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Le Gall C, Cammarata A, de Haas L, Ramos-Tomillero I, Cuenca-Escalona J, Schouren K, Wijfjes Z, Becker AMD, Bödder J, Dölen Y, de Vries IJM, Figdor CG, Flórez-Grau G, Verdoes M. Efficient targeting of NY-ESO-1 tumor antigen to human cDC1s by lymphotactin results in cross-presentation and antigen-specific T cell expansion. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-004309. [PMID: 35428705 PMCID: PMC9014073 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-004309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1s) are characterized by their ability to induce potent CD8+ T cell responses. In efforts to generate novel vaccination strategies, notably against cancer, human cDC1s emerge as an ideal target to deliver antigens. cDC1s uniquely express XCR1, a seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor. Due to its restricted expression and endocytic nature, XCR1 represents an attractive receptor to mediate antigen-delivery to human cDC1s. Methods To explore tumor antigen delivery to human cDC1s, we used an engineered version of XCR1-binding lymphotactin (XCL1), XCL1(CC3). Site-specific sortase-mediated transpeptidation was performed to conjugate XCL1(CC3) to an analog of the HLA-A*02:01 epitope of the cancer testis antigen New York Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma-1 (NY-ESO-1). While poor epitope solubility prevented isolation of stable XCL1-antigen conjugates, incorporation of a single polyethylene glycol (PEG) chain upstream of the epitope-containing peptide enabled generation of soluble XCL1(CC3)-antigen fusion constructs. Binding and chemotactic characteristics of the XCL1-antigen conjugate, as well as its ability to induce antigen-specific CD8+ T cell activation by cDC1s, was assessed. Results PEGylated XCL1(CC3)-antigen conjugates retained binding to XCR1, and induced cDC1 chemoattraction in vitro. The model epitope was efficiently cross-presented by human cDC1s to activate NY-ESO-1-specific CD8+ T cells. Importantly, vaccine activity was increased by targeting XCR1 at the surface of cDC1s. Conclusion Our results present a novel strategy for the generation of targeted vaccines fused to insoluble antigens. Moreover, our data emphasize the potential of targeting XCR1 at the surface of primary human cDC1s to induce potent CD8+ T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Le Gall
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboudumc Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Oncode Institute, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Cammarata
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboudumc Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas de Haas
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboudumc Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Iván Ramos-Tomillero
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboudumc Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute for Chemical Immunology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jorge Cuenca-Escalona
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboudumc Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kayleigh Schouren
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboudumc Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Zacharias Wijfjes
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboudumc Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute for Chemical Immunology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk M D Becker
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboudumc Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna Bödder
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboudumc Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yusuf Dölen
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboudumc Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Oncode Institute, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - I Jolanda M de Vries
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboudumc Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carl G Figdor
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboudumc Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Oncode Institute, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Georgina Flórez-Grau
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboudumc Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboudumc Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute for Chemical Immunology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Li H, Zeitelhofer M, Nilsson I, Liu X, Allan L, Gloria B, Perani A, Murone C, Catimel B, Neville AM, Scott FE, Scott AM, Eriksson U. Development of monoclonal anti-PDGF-CC antibodies as tools for investigating human tissue expression and for blocking PDGF-CC induced PDGFRα signalling in vivo. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201089. [PMID: 30052660 PMCID: PMC6063412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PDGF-CC is a member of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) family that stimulates PDGFRα phosphorylation and thereby activates intracellular signalling events essential for development but also in cancer, fibrosis and neuropathologies involving blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. In order to elucidate the biological and pathological role(s) of PDGF-CC signalling, we have generated high affinity neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) recognizing human PDGF-CC. We determined the complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of the selected clones, and mapped the binding epitope for clone 6B3. Using the monoclonal 6B3, we determined the expression pattern for PDGF-CC in different human primary tumours and control tissues, and explored its ability to neutralize PDGF-CC-induced phosphorylation of PDGFRα. In addition, we showed that PDGF-CC induced disruption of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) was significantly reduced upon intraperitoneal administration of a chimeric anti-PDGF-CC antibody. In summary, we report on high affinity monoclonal antibodies against PDGF-CC that have therapeutic efficacy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manuel Zeitelhofer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Nilsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xicong Liu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Allan
- Ludwig institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Austin Branch, Melbourne, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Benjamin Gloria
- Ludwig institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Austin Branch, Melbourne, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Angelo Perani
- Ludwig institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Austin Branch, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carmel Murone
- Ludwig institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Austin Branch, Melbourne, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bruno Catimel
- Ludwig institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Austin Branch, Melbourne, Australia
| | - A. Munro Neville
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Fiona E. Scott
- Ludwig institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Austin Branch, Melbourne, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew M. Scott
- Ludwig institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Austin Branch, Melbourne, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ulf Eriksson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Zeitelhofer M, Li H, Adzemovic MZ, Nilsson I, Muhl L, Scott AM, Eriksson U. Preclinical toxicological assessment of a novel monoclonal antibody targeting human platelet-derived growth factor CC (PDGF-CC) in PDGF-CChum mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200649. [PMID: 30021009 PMCID: PMC6051635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor CC (PDGF-CC) is important during foetal development but also in pathogenesis of neurologic diseases, cancer and fibrosis. We have previously demonstrated that blocking the PDGF-CC/PDGF receptor alpha (PDGFRα) axis resulted in reduction of stroke volume and cerebrovascular permeability after experimentally induced stroke. Recently, we could translate these findings into the clinic showing that imatinib, a small tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting PDGF receptors, can significantly improve neurological outcome after ischemic stroke in human. Herein we report preclinical toxicological analyses of our newly generated monoclonal anti-human PDGF-CC antibody 6B3 (mAb 6B3) in PDGF-CC humanized mice. Beside histological organ assessment, we also analysed serum, urine, haematological parameters and the general health status of the treated mice. We could not find any indications that mAb 6B3 is toxic or has other significant side effects neither in short, nor in long treatment regimens. Our results indicate that mAb 6B3 can be further developed for clinical use. This opens up the possibility to assess the therapeutic potential of blocking PDGF-CC in diverse pathological conditions such as neurologic diseases, cancer and fibrosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/pharmacology
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Humans
- Lymphokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Lymphokines/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Zeitelhofer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Milena Z. Adzemovic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Nilsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Muhl
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew M. Scott
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ulf Eriksson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Span PN, Grebenchtchikov N, Geurts-Moespot J, Westphal JR, Lucassen AM, Sweep CG. EORTC Receptor and Biomarker Study Group Report: A Sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Blood and Tumor Tissue Extracts. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 15:184-91. [PMID: 10883894 DOI: 10.1177/172460080001500210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A four-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) for application in blood (serum and plasma) and tumor tissue extracts was set up within the framework of the EORTC Receptor and Biomarker Study Group (RBSG). Polyclonal antibodies against VEGF165 were raised in chickens and rabbits, and used in a previously described assay format. The assay was validated and characterized for use in serum, plasma and tumor tissue extracts. The resulting VEGF ELISA was found to be specific for VEGF165 and VEGF121, the main isoforms of VEGF. The assay showed good precision and parallelism in serial dilutions of samples. The assay was not susceptible to interference by heterophilic antibodies because avian antibodies (duck anti-chicken and chicken anti-VEGF) were used in the pre-analyte stage and mammalian antibodies (rabbit anti-VEGF and goat anti-rabbit) in the post-analyte stage. In conclusion, a sensitive, robust and specific VEGF ELISA has been developed. Research into the prognostic value of VEGF employing this assay is currently underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Span
- Department of Chemical Endocrinology, University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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6
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Monson MS, Settlage RE, Mendoza KM, Rawal S, El-Nezami HS, Coulombe RA, Reed KM. Modulation of the spleen transcriptome in domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) in response to aflatoxin B1 and probiotics. Immunogenetics 2015; 67:163-78. [PMID: 25597949 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-014-0825-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Poultry are highly susceptible to the immunotoxic effects of the food-borne mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Exposure impairs cell-mediated and humoral immunity, limits vaccine efficacy, and increases the incidence of costly secondary infections. We investigated the molecular mechanisms of AFB1 immunotoxicity and the ability of a Lactobacillus-based probiotic to protect against aflatoxicosis in the domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). The spleen transcriptome was examined by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of 12 individuals representing four treatment groups. Sequences (6.9 Gb) were de novo assembled to produce over 270,000 predicted transcripts and transcript fragments. Differential expression analysis identified 982 transcripts with statistical significance in at least one comparison between treatment groups. Transcripts with known immune functions comprised 27.6 % of significant expression changes in the AFB1-exposed group. Short exposure to AFB1 suppressed innate immune transcripts, especially from antimicrobial genes, but increased the expression of transcripts from E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase CBL-B and multiple interleukin-2 response genes. Up-regulation of transcripts from lymphotactin, granzyme A, and perforin 1 could indicate either increased cytotoxic potential or activation-induced cell death in the spleen during aflatoxicosis. Supplementation with probiotics was found to ameliorate AFB1-induced expression changes for multiple transcripts from antimicrobial and IL-2-response genes. However, probiotics had an overall suppressive effect on immune-related transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Monson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 295 AS/VM, 1988 Fitch Ave., St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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Isakson PC, Puré E, Vitetta ES, Krammer PH. Pillars article: T cell-derived B cell differentiation factor(s). Effect on the isotype switch of murine B cells. J. Exp. Med. 1982. 155: 734-748. J Immunol 2013; 190:849-863. [PMID: 23335801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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8
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Howard M, Farrar J, Hilfiker M, Johnson B, Takatsu K, Hamaoka T, Paul WE. Pillars article: Identification of a T cell-derived B cell growth factor distinct from interleukin 2. J. Exp. Med. 1982. 155: 914-923. J Immunol 2013; 190:864-873. [PMID: 23335802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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9
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Justiz-Vaillant AA, Akpaka PE, McFarlane-Anderson N, Smikle MF. Comparison of techniques of detecting immunoglobulin-binding protein reactivity to immunoglobulin produced by different avian and mammalian species. W INDIAN MED J 2013; 62:12-20. [PMID: 24171322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The rationale of this study was to use several immunological assays to investigate the reactivity of immunoglobulin binding protein (IBP) to immunoglobulins from various avian and mammalian species. The IBP studied were Staphylococcal protein A (SpA), Streptococcal protein G (SpG), Peptostreptococcal protein L (SpL) and recombinant protein LA (SpLA). The various immunological techniques used were double immunodiffusion (Ouchterlony technique) that tested positive high protein reactivities, direct and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) that tested moderate and low positive protein binding capacities, respectively. In addition to sandwich ELISAs, immunoblot analyses and Ig-purification by SpA-affinity chromatography, which were sensitive tests and helpful in the screening and confirmatory tests were also used. The Ouchterlony technique showed that compared to the other proteins, SpLA had the highest range of reactivity with animal sera and purified immunoglobulins while SpL was least reactive. With the direct ELISA, SpL reacted with the raccoon sera, rabbit IgG and with IgY from bantam hens and pigeons. While with the direct ELISA, SpA reacted with sera from skunk, coyote, raccoon, mule, donkey and human. The sandwich ELISA revealed high reactivity of both SpG and SpLA with mammalian sera titres ranging from 1:32 (raccoon serum) to 1:1024 (mule and donkey sera). These results suggest that IBP can be used for the detection of immunoglobulin using various immunological assays and this is important for the diagnosis of infectious diseases in animal and bird populations studied and in the purification of immunoglobulins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Justiz-Vaillant
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
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Teo WH, Nurul AA, Norazmi MN. Immunogenicity of recombinant BCG-based vaccine expressing the 22 kDa of serine repeat antigen (SE22) of Plasmodium falciparum. Trop Biomed 2012; 29:239-253. [PMID: 22735846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The Plasmodium falciparum serine repeat antigen (SERA) is one of the promising blood-stage malarial vaccine candidates. In this study, recombinant Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guerin (rBCG) expressing the 22 kDa protein (SE22) from the 47 kDa Nterminal domain of serine repeat antigen (SERA), generated in favour of mycobacterium codon usage, elicited specific immune response in BALB/c mice with a mixed Th1/Th2 profile. Immunized sera containing high levels of specific IgG1 and IgG2a against the epitope (as determined by ELISA) were reactive with fixed P. falciparum merozoites as demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Furthermore, the lymphocyte proliferative response to SE22 antigen from rBCG-immunized mice was higher than that of controls. The expression of intracellular cytokines (IL-2, IL-4 and IFNγ) in CD4+- and CD8+-cells was also enhanced following in-vitro stimulation with SE22. These findings indicate that a rBCG-based vaccine candidate expressing a blood-stage antigen of P. falciparum could enhance both humoral and cellular immune responses, thus paving the way for the rational use of rBCG as a vaccine candidate against malaria.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Protozoan/blood
- Antibodies, Protozoan/immunology
- Antibody Formation
- Antigens, Protozoan/genetics
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- BCG Vaccine/genetics
- BCG Vaccine/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cytokines/immunology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Humoral
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphokines/immunology
- Malaria Vaccines/genetics
- Malaria Vaccines/immunology
- Malaria, Falciparum/immunology
- Malaria, Falciparum/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Plasmodium falciparum/genetics
- Plasmodium falciparum/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Teo
- Schools of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Wu YL, Wen JG, Sun Y, Zhang DL. [Biological activity of purificated swine XCL1 protein and preparation of its polyclonal antibody]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 2011; 27:1335-1338. [PMID: 22152819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
AIM To obtain purificated his-XCL1 recombinant protein of porcine in vitro and prepare the associated polyclonal antibody; To study how the recombinant protein affects on lymphocytes proliferation. METHODS Purify the recombinant protein using HiTrap(TM); Chelating HP chromatographic column; Check the purified product using SDS-PAGE; Detect the expression of the recombinant protein using Western blot; Immunize the experimental animals with the purified fusion protein to prepare the serum containing the associated polyclonal antibody. The serum will then undergo double immnodiffusion test and indirect ELISA test to determine the polyclonal antibody titer. Then, test the condition of lymphocytes proliferation by MTT. RESULTS Single target strip could be seen under conducting the SDS-PAGE electrophoresis when the concentration of the binding buffer is 40 mmol/L and the concentration of the elution buffer is 500 mmol/L; Western blot test showed that the recombinant protein could be successfully expressed; Double immunodiffusion test showed the antigen-antibody binding ratio to be 1:8, and the titre of antibodies was 1:12 800 detected by indirect ELISA. The result of MTT showed that both the native XCL1 and the recombinant protein could stimulate lymphocytes proliferation, and this stimulating effect could be effectively blocked by the polyclonal antibody we prepared. CONCLUSION To conclude, this recombinant protein has biological activity and this research can provide basic material for further investigation of the function of XCL1 in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-li Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of National Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Immunology,Yangling 712100, China.
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12
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Zhong ZM, Zheng CD, Wang F. [Identification of the IgE-binding epitopes in main dust mite allergen Der p 1]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2011; 31:1183-1186. [PMID: 21764690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the IgE-binding epitopes in the allergen Der p 1 of main house dust mites, which can be recognized by the specific IgE in the sera from allergic individuals, and obtain a hypoallergen derived from the T-B epitope fused peptide for potential use in specific immunotherapy (SIT). METHODS Thirty-one peptides containing 15 amino acids each, which covered the full 222 amino acids of Der p 1 protein sequence, were synthesized on the cellulous membrane by solid-phase peptide (SPOTs) synthesis, with 8 overlapping amino acids between every two neighboring peptides. The membrane bearing the spots of the synthesized peptides were incubated with the allergic serum pools consisting of the sera from 5 allergic individuals. The membrane was then probed with HRP-conjugated anti-human IgE, followed by enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) for visualization and gray scale analysis of the positive peptide spots. RESULTS Three strong IgE-binding epitopes were identified in the amino acid sequence of Der p 1 molecule, namely Ep1 (amino acids 85-99), Ep2 (amino acids 106-120) and Ep3 (amino acids 190-204). CONCLUSION The 3 IgE-binding epitopes (B cell epitopes) identified in Der p 1 confirm the presence of linear epitopes in Der p 1, suggesting the possibility of constructing T/B epitope-fused hypoallergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-mei Zhong
- Department of Neurobiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Zhang J, Zhou Z, Wang C, Shen J, Zheng Y, Zhang L, Wang J, Xia D. Reduced tumorigenesis of EG7 after interleukin-10 gene transfer and enhanced efficacy in combination with intratumorally injection of adenovirus-mediated lymphotactin and the underlying mechanism. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:559-73. [PMID: 21240488 PMCID: PMC11029026 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0955-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although interleukin-10 (IL-10) is commonly regarded as an immunosuppressive cytokine, a wealth of evidence is accumulating that IL-10 also possesses some immunostimulating antitumor properties. Previous studies demonstrated that forced expression of the IL-10 gene in tumor cells could unexpectedly produce antitumor effects. In this study, we explored the tumorigenesis of EG7 cells transduced with IL-10 gene. In vivo, IL-10 gene transfer reduced tumorigenic capacity of EG7 cells and prolonged survival of the EG7 tumor-bearing mice. It was found that the cytotoxicities of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer cells (NK cells) were enhanced. Assessment of the immune status of the animals showed prevalence of a systemic and tumor-specific Th2 response (high levels of IL-4 and IL-10). To improve the therapeutic efficacy, we combined with intratumoral injection of adenovirus-mediated lymphotactin (Ad-Lptn) into the overestablished EG7 tumor model. More significant inhibition of tumor growth were observed in EG7 tumor-bearing mice that received combined treatment with IL-10 and Lptn gene than those of mice treated with IL-10 or Lptn gene alone. The highest NK cells and CTL activity was induced in the combined therapy group, increasing the production of IL-2 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) significantly but decreasing the expression of immune suppressive cells (CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells and Gr1(+)CD11b(+) MDSCs). The necrosis of tumor cells was markedly observed in the tumor tissues, accompanying with strongest expression of Mig (monokine induced by interferon-gamma) and IP-10 (interferon-inducible protein 10), weakest expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2). In vivo, depletion analysis demonstrated that CD8(+) T cells and NK cells were the predominant effector cell subset responsible for the antitumor effect of IL-10 or Lptn gene. These findings may provide a potential strategy to improve the antitumor efficacy of IL-10 and Lptn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Zhang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University, 388 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhidong Zhou
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University, 388 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China
- Department of Immunology, Taizhou College, 318000 Taizhou, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University, 388 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiangen Shen
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University, 388 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun Zheng
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University, 388 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihuang Zhang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University, 388 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianli Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University, 388 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Dajing Xia
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University, 388 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China
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Xie X, McLean MD, Hall JC. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity- and complement-dependent cytotoxicity-independent bactericidal activity of an IgG against Pseudomonas aeruginosa O6ad. J Immunol 2010; 184:3725-33. [PMID: 20190144 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In addition to Ag recognition, some Abs are capable of killing target organisms in the absence of phagocytes and complement. In this study, we report that an anti-Pseudomonas aeruginosa O6ad LPS IgG(1), tobacco-expressed human S20 IgG(1) (te-hS20), as well as its recombinant Fab and single-chain variable fragment (scFv) fragments have cellular- and complement-independent bactericidal activity. te-hS20 and its Fab and scFv significantly reduced viability of P. aeruginosa O6ad in dose- and time-dependent manners in vitro and also showed lower levels of bactericidal activity against P. aeruginosa PAO1, but had no activity against P. aeruginosa O10, Escherichia coli TG1, and Streptococcus agalactiae. The H chain and its Fd fragment both had significant Ag-binding and bactericidal activities against P. aeruginosa O6ad. Bactericidal activity was completely inhibited with specific LPS Ag, suggesting that Ag binding is involved in the bactericidal mechanism. Live/dead cell staining and electron microscopic observations indicate that the bactericidal effect was due to disruption of the cell wall and suggest inhibition of cell division. In addition to te-hS20, the Fab and scFv were also protective in vivo, as leukopenic mice had prolonged and improved survival after administration of these Ab fragments followed by challenge with P. aeruginosa O6ad cells at 80-90% lethal dose, supporting a bactericidal mechanism independent of phagocytes and complement. Understanding of the bactericidal mechanism will allow assessment of the potential for therapeutic application of these Abs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Xie
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Abstract
The nomenclature "embryonic lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cell" reflects the fundamental role of the cell in secondary lymphoid tissue organization. In addition, it is equally important in primary lymphoid tissue development as it regulates central tolerance to self-antigens in the thymus. An adult LTi cell constitutively expresses two sets of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family members, whereas its embryonic counterpart expresses only one. The first set is lymphotoxin (LT)alpha, LTbeta, and TNalpha, which are essential for the secondary lymphoid organogenesis during embryogenesis and for maintaining an organized secondary lymphoid structure during adulthood. The second set is OX40- and CD30-ligands, which are critical for memory T cell generation. Adult LTi cells regulate adaptive immune responses by providing LTbetaR signals to stromal cells to maintain secondary lymphoid tissue structure, and determine adaptive immune responses by providing OX40 and CD30 survival signals to activated T cells in memory T cell generation. Along with the consideration of the roles of embryonic LTi cells in primary and secondary lymphoid tissues, this review highlights the roles of adult LTi cells in secondary lymphoid tissue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Yeon Kim
- Department of Bioinformatics and Life Science, Soongsil University, 511 Sangdo-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-743, Korea.
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16
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Matsuo K, Yoshikawa T, Oda A, Akagi T, Akashi M, Mukai Y, Yoshioka Y, Okada N, Nakagawa S. Efficient generation of antigen-specific cellular immunity by vaccination with poly(γ-glutamic acid) nanoparticles entrapping endoplasmic reticulum-targeted peptides. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 362:1069-72. [PMID: 17822676 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.08.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Because antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) are major effector cells in tumor immunity, more efficient delivery of tumor-associated antigens to the major histocompatibility complex class I-presentation pathway in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) will substantially contribute to establish more effective cancer immunotherapy. Herein, we demonstrated that a combinational approach based on the antigen-delivery system using poly(gamma-glutamic acid) nanoparticles (gamma-PGA NPs) and an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-transport system containing an ER-insertion signal sequence (Eriss) significantly enhanced the ability of a peptide vaccine to induce cellular immune responses, including CTL activity. Immunization with gamma-PGA NPs entrapping Eriss-conjugated antigenic peptides markedly amplified and activated CTLs and interferon-gamma-secreting cells specific for the antigen, whereas no cellular immune responses were detected following vaccination with only one of the systems alone. Our data provide evidence that efficient delivery of antigenic peptides into APCs, as well as active ER-translocation of antigenic peptides in APCs should be considered in the development of peptide-based cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Matsuo
- Department of Biotechnology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Pardo
- Fundación para el Estudio de las Hepatitis Virales, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Russell HV, Strother D, Mei Z, Rill D, Popek E, Biagi E, Yvon E, Brenner M, Rousseau R. Phase I trial of vaccination with autologous neuroblastoma tumor cells genetically modified to secrete IL-2 and lymphotactin. J Immunother 2007; 30:227-33. [PMID: 17471169 DOI: 10.1097/01.cji.0000211335.14385.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In murine models, transgenic chemokine-cytokine tumor vaccines overcome many of the limitations of single-agent immunotherapy by producing the sequence of T-cell attraction followed by proliferation of tumor antigen-activated clones. The safety and immunologic effects of this approach in humans were tested in 7 patients with relapsed or refractory neuroblastoma. They each received up to 8 subcutaneous injections of a vaccine combining lymphotactin--and interleukin-2 (IL-2)--secreting autologous neuroblastoma cells in a dose-escalating scheme. Adverse events were limited to grade 1 or 2 localized reactions in all patients, pain in 3 patients, and fever in 3 patients. Injection site biopsies revealed increased cellularity caused by infiltration of CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes, eosinophils, and dendritic cells with a decrease in dendritic cells from the first to the second vaccination. Systemically, vaccine was associated with increased tumor recognition as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assays. Two patients had interferon-gamma predominant responses and 3 had IL-5 predominant responses. Only 1 patient received all 8 injections, 1 patient stopped the study early, and all other patients progressed before completion of the study. Hence, autologous tumor cell vaccines combining transgenic lymphotactin with IL-2 seem to have little toxicity in humans and can induce an antitumor immune response. In this setting, the immune response was insufficient to overcome active recurrent neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi V Russell
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 , USA.
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19
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Ryu OH, Choi SJ, Linares AMG, Song IS, Kim YJ, Jang KT, Hart TC. Gingival Epithelial Cell Expression of Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1α Induced by Interleukin-1β and Lipopolysaccharide. J Periodontol 2007; 78:1627-34. [PMID: 17668983 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2007.070066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated levels of the macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha) are reported in inflammatory bone diseases including periodontitis. We evaluated the ability of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) to modulate MIP-1alpha expression in epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). We also evaluated the effect of MIP-1alpha as an osteoclast activating factor. METHODS Human gingival epithelial cells and fibroblasts were obtained by primary cell culture. PMNs were isolated from healthy controls. Human MG63 osteosarcoma cells were used as osteoblastic cells. After incubation of each cell type with IL-1beta, Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS, and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans LPS, MIP-1alpha mRNA and secreted protein levels were quantified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunohistochemistry. The ability of recombinant MIP-1alpha to induce osteoclast formation was determined by tartrate resistant acid phosphatase assay. RESULTS MIP-1alpha expression in PMNs and gingival epithelial cells was induced by IL-1beta and LPS, but neither induced MIP-1alpha expression in gingival fibroblasts or osteoblastic cells. MIP-1alpha was highly expressed in the basal epithelial layer of inflamed gingiva but not in healthy gingiva. MIP-1alpha induced osteoclast formation at an optimal concentration of 0.05 to 2 ng/ml. CONCLUSIONS MIP-1alpha expression by gingival epithelial cells may be important in initiating inflammation by facilitating accumulation and activation of leukocytes. The ability of MIP-1alpha to facilitate formation of multinuclear bone cells indicates a possible role in periodontitis-associated bone destruction. These findings indicate MIP-1alpha may play an important role in early and later stages of inflammatory-related periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ok H Ryu
- Human Craniofacial Genetics Section, Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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20
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Abstract
In different species of mammal, uterine natural killer (uNK) cells are massively recruited and presented at the fetal maternal interface with a spatio-temporal pattern, and regarded as a constructive element to support reproductive development. Recent insights highlight the uNK cells activation, function and interaction with local compartments, which all contribute to the initiation of vascular structural changes. New trends of uNK cells research will benefit the diagnosis, management and test treatment strategy of preeclampsia. Furthermore, we suggest that more efforts and specific studies are needed to further explore the role of uNK cells at the unique micro-environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong Zhang
- Institute of Immunology, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, 230027 Hefei, China
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21
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Simm M. The innate cellular responses to HIV-1 invasion: emerging molecules of ancient defense mechanisms. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2007; 55:131-8. [PMID: 17557144 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-007-0023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Along alternative protective pathways, human cells can synthesize biologically active proteins that interfere with HIV replication, but are not viral antigen specific. HIV is sensitive to several viral inhibitors of cellular origin, such as interferons or interferon-regulated proteins. With the progress of AIDS research it has become evident that the immune cells of some individuals are capable of restricting the virus by secretion of other, yet unidentified factor(s) that can be detected only by their potent antiviral activity. Research efforts to identify this inhibitor of HIV--a "magic bullet" released by our immune cells--have revealed the identity of several novel molecules and added to the knowledge of innate cellular responses to viral invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Simm
- Molecular Virology Division, St. Luke's/Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University, 432 West 58th St., Rm. 709, New York, NY 10019, USA.
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22
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Abstract
In 1970, Gershon was the first to propose that T cells, in addition to their helper activity, can also play a role as regulatory cells capable of suppressing immune responses. However, the initial strong interest in T cell-mediated suppression was followed by a period of doubt and skepticism. Since the late 1990 s the "S" word started to be used in immunology again and interest in T suppressor cells has grown, ushering in a new renaissance for the field. In this article the author presents the current knowledge about a new subject called "skin-induced tolerance". Suppression is induced via epicutaneous immunization and is described in both Th1- and Tc1-mediated contact sensitivity reactions. The subject of skin-induced tolerance is also considered in the regulation of experimental models of autoimmune diseases such as allergic autoimmune encephalomyelitis and collagen-induced arthritis and finally in an animal model of graft rejection. The last part of this presentation will introduce the very fresh subject of "contrasuppression", or the reversal of skin-induced suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Szczepanik
- Department of Human Developmental Biology, Jagiellonian University, College of Medicine, Kopernika 7, 31-034, Kraków, Poland.
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23
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Abstract
Fork head box P3 (FoxP3(+)) regulatory T cells (Tregs) are specialized T cells for prevention of hyperimmune responses and autoimmunity. Tumors and pathogens can hijack FoxP3(+) Tregs to evade host immune responses. There is an increasing body of evidence that trafficking of FoxP3(+) Tregs is important for their effective suppression of target cells. Because of their distinctive functions and gene expression phenotype, the migratory behavior of FoxP3(+) Tregs has been somewhat mystified. The myths are that they have unique trafficking receptors and migratory behaviors that are different from those of conventional T cells. Another related myth is that FoxP3(+) regulatory T cell subsets have a fixed trafficking behavior from the time they are generated in the thymus. The recent progress in trafficking receptors and migratory behavior of FoxP3(+) Tregs is reviewed here and the validity of these myths is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang H Kim
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Cancer Center, Purdue University, 725 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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24
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Cozar JM, Romero JM, Aptsiauri N, Vazquez F, Vilchez JR, Tallada M, Garrido F, Ruiz-Cabello F. High incidence of CTLA-4 AA (CT60) polymorphism in renal cell cancer. Hum Immunol 2007; 68:698-704. [PMID: 17678726 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2007] [Revised: 04/19/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphism in genes encoding T-cell regulatory proteins and cytokines may influence inflammation and cancer development via regulation of antitumor immune response. In the current study we analyzed genotypic frequencies of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4)/CT60, CTLA-4/A49G, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-10 polymorphisms in 117 renal cell carcinoma patients, 96 patients with colorectal cancer, and 196 healthy controls to test for an association between polymorphism in these genes and the risk of renal and colon cancer in a Spanish group of patients. In the case-control study, DNA samples from cancer patients and controls were analyzed using a TaqMan single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping assay. The distribution of IL-4 and IL-10 polymorphisms was similar between renal cancer patients and controls. However, a higher incidence of CTLA-4/CT60-AA genotype (p = 0.005; odds ratio (OR)= 2.12 with 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.28-3.50) and CTLA-4/A49G-AA (p = 0.022; OR = 1.76 with 95% CI: 1.11-2.80) genotype was observed in renal cancer patients than in controls. In addition, we observed a positive correlation between the AA genotype in both CTLA-4 polymorphisms and RCC grade, suggesting a role for the CTLA4 gene in tumor development. Therefore, our data suggest the CTLA-4 gene may be a candidate as a renal adenocarcinoma susceptibility gene, but does not play an important role in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Cozar
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
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25
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Tariverdian N, Theoharides TC, Siedentopf F, Gutiérrez G, Jeschke U, Rabinovich GA, Blois SM, Arck PC. Neuroendocrine-immune disequilibrium and endometriosis: an interdisciplinary approach. Semin Immunopathol 2007; 29:193-210. [PMID: 17621704 PMCID: PMC2668599 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-007-0077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Endometriosis, a chronic disease characterized by endometrial tissue located outside the uterine cavity, affects one fourth of young women and is associated with chronic pelvic pain and infertility. However, an in-depth understanding of the pathophysiology and effective treatment strategies of endometriosis is still largely elusive. Inadequate immune and neuroendocrine responses are significantly involved in the pathophysiology of endometriosis, and key findings are summarized in the present review. We discuss here the role of different immune mechanisms particularly adhesion molecules, proteinglycan interactions, and pro-angiogenic mediators in the development and progression of the disease. Finally, we introduce the concept of endometrial dissemination as result of a neuroendocrine-immune disequilibrium in response to high levels of perceived stress caused by cardinal clinical symptoms of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Tariverdian
- Center of Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Division of PsychoNeuroImmunology, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Theoharis C. Theoharides
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
| | | | - Gabriela Gutiérrez
- Institute of Humoral Immunity Studies-IDEHU (CONICET-UBA), School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriel A. Rabinovich
- Institute of Biology and Experimental Medicine, IBYME-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra M. Blois
- Center of Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Division of PsychoNeuroImmunology, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra C. Arck
- Center of Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Division of PsychoNeuroImmunology, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Biomedizinisches Forschungszentrum, Charité, Campus Virchow, Raum 2.0549, Campus Virchow, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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26
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Morrow T. Dendritic cell vaccine hits FDA roadblock. Manag Care 2007; 16:52-3. [PMID: 17682740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
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27
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Marone G, Rossi FW, Detoraki A, Granata F, Marone G, Genovese A, Spadaro G. Role of superallergens in allergic disorders. Chem Immunol Allergy 2007; 93:195-213. [PMID: 17369707 DOI: 10.1159/000100896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A significant percentage of allergic diseases (e.g. certain cases of intrinsic asthma, chronic idiopathic urticaria, and atopic dermatitis) cannot be explained by the classical mechanisms of IgE/allergen-mediated activation of basophils and mast cells. We found that protein Fv, an endogenous protein synthesized in the human liver and increased during viral hepatitis, act as a superallergen by binding to IgE of the VH3 family and activating human basophils and mast cells. Similarly, envelope gp120 of HIV-1 and protein A of Staphylococcus aureus are viral and bacterial superallergens, respectively, because they interact with IgE VH3+. Protein L binds to the V domain of he kappa light chains of IgE. Our results demonstrate that endogenous, viral and bacterial products activate primary effector cells of allergic disorders to release proinflammatory mediators and cytokines thereby acting as immunoglobulin superantigens (superallergens).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Marone
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, School of Medicine, Naples, Italy
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28
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Viganò P, Cintorino M, Schatz F, Lockwood CJ, Arcuri F. The role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in maintaining the immune privilege at the fetal–maternal interface. Semin Immunopathol 2007; 29:135-50. [PMID: 17621699 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-007-0074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pivotal regulator of the innate and adaptive immunity affecting the response and behavior of macrophages and lymphocytes. MIF is also implicated in other fundamental cellular processes including angiogenesis and cell proliferation. Several studies examined the expression of MIF in reproductive organs and tissues and its involvement in different aspects of human and animal reproduction. The goal of this review was to summarize these findings and discuss, in particular, the role of MIF in the maintenance of the immune privilege at the human fetal-maternal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Viganò
- II Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Milan and Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20100 Milan, Italy
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29
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Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that is favorably influenced by pregnancy but relapses after delivery. A variety of circulating factors has been considered as candidates for inducing gestational improvement of RA; however, the factors/pathways responsible remain still elusive. This review discusses recent research on the effect of pregnancy on RA with a focus on immunregulation, cytokine secretion, HLA antigens, microchimerism, and innate immunity. The complex hormonal and immunological alterations of pregnancy may temporarily correct the disturbed immunregulation of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Ostensen
- Clinic for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital of Berne, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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30
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Richman SA, Kranz DM. Display, engineering, and applications of antigen-specific T cell receptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 24:361-73. [PMID: 17409021 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioeng.2007.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Revised: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The use of T cell receptors (TCRs) as potential therapeutic agents provides an opportunity to target a greatly expanded array of antigens, compared to those now targeted with monoclonal antibodies. With the advent of new display technologies and TCR formats for in vitro engineering, it should be possible to generate high-affinity TCRs against virtually any peptide antigen that is shown to bind to a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule (e.g. peptides derived from viral antigens or from self proteins that are associated with the transformed phenotype). What remains, however, are challenges associated with effective targeting of very low numbers of cell surface antigens (pepMHC), fewer than the case for conventional monoclonal antibody-based therapies. This hurdle might be overcome with the attachment of more effective payloads for soluble TCR approaches, or by using TCR gene transfer into T cells that can then be adoptively transferred into patients. There is considerable work to be done on the physiological aspects of either approach, including pharmacokinetic studies in the case of soluble TCRs, and T cell trafficking, persistence, and autoreactivity studies in the case of adoptively transferred T cells. As with the field of monoclonal antibodies, it will take time to explore these issues, but the potential benefits of TCR-based therapies make these challenges worth the effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Richman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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31
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Takeda T, Hayashida M, Kadowaki N, Takeoka K, Fukuda M, Sakurai Y. Derivation of leukemic plasmacytoid dendritic cells coexpressing a progenitor cell surface antigen, CD117, without interferon-alpha production. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 2007; 25:91-8. [PMID: 17891925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
CD4+CD56+ lineage negative malignancy has recently been considered as plasmacytoid dendritic cell (PDC) leukemia/lymphoma. We investigated immunophenotypic and functional characterizations of PDC leukemic cells in one case. Lineage markers were all negative except partially positive CD11c and positive CD117, indicating malignant cells were leukemic PDCs coexpressing myeloid and progenitor cell surface antigens. Leukemic PDCs cultured with IL-3 increased in size and expression of CD11c, CD40 and HLA-DR, although the cells cultured with IL-2 or GM-CSF showed little proliferation. Furthermore, CD40 ligation after IL-3 stimulation yielded morphological changes such as expression of dendritic process. These findings showed that malignant cells were consistent with leukemic PDCs. However, secretion of interferon-alpha was not detected in leukemic PDCs with the stimulation of CpG ODN or inactivated herpes simplex virus-1.
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32
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Magalhaes JG, Tattoli I, Girardin SE. The intestinal epithelial barrier: how to distinguish between the microbial flora and pathogens. Semin Immunol 2007; 19:106-15. [PMID: 17324587 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2006.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2006] [Revised: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is fundamental for the uptake of nutrients and fluids, but it also represents the greatest surface of the body in contact with the external environment and most human pathogens enter the body through the mucosal surface, especially in the intestine. The intestinal immune system protects the sterile core of the organism against invasion and systemic dissemination of both pathogens and limits for level penetration of commensal microorganisms. In addition, the human intestine is continually in contact with 10(14) commensal bacteria containing more than 500 different species. These commensal bacteria confer health benefits to their host by helping dietary digestion, development of gut immunity and preventing colonization by pathogens. To maintain integrity and normal function of intestine, a delicate equilibrium must be reached between the bacterial flora and intestinal immune system. This review discusses the recent advances in our understanding of how the mucosal intestinal barrier maintains a local homeostatic response to the resident intestinal bacteria, while protecting the host against enteric pathogens. In particular, the emerging function of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Nod-like receptors (NLRs) in controlling mucosal immunity will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao G Magalhaes
- Unite de Pathogenie Microbienne Moleculaire, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, France
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33
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Boor P, Konieczny A, Villa L, Kunter U, van Roeyen CRC, LaRochelle WJ, Smithson G, Arrol S, Ostendorf T, Floege J. PDGF-D inhibition by CR002 ameliorates tubulointerstitial fibrosis following experimental glomerulonephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 22:1323-31. [PMID: 17308324 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfl691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arresting or regressing kidney scarring is of major clinical relevance. Platelet-derived growth factor D (PDGF-D) is widely expressed in fibrotic kidneys. Administration of the PDGF-D neutralizing fully human monoclonal antibody CR002 in the acute phase of progressive anti-Thy 1.1 glomerulonephritis reduced glomerular and secondary tubulointerstitial damage. METHODS Using this model, we now assessed the effects of CR002 (n=15) vs irrelevant control IgG (n=17) administered on days 17, 28 and 35 after disease induction, i.e. after acute glomerular damage had subsided. RESULTS In vitro, CR002 inhibited the PDGF-D- but not the PDGF-B-induced proliferation of rat renal fibroblasts. Following the first CR002 injection on day 17, exposure to therapeutic levels was maintained until day 49. Proteinuria in the CR002-treated group was transiently reduced between days 49 and 77 (-19 to -23% in comparison with the controls; P<0.05). On day 100, CR002 treatment reduced the number of rats that had doubled their serum creatinine (CR002: 40 vs controls: 71%; P<0.05). Compared with controls, the CR002 animals, on day 100, significantly lowered glomerular expression of vimentin and collagens as well as tubulointerstitial damage scores, interstitial fibrosis, vimentin and cortical PDGF-D mRNA levels. CONCLUSIONS PDGF-D antagonism, even after the phase of acute glomerular damage, exerts beneficial effects on the course of tubulointerstitial damage, i.e. the final common pathway of most renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Boor
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Machlenkin A, Azriel-Rosenfeld R, Volovitz I, Vadai E, Lev A, Paz A, Goldberger O, Reiter Y, Tzehoval E, Benhar I, Eisenbach L. Preventive and therapeutic vaccination with PAP-3, a novel human prostate cancer peptide, inhibits carcinoma development in HLA transgenic mice. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:217-26. [PMID: 16738849 PMCID: PMC11030074 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0184-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2006] [Accepted: 04/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Conventional treatment of recurrent and metastasized prostate cancer (CaP) remains inadequate; this fact mandates development of alternative therapeutic modalities, such as specific active or passive immunotherapy. Previously, we reported the identification of a novel highly immunogenic HLA-A*0201-restricted Prostatic Acid Phosphatase-derived peptide (PAP-3) by a two-step in vivo screening in an HLA-transgenic (HHD) mouse system. In the present study we aimed at elucidating the efficiency of PAP-3-based vaccine upon active antitumor immunization. To this end we established preventive and therapeutic carcinoma models in HHD mice. The 3LL murine Lewis lung carcinoma clone D122 transduced to express HLA-A*0201 and PAP served as a platform for these models. The HLA-A*0201-PAP-3 complex specific recombinant single chain scFV-PAP-3 antibodies were generated and used to confirm an endogenous PAP processing resulting in PAP-3 presentation by HLA-A*0201. PAP-3 based vaccines significantly decreased tumor incidence in a preventive immunization setting. Therapeutic vaccination of HHD mice with PAP-3 led to rejection of early established tumors and to increase of mouse survival. These results strongly support a therapeutic relevance of the identified CTL epitope upon active antitumor immunization. The newly established carcinoma model presented herein might be a useful tool for cancer vaccine design and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Machlenkin
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100 Israel
| | - Ronit Azriel-Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Ilan Volovitz
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100 Israel
| | - Ezra Vadai
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100 Israel
| | - Avital Lev
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Adrian Paz
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100 Israel
| | - Ofir Goldberger
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100 Israel
| | - Yoram Reiter
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Esther Tzehoval
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100 Israel
| | - Itai Benhar
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Lea Eisenbach
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100 Israel
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Guiso N, Njamkepo E, Vié le Sage F, Zepp F, Meyer CU, Abitbol V, Clyti N, Chevallier S. Long-term humoral and cell-mediated immunity after acellular pertussis vaccination compares favourably with whole-cell vaccines 6 years after booster vaccination in the second year of life. Vaccine 2007; 25:1390-7. [PMID: 17134795 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Revised: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses (CMI) were evaluated in subjects 3 and 6 years after primary and booster vaccination with either three-component acellular (Pa) or whole-cell (Pw) vaccines. Low anti-pertussis toxin (PT) antibody levels confirmed the absence of pertussis disease, consistent with ongoing protection. Anti-pertactin (PRN) antibodies, remained at higher levels in Pa-vaccinated subjects. At year 6, CMI responses continued to be present and were higher in Pa-vaccinated than Pw-vaccinated subjects. Long-term protection with Pa vaccines can be expected to be at least as good as that provided by efficacious Pw vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Guiso
- Unité de Prévention et Thérapies Moléculaires des Maladies Humaines-FRE-CNRS 2849, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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36
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Abstract
Gestational trophoblastic diseases (GTDs) comprise a group of interrelated diseases characterized by development after gestation, widespread metastases, and high curability with chemotherapy. The good prognosis of GTDs is considered partly a result of the host immune response to paternal antigens expressed on trophoblastic cells. In this study, we review current understanding of the immunobiology of GTDs. First of all, we describe the microenvironment between trophoblastic cells and subpopulation of immune cells. Second, immunogenetics, immune microenvironment around abnormal trophoblast, and mechanism of GTDs escaping from maternal immune system surveillance were also discussed. Third, we propose the possible immunotherapy for persistent GTDs, particularly the vaccine designed on human chorionic gonadotrophin, which is generally accepted as a tumor marker for GTDs diagnosis. Due to the low incidence of GTDs and high response to chemotherapy, there have been few literatures about immunobiologic characteristics of GTDs compared with the other gynecologic malignancies, such as ovarian cancer, but the immunologic behavior of GTDs should be explored for further understanding of the etiology of these diseases and to help designing immunotherapeutic strategies for persistent GTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Department of Gynecologic Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 77030, USA
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37
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Farnell MB, Donoghue AM, de Los Santos FS, Blore PJ, Hargis BM, Tellez G, Donoghue DJ. Upregulation of Oxidative Burst and Degranulation in Chicken Heterophils Stimulated with Probiotic Bacteria. Poult Sci 2006; 85:1900-6. [PMID: 17032821 DOI: 10.1093/ps/85.11.1900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system of neonatal chicks is functionally immature during the first week of life. Researchers have previously demonstrated that the avian humoral response can be increased with probiotics. Although the humoral response provides the chick with an effective mechanism to combat pathogens, sufficient antibody titers are not attained until 7 to 10 d postinfection. However, the innate immune system (i.e., heterophils) can respond much more quickly to pathogens. The objective of this study was to determine whether probiotic bacteria can also upregulate heterophil function. Heterophils were isolated from the peripheral blood of neonatal chickens by using a discontinuous density gradient. Oxidative burst and degranulation are bactericidal mechanisms used by heterophils to kill pathogens and were used in this study as indicators of heterophil function. We found that each of the 10 "generally recognized as safe" probiotic isolates (designated G1 to G11) tested in vitro were capable of increasing (P < 0.05) heterophil oxidative burst and degranulation when compared with unstimulated controls. Bacillus subtilis (G3), Lactococcus lactis lactis (G6), and Lactobacillus acidophilus (G8) isolates were determined to elicit the greatest heterophil response in vitro and were subsequently fed to chicks. Phosphate-buffered saline or 1 of these 3 probiotic isolates (approximately 2.5 x 10(8) cfu/chick; 50 chicks/treatment) resuspended in PBS was administered by oral gavage on the day of hatch. Heterophils were isolated from chicks from each of these 4 treatment groups 24 h posttreatment. Significant increases in heterophil degranulation and oxidative burst were observed with the G3-, G6-, and G8-treated chicks when compared with heterophils isolated from birds with no probiotic treatment. These data suggest that probiotic bacteria can significantly improve heterophil oxidative burst and degranulation in broilers. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating a relationship between probiotics and avian heterophil function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Farnell
- Poultry Science Department, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, USA.
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38
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Ugen KE, Nyland SB. Injecting drugs of abuse and immunity: implications for HIV vaccine testing and efficacy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 28:281-7. [PMID: 17109182 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-006-0045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The recreational use of legal and illegal drugs has significant effects on immune responses and can potentially modulate susceptibility to infection by a number of pathogens. A number of agents including cannabinoids (marijuana), cocaine opiates, amphetamines, nicotine and alcohol were demonstrated to have potentially adverse effects on the susceptibility to infections, mediated most likely, by adverse effects on immunity. As such, these drugs of abuse could have significant and potentially adverse effects on the vaccination efficacy of a number of vaccines currently on the market and on potential experimental vaccines currently in the pipeline. This review will present an overview on how drugs of abuse potentially impacts immune responses and vaccination efficacy. The emphasis of this review will be the effects of opiate abuse, as exemplified by injecting/intravenous drug users (IDU), on HIV/AIDS and its potential impact on vaccine efficacy trials against this devastating infection/syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth E Ugen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Yan Y, Xu LX, Zhang JJ, Zhang Y, Zhao MH. Self-aggregated deglycosylated IgA1 with or without IgG were associated with the development of IgA nephropathy. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 144:17-24. [PMID: 16542360 PMCID: PMC1809625 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common primary glomerulonephritis, with various pathological phenotypes. Our previous study suggested that aberrant glycosylation of serum IgA1 was associated with different pathological phenotypes of IgAN, and substantial evidence indicated that deglycosylated IgA1 had an increased tendency to form macromolecules. The aim of the current study was to investigate the composition of IgA1-containing macromolecules in different pathological phenotypes of IgAN. Sera from 10 patients with mild mesangial proliferative IgAN (mIgAN), 10 with focal proliferative sclerosing IgAN (psIgAN) and 10 healthy blood donors were collected. The sera were applied and IgA1 binding proteins (IgA1-BP) were eluted from the columns immobilized with desialylated IgA1 (DesIgA1/Sepharose) or desialylated/degalactosylated IgA1 (DesDeGalIgA1/Sepharose), respectively. The amounts of IgA1 and IgG and the glycoform of IgA1 in the IgA1-BP were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and were compared between patients with different pathological phenotypes and normal controls. The amount of IgA1 in IgA1-BP eluted from both columns was significantly higher in patients with both pathological phenotypes of IgAN than in normal controls. In IgA1-BP eluted from DesDeGalIgA1/Sepharose, the desialylation of IgA1 was much more pronounced in patients with both pathological phenotypes of IgAN than in normal controls, while the degalactosylation of IgA1 was much more pronounced only in patients with psIgAN than in normal controls. Furthermore, the amount of IgG in IgA1-BP eluted from DesDeGalIgA1/Sepharose was significantly higher in patients with psIgAN than in normal controls. In patients with psIgAN, the amount of IgG eluted from DesDeGalIgA1/Sepharose was much greater than from DesIgA1/Sepharose. In conclusion, self-aggregated deglycosylated IgA1 with or without IgG were associated with the development of IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yan
- Institute of Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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40
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Joncker NT, Helft J, Jacquet A, Premel V, Lantz O. Intratumor CD4 T-Cell Accumulation Requires Stronger Priming than for Expansion and Lymphokine Secretion. Cancer Res 2006; 66:5443-51. [PMID: 16707473 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
T cells need to migrate to and accumulate inside tumors before mediating rejection of the tumor. The number of specific T cells inside tumors may depend on the efficiency of priming in the draining lymph node (DLN), intratumor deletion, suppressive phenomena, or both. We used monoclonal anti-male antigen CD4 (Marilyn) T cells and tumor cell lines expressing or not the corresponding antigen (Dby) to analyze CD4 T-cell accumulation in tumors. Priming by MHC II(+) or MHC II(-) male splenocytes or Dby(+) tumor cells induced similar Marilyn T-cell expansion in the DLN and recirculation in other lymph nodes and capacity to produce IFN-gamma. However, intratumor accumulation was different for each priming condition. In mice with Dby(-) tumors, MHC II(+) male splenocyte priming induced greater, although not statistically significant, Marilyn T-cell accumulation in the tumors than MHC II(-) male splenocyte priming. In mice with Dby(+) tumors, priming in the tumor DLN induced less Marilyn T-cell intratumor accumulation than priming by MHC II(+) male splenocytes. We saw comparable differences for Marilyn T-cell accumulation in gut lamina propria, suggesting that priming affects effector T-cell accumulation in inflamed tissues. Mature dendritic cells were loaded with graded doses of Dby peptide to control for antigen-presenting cell characteristics during priming. We observed similar proliferation, with higher concentrations inducing higher intratumor accumulation. Thus, intratumor accumulation requires stronger stimulation than for proliferation or the capacity to secrete lymphokines. In this system, priming intensity alone can explain the number of intratumor T cells without having to call for intratumor deletion or suppression phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie T Joncker
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie pré-clinique, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale U653, Institut Curie, Paris, France
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Sabri F, Chiodi F, Piret J, Wei C, Major E, Westermark B, Masucci MG, Levitsky V. Soluble factors released by virus specific activated cytotoxic T-lymphocytes induce apoptotic death of astroglioma cell lines. Brain Pathol 2006; 13:165-75. [PMID: 12744470 PMCID: PMC8095744 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2003.tb00016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytomas and astrogliomas represent the most common types of primary tumors in human central nervous system and are associated with high mortality due to the absence of efficient therapy. Here we demonstrate that, upon antigen-specific activation, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) secrete products that inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in a significant proportion of astroglioma cell lines. This effect is tumor specific in that normal cultured astrocytes do not develop apoptotic changes upon exposure to supernatant of activated CTLs. Experiments with purified lymphokines and lymphokine specific blocking antibodies indicate that synergistic activities of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interferon (INF)-gamma are required for the apoptosis inducing effect on some astroglioma cell lines. However, this effect appears to be dependent on additional factors produced by activated CTLs. Our results suggest that local application of factors released by activated CTLs or induction of CTL migration and activation in the tumor site may have a therapeutic effect in patients with astrogliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Sabri
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesca Chiodi
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jean‐Pascal Piret
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cheng‐Hong Wei
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eugene Major
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Md
| | | | - Maria G. Masucci
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Victor Levitsky
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
Protein therapy refers to the direct delivery of therapeutic proteins to cells and tissues with the goal of ameliorating or modifying a disease process. Current techniques for delivering proteins across cell membranes include taking advantage of receptor-mediated endocytosis or using protein transduction domains that penetrate directly into cells. The most commonly used protein transduction domains are small cell-penetrating peptides derived from such proteins as the HIV-1 Tat protein. A novel protein transduction domain developed as the single chain fragment (Fv) of a murine anti-DNA autoantibody, mAb 3E10, has recently been developed and used to deliver biologically active proteins to living cells in vitro. This review will provide a brief overview of the development of the Fv fragment and provide a summary of recent studies using Fv to deliver therapeutic peptides and proteins (such as a C-terminal p53 peptide, C-terminal p53 antibody fragment, full-length p53, and micro-dystrophin) to cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Hansen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Ostendorf T, Rong S, Boor P, Wiedemann S, Kunter U, Haubold U, van Roeyen CRC, Eitner F, Kawachi H, Starling G, Alvarez E, Smithson G, Floege J. Antagonism of PDGF-D by human antibody CR002 prevents renal scarring in experimental glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17:1054-62. [PMID: 16510766 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2005070683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Glomerular mesangial cell proliferation and/or matrix accumulation characterizes many progressive renal diseases. PDGF-D was identified recently as a novel mediator of mesangial cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. This study investigated the long-term consequences of PDGF-D inhibition in vivo. Rats with progressive mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis (uninephrectomy plus anti-Thy-1.1 antibody) received the PDGF-D-neutralizing, fully human mAb CR002 on days 3, 10, and 17 after disease induction. Glomerular mesangioproliferative changes on day 10 were significantly reduced by anti-PDGF-D treatment as compared with control antibody. Eight weeks after disease induction, anti-PDGF-D therapy significantly ameliorated focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, podocyte damage (de novo desmin expression), tubulointerstitial damage, and fibrosis as well as the accumulation of renal interstitial matrix including type III collagen and fibronectin. Treatment with anti-PDGF-D also reduced the cortical infiltration of monocytes/macrophages on day 56, possibly related to lower renal cortical complement activation (C5b-9 deposition) and/or reduced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (preserved cortical expression of E-cadherin and reduced expression of vimentin and alpha-smooth muscle actin). In conclusion, these data provide evidence for a causal role of PDGF-D in the pathogenesis of renal scarring and point to a new therapeutic approach to progressive mesangioproliferative renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammo Ostendorf
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Wolfgang WJ, Miller TW, Webster JM, Huston JS, Thompson LM, Marsh JL, Messer A. Suppression of Huntington's disease pathology in Drosophila by human single-chain Fv antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:11563-8. [PMID: 16061794 PMCID: PMC1183604 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0505321102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Misfolded neuronal proteins have been identified in a number of neurodegenerative disorders and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases that include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, prion-based dementia, Huntington's disease (HD), and other polyglutamine diseases. Although underlying mechanisms remain the subject of ongoing research, it is clear that aberrant processing, protein degradation, and aggregate formation or spurious protein association of the abnormal neuronal proteins may be critical factors in disease progression. Recent work in these diseases has demonstrated in vitro that specific engineered antibody species, peptides, or other general agents may suppress the formation of aggregates. We have modified an approach with intracellularly expressed single-chain Fv (sFv) antibodies (intrabodies) that bind with unique HD protein epitopes. In cell and tissue culture models of HD, anti-N-terminal huntingtin intrabodies (C4 sFv) reduce aggregation and cellular toxicity. Here, we present the crucial experiment of intrabody-mediated in vivo suppression of neuropathology, using a Drosophila model of HD. In the presence of the C4 sFv intrabody, the proportion of HD flies surviving to adulthood increases from 23% to 100%, and the mean and maximum lifespan of adult HD flies is significantly prolonged. Neurodegeneration and formation of visible huntingtin aggregates are slowed. We conclude from this investigation that engineered intrabodies are a potential new class of therapeutic agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. They may also serve as tools for drug discovery and validation of sites on mutant neuronal proteins that could be exploited for rational drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Wolfgang
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA
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Xia YJ, Wen WH, Huang WQ, Huang BC. Development of a phage displayed disulfide-stabilized Fv fragment vaccine against Vibrio anguillarum. Vaccine 2005; 23:3174-80. [PMID: 15837217 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2004] [Accepted: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Anti-idiotype monoclonal antibody 1E10 can mimic the protective epitope of Vibrio anguillarum and be used as vaccine to prevent fish infection of V. anguillarum. In this study, the variable heavy (V(H)) domain and variable light (V(L)) domain of mAb1E10 were cloned by RT-PCR and were linked to each other by a disulfide bond engineered at position 44 of V(H) and position 105 of V(L) that lie between structurally conserved framework positions. Mutated V(H) 44 and V(L) 105 were inserted into phagemid pCANTAB5E. When co-transfected by recombinant pCANTAB5E and helper phage M13KO7, the host Escherichia coli cells secreted disulfide-stabilized Fv fragment (dsFv) which displayed on the surface of filamentous phage. The binding specificity of the phage-displayed dsFv was proved by ELISA method. Protection experiment showed that Japanese flounders can develop high titer of antibody against the dsFv and survival ratio of vaccinated group was significantly different from control groups. Thus, this phage-displayed dsFv may be used as vaccine against V. anguillarum in fishery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-juan Xia
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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Denis M, Wedlock DN, Buddle BM. Vaccination of brushtail possums,
Trichosurus vulpecula
, with Bacille Calmette–Guerin induces T lymphocytes that reduce
Mycobacterium bovis
replication in alveolar macrophages via a contact‐dependent/nitric oxide‐independent mechanism. Immunol Cell Biol 2005; 83:57-66. [PMID: 15661042 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2005.01309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The permissiveness of alveolar macrophages from brushtail possums for the replication of Mycobacterium bovis was examined. Mycobacterium bovis replication was indirectly measured by assessing bacterial metabolism via the incorporation of [3-H]-uracil by bacilli released from lysed macrophages previously infected with mycobacteria. Alveolar macrophages allowed substantial replication of virulent M. bovis, in contrast to Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Pasteur, which replicated poorly. The addition of crude lymphokines enhanced the metabolic activity of phagocytosed M. bovis in possum macrophages. Possum lymphokines enhanced the ability of possum macrophages to generate reactive oxygen intermediates, measured by the reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium, which is indicative of an activation process. Similarly, the addition of recombinant possum TNF-alpha enhanced the permissiveness of alveolar macrophages for M. bovis. In contrast to mouse peritoneal macrophages, possum alveolar macrophages did not release significant levels of nitric oxide (NO) after stimulation with M. bovis and/or lymphokines. However, the uptake of virulent M. bovis by possum macrophages was associated with an enhanced ability of cells to release TNF-alpha, whereas very low levels of TNF-alpha were released after infection with BCG. The addition of a selective inhibitor of inducible NO synthase had no impact on the replication of M. bovis or BCG in possum macrophages in the presence or absence of lymphokines. Co-culturing infected possum alveolar macrophages with autologous blood mononuclear cells from BCG-vaccinated possums led to a significant decrease in the metabolic activity of intracellular M. bovis. This effect was contact dependent and NO independent and was mediated by a population of CD3+ cells. In addition, adding scavengers of reactive oxygen intermediates did not abrogate this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Denis
- AgResearch, Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, Upper Hutt, New Zealand.
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Hannier S, Liversidge J, Sternberg JM, Bowman AS. Characterization of the B-cell inhibitory protein factor in Ixodes ricinus tick saliva: a potential role in enhanced Borrelia burgdoferi transmission. Immunology 2004; 113:401-8. [PMID: 15500628 PMCID: PMC1782588 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.01975.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently described the inhibition of host B lymphocytes by Ixodes ricinus tick saliva. In this study, we characterized the factor responsible for this activity and examined the modulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein (Osp)-induced proliferation of naive murine B lymphocytes by an enriched fraction of this factor. The B-lymphocyte inhibitory activity was destroyed by trypsin treatment, indicating that a proteinaceous factor was responsible for this activity. The removal of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) from tick salivary glands extracts (SGE) showed that this B-cell inhibitory protein (BIP) was not a GST. Gel filtration liquid chromatography indicated that BIP has a native molecular weight of approximately 18,000. An enrichment protocol, using a combination of anion-exchange and reverse-phase liquid chromatography, was established. BIP-enriched fractions did not suppress T-cell proliferation. Delayed addition of BIP-enriched fractions, up to 7 hr after LPS addition, inhibited the proliferation of isolated B cells. BIP-enriched fractions dramatically inhibited both OspA- and OspC-induced proliferation of isolated B cells. These results strongly suggest that BIP may facilitate B. burgdorferi transmission by preventing B-cell activation, and also highlights the potential of BIP as a therapeutic agent in B-cell maladies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Hannier
- School of Biological Science, Zoology, University of Aberdeen, UK
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48
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Cheng WF, Hung CF, Lee CN, Su YN, Chang MC, He L, Wu TC, Chen CA, Hsieh CY. Naked RNA vaccine controls tumors with down-regulated MHC class I expression through NK cells and perforin-dependent pathways. Eur J Immunol 2004; 34:1892-900. [PMID: 15214037 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200424877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
One of the major issues facing cancer immunotherapy is that many human cancers down-regulate expression of MHC class I molecules. The understanding of the mechanisms of antitumor effects against tumors with down-regulated MHC class I will facilitate rational design of vaccines and immunotherapeutic strategies to control such tumors. A naked Sindbis RNA replicon vector (SINrep5) encoding the herpes simplex virus type 1 protein VP22 linked to E7 (SINrep5-VP22/E7) generated significant antitumor effects against TC-1 and TC-1 P3(A15), tumors with down-regulated MHC class I expression. Naked SINrep5 RNA without the insert or an E7 vaccine also produced antitumor effects against TC-1 P3(A15) but not TC-1. Mice vaccinated with any of these naked RNA vaccines generated higher percentages of NK cells. In vivo Ab depletion experiments revealed that NK cells were important for the antitumor effects of naked RNA vaccines against TC-1 P3(A15) and that the antitumor effects were perforin-dependent. Poly I:C also increased the percentage of NK cells and generated antitumor effects against the tumors with down-regulated MHC class I. Thus, the SINrep5-VP22/E7 naked RNA vaccine controls MHC class I-positive and MHC class I-down-regulated tumor cells via different mechanisms, and NK cells play an important role in the antitumor effects generated by naked RNA replicon vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Fang Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kondo N, Ishii Y, Son A, Sakakura-Nishiyama J, Kwon YW, Tanito M, Nishinaka Y, Matsuo Y, Nakayama T, Taniguchi M, Yodoi J. Cysteine-dependent immune regulation by TRX and MIF/GIF family proteins. Immunol Lett 2004; 92:143-7. [PMID: 15081538 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2003.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2003] [Accepted: 11/25/2003] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxin (TRX) superfamily proteins that contain a conserved redox-active site -Cys-Xa.a.-Xa.a.-Cys- includes proinflammatory cytokine, macrophage migration inhibiting factor (MIF) and the immune regulatory cytokine, glycosylation inhibiting factor (GIF) in which Cys-60 is cysteinylated. In this report, we have analyzed the functional interaction between TRX and MIF/GIF. The stable Jurkat T cell line transfected with human TRX gene (TRX-transfectant) was highly resistant to hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis, but not the cell line transfected with vector (mock-transfectant). The expression level of MIF/GIF protein of TRX-transfectant was lower than that of mock-transfectant. Conversely, the expression level of intracellular TRX protein in CD4(+)-T cells derived from MIF -/- mice were significantly higher than that from background BALB/c mice. These findings collectively suggest that oxidative stress-induced apoptosis on T lymphocytes might be protected by the reciprocal regulation of TRX and MIF/GIF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Kondo
- Department of Biological Responses, Institute of Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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50
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Abstract
Efforts to control HIV infection have led to the development of several antiretroviral drugs that can limit virus replication, however, these therapies do not offer a long-term solution to the infection. We can learn a great deal from HIV-infected individuals who have lived for more than ten years and remain healthy without receiving antiviral drugs. These long-term survivors or long-term non-progressors have an immune system that can control HIV infection. A major component of this immune response is innate immunity, particularly the CD8(+) cell antiviral non-cytotoxic response (CNAR), mediated by a novel CD8(+) cell antiviral factor (CAF). The characteristics of CNAR and CAF will be described and progress made toward identifying CAF will be reviewed. These studies have uncovered several potentially important natural anti-HIV factors and their relationship to the originally described CAF is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay A Levy
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Medicine, 513 Parnassus, S1280, Box 1270, San Francisco, CA 94143-1270, USA.
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