR assay. Genetic analysis of the partial NS1 gene of EqPV-H showed a unique nucleotide substitution, distinct from that in previously deposited strains. EqPV-H DNA was found not only in hepatocytes but also in bile duct epithelium and Kupffer cells, particularly via ISH. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of EqPV-H-associated TD in Asia, providing the first clinical evidence for viral shedding from the mouth and nose, and identification of EqPV-H in the liver. This study contributes to a better understanding of the pathological features of EqPV-H-associated TD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungho Yoon
- Equine Clinic, Jeju Stud Farm, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju 63346, Korea; (J.Y.); (T.P.); (A.K.); (J.P.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Taemook Park
- Equine Clinic, Jeju Stud Farm, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju 63346, Korea; (J.Y.); (T.P.); (A.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Ahram Kim
- Equine Clinic, Jeju Stud Farm, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju 63346, Korea; (J.Y.); (T.P.); (A.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Jongyoung Park
- Equine Clinic, Jeju Stud Farm, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju 63346, Korea; (J.Y.); (T.P.); (A.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Byung-Joo Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Hee-Seop Ahn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Hyeon-Jeong Go
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Dong-Hwi Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Soontag Jung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea; (S.J.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yeeun Seo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea; (S.J.); (Y.S.)
| | - Joong-Bok Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Seung-Yong Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - In-Soo Choi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2049-6228
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Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RVs) are the main cause of recurrent infections with rather mild symptoms characteristic of the common cold. Nevertheless, RVs give rise to enormous numbers of absences from work and school and may become life-threatening in particular settings. Vaccination is jeopardised by the large number of serotypes eliciting only poorly cross-neutralising antibodies. Conversely, antivirals developed over the years failed FDA approval because of a low efficacy and/or side effects. RV species A, B, and C are now included in the fifteen species of the genus Enteroviruses based upon the high similarity of their genome sequences. As a result of their comparably low pathogenicity, RVs have become a handy model for other, more dangerous members of this genus, e.g., poliovirus and enterovirus 71. We provide a short overview of viral proteins that are considered potential drug targets and their corresponding drug candidates. We briefly mention more recently identified cellular enzymes whose inhibition impacts on RVs and comment novel approaches to interfere with infection via aggregation, virus trapping, or preventing viral access to the cell receptor. Finally, we devote a large part of this article to adding the viral RNA genome to the list of potential drug targets by dwelling on its structure, folding, and the still debated way of its exit from the capsid. Finally, we discuss the recent finding that G-quadruplex stabilising compounds impact on RNA egress possibly via obfuscating the unravelling of stable secondary structural elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Real-Hohn
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Vienna Biocenter, Max Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr Gasse 9/3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Blaas
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Vienna Biocenter, Max Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr Gasse 9/3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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Duval M, Mirand A, Lesens O, Bay JO, Caillaud D, Gallot D, Lautrette A, Montcouquiol S, Schmidt J, Egron C, Jugie G, Bisseux M, Archimbaud C, Lambert C, Henquell C, Bailly JL. Retrospective Study of the Upsurge of Enterovirus D68 Clade D1 among Adults (2014-2018). Viruses 2021; 13:1607. [PMID: 34452471 PMCID: PMC8402803 DOI: 10.3390/v13081607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) has emerged as an agent of epidemic respiratory illness and acute flaccid myelitis in the paediatric population but data are lacking in adult patients. We performed a 4.5-year single-centre retrospective study of all patients who tested positive for EV-D68 and analysed full-length EV-D68 genomes of the predominant clades B3 and D1. Between 1 June 2014, and 31 December 2018, 73 of the 11,365 patients investigated for respiratory pathogens tested positive for EV-D68, of whom 20 (27%) were adults (median age 53.7 years [IQR 34.0-65.7]) and 53 (73%) were children (median age 1.9 years [IQR 0.2-4.0]). The proportion of adults increased from 12% in 2014 to 48% in 2018 (p = 0.01). All adults had an underlying comorbidity factor, including chronic lung disease in 12 (60%), diabetes mellitus in six (30%), and chronic heart disease in five (25%). Clade D1 infected a higher proportion of adults than clades B3 and B2 (p = 0.001). Clade D1 was more divergent than clade B3: 5 of 19 amino acid changes in the capsid proteins were located in putative antigenic sites. Adult patients with underlying conditions are more likely to present with severe complications associated with EV-D68, notably the emergent clade D1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Duval
- Université Clermont Auvergne, LMGE CNRS 6023, UFR de Médecine et des Professions Paramédicales, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (M.D.); (A.M.); (G.J.); (M.B.); (C.A.); (C.H.)
| | - Audrey Mirand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, LMGE CNRS 6023, UFR de Médecine et des Professions Paramédicales, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (M.D.); (A.M.); (G.J.); (M.B.); (C.A.); (C.H.)
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre National de Référence Des Entérovirus et Parechovirus, Laboratoire de Virologie, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Olivier Lesens
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service Des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Jacques-Olivier Bay
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Thérapie Cellulaire et Hématologie Clinique, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Denis Caillaud
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Pneumologie, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Denis Gallot
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | | | - Sylvie Montcouquiol
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre de Référence et de Compétence Mucoviscidose, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Jeannot Schmidt
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service Des Urgences, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Carole Egron
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Pédiatrie Générale, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Gwendoline Jugie
- Université Clermont Auvergne, LMGE CNRS 6023, UFR de Médecine et des Professions Paramédicales, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (M.D.); (A.M.); (G.J.); (M.B.); (C.A.); (C.H.)
| | - Maxime Bisseux
- Université Clermont Auvergne, LMGE CNRS 6023, UFR de Médecine et des Professions Paramédicales, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (M.D.); (A.M.); (G.J.); (M.B.); (C.A.); (C.H.)
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre National de Référence Des Entérovirus et Parechovirus, Laboratoire de Virologie, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christine Archimbaud
- Université Clermont Auvergne, LMGE CNRS 6023, UFR de Médecine et des Professions Paramédicales, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (M.D.); (A.M.); (G.J.); (M.B.); (C.A.); (C.H.)
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre National de Référence Des Entérovirus et Parechovirus, Laboratoire de Virologie, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Céline Lambert
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service Biométrie et Médico-Economie—Direction de la Recherche Clinique et Innovation, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Cécile Henquell
- Université Clermont Auvergne, LMGE CNRS 6023, UFR de Médecine et des Professions Paramédicales, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (M.D.); (A.M.); (G.J.); (M.B.); (C.A.); (C.H.)
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre National de Référence Des Entérovirus et Parechovirus, Laboratoire de Virologie, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Luc Bailly
- Université Clermont Auvergne, LMGE CNRS 6023, UFR de Médecine et des Professions Paramédicales, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (M.D.); (A.M.); (G.J.); (M.B.); (C.A.); (C.H.)
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Liu M, Xu B, Ma Y, Shang L, Ye S, Wang Y. Reversible covalent inhibitors suppress enterovirus 71 infection by targeting the 3C protease. Antiviral Res 2021; 192:105102. [PMID: 34082057 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As one of the principal etiological agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), enterovirus 71 (EV71) is associated with severe neurological complications or fatal diseases, while without effective medications thus far. Here we applied dually activated Michael acceptor to develop a series of reversible covalent compounds for EV71 3C protease (3Cpro), a promising antiviral drug target that plays an essential role during viral replication by cleaving the precursor polyprotein, inhibiting host protein synthesis, and evading innate immunity. Among them, cyanoacrylate and Boc-protected cyanoarylamide derivatives (SLQ-4 and SLQ-5) showed effective antiviral activity against EV71. The two inhibitors exhibited broad antiviral effects, acting on RD, 293T, and Vero cell lines, as well as on EV71 A, B, C, CVA16, and CVB3 viral strains. We further determined the binding pockets between the two inhibitors and 3Cpro based on docking studies. These results, together with our previous studies, provide evidence to elucidate the mechanism of action of these two reversible covalent inhibitors and contribute to the development of clinically effective medicines to treat EV71 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijun Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Binghong Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yuying Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Luqing Shang
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Sheng Ye
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Yaxin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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Abstract
RNA viruses exist as genetically heterogeneous populations due to high mutation rates, and many of these mutations reduce fitness and/or replication speed. However, it is unknown whether mutations can increase replication speed of a virus already well adapted to replication in cultured cells. By sequentially passaging coxsackievirus B3 in cultured cells and collecting the very earliest progeny, we selected for increased replication speed. We found that a single mutation in a viral capsid protein, VP1-F106L, was sufficient for the fast-replication phenotype. Characterization of this mutant revealed quicker genome release during entry compared to wild-type virus, highlighting a previously unappreciated infection barrier. However, this mutation also reduced capsid stability in vitro and reduced replication and pathogenesis in mice. These results reveal a tradeoff between overall replication speed and fitness. Importantly, this approach-selecting for the earliest viral progeny-could be applied to a variety of viral systems and has the potential to reveal unanticipated inefficiencies in viral replication cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Lanahan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9048
| | - Robert W Maples
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9048
| | - Julie K Pfeiffer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9048
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34
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Liu Y, Gong C, Luo M, Zhang T, Li M, Shen L, Zhang H, Huang F. Seroepidemiology of enterovirus D68 in a healthy population in Beijing, China, between 2012 and 2017: A retrospective study. J Med Virol 2021; 93:3524-3531. [PMID: 32492201 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the seroepidemiological features of enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) in the healthy population from 2012 to 2017 in Beijing, China. A retrospective cross-sectional investigation was conducted using serum specimens collected from healthy individuals in Beijing from 2012 to 2017. These samples were tested for neutralization antibodies (NtAbs) against EV-D68. The sera from six EV-D68 infected patients in the acute or convalescent phase were used to determine the protection level of NtAbs against EV-D68. The geometric means of the titers (GMT) of EV-D68 NtAbs in 2012 and 2017 were 92.82 and 242.91, respectively; the seroprevalences of EV-D68 were 89.43% and 98.43%, respectively. The GMT reached its peak in the 11 to 15 age group in 2012, while in 16 to 20 age group in 2017. We also observed that EV-D68 NtAbs titers of six sera from the acute phase were all less than equal to 1:64 and that of three sera from the convalescent phase were all more than 1:64. Anti-EV-D68 NtAbs in the population remained low from 2012 to 2016 but increased significantly in 2017. Although most of the EV-D68 infections remain undetected in Beijing, the risk of a large outbreak of EV-D68 exists and should be taken seriously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- College of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Gong
- Planned Immunity Inoculation Institute, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Luo
- Planned Immunity Inoculation Institute, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Tiegang Zhang
- Planned Immunity Inoculation Institute, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Maozhong Li
- Planned Immunity Inoculation Institute, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Lingyu Shen
- Planned Immunity Inoculation Institute, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Herun Zhang
- Planned Immunity Inoculation Institute, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Huang
- College of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Planned Immunity Inoculation Institute, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
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35
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Lizasoain A, Mir D, Victoria M, Barrios ME, Blanco-Fernández MD, Rodríguez-Osorio N, Nates S, Cisterna D, Mbayed VA, Colina R. Human Enterovirus Diversity by Next-Generation Sequencing Analysis in Urban Sewage Samples From Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area, Argentina: A Retrospective Study. Food Environ Virol 2021; 13:259-269. [PMID: 33675515 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09468-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Human Enteroviruses (hEVs) are responsible for a wide variety of human diseases. During hEVs infection, virions are excreted in human feces and the fecal-oral route is the primary pathway for person-to-person transmission. Sewage surveillance could help in monitoring hEVs circulation and describing their diversity in a specific population. In this study, sewage samples collected in Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area (Argentina) were retrospectively studied through an amplicon-deep sequencing approach and phylogenetic analyses to characterize hEVs spread. We identified 17 different hEVs types belonging to A, B, and C species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in Buenos Aires for 7 identified hEV-C types. Phylogenetic analyses suggest several introductions of coxsackievirus B4, echovirus 1, and echovirus 9 in the country, along with the national spread reached by some variants. Besides, well-supported monophyletic groups of Argentine, Uruguayan, and Brazilian strains unveiled regional circulation patterns for some variants. These results extend our knowledge about hEVs circulation in Buenos Aires and might exhort authorities to implement more active sewage surveillance in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lizasoain
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Universitario Regional del Litoral Norte. Universidad de La República, 1350 Gral. Rivera St. Salto, 50000, Salto, Uruguay
| | - D Mir
- Unidad de Genómica y Bioinformática. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Universitario Regional del Litoral Norte. Universidad de La República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - M Victoria
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Universitario Regional del Litoral Norte. Universidad de La República, 1350 Gral. Rivera St. Salto, 50000, Salto, Uruguay
| | - M E Barrios
- Cátedra de Virología, Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular. Facultad de Farmacia Y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M D Blanco-Fernández
- Cátedra de Virología, Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular. Facultad de Farmacia Y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N Rodríguez-Osorio
- Unidad de Genómica y Bioinformática. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Universitario Regional del Litoral Norte. Universidad de La República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - S Nates
- Laboratorio de Gastroenteritis Virales y Sarampión. Instituto de Virología Dr. J. M. Vanella. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - D Cisterna
- Servicio de Neurovirosis, Departamento de Virología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - V A Mbayed
- Cátedra de Virología, Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular. Facultad de Farmacia Y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R Colina
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Universitario Regional del Litoral Norte. Universidad de La República, 1350 Gral. Rivera St. Salto, 50000, Salto, Uruguay.
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Farshadpour F, Taherkhani R. Molecular epidemiology of enteroviruses and predominance of echovirus 30 in an Iranian population with aseptic meningitis. J Neurovirol 2021; 27:444-451. [PMID: 33788142 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-021-00973-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human enteroviruses are the most prevalent causes of aseptic meningitis worldwide. However, despite such predominancy, defining the enteroviral etiology of aseptic meningitis remains a diagnostic dilemma for the clinician in Iran. Therefore, this study was conducted to characterize the prevalence and clinical significance of enteroviral aseptic meningitis as well as the predominant enterovirus serotypes among patients with aseptic meningitis in the South of Iran.Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens were obtained from 73 patients with aseptic meningitis (52.1% males and 47.9% females), ages ranging from 1 month to 88 years. Following the extraction of nucleic acid, the detection of enteroviruses was performed by RT-PCR, targeting the 5' untranslated region of the genome, and sequencing. Enteroviruses were found in 46.6% of samples (34/73). The most predominant serotype was echovirus 30, followed by coxsackievirus B5 and poliovirus type 1 Sabin strain. The enterovirus infections were more prevalent among female patients (58.8%) and those below 5 years of age (52.9%). Although enterovirus infections were observed throughout the year, the infections were more prevalent during autumn with fever as the predominant clinical symptom. The outcomes revealed that enteroviruses are significant causes of aseptic meningitis in the South of Iran, while suspected cases of aseptic meningitis are usually monitored by bacterial culture and biochemical testing of CSF samples. Therefore, the etiology remains unknown in most cases. Molecular detection of viral pathogens should be included as a common approach in the screening of patients with aseptic meningitis to prevent unnecessary treatment and to improve clinical management.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Age Factors
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Enterovirus B, Human/classification
- Enterovirus B, Human/genetics
- Enterovirus B, Human/isolation & purification
- Enterovirus Infections/cerebrospinal fluid
- Enterovirus Infections/diagnosis
- Enterovirus Infections/epidemiology
- Enterovirus Infections/virology
- Female
- Genome, Viral
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Iran/epidemiology
- Male
- Meningitis, Aseptic/cerebrospinal fluid
- Meningitis, Aseptic/diagnosis
- Meningitis, Aseptic/epidemiology
- Meningitis, Aseptic/virology
- Meningitis, Viral/cerebrospinal fluid
- Meningitis, Viral/diagnosis
- Meningitis, Viral/epidemiology
- Meningitis, Viral/virology
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Epidemiology
- Phylogeny
- Poliomyelitis/cerebrospinal fluid
- Poliomyelitis/diagnosis
- Poliomyelitis/epidemiology
- Poliomyelitis/virology
- Poliovirus/classification
- Poliovirus/genetics
- Poliovirus/isolation & purification
- Prevalence
- RNA, Viral/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Farshadpour
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Moallem Street, 7514633341, Bushehr, Iran
- Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Reza Taherkhani
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Moallem Street, 7514633341, Bushehr, Iran.
- Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
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Abstract
Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is an incompletely understood neurologic disorder occurring in epidemic fashion causing weakness ranging from mild paresis to devastating paralysis in children and some adults. This article reviews the case definition of AFM as well as its epidemiology and association with enteroviral infection. The clinical presentation, diagnostic investigation with particular attention to electrodiagnostics, acute management, and surgical options are described. Clinical outcomes and considerations for acute and long-term rehabilitation management are discussed extensively based on review of current literature, highlighting avenues for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Ide
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 North Broadway, Ste. 232, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Michelle Melicosta
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 North Broadway, Ste. 232, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Melissa K Trovato
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 North Broadway, Ste. 232, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
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38
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Zhang C, Xu C, Dai W, Wang Y, Liu Z, Zhang X, Wang X, Wang H, Gong S, Cong Y, Huang Z. Functional and structural characterization of a two-MAb cocktail for delayed treatment of enterovirus D68 infections. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2904. [PMID: 34006855 PMCID: PMC8131599 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23199-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is an emerging pathogen associated with respiratory diseases and/or acute flaccid myelitis. Here, two MAbs, 2H12 and 8F12, raised against EV-D68 virus-like particle (VLP), show distinct preference in binding VLP and virion and in neutralizing different EV-D68 strains. A combination of 2H12 and 8F12 exhibits balanced and potent neutralization effects and confers broader protection in mice than single MAbs when given at onset of symptoms. Cryo-EM structures of EV-D68 virion complexed with 2H12 or 8F12 show that both antibodies bind to the canyon region of the virion, creating steric hindrance for sialic acid receptor binding. Additionally, 2H12 binding can impair virion integrity and trigger premature viral uncoating. We also capture an uncoating intermediate induced by 2H12 binding, not previously described for picornaviruses. Our study elucidates the structural basis and neutralizing mechanisms of the 2H12 and 8F12 MAbs and supports further development of the 2H12/8F12 cocktail as a broad-spectrum therapeutic agent against EV-D68 infections in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- Enterovirus D, Human/drug effects
- Enterovirus D, Human/immunology
- Enterovirus D, Human/physiology
- Enterovirus Infections/drug therapy
- Enterovirus Infections/immunology
- Enterovirus Infections/virology
- Female
- Humans
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Time-to-Treatment
- Treatment Outcome
- Virion/drug effects
- Virion/immunology
- Virion/metabolism
- Virion/ultrastructure
- Virus Uncoating/drug effects
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenlong Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haikun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Sitang Gong
- Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yao Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhong Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Abstract
Enteroviruses is a group of positive single-stranded RNA viruses ubiquitous in the environment, which is a causative agent of epidemic diseases in children and infants. But data on neonates are still limited. The present study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of enterovirus infection in neonates and arise the awareness of this disease to general public.Between March 2018 and September 2019, data from all of the neonates diagnosed with enterovirus infection were collected and analyzed from neonatal intensive care unit of Zhangzhou Hospital in Fujian, China.A total of 23 neonates were enrolled. All of them presented with fever (100%), and some with rashes (39.1%). The incidence of aseptic meningitis was high (91.3%), but only a small proportion (28.6%) presented with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leukocytosis. The positive value for nucleic acid detection in CSF was significantly higher than throat swab (91.3% vs 43.5%, P = .007). Five of the infected neonates presented with aseptic meningitis (23.8%) underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging examination and no craniocerebral injuries were found. Subsequent follow-ups were performed in 15 of them (71.4%) and no neurological sequelae was found.Aseptic meningitis is a common type of enterovirus infection in neonates with a benign course. Nucleic acid detection of CSF has an important diagnostic value. Febrile neonates would be suggested to screen for enterovirus infection in addition to complete septic workup. An unnecessary initiation or earlier cessation of antibiotics could be considered in enterovirus infection, but that indications still need further studies to guarantee the safety.
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MESH Headings
- Brain/diagnostic imaging
- China/epidemiology
- Enterovirus/genetics
- Enterovirus/isolation & purification
- Enterovirus Infections/cerebrospinal fluid
- Enterovirus Infections/diagnosis
- Enterovirus Infections/epidemiology
- Enterovirus Infections/virology
- Exanthema/cerebrospinal fluid
- Exanthema/diagnosis
- Exanthema/epidemiology
- Exanthema/virology
- Female
- Fever/cerebrospinal fluid
- Fever/diagnosis
- Fever/epidemiology
- Fever/virology
- Humans
- Incidence
- Infant, Newborn
- Intensive Care Units, Neonatal/statistics & numerical data
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Male
- Meningitis, Aseptic/cerebrospinal fluid
- Meningitis, Aseptic/diagnosis
- Meningitis, Aseptic/epidemiology
- Meningitis, Aseptic/virology
- Meningitis, Viral/cerebrospinal fluid
- Meningitis, Viral/diagnosis
- Meningitis, Viral/epidemiology
- Meningitis, Viral/virology
- Pharynx/virology
- RNA, Viral/cerebrospinal fluid
- RNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Retrospective Studies
- Skin Diseases, Viral/cerebrospinal fluid
- Skin Diseases, Viral/epidemiology
- Skin Diseases, Viral/virology
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40
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Martínez-López N, Muñoz-Almagro C, Launes C, Navascués A, Imaz-Pérez M, Reina J, Romero MP, Calvo C, Ruiz-García M, Megias G, Valencia-Ramos J, Otero A, Cabrerizo M. Surveillance for Enteroviruses Associated with Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease, and Other Mucocutaneous Symptoms in Spain, 2006-2020. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050781. [PMID: 33924875 PMCID: PMC8146579 DOI: 10.3390/v13050781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a mild illness caused by enteroviruses (EV), although in some Asian countries, large outbreaks have been reported in the last 25 years, with a considerable incidence of neurological complications. This study describes epidemiological and clinical characteristics of EV infections involved in HFMD and other mucocutaneous symptoms from 2006 to 2020 in Spain. EV-positive samples from 368 patients were included. EV species A were identified in 85.1% of those typed EV. Coxsackievirus (CV) A6 was the prevalent serotype (60.9%), followed by EV-A71 (9.9%) and CVA16 (7.7%). Infections affected children (1-6 years old) mainly, and show seasonality with peaks in spring-summer and autumn. Clinical data indicated few cases of atypical HFMD as well as those with neurological complications (associated with the 2016 EV-A71 outbreak). Phylogenetic analysis of CVA6 VP1 sequences showed different sub-clusters circulating from 2010 to present. In conclusion, HFMD or exanthemas case reporting has increased in Spain in recent years, probably associated with an increase in circulation of CVA6, although they did not seem to show greater severity. However, EV surveillance in mucocutaneous manifestations should be improved to identify the emergence of new types or variants causing outbreaks and more severe pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Martínez-López
- Enterovirus Unit, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (N.M.-L.); (A.O.)
| | - Carmen Muñoz-Almagro
- Microbiological and Paediatric Departments, Hospital San Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (C.M.-A.); (C.L.)
| | - Cristian Launes
- Microbiological and Paediatric Departments, Hospital San Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (C.M.-A.); (C.L.)
| | - Ana Navascués
- Microbiological Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, 31008 Navarra, Spain;
| | - Manuel Imaz-Pérez
- Microbiological Department, Hospital de Basurto, 48013 Bilbao, Spain;
| | - Jordi Reina
- Microbiological Department, Hospital Son Espases, 07020 Palma de Mallorca, Spain;
| | - María Pilar Romero
- Microbiological and Paediatric Departments, Hospital La Paz, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Cristina Calvo
- Microbiological and Paediatric Departments, Hospital La Paz, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.R.); (C.C.)
| | | | - Gregoria Megias
- Microbiological and Paediatrics Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Burgos, 09006 Burgos, Spain; (G.M.); (J.V.-R.)
| | - Juan Valencia-Ramos
- Microbiological and Paediatrics Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Burgos, 09006 Burgos, Spain; (G.M.); (J.V.-R.)
| | - Almudena Otero
- Enterovirus Unit, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (N.M.-L.); (A.O.)
| | - María Cabrerizo
- Enterovirus Unit, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (N.M.-L.); (A.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-918-223-663
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Duan X, Chen Z, Li X, Yuan P, Long L. Virus Shedding in Patients With Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease Induced by EV71, CA16 or CA6: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2021; 40:289-294. [PMID: 33181780 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the highly contagious hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) spreads rapidly among children, isolation is the most effective way to control its spread. However, studies on the duration of virus shedding of the HFMD-related enterovirus and a reasonable quarantine period for HFMD patients are inconsistent. METHODS We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the viral shedding of patients with HFMD caused by Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) and coxsackievirus A6. RESULTS A total of 17 observational studies evaluating 626 participants were included. In the first 5 weeks after onset, the pooled virus positive rate in specimens of EV71-related patients decreased from 0.79 (P < 0.001 for heterogeneity) to 0.38 (P < 0.001 for heterogeneity). The positive rate of CVA16 was reduced from 0.91 (P < 0.001 for heterogeneity) to 0.29 (P < 0.001 for heterogeneity). The positive rates of CVA16 and coxsackievirus A6 were approximately 50% in the third week after onset, while a 50% positive rate appeared in the fourth week in EV71 related cases. CONCLUSIONS We found the positive rates of virus shedding were still high among the patients released from quarantine, and the duration of viral shedding was inconsistent among HFMD patients caused by different serotypes. Our findings provide comprehensive evidence for a possible flexible quarantine period according to the serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Duan
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu
| | - Zhenhua Chen
- Department of Microbiology Laboratory, Chengdu Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Sichuan, China
| | - Xianzhi Li
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu
| | - Ping Yuan
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu
| | - Lu Long
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu
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Zhu P, Chen S, Zhang W, Duan G, Jin Y. Essential Role of Non-Coding RNAs in Enterovirus Infection: From Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062904. [PMID: 33809362 PMCID: PMC7999384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) are common RNA viruses that can cause various types of human diseases and conditions such as hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), myocarditis, meningitis, sepsis, and respiratory disorders. Although EV infections in most patients are generally mild and self-limiting, a small number of young children can develop serious complications such as encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, myocarditis, and cardiorespiratory failure, resulting in fatalities. Established evidence has suggested that certain non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) such as microRNAs (miRNAs), long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved in the occurrence and progression of many human diseases. Recently, the involvement of ncRNAs in the course of EV infection has been reported. Herein, the authors focus on recent advances in the understanding of ncRNAs in EV infection from basic viral pathogenesis to clinical prospects, providing a reference basis and new ideas for disease prevention and research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (P.Z.); (S.C.); (W.Z.); (G.D.)
| | - Shuaiyin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (P.Z.); (S.C.); (W.Z.); (G.D.)
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (P.Z.); (S.C.); (W.Z.); (G.D.)
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Guangcai Duan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (P.Z.); (S.C.); (W.Z.); (G.D.)
| | - Yuefei Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (P.Z.); (S.C.); (W.Z.); (G.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0371-67781453
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Brouwer L, Moreni G, Wolthers KC, Pajkrt D. World-Wide Prevalence and Genotype Distribution of Enteroviruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030434. [PMID: 33800518 PMCID: PMC7999254 DOI: 10.3390/v13030434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) are highly prevalent viruses world-wide, causing a wide range of diseases in both children and adults. Insight in the global prevalence of EVs is important to define their clinical significance and total disease burden, and assists in making therapeutic decisions. While many studies have been conducted to describe epidemiology of EVs in specific (sub)populations and patient cohorts, little effort has been made to aggregate the available evidence. In the current study, we conducted a search in the PubMed and Embase (Ovid) databases to identify articles reporting EV prevalence and type distribution. We summarized the findings of 153 included studies. We found that EVs are highly prevalent viruses in all continents. Enterovirus B was the most detected species worldwide, while the other species showed continent-specific differences, with Enterovirus C more detected in Africa and Enterovirus A more detected in Asia. Echovirus 30 was by far the most detected type, especially in studies conducted in Europe. EV types in species Enterovirus B-including echovirus 30-were often detected in patient groups with neurological infections and in cerebrospinal fluid, while Enterovirus C types were often found in stool samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke Brouwer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (G.M.); (K.C.W.)
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence:
| | - Giulia Moreni
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (G.M.); (K.C.W.)
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Katja C. Wolthers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (G.M.); (K.C.W.)
| | - Dasja Pajkrt
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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Upfold NS, Luke GA, Knox C. Occurrence of Human Enteric Viruses in Water Sources and Shellfish: A Focus on Africa. Food Environ Virol 2021; 13:1-31. [PMID: 33501612 PMCID: PMC7837882 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09456-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses are a diverse group of human pathogens which are primarily transmitted by the faecal-oral route and are a major cause of non-bacterial diarrhoeal disease in both developed and developing countries. Because they are shed in high numbers by infected individuals and can persist for a long time in the environment, they pose a serious threat to human health globally. Enteric viruses end up in the environment mainly through discharge or leakage of raw or inadequately treated sewage into water sources such as springs, rivers, dams, or marine estuaries. Human exposure then follows when contaminated water is used for drinking, cooking, or recreation and, importantly, when filter-feeding bivalve shellfish are consumed. The human health hazard posed by enteric viruses is particularly serious in Africa where rapid urbanisation in a relatively short period of time has led to the expansion of informal settlements with poor sanitation and failing or non-existent wastewater treatment infrastructure, and where rural communities with limited or no access to municipal water are dependent on nearby open water sources for their subsistence. The role of sewage-contaminated water and bivalve shellfish as vehicles for transmission of enteric viruses is well documented but, to our knowledge, has not been comprehensively reviewed in the African context. Here we provide an overview of enteric viruses and then review the growing body of research where these viruses have been detected in association with sewage-contaminated water or food in several African countries. These studies highlight the need for more research into the prevalence, molecular epidemiology and circulation of these viruses in Africa, as well as for development and application of innovative wastewater treatment approaches to reduce environmental pollution and its impact on human health on the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S Upfold
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Garry A Luke
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, Biomolecular Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Scotland, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Caroline Knox
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.
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Chouikha A, Rezig D, Driss N, Abdelkhalek I, Ben Yahia A, Touzi H, Meddeb Z, Ben Farhat E, Yahyaoui M, Triki H. Circulation and Molecular Epidemiology of Enteroviruses in Paralyzed, Immunodeficient and Healthy Individuals in Tunisia, a Country with a Polio-Free Status for Decades. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030380. [PMID: 33673590 PMCID: PMC7997211 DOI: 10.3390/v13030380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This report is an overview of enterovirus (EV) detection in Tunisian polio-suspected paralytic cases (acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases), healthy contacts and patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PID) during an 11-year period. A total of 2735 clinical samples were analyzed for EV isolation and type identification, according to the recommended protocols of the World Health Organization. Three poliovirus (PV) serotypes and 28 different nonpolio enteroviruses (NPEVs) were detected. The NPEV detection rate was 4.3%, 2.8% and 12.4% in AFP cases, healthy contacts and PID patients, respectively. The predominant species was EV-B, and the circulation of viruses from species EV-A was noted since 2011. All PVs detected were of Sabin origin. The PV detection rate was higher in PID patients compared to AFP cases and contacts (6.8%, 1.5% and 1.3% respectively). PV2 was not detected since 2015. Using nucleotide sequencing of the entire VP1 region, 61 strains were characterized as Sabin-like. Among them, six strains of types 1 and 3 PV were identified as pre-vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs). Five type 2 PV, four strains belonging to type 1 PV and two strains belonging to type 3 PV, were classified as iVDPVs. The data presented provide a comprehensive picture of EVs circulating in Tunisia over an 11-year period, reveal changes in their epidemiology as compared to previous studies and highlight the need to set up a warning system to avoid unnoticed PVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anissa Chouikha
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1068, Tunisia; (D.R.); (N.D.); (I.A.); (A.B.Y.); (H.T.); (Z.M.); (H.T.)
- Research Laboratory, LR20IPT02, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1006, Tunisia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +216-71-843-755; Fax: +216-71-791-833
| | - Dorra Rezig
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1068, Tunisia; (D.R.); (N.D.); (I.A.); (A.B.Y.); (H.T.); (Z.M.); (H.T.)
- Research Laboratory, LR20IPT02, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1006, Tunisia
| | - Nadia Driss
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1068, Tunisia; (D.R.); (N.D.); (I.A.); (A.B.Y.); (H.T.); (Z.M.); (H.T.)
| | - Ichrak Abdelkhalek
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1068, Tunisia; (D.R.); (N.D.); (I.A.); (A.B.Y.); (H.T.); (Z.M.); (H.T.)
| | - Ahlem Ben Yahia
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1068, Tunisia; (D.R.); (N.D.); (I.A.); (A.B.Y.); (H.T.); (Z.M.); (H.T.)
| | - Henda Touzi
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1068, Tunisia; (D.R.); (N.D.); (I.A.); (A.B.Y.); (H.T.); (Z.M.); (H.T.)
| | - Zina Meddeb
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1068, Tunisia; (D.R.); (N.D.); (I.A.); (A.B.Y.); (H.T.); (Z.M.); (H.T.)
| | - Essia Ben Farhat
- National Program of Immunization Basic Health Care Division, Ministry of Health Tunis, Tunis 1006, Tunisia; (E.B.F.); (M.Y.)
| | - Mahrez Yahyaoui
- National Program of Immunization Basic Health Care Division, Ministry of Health Tunis, Tunis 1006, Tunisia; (E.B.F.); (M.Y.)
| | - Henda Triki
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1068, Tunisia; (D.R.); (N.D.); (I.A.); (A.B.Y.); (H.T.); (Z.M.); (H.T.)
- Research Laboratory, LR20IPT02, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1006, Tunisia
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Zhou YJ, Niu XD, Ding YQ, Qian Z, Zhao BL. Prevalence of recessive infection of pathogens of hand, foot, and mouth disease in healthy people in China: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24855. [PMID: 33607859 PMCID: PMC7899851 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To analyze the prevalence of latent infection of pathogens of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in Chinese healthy population and its influencing factors, so as to provide reference for the prevention and control of HFMD. METHODS A systematic literature searching about the incidence of latent infection of HFMD was conducted in Chinese and English databases. The inclusion and exclusion criteria of the retrieved literature were established. The qualified literatures were screened and the data were extracted. The pooled rate and its 95% confidence interval was used to assess the latent infection rate of HFMD pathogens in healthy Chinese population, and subgroup analysis was conducted based on gender and age. All statistical analyses were performed using the STATA version 12.0 software. RESULTS A total of 31 literatures were included in this meta-analysis. The recessive infection rate of HFMD pathogens reported in the literature of Chinese healthy people ranged from 4.59% to 44.12%. The results of meta-analysis showed that the latent infection rate of human enteroviruses (HEVs) in healthy Chinese population was 17.5% (14.9-20.1%), among which, the latent infection rates of EV-A71, CV-A16, and other HEVs were 3.3% (2.2-4.4%), 1.7% (1.0-2.5%), and 15.1% (11.1-17.1%), respectively. The latent infection rates of HEVs in healthy men and women in China were 16.7% (12.9-20.4%) and 14.4% (10.8-18.0%), respectively. The latent infection rates of HEVs in the healthy population aged 0 to 5 years and over 5 years were 24.4% (20.4-28.5%) and 9.4% (6.5-12.2%), respectively. Meta regression showed that the factors affecting the latent infection rate of HEVs in Chinese healthy population included sampling period, sampling area, and study population. CONCLUSION The latent infection rate of HEVs is high in healthy people in China, but it is mainly caused by other enteroviruses. The latent infection rate of HEVs in male was higher than that of female and was greater in people aged 0 to 5 than that of aged over 5 years. Limited by the quantity and quality of the included studies, more high-quality studies are needed for further verification in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Zhou
- Nantong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nantong Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jianshe Road, Chongchuan district, Nantong
| | - Xiu-De Niu
- Wuxi Huishan District People's Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province
| | - Ya-Qing Ding
- LongHua Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Zheng Qian
- Nantong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nantong Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jianshe Road, Chongchuan district, Nantong
| | - Bao-Lin Zhao
- NanJing Pukou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 18 GongYuan North Road, Jiangpu Street, Pukou District, Nanjing, 211800, Jiangsu Province, China
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Hulsebosch BM, Mounce BC. Polyamine Analog Diethylnorspermidine Restricts Coxsackievirus B3 and Is Overcome by 2A Protease Mutation In Vitro. Viruses 2021; 13:310. [PMID: 33669273 PMCID: PMC7920041 DOI: 10.3390/v13020310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses, including Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), are pervasive pathogens that cause significant disease, including cardiomyopathies. Unfortunately, no treatments or vaccines are available for infected individuals. We identified the host polyamine pathway as a potential drug target, as inhibiting polyamine biosynthesis significantly reduces enterovirus replication in vitro and in vivo. Here, we show that CVB3 is sensitive to polyamine depletion through the polyamine analog diethylnorspermidine (DENSpm), which enhances polyamine catabolism through induction of polyamine acetylation. We demonstrate that CVB3 acquires resistance to DENSpm via mutation of the 2A protease, which enhances proteolytic activity in the presence of DENSpm. Resistance to DENSpm occurred via mutation of a non-catalytic site mutation and results in decreased fitness. These data demonstrate that potential for targeting polyamine catabolism as an antiviral target as well as highlight a potential mechanism of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget M. Hulsebosch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA;
- Infectious Disease and Immunology Research Institute, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Bryan C. Mounce
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA;
- Infectious Disease and Immunology Research Institute, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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Kang N, Gao H, He L, Liu Y, Fan H, Xu Q, Yang S. Ginsenoside Rb1 is an immune-stimulatory agent with antiviral activity against enterovirus 71. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 266:113401. [PMID: 32980486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, the main pathogenesis of severe hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is that the heat and wet poisons are deeply trapped in the viscera, which causes the deficiency of Qi and Yin in the patient's body. Ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) is the most abundant triterpenoid saponin in Panax quinquefolius L., which has the function of Qi-invigorating and Yin-nourishing. Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the causative pathogens of HFMD, especially the form associated with some lethal complications. Therefore, the therapeutic effect of Rb1 on this disease caused by EV71 infection is worth exploring. AIM OF THE STUDY We explored the effective antiviral activities of Rb1 against EV71 in vitro and in vivo and investigated its preliminary antiviral mechanisms. MATERIAL AND METHODS EV71-infected two-day-old suckling mice model was employed to detect the antiviral effects of Rb1 in vivo. To detect the antiviral effects of Rb1 in vitro, cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assay was performed in EV71-infected Rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells. Interferon (IFN)-β interference experiment was employed to detect the antiviral mechanism of Rb1. RESULTS In this paper, we first found that Rb1 exhibited strong antiviral activities in EV71-infected suckling mice when compared to those of ribavirin. Administration of Rb1 reduced the CPE of EV71-infected RD cells in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, EV71-induced viral protein-1 (VP-1) expression was significantly reduced by Rb1 administration in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, Rb1 treatment could induce high cellular and humoral immune responses in vivo. Meanwhile, Rb1 contributed to the enhanced Type I IFN responses and IFN-β knockdown reversed the antiviral activity of Rb1 in vitro. CONCLUSION In summary, our findings suggest that Rb1 is an immune-stimulatory agent and provide an insight into therapeutic potentials of Rb1 for the treatment of EV71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naixin Kang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Hongwei Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530000, China.
| | - Luan He
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Yanli Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Handong Fan
- Institute of Aging Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China.
| | - Qiongming Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530000, China.
| | - Shilin Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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Peters CE, Carette JE. Return of the Neurotropic Enteroviruses: Co-Opting Cellular Pathways for Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020166. [PMID: 33499355 PMCID: PMC7911124 DOI: 10.3390/v13020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are among the most common human infectious agents. While infections are often mild, the severe neuropathogenesis associated with recent outbreaks of emerging non-polio enteroviruses, such as EV-A71 and EV-D68, highlights their continuing threat to public health. In recent years, our understanding of how non-polio enteroviruses co-opt cellular pathways has greatly increased, revealing intricate host-virus relationships. In this review, we focus on newly identified mechanisms by which enteroviruses hijack the cellular machinery to promote their replication and spread, and address their potential for the development of host-directed therapeutics. Specifically, we discuss newly identified cellular receptors and their contribution to neurotropism and spread, host factors required for viral entry and replication, and recent insights into lipid acquisition and replication organelle biogenesis. The comprehensive knowledge of common cellular pathways required by enteroviruses could expose vulnerabilities amenable for host-directed therapeutics against a broad spectrum of enteroviruses. Since this will likely include newly arising strains, it will better prepare us for future epidemics. Moreover, identifying host proteins specific to neurovirulent strains may allow us to better understand factors contributing to the neurotropism of these viruses.
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50
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Tarris G, de Rougemont A, Charkaoui M, Michiels C, Martin L, Belliot G. Enteric Viruses and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010104. [PMID: 33451106 PMCID: PMC7828589 DOI: 10.3390/v13010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), is a multifactorial disease in which dietary, genetic, immunological, and microbial factors are at play. The role of enteric viruses in IBD remains only partially explored. To date, epidemiological studies have not fully described the role of enteric viruses in inflammatory flare-ups, especially that of human noroviruses and rotaviruses, which are the main causative agents of viral gastroenteritis. Genome-wide association studies have demonstrated the association between IBD, polymorphisms of the FUT2 and FUT3 genes (which drive the synthesis of histo-blood group antigens), and ligands for norovirus and rotavirus in the intestine. The role of autophagy in defensin-deficient Paneth cells and the perturbations of cytokine secretion in T-helper 1 and T-helper 17 inflammatory pathways following enteric virus infections have been demonstrated as well. Enteric virus interactions with commensal bacteria could play a significant role in the modulation of enteric virus infections in IBD. Based on the currently incomplete knowledge of the complex phenomena underlying IBD pathogenesis, future studies using multi-sampling and data integration combined with new techniques such as human intestinal enteroids could help to decipher the role of enteric viruses in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Tarris
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Dijon, F 21000 Dijon, France; (G.T.); (L.M.)
- National Reference Centre for Gastroenteritis Viruses, Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital of Dijon, F 21000 Dijon, France;
| | - Alexis de Rougemont
- National Reference Centre for Gastroenteritis Viruses, Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital of Dijon, F 21000 Dijon, France;
| | - Maëva Charkaoui
- Department of Hepatogastroenterology, University Hospital of Dijon, F 21000 Dijon, France; (M.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Christophe Michiels
- Department of Hepatogastroenterology, University Hospital of Dijon, F 21000 Dijon, France; (M.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Laurent Martin
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Dijon, F 21000 Dijon, France; (G.T.); (L.M.)
| | - Gaël Belliot
- National Reference Centre for Gastroenteritis Viruses, Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital of Dijon, F 21000 Dijon, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-380-293-171; Fax: +33-380-293-280
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