101
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Milaneschi Y, Lamers F, Peyrot WJ, Abdellaoui A, Willemsen G, Hottenga JJ, Jansen R, Mbarek H, Dehghan A, Lu C, Boomsma DI, Penninx BWJH. Polygenic dissection of major depression clinical heterogeneity. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:516-22. [PMID: 26122587 PMCID: PMC5546325 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying major depressive disorder (MDD) are largely unknown. Limited success of previous genetics studies may be attributable to heterogeneity of MDD, aggregating biologically different subtypes. We examined the polygenic features of MDD and two common clinical subtypes (typical and atypical) defined by symptom profiles in a large sample of adults with established diagnoses. Data were from 1530 patients of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) and 1700 controls mainly from the Netherlands Twin Register (NTR). Diagnoses of MDD and its subtypes were based on DSM-IV symptoms. Genetic overlap of MDD and subtypes with psychiatric (MDD, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia) and metabolic (body mass index (BMI), C-reactive protein, triglycerides) traits was evaluated via genomic profile risk scores (GPRS) generated from meta-analysis results of large international consortia. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-heritability of MDD and subtypes was also estimated. MDD was associated with psychiatric GPRS, while no association was found for GPRS of metabolic traits. MDD subtypes had differential polygenic signatures: typical was strongly associated with schizophrenia GPRS (odds ratio (OR)=1.54, P=7.8e-9), while atypical was additionally associated with BMI (OR=1.29, P=2.7e-4) and triglycerides (OR=1.21, P=0.006) GPRS. Similar results were found when only the highly discriminatory symptoms of appetite/weight were used to define subtypes. SNP-heritability was 32% for MDD, 38% and 43% for subtypes with, respectively, decreased (typical) and increased (atypical) appetite/weight. In conclusion, MDD subtypes are characterized by partially distinct polygenic liabilities and may represent more homogeneous phenotypes. Disentangling MDD heterogeneity may help the psychiatric field moving forward in the search for molecular roots of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Femke Lamers
- Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J Peyrot
- Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Jansen
- Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hamdi Mbarek
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chen Lu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brenda WJH Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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102
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Stringer S, Minică CC, Verweij KJH, Mbarek H, Bernard M, Derringer J, van Eijk KR, Isen JD, Loukola A, Maciejewski DF, Mihailov E, van der Most PJ, Sánchez-Mora C, Roos L, Sherva R, Walters R, Ware JJ, Abdellaoui A, Bigdeli TB, Branje SJT, Brown SA, Bruinenberg M, Casas M, Esko T, Garcia-Martinez I, Gordon SD, Harris JM, Hartman CA, Henders AK, Heath AC, Hickie IB, Hickman M, Hopfer CJ, Hottenga JJ, Huizink AC, Irons DE, Kahn RS, Korhonen T, Kranzler HR, Krauter K, van Lier PAC, Lubke GH, Madden PAF, Mägi R, McGue MK, Medland SE, Meeus WHJ, Miller MB, Montgomery GW, Nivard MG, Nolte IM, Oldehinkel AJ, Pausova Z, Qaiser B, Quaye L, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Richarte V, Rose RJ, Shin J, Stallings MC, Stiby AI, Wall TL, Wright MJ, Koot HM, Paus T, Hewitt JK, Ribasés M, Kaprio J, Boks MP, Snieder H, Spector T, Munafò MR, Metspalu A, Gelernter J, Boomsma DI, Iacono WG, Martin NG, Gillespie NA, Derks EM, Vink JM. Genome-wide association study of lifetime cannabis use based on a large meta-analytic sample of 32 330 subjects from the International Cannabis Consortium. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e769. [PMID: 27023175 PMCID: PMC4872459 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is the most widely produced and consumed illicit psychoactive substance worldwide. Occasional cannabis use can progress to frequent use, abuse and dependence with all known adverse physical, psychological and social consequences. Individual differences in cannabis initiation are heritable (40-48%). The International Cannabis Consortium was established with the aim to identify genetic risk variants of cannabis use. We conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association data of 13 cohorts (N=32 330) and four replication samples (N=5627). In addition, we performed a gene-based test of association, estimated single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based heritability and explored the genetic correlation between lifetime cannabis use and cigarette use using LD score regression. No individual SNPs reached genome-wide significance. Nonetheless, gene-based tests identified four genes significantly associated with lifetime cannabis use: NCAM1, CADM2, SCOC and KCNT2. Previous studies reported associations of NCAM1 with cigarette smoking and other substance use, and those of CADM2 with body mass index, processing speed and autism disorders, which are phenotypes previously reported to be associated with cannabis use. Furthermore, we showed that, combined across the genome, all common SNPs explained 13-20% (P<0.001) of the liability of lifetime cannabis use. Finally, there was a strong genetic correlation (rg=0.83; P=1.85 × 10(-8)) between lifetime cannabis use and lifetime cigarette smoking implying that the SNP effect sizes of the two traits are highly correlated. This is the largest meta-analysis of cannabis GWA studies to date, revealing important new insights into the genetic pathways of lifetime cannabis use. Future functional studies should explore the impact of the identified genes on the biological mechanisms of cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stringer
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU Amsterdam, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C C Minică
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K J H Verweij
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Mbarek
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Bernard
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - J Derringer
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - K R van Eijk
- Department of Human Neurogenetics, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J D Isen
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - A Loukola
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - D F Maciejewski
- Department of Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - P J van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - C Sánchez-Mora
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Roos
- Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - R Sherva
- Biomedical Genetics Department, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Walters
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J J Ware
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - A Abdellaoui
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T B Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - S J T Branje
- Research Centre Adolescent Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S A Brown
- Department of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M Bruinenberg
- The LifeLines Cohort Study, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Casas
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - T Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - I Garcia-Martinez
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S D Gordon
- Genetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - J M Harris
- Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - C A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A K Henders
- Genetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - A C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - I B Hickie
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M Hickman
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - C J Hopfer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - J J Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A C Huizink
- Department of Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D E Irons
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - R S Kahn
- Department of Human Neurogenetics, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - T Korhonen
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - H R Kranzler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K Krauter
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - P A C van Lier
- Department of Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G H Lubke
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - P A F Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - R Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - M K McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - S E Medland
- Genetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - W H J Meeus
- Research Centre Adolescent Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - M B Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - G W Montgomery
- Genetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - M G Nivard
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - I M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A J Oldehinkel
- Interdisciplinary Center for Pathology and Emotion Regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Z Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - B Qaiser
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - L Quaye
- Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J A Ramos-Quiroga
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - V Richarte
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R J Rose
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - J Shin
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - M C Stallings
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A I Stiby
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - T L Wall
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M J Wright
- Genetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - H M Koot
- Department of Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - J K Hewitt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - M Ribasés
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M P Boks
- Department of Human Neurogenetics, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - T Spector
- Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M R Munafò
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - A Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - J Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Genetics, and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine and VA CT, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - D I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W G Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - N G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - N A Gillespie
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Genetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - E M Derks
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J M Vink
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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103
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Kettunen J, Demirkan A, Würtz P, Draisma HHM, Haller T, Rawal R, Vaarhorst A, Kangas AJ, Lyytikäinen LP, Pirinen M, Pool R, Sarin AP, Soininen P, Tukiainen T, Wang Q, Tiainen M, Tynkkynen T, Amin N, Zeller T, Beekman M, Deelen J, van Dijk KW, Esko T, Hottenga JJ, van Leeuwen EM, Lehtimäki T, Mihailov E, Rose RJ, de Craen AJM, Gieger C, Kähönen M, Perola M, Blankenberg S, Savolainen MJ, Verhoeven A, Viikari J, Willemsen G, Boomsma DI, van Duijn CM, Eriksson J, Jula A, Järvelin MR, Kaprio J, Metspalu A, Raitakari O, Salomaa V, Slagboom PE, Waldenberger M, Ripatti S, Ala-Korpela M. Genome-wide study for circulating metabolites identifies 62 loci and reveals novel systemic effects of LPA. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11122. [PMID: 27005778 PMCID: PMC4814583 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified numerous loci linked with complex
diseases, for which the molecular mechanisms remain largely unclear. Comprehensive
molecular profiling of circulating metabolites captures highly heritable traits,
which can help to uncover metabolic pathophysiology underlying established disease
variants. We conduct an extended genome-wide association study of genetic influences
on 123 circulating metabolic traits quantified by nuclear magnetic resonance
metabolomics from up to 24,925 individuals and identify eight novel loci for amino
acids, pyruvate and fatty acids. The LPA locus link with cardiovascular risk
exemplifies how detailed metabolic profiling may inform underlying aetiology via
extensive associations with very-low-density lipoprotein and triglyceride
metabolism. Genetic fine mapping and Mendelian randomization uncover wide-spread
causal effects of lipoprotein(a) on overall lipoprotein metabolism and we assess
potential pleiotropic consequences of genetically elevated lipoprotein(a) on diverse
morbidities via electronic health-care records. Our findings strengthen the argument
for safe LPA-targeted intervention to reduce cardiovascular risk. Circulating metabolites reflect human health and disease. Here,
Kettunen et al. perform a genome-wide association study on 123 circulating
metabolic traits and identify novel genetic loci influencing systemic metabolism. They
also link new molecular pathways with a known cardiovascular risk factor
Lp(a).
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kettunen
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.,National Institute for Health and Welfare, PO Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, Kuopio 70210, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Ayşe Demirkan
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Würtz
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Harmen H M Draisma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, Room 2B-29, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Toomas Haller
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Rajesh Rawal
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anika Vaarhorst
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Antti J Kangas
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere University, Kalevantie 4, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Matti Pirinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Biomedicum 2, Tukholmankatu 8, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - René Pool
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, Room 2B-29, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antti-Pekka Sarin
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, PO Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Biomedicum 2, Tukholmankatu 8, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Taru Tukiainen
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB 0330, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Qin Wang
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Mika Tiainen
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Tuulia Tynkkynen
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja Zeller
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.), Partner Site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.,University Heart Center Hamburg, Clinic of general and interventional Cardiology, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marian Beekman
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Deelen
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, Room 2B-29, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth M van Leeuwen
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere University, Kalevantie 4, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Richard J Rose
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, PO Box 41 Mannerheimintie 172, Helsinki 00014, Finland.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10th Street, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Anton J M de Craen
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Leiden University Medical Center, Postzone C7-Q, PO Box 9600, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere, University Hospital, PO Box 2000, FIN-33521 Tampere, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, PO Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.,Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010 Tartu, Estonia.,Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Biomedicum 2, Tukholmankatu 8, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Stefan Blankenberg
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.), Partner Site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.,University Heart Center Hamburg, Clinic of general and interventional Cardiology, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markku J Savolainen
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center, Internal Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Aapistie 5A, Oulu FI-90220, Finland
| | - Aswin Verhoeven
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jorma Viikari
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, PB 52, 20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, Room 2B-29, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, Room 2B-29, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Eriksson
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, PO Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.,Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, PL 20, Tukholmankatu 8B, Helsinki 00029, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsingfors Universitet, PB 63, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Antti Jula
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, PO Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.,Center for Life Course and Systems Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, PL 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.,Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 20, OYS, Oulu 90029, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Biomedicum 2, Tukholmankatu 8, Helsinki 00290, Finland.,Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, PO Box 41 Mannerheimintie 172, Helsinki 00014, Finland.,Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, PO Box 30 (Mannerheimintie 166), Helsinki 00300, Finland
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, Turku 20521, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, Turku 20521, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, PO Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, PO Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Biomedicum 2, Tukholmankatu 8, Helsinki 00290, Finland.,Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, PO Box 41 Mannerheimintie 172, Helsinki 00014, Finland.,Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, Kuopio 70210, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.,Oulu University Hospital, Kajaanintie 50, Oulu 90220, Finland.,Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Senate House, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK.,Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
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104
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Tyrrell J, Richmond RC, Palmer TM, Feenstra B, Rangarajan J, Metrustry S, Cavadino A, Paternoster L, Armstrong LL, De Silva NMG, Wood AR, Horikoshi M, Geller F, Myhre R, Bradfield JP, Kreiner-Møller E, Huikari V, Painter JN, Hottenga JJ, Allard C, Berry DJ, Bouchard L, Das S, Evans DM, Hakonarson H, Hayes MG, Heikkinen J, Hofman A, Knight B, Lind PA, McCarthy MI, McMahon G, Medland SE, Melbye M, Morris AP, Nodzenski M, Reichetzeder C, Ring SM, Sebert S, Sengpiel V, Sørensen TIA, Willemsen G, de Geus EJC, Martin NG, Spector TD, Power C, Järvelin MR, Bisgaard H, Grant SFA, Nohr EA, Jaddoe VW, Jacobsson B, Murray JC, Hocher B, Hattersley AT, Scholtens DM, Davey Smith G, Hivert MF, Felix JF, Hyppönen E, Lowe WL, Frayling TM, Lawlor DA, Freathy RM. Genetic Evidence for Causal Relationships Between Maternal Obesity-Related Traits and Birth Weight. JAMA 2016; 315:1129-40. [PMID: 26978208 PMCID: PMC4811305 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Neonates born to overweight or obese women are larger and at higher risk of birth complications. Many maternal obesity-related traits are observationally associated with birth weight, but the causal nature of these associations is uncertain. OBJECTIVE To test for genetic evidence of causal associations of maternal body mass index (BMI) and related traits with birth weight. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Mendelian randomization to test whether maternal BMI and obesity-related traits are potentially causally related to offspring birth weight. Data from 30,487 women in 18 studies were analyzed. Participants were of European ancestry from population- or community-based studies in Europe, North America, or Australia and were part of the Early Growth Genetics Consortium. Live, term, singleton offspring born between 1929 and 2013 were included. EXPOSURES Genetic scores for BMI, fasting glucose level, type 2 diabetes, systolic blood pressure (SBP), triglyceride level, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level, vitamin D status, and adiponectin level. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURE Offspring birth weight from 18 studies. RESULTS Among the 30,487 newborns the mean birth weight in the various cohorts ranged from 3325 g to 3679 g. The maternal genetic score for BMI was associated with a 2-g (95% CI, 0 to 3 g) higher offspring birth weight per maternal BMI-raising allele (P = .008). The maternal genetic scores for fasting glucose and SBP were also associated with birth weight with effect sizes of 8 g (95% CI, 6 to 10 g) per glucose-raising allele (P = 7 × 10(-14)) and -4 g (95% CI, -6 to -2 g) per SBP-raising allele (P = 1×10(-5)), respectively. A 1-SD ( ≈ 4 points) genetically higher maternal BMI was associated with a 55-g higher offspring birth weight (95% CI, 17 to 93 g). A 1-SD ( ≈ 7.2 mg/dL) genetically higher maternal fasting glucose concentration was associated with 114-g higher offspring birth weight (95% CI, 80 to 147 g). However, a 1-SD ( ≈ 10 mm Hg) genetically higher maternal SBP was associated with a 208-g lower offspring birth weight (95% CI, -394 to -21 g). For BMI and fasting glucose, genetic associations were consistent with the observational associations, but for systolic blood pressure, the genetic and observational associations were in opposite directions. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this mendelian randomization study, genetically elevated maternal BMI and blood glucose levels were potentially causally associated with higher offspring birth weight, whereas genetically elevated maternal SBP was potentially causally related to lower birth weight. If replicated, these findings may have implications for counseling and managing pregnancies to avoid adverse weight-related birth outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Tyrrell
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom2European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter, the Knowledge Spa, Truro, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca C Richmond
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, United Kingdom4The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands5Medical Research Council Inte
| | - Tom M Palmer
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom7Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janani Rangarajan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sarah Metrustry
- Department of Twin Research, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alana Cavadino
- Centre for Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts, and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom12Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child He
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Loren L Armstrong
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - N Maneka G De Silva
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R Wood
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Momoko Horikoshi
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, United Kingdom15Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ronny Myhre
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonathan P Bradfield
- Center for Applied Genomics, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Eskil Kreiner-Møller
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, and Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Ville Huikari
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jodie N Painter
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Australia
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands22Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Catherine Allard
- Department of Mathematics, Universite de Sherbrooke, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada24Centre de recherché du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Diane J Berry
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Luigi Bouchard
- Centre de recherché du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada25ECOGENE-21 and Lipid Clinic, Chicoutimi Hospital, Saguenay, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada26Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke
| | - Shikta Das
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - David M Evans
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, United Kingdom5Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom28University of Queensland Diamantin
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania29Division of Human Genetics, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania30Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, Unive
| | - M Geoffrey Hayes
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jani Heikkinen
- FIMM Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands54Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bridget Knight
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Penelope A Lind
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Australia
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, United Kingdom15Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom33Oxford National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Researc
| | - George McMahon
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Australia
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark34Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom35Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Nodzenski
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Christoph Reichetzeder
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Germany37Center for Cardiovascular Research/Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susan M Ring
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, United Kingdom5Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvain Sebert
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland38Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Medical Research Council-Health Protection Agency Centre for Environment and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial Coll
| | - Verena Sengpiel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom40Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg University Hospital, Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark41Novo Nordisk Foundation Center fo
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands22Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eco J C de Geus
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands22Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Australia
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Power
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland38Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Medical Research Council-Health Protection Agency Centre for Environment and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial Coll
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, and Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Struan F A Grant
- Center for Applied Genomics, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania29Division of Human Genetics, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania30Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, Unive
| | - Ellen A Nohr
- Research Unit of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense
| | - Vincent W Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands32Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands46Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medic
| | - Bo Jacobsson
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway39Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Berthold Hocher
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Germany48The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Andrew T Hattersley
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Denise M Scholtens
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - George Davey Smith
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, United Kingdom5Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts50Diabetes Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston51Department of Medicine, Universite de Sherbrooke, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Janine F Felix
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands32Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands46Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medic
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom52Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health Sciences, and Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide53South Australian He
| | - William L Lowe
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Debbie A Lawlor
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, United Kingdom5Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel M Freathy
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom5Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom
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105
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van den Berg SM, de Moor MHM, Verweij KJH, Krueger RF, Luciano M, Arias Vasquez A, Matteson LK, Derringer J, Esko T, Amin N, Gordon SD, Hansell NK, Hart AB, Seppälä I, Huffman JE, Konte B, Lahti J, Lee M, Miller M, Nutile T, Tanaka T, Teumer A, Viktorin A, Wedenoja J, Abdellaoui A, Abecasis GR, Adkins DE, Agrawal A, Allik J, Appel K, Bigdeli TB, Busonero F, Campbell H, Costa PT, Smith GD, Davies G, de Wit H, Ding J, Engelhardt BE, Eriksson JG, Fedko IO, Ferrucci L, Franke B, Giegling I, Grucza R, Hartmann AM, Heath AC, Heinonen K, Henders AK, Homuth G, Hottenga JJ, Iacono WG, Janzing J, Jokela M, Karlsson R, Kemp JP, Kirkpatrick MG, Latvala A, Lehtimäki T, Liewald DC, Madden PAF, Magri C, Magnusson PKE, Marten J, Maschio A, Mbarek H, Medland SE, Mihailov E, Milaneschi Y, Montgomery GW, Nauck M, Nivard MG, Ouwens KG, Palotie A, Pettersson E, Polasek O, Qian Y, Pulkki-Råback L, Raitakari OT, Realo A, Rose RJ, Ruggiero D, Schmidt CO, Slutske WS, Sorice R, Starr JM, St Pourcain B, Sutin AR, Timpson NJ, Trochet H, Vermeulen S, Vuoksimaa E, Widen E, Wouda J, Wright MJ, Zgaga L, Porteous D, Minelli A, Palmer AA, Rujescu D, Ciullo M, Hayward C, Rudan I, Metspalu A, Kaprio J, Deary IJ, Räikkönen K, Wilson JF, Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Bierut LJ, Hettema JM, Grabe HJ, Penninx BWJH, van Duijn CM, Evans DM, Schlessinger D, Pedersen NL, Terracciano A, McGue M, Martin NG, Boomsma DI. Meta-analysis of Genome-Wide Association Studies for Extraversion: Findings from the Genetics of Personality Consortium. Behav Genet 2016; 46:170-82. [PMID: 26362575 PMCID: PMC4751159 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-015-9735-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Extraversion is a relatively stable and heritable personality trait associated with numerous psychosocial, lifestyle and health outcomes. Despite its substantial heritability, no genetic variants have been detected in previous genome-wide association (GWA) studies, which may be due to relatively small sample sizes of those studies. Here, we report on a large meta-analysis of GWA studies for extraversion in 63,030 subjects in 29 cohorts. Extraversion item data from multiple personality inventories were harmonized across inventories and cohorts. No genome-wide significant associations were found at the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) level but there was one significant hit at the gene level for a long non-coding RNA site (LOC101928162). Genome-wide complex trait analysis in two large cohorts showed that the additive variance explained by common SNPs was not significantly different from zero, but polygenic risk scores, weighted using linkage information, significantly predicted extraversion scores in an independent cohort. These results show that extraversion is a highly polygenic personality trait, with an architecture possibly different from other complex human traits, including other personality traits. Future studies are required to further determine which genetic variants, by what modes of gene action, constitute the heritable nature of extraversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie M van den Berg
- Department of Research Methodology, Measurement and Data-Analysis (OMD), Faculty of Behavioural, Management, and Social Sciences, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Marleen H M de Moor
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Child and Family Studies, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Methods, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karin J H Verweij
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert F Krueger
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Michelle Luciano
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alejandro Arias Vasquez
- Donders Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jaime Derringer
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Scott D Gordon
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Amy B Hart
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ilkka Seppälä
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jennifer E Huffman
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bettina Konte
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Jari Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minyoung Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Mike Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Teresa Nutile
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso" - CNR, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alexander Viktorin
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juho Wedenoja
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Goncalo R Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel E Adkins
- Pharmacotherapy & Outcomes Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jüri Allik
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Katja Appel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Timothy B Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Fabio Busonero
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Harry Campbell
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul T Costa
- Behavioral Medicine Research Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gail Davies
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Jun Ding
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Barbara E Engelhardt
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Unit of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Vasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland
| | - Iryna O Fedko
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Barbara Franke
- Donders Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ina Giegling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Richard Grucza
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kati Heinonen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - William G Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Joost Janzing
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Jokela
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Robert Karlsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John P Kemp
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew G Kirkpatrick
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Antti Latvala
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - David C Liewald
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pamela A F Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chiara Magri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Marten
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrea Maschio
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Hamdi Mbarek
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, EMGO+ Institute, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michel G Nivard
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klaasjan G Ouwens
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erik Pettersson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Yong Qian
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laura Pulkki-Råback
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anu Realo
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Richard J Rose
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Daniela Ruggiero
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso" - CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Carsten O Schmidt
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wendy S Slutske
- Department of Psychological Sciences and Missouri Alcoholism Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Rossella Sorice
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso" - CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - John M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Angelina R Sutin
- National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
- College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Holly Trochet
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sita Vermeulen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eero Vuoksimaa
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisabeth Widen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jasper Wouda
- Department of Research Methodology, Measurement and Data-Analysis (OMD), Faculty of Behavioural, Management, and Social Sciences, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lina Zgaga
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Porteous
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alessandra Minelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Abraham A Palmer
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Marina Ciullo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso" - CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Igor Rudan
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ian J Deary
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - James F Wilson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Laura J Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John M Hettema
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, HELIOS Hospital Stralsund, Stralsund, Germany
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, EMGO+ Institute, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David M Evans
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Terracciano
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
- Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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106
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Jansen R, Penninx BWJH, Madar V, Xia K, Milaneschi Y, Hottenga JJ, Hammerschlag AR, Beekman A, van der Wee N, Smit JH, Brooks AI, Tischfield J, Posthuma D, Schoevers R, van Grootheest G, Willemsen G, de Geus EJ, Boomsma DI, Wright FA, Zou F, Sun W, Sullivan PF. Gene expression in major depressive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:444. [PMID: 26100536 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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107
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Jansen R, Penninx BWJH, Madar V, Xia K, Milaneschi Y, Hottenga JJ, Hammerschlag AR, Beekman A, van der Wee N, Smit JH, Brooks AI, Tischfield J, Posthuma D, Schoevers R, van Grootheest G, Willemsen G, de Geus EJ, Boomsma DI, Wright FA, Zou F, Sun W, Sullivan PF. Gene expression in major depressive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:339-47. [PMID: 26008736 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The search for genetic variants underlying major depressive disorder (MDD) has not yet provided firm leads to its underlying molecular biology. A complementary approach is to study gene expression in relation to MDD. We measured gene expression in peripheral blood from 1848 subjects from The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. Subjects were divided into current MDD (N=882), remitted MDD (N=635) and control (N=331) groups. MDD status and gene expression were measured again 2 years later in 414 subjects. The strongest gene expression differences were between the current MDD and control groups (129 genes at false-discovery rate, FDR<0.1). Gene expression differences across MDD status were largely unrelated to antidepressant use, inflammatory status and blood cell counts. Genes associated with MDD were enriched for interleukin-6 (IL-6)-signaling and natural killer (NK) cell pathways. We identified 13 gene expression clusters with specific clusters enriched for genes involved in NK cell activation (downregulated in current MDD, FDR=5.8 × 10(-5)) and IL-6 pathways (upregulated in current MDD, FDR=3.2 × 10(-3)). Longitudinal analyses largely confirmed results observed in the cross-sectional data. Comparisons of gene expression results to the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) MDD genome-wide association study results revealed overlap with DVL3. In conclusion, multiple gene expression associations with MDD were identified and suggest a measurable impact of current MDD state on gene expression. Identified genes and gene clusters are enriched with immune pathways previously associated with the etiology of MDD, in line with the immune suppression and immune activation hypothesis of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jansen
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - V Madar
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - K Xia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Y Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J J Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A R Hammerschlag
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University Amsterdam, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Beekman
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N van der Wee
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J H Smit
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A I Brooks
- Department of Genetics and the Human Genetics Institute, RUCDR Infinite Biologics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - J Tischfield
- Department of Genetics and the Human Genetics Institute, RUCDR Infinite Biologics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - D Posthuma
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University Amsterdam, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Schoevers
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - G van Grootheest
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E J de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F A Wright
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - F Zou
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - W Sun
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - P F Sullivan
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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108
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Mbarek H, Milaneschi Y, Fedko IO, Hottenga JJ, de Moor MHM, Jansen R, Gelernter J, Sherva R, Willemsen G, Boomsma DI, Penninx BW, Vink JM. The genetics of alcohol dependence: Twin and SNP-based heritability, and genome-wide association study based on AUDIT scores. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2015; 168:739-48. [PMID: 26365420 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol dependence (AD) is among the most common and costly public health problems contributing to morbidity and mortality throughout the world. In this study, we investigate the genetic basis of AD in a Dutch population using data from the Netherlands Twin Register (NTR) and the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). The presence of AD was ascertained via the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) applying cut-offs with good specificity and sensitivity in identifying those at risk for AD. Twin-based heritability of AD-AUDIT was estimated using structural equation modeling of data in 7,694 MZ and DZ twin pairs. Variance in AD-AUDIT explained by all SNPs was estimated with genome-wide complex trait analysis (GCTA). A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed in 7,842 subjects. GWAS SNP effect concordance analysis was performed between our GWAS and a recent AD GWAS using DSM-IV diagnosis. The twin-based heritability of AD-AUDIT was estimated at 60% (55-69%). GCTA showed that common SNPs jointly capture 33% (SE = 0.12, P = 0.002) of this heritability. In the GWAS, the top hits were positioned within four regions (4q31.1, 2p16.1, 6q25.1, 7p14.1) with the strongest association detected for rs55768019 (P = 7.58 × 10(-7) ). This first GWAS of AD using the AUDIT measure found results consistent with previous genetic studies using DSM diagnosis: concordance in heritability estimates and direction of SNPs effect and overlap with top hits from previous GWAS. Thus, the use of appropriate questionnaires may represent cost-effective strategies to phenotype samples in large-scale biobanks or other population-based datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdi Mbarek
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iryna O Fedko
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen H M de Moor
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Jansen
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut
- VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Richard Sherva
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brenda W Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M Vink
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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109
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van Leeuwen EM, Huffman JE, Bis JC, Isaacs A, Mulder M, Sabo A, Smith AV, Demissie S, Manichaikul A, Brody JA, Feitosa MF, Duan Q, Schraut KE, Navarro P, van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Zhu G, Mbarek H, Trompet S, Verweij N, Lyytikäinen LP, Deelen J, Nolte IM, van der Laan SW, Davies G, Vermeij-Verdoold AJ, van Oosterhout AA, Vergeer-Drop JM, Arking DE, Trochet H, Medina-Gomez C, Rivadeneira F, Uitterlinden AG, Dehghan A, Franco OH, Sijbrands EJ, Hofman A, White CC, Mychaleckyj JC, Peloso GM, Swertz MA, Willemsen G, de Geus EJ, Milaneschi Y, Penninx BW, Ford I, Buckley BM, de Craen AJ, Starr JM, Deary IJ, Pasterkamp G, Oldehinkel AJ, Snieder H, Slagboom PE, Nikus K, Kähönen M, Lehtimäki T, Viikari JS, Raitakari OT, van der Harst P, Jukema JW, Hottenga JJ, Boomsma DI, Whitfield JB, Montgomery G, Martin NG, Polasek O, Vitart V, Hayward C, Kolcic I, Wright AF, Rudan I, Joshi PK, Wilson JF, Lange LA, Wilson JG, Gudnason V, Harris TB, Morrison AC, Borecki IB, Rich SS, Padmanabhan S, Psaty BM, Rotter JI, Smith BH, Boerwinkle E, Cupples LA, van Duijn C. Fine mapping the CETP region reveals a common intronic insertion associated to HDL-C. NPJ Aging Mech Dis 2015; 1:15011. [PMID: 28721259 PMCID: PMC5514988 DOI: 10.1038/npjamd.2015.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with exceptional longevity and their offspring have significantly larger high-density lipoprotein concentrations (HDL-C) particle sizes due to the increased homozygosity for the I405V variant in the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) gene. In this study, we investigate the association of CETP and HDL-C further to identify novel, independent CETP variants associated with HDL-C in humans. METHODS We performed a meta-analysis of HDL-C within the CETP region using 59,432 individuals imputed with 1000 Genomes data. We performed replication in an independent sample of 47,866 individuals and validation was done by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS The meta-analysis of HDL-C within the CETP region identified five independent variants, including an exonic variant and a common intronic insertion. We replicated these 5 variants significantly in an independent sample of 47,866 individuals. Sanger sequencing of the insertion within a single family confirmed segregation of this variant. The strongest reported association between HDL-C and CETP variants, was rs3764261; however, after conditioning on the five novel variants we identified the support for rs3764261 was highly reduced (βunadjusted=3.179 mg/dl (P value=5.25×10-509), βadjusted=0.859 mg/dl (P value=9.51×10-25)), and this finding suggests that these five novel variants may partly explain the association of CETP with HDL-C. Indeed, three of the five novel variants (rs34065661, rs5817082, rs7499892) are independent of rs3764261. CONCLUSIONS The causal variants in CETP that account for the association with HDL-C remain unknown. We used studies imputed to the 1000 Genomes reference panel for fine mapping of the CETP region. We identified and validated five variants within this region that may partly account for the association of the known variant (rs3764261), as well as other sources of genetic contribution to HDL-C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer E Huffman
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Human Genomics Branch, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Joshua C Bis
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aaron Isaacs
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Mulder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aniko Sabo
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Albert V Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Serkalem Demissie
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ani Manichaikul
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Brody
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Qing Duan
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Katharina E Schraut
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Pau Navarro
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jana V van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gu Zhu
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hamdi Mbarek
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Niek Verweij
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Joris Deelen
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gail Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | | - Dan E Arking
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Holly Trochet
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric J Sijbrands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charles C White
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Josyf C Mychaleckyj
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Gina M Peloso
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Morris A Swertz
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eco J de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam/GGZinGeest and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brenda Wjh Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam/GGZinGeest and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Brendan M Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anton Jm de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - John M Starr
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Division Laboratories & Pharmacy, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Albertine J Oldehinkel
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kjell Nikus
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Centre, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jorma S Viikari
- Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, and Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, and Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John B Whitfield
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Grant Montgomery
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, and Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Ozren Polasek
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ivana Kolcic
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Alan F Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peter K Joshi
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - James F Wilson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Leslie A Lange
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - James G Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Tamar B Harris
- National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alanna C Morrison
- Human Genetics Center, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ingrid B Borecki
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sandosh Padmanabhan
- Division of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Department of Medicine, Epidemiology & Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Group Health Research Institute, Group Health cooperative, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA.,Division of Genomic Outcomes, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, and Human Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Blair H Smith
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Cornelia van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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110
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Day FR, Ruth KS, Thompson DJ, Lunetta KL, Pervjakova N, Chasman DI, Stolk L, Finucane HK, Sulem P, Bulik-Sullivan B, Esko T, Johnson AD, Elks CE, Franceschini N, He C, Altmaier E, Brody JA, Franke LL, Huffman JE, Keller MF, McArdle PF, Nutile T, Porcu E, Robino A, Rose LM, Schick UM, Smith JA, Teumer A, Traglia M, Vuckovic D, Yao J, Zhao W, Albrecht E, Amin N, Corre T, Hottenga JJ, Mangino M, Smith AV, Tanaka T, Abecasis G, Andrulis IL, Anton-Culver H, Antoniou AC, Arndt V, Arnold AM, Barbieri C, Beckmann MW, Beeghly-Fadiel A, Benitez J, Bernstein L, Bielinski SJ, Blomqvist C, Boerwinkle E, Bogdanova NV, Bojesen SE, Bolla MK, Borresen-Dale AL, Boutin TS, Brauch H, Brenner H, Brüning T, Burwinkel B, Campbell A, Campbell H, Chanock SJ, Chapman JR, Chen YDI, Chenevix-Trench G, Couch FJ, Coviello AD, Cox A, Czene K, Darabi H, De Vivo I, Demerath EW, Dennis J, Devilee P, Dörk T, dos-Santos-Silva I, Dunning AM, Eicher JD, Fasching PA, Faul JD, Figueroa J, Flesch-Janys D, Gandin I, Garcia ME, García-Closas M, Giles GG, Girotto GG, Goldberg MS, González-Neira A, Goodarzi MO, Grove ML, Gudbjartsson DF, Guénel P, Guo X, Haiman CA, Hall P, Hamann U, Henderson BE, Hocking LJ, Hofman A, Homuth G, Hooning MJ, Hopper JL, Hu FB, Huang J, Humphreys K, Hunter DJ, Jakubowska A, Jones SE, Kabisch M, Karasik D, Knight JA, Kolcic I, Kooperberg C, Kosma VM, Kriebel J, Kristensen V, Lambrechts D, Langenberg C, Li J, Li X, Lindström S, Liu Y, Luan J, Lubinski J, Mägi R, Mannermaa A, Manz J, Margolin S, Marten J, Martin NG, Masciullo C, Meindl A, Michailidou K, Mihailov E, Milani L, Milne RL, Müller-Nurasyid M, Nalls M, Neale BM, Nevanlinna H, Neven P, Newman AB, Nordestgaard BG, Olson JE, Padmanabhan S, Peterlongo P, Peters U, Petersmann A, Peto J, Pharoah PD, Pirastu NN, Pirie A, Pistis G, Polasek O, Porteous D, Psaty BM, Pylkäs K, Radice P, Raffel LJ, Rivadeneira F, Rudan I, Rudolph A, Ruggiero D, Sala CF, Sanna S, Sawyer EJ, Schlessinger D, Schmidt MK, Schmidt F, Schmutzler RK, Schoemaker MJ, Scott RA, Seynaeve CM, Simard J, Sorice R, Southey MC, Stöckl D, Strauch K, Swerdlow A, Taylor KD, Thorsteinsdottir U, Toland AE, Tomlinson I, Truong T, Tryggvadottir L, Turner ST, Vozzi D, Wang Q, Wellons M, Willemsen G, Wilson JF, Winqvist R, Wolffenbuttel BB, Wright AF, Yannoukakos D, Zemunik T, Zheng W, Zygmunt M, Bergmann S, Boomsma DI, Buring JE, Ferrucci L, Montgomery GW, Gudnason V, Spector TD, van Duijn CM, Alizadeh BZ, Ciullo M, Crisponi L, Easton DF, Gasparini PP, Gieger C, Harris TB, Hayward C, Kardia SL, Kraft P, McKnight B, Metspalu A, Morrison AC, Reiner AP, Ridker PM, Rotter JI, Toniolo D, Uitterlinden AG, Ulivi S, Völzke H, Wareham NJ, Weir DR, Yerges-Armstrong LM, Price AL, Stefansson K, Visser JA, Ong KK, Chang-Claude J, Murabito JM, Perry JR, Murray A. Large-scale genomic analyses link reproductive aging to hypothalamic signaling, breast cancer susceptibility and BRCA1-mediated DNA repair. Nat Genet 2015; 47:1294-1303. [PMID: 26414677 PMCID: PMC4661791 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Menopause timing has a substantial impact on infertility and risk of disease, including breast cancer, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We report a dual strategy in ∼70,000 women to identify common and low-frequency protein-coding variation associated with age at natural menopause (ANM). We identified 44 regions with common variants, including two regions harboring additional rare missense alleles of large effect. We found enrichment of signals in or near genes involved in delayed puberty, highlighting the first molecular links between the onset and end of reproductive lifespan. Pathway analyses identified major association with DNA damage response (DDR) genes, including the first common coding variant in BRCA1 associated with any complex trait. Mendelian randomization analyses supported a causal effect of later ANM on breast cancer risk (∼6% increase in risk per year; P = 3 × 10(-14)), likely mediated by prolonged sex hormone exposure rather than DDR mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix R. Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Katherine S. Ruth
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Deborah J. Thompson
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Kathryn L. Lunetta
- Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics. Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
- NHLBI’s and Boston University’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702-5827, USA
| | - Natalia Pervjakova
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Daniel I. Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lisette Stolk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium on Health Aging and National Genomics Initiative, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hilary K. Finucane
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, USA
| | - Patrick Sulem
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Brendan Bulik-Sullivan
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, US
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 140 Cambridge 02142, MA, USA
| | - Andrew D. Johnson
- NHLBI’s and Boston University’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702-5827, USA
| | - Cathy E. Elks
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nora Franceschini
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chunyan He
- Department of Epidemiology, Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Elisabeth Altmaier
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jennifer A. Brody
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle Washington 98101 USA
| | - Lude L. Franke
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer E. Huffman
- NHLBI’s and Boston University’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702-5827, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Margaux F. Keller
- Merck Pharmaceuticals, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Patrick F. McArdle
- Program in Personalized Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition - University of Maryland School of Medicine, USA. Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Teresa Nutile
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics - CNR, via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Eleonora Porcu
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, 09042 Sardinia, Italy
- University of Sassari, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, Michigan 48109-2029, USA
| | - Antonietta Robino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Lynda M. Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Ursula M. Schick
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Public Health Sciences Division, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michela Traglia
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Dragana Vuckovic
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences, Surgical and Health, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Jie Yao
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eva Albrecht
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Najaf Amin
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tanguy Corre
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Albert V. Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States of America
| | - Goncalo Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, Michigan 48109-2029, USA
| | - Irene L. Andrulis
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hoda Anton-Culver
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Antonis C. Antoniou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Volker Arndt
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alice M. Arnold
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Caterina Barbieri
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Matthias W. Beckmann
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alicia Beeghly-Fadiel
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Javier Benitez
- Human Genetics Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Suzette J. Bielinski
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Carl Blomqvist
- Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Stig E. Bojesen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Manjeet K. Bolla
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Anne-Lise Borresen-Dale
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thibaud S Boutin
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Hiltrud Brauch
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Barbara Burwinkel
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Biology of Breast Cancer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Archie Campbell
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Harry Campbell
- Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Stephen J. Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J. Ross Chapman
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | | | - Fergus J. Couch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Andrea D. Coviello
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sections of Preventive Medicine and Endocrinology, Boston, MA
| | - Angela Cox
- Sheffield Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kamila Czene
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hatef Darabi
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Immaculata De Vivo
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ellen W. Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesotta, Minneapolis MN 55455
| | - Joe Dennis
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Peter Devilee
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thilo Dörk
- Gynaecology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Isabel dos-Santos-Silva
- Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Alison M. Dunning
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - John D. Eicher
- NHLBI’s and Boston University’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702-5827, USA
| | - Peter A. Fasching
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jessica D. Faul
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jonine Figueroa
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Dieter Flesch-Janys
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ilaria Gandin
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences, Surgical and Health, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Melissa E. Garcia
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Montserrat García-Closas
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Division of Cancer Studies, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Graham G. Giles
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Giorgia G. Girotto
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences, Surgical and Health, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Mark S. Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Anna González-Neira
- Human Genetics Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark O. Goodarzi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Megan L. Grove
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Daniel F. Gudbjartsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Pascal Guénel
- Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, INSERM, Villejuif, France
- University Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Christopher A. Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ute Hamann
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Brian E. Henderson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lynne J. Hocking
- Musculoskeletal Research Programme, Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Albert Hofman
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Maartje J. Hooning
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John L. Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Frank B. Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jinyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics,Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Keith Humphreys
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David J. Hunter
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 140 Cambridge 02142, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anna Jakubowska
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Samuel E. Jones
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Maria Kabisch
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Karasik
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research, Boston, MA, 02131, USA
| | - Julia A. Knight
- Prosserman Centre for Health Research, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ivana Kolcic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Public Health Sciences Division, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Veli-Matti Kosma
- Cancer Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jennifer Kriebel
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Vessela Kristensen
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Vesalius Research Center (VRC), VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jingmei Li
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sara Lindström
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Center for Human Genetics, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine
| | - Jian’an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jan Lubinski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Arto Mannermaa
- Cancer Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Judith Manz
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sara Margolin
- Department of Oncology - Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Marten
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Corrado Masciullo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Alfons Meindl
- Division of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Kyriaki Michailidou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Roger L. Milne
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ben M. Neale
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, US
| | - Heli Nevanlinna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Patrick Neven
- KULeuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oncology, Multidisciplinary Breast Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anne B. Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Clinical and Translational Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Børge G. Nordestgaard
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janet E. Olson
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sandosh Padmanabhan
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Paolo Peterlongo
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Public Health Sciences Division, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Astrid Petersmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Julian Peto
- Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Paul D.P. Pharoah
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Nicola N. Pirastu
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences, Surgical and Health, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Ailith Pirie
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Giorgio Pistis
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, 09042 Sardinia, Italy
- University of Sassari, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, Michigan 48109-2029, USA
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - David Porteous
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle Washington 98101 USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Katri Pylkäs
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Northern Finland Laboratory Centre NordLab, Oulu, Finland
| | - Paolo Radice
- Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy
| | - Leslie J. Raffel
- Medical Genetics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- UCLA Clinical & Translational Science Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium on Health Aging and National Genomics Initiative, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Igor Rudan
- Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Anja Rudolph
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniela Ruggiero
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics - CNR, via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Cinzia F. Sala
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Serena Sanna
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, 09042 Sardinia, Italy
| | - Elinor J. Sawyer
- Research Oncology, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - David Schlessinger
- National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marjanka K. Schmidt
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Schmidt
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rita K. Schmutzler
- Division of Molecular Gyneco-Oncology, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center of Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Minouk J. Schoemaker
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Robert A. Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Caroline M. Seynaeve
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Simard
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Québec City, Canada
| | - Rossella Sorice
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics - CNR, via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Melissa C. Southey
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Doris Stöckl
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Anthony Swerdlow
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Kent D. Taylor
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Amanda E. Toland
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ian Tomlinson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, OX3 7LE Oxford, UK
| | - Thérèse Truong
- Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, INSERM, Villejuif, France
- University Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Stephen T. Turner
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Diego Vozzi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Qin Wang
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Melissa Wellons
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, 37203, USA
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James F. Wilson
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
- Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Robert Winqvist
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Northern Finland Laboratory Centre NordLab, Oulu, Finland
| | - Bruce B.H.R. Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- LifeLines Cohort Study and Biobank, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alan F. Wright
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Drakoulis Yannoukakos
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, IRRP, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos“, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Marek Zygmunt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sven Bergmann
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julie E. Buring
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States of America
| | | | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Tim D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Behrooz Z. Alizadeh
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marina Ciullo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics - CNR, via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Crisponi
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, 09042 Sardinia, Italy
| | - Douglas F. Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Paolo P. Gasparini
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences, Surgical and Health, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Sharon L.R. Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Barbara McKnight
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Alanna C. Morrison
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alex P. Reiner
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Public Health Sciences Division, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Paul M. Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Daniela Toniolo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium on Health Aging and National Genomics Initiative, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sheila Ulivi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - David R. Weir
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Laura M. Yerges-Armstrong
- Program in Personalized Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition - University of Maryland School of Medicine, USA. Baltimore, MD 21201
| | | | | | - AOCS Investigators
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Generation Scotland
- A Collaboration between the University Medical Schools and NHS in Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh and Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - Alkes L. Price
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jenny A. Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ken K. Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Paediatrics,University of Cambridge,Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joanne M. Murabito
- NHLBI’s and Boston University’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702-5827, USA
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - John R.B. Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Anna Murray
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
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Gottlieb DJ, Hek K, Chen TH, Watson NF, Eiriksdottir G, Byrne EM, Cornelis M, Warby SC, Bandinelli S, Cherkas L, Evans DS, Grabe HJ, Lahti J, Li M, Lehtimäki T, Lumley T, Marciante KD, Pérusse L, Psaty BM, Robbins J, Tranah GJ, Vink JM, Wilk JB, Stafford JM, Bellis C, Biffar R, Bouchard C, Cade B, Curhan GC, Eriksson JG, Ewert R, Ferrucci L, Fülöp T, Gehrman PR, Goodloe R, Harris TB, Heath AC, Hernandez D, Hofman A, Hottenga JJ, Hunter DJ, Jensen MK, Johnson AD, Kähönen M, Kao L, Kraft P, Larkin EK, Lauderdale DS, Luik AI, Medici M, Montgomery GW, Palotie A, Patel SR, Pistis G, Porcu E, Quaye L, Raitakari O, Redline S, Rimm EB, Rotter JI, Smith AV, Spector TD, Teumer A, Uitterlinden AG, Vohl MC, Widen E, Willemsen G, Young T, Zhang X, Liu Y, Blangero J, Boomsma DI, Gudnason V, Hu F, Mangino M, Martin NG, O’Connor GT, Stone KL, Tanaka T, Viikari J, Gharib SA, Punjabi NM, Räikkönen K, Völzke H, Mignot E, Tiemeier H. Novel loci associated with usual sleep duration: the CHARGE Consortium Genome-Wide Association Study. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:1232-9. [PMID: 25469926 PMCID: PMC4430294 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Usual sleep duration is a heritable trait correlated with psychiatric morbidity, cardiometabolic disease and mortality, although little is known about the genetic variants influencing this trait. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of usual sleep duration was conducted using 18 population-based cohorts totaling 47 180 individuals of European ancestry. Genome-wide significant association was identified at two loci. The strongest is located on chromosome 2, in an intergenic region 35- to 80-kb upstream from the thyroid-specific transcription factor PAX8 (lowest P=1.1 × 10(-9)). This finding was replicated in an African-American sample of 4771 individuals (lowest P=9.3 × 10(-4)). The strongest combined association was at rs1823125 (P=1.5 × 10(-10), minor allele frequency 0.26 in the discovery sample, 0.12 in the replication sample), with each copy of the minor allele associated with a sleep duration 3.1 min longer per night. The alleles associated with longer sleep duration were associated in previous GWAS with a more favorable metabolic profile and a lower risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these associations may help elucidate biological mechanisms influencing sleep duration and its association with psychiatric, metabolic and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Gottlieb
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA,Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston MA,Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA,The NHLBI’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA
| | - Karin Hek
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Epidemiological and Social Psychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ting-hsu Chen
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA,Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Nathaniel F. Watson
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,UW Medicine Sleep Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Enda M. Byrne
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, QLD, Australia,Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marilyn Cornelis
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Simon C. Warby
- Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | | | - Lynn Cherkas
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel S. Evans
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA
| | - Hans J. Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, HELIOS-Hospital Stralsund, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jari Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,Folkhalsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Man Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Thomas Lumley
- Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kristin D. Marciante
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Louis Pérusse
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec, Canada,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,Department of Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, WA
| | - John Robbins
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento CA
| | - Gregory J. Tranah
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jacqueline M. Vink
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jeanette M. Stafford
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Claire Bellis
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Reiner Biffar
- Department of Prosthodontics, Gerodontology and Dental Materials, Center of Oral Health, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Brian Cade
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston MA
| | - Gary C. Curhan
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- Folkhalsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland,Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland,National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland,Vasa Central Hospital, Vasa, Finland
| | - Ralf Ewert
- Department of Internal Medicine B – Cardiology, Pulmonary Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore MD
| | - Tibor Fülöp
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Philip R. Gehrman
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Robert Goodloe
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD
| | - Andrew C. Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, StLouis, MO
| | - Dena Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD
| | - Albert Hofman
- Epidemiological and Social Psychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David J. Hunter
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Majken K. Jensen
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew D. Johnson
- NHLBI Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Human Genomics Branch, The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Linda Kao
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Annemarie I. Luik
- Epidemiological and Social Psychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Medici
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Meta-Thyroid Consortium
| | | | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Genetic Analysis Platform, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sanjay R. Patel
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston MA
| | - Giorgio Pistis
- Meta-Thyroid Consortium,Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Research Institute, Milano, Italy,Universita` degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy,Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universita` di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Porcu
- Meta-Thyroid Consortium,Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universita` di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Lydia Quaye
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Finland
| | - Susan Redline
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston MA
| | - Eric B. Rimm
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - Albert V. Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Iceland,University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Tim D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany,Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Epidemiological and Social Psychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Netherlands Genomics Initiative-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Claude Vohl
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elisabeth Widen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Terry Young
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- NHLBI Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Human Genomics Branch, The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - John Blangero
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Iceland,University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Frank Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - George T. O’Connor
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA,The NHLBI’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA
| | - Katie L. Stone
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore MD
| | - Jorma Viikari
- Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sina A. Gharib
- UW Medicine Sleep Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Naresh M. Punjabi
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health,Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald
| | - Emmanuel Mignot
- Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Epidemiological and Social Psychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Winkler TW, Justice AE, Graff M, Barata L, Feitosa MF, Chu S, Czajkowski J, Esko T, Fall T, Kilpeläinen TO, Lu Y, Mägi R, Mihailov E, Pers TH, Rüeger S, Teumer A, Ehret GB, Ferreira T, Heard-Costa NL, Karjalainen J, Lagou V, Mahajan A, Neinast MD, Prokopenko I, Simino J, Teslovich TM, Jansen R, Westra HJ, White CC, Absher D, Ahluwalia TS, Ahmad S, Albrecht E, Alves AC, Bragg-Gresham JL, de Craen AJM, Bis JC, Bonnefond A, Boucher G, Cadby G, Cheng YC, Chiang CWK, Delgado G, Demirkan A, Dueker N, Eklund N, Eiriksdottir G, Eriksson J, Feenstra B, Fischer K, Frau F, Galesloot TE, Geller F, Goel A, Gorski M, Grammer TB, Gustafsson S, Haitjema S, Hottenga JJ, Huffman JE, Jackson AU, Jacobs KB, Johansson Å, Kaakinen M, Kleber ME, Lahti J, Leach IM, Lehne B, Liu Y, Lo KS, Lorentzon M, Luan J, Madden PAF, Mangino M, McKnight B, Medina-Gomez C, Monda KL, Montasser ME, Müller G, Müller-Nurasyid M, Nolte IM, Panoutsopoulou K, Pascoe L, Paternoster L, Rayner NW, Renström F, Rizzi F, Rose LM, Ryan KA, Salo P, Sanna S, Scharnagl H, Shi J, Smith AV, Southam L, Stančáková A, Steinthorsdottir V, Strawbridge RJ, Sung YJ, Tachmazidou I, Tanaka T, Thorleifsson G, Trompet S, Pervjakova N, Tyrer JP, Vandenput L, van der Laan SW, van der Velde N, van Setten J, van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Verweij N, Vlachopoulou E, Waite LL, Wang SR, Wang Z, Wild SH, Willenborg C, Wilson JF, Wong A, Yang J, Yengo L, Yerges-Armstrong LM, Yu L, Zhang W, Zhao JH, Andersson EA, Bakker SJL, Baldassarre D, Banasik K, Barcella M, Barlassina C, Bellis C, Benaglio P, Blangero J, Blüher M, Bonnet F, Bonnycastle LL, Boyd HA, Bruinenberg M, Buchman AS, Campbell H, Chen YDI, Chines PS, Claudi-Boehm S, Cole J, Collins FS, de Geus EJC, de Groot LCPGM, Dimitriou M, Duan J, Enroth S, Eury E, Farmaki AE, Forouhi NG, Friedrich N, Gejman PV, Gigante B, Glorioso N, Go AS, Gottesman O, Gräßler J, Grallert H, Grarup N, Gu YM, Broer L, Ham AC, Hansen T, Harris TB, Hartman CA, Hassinen M, Hastie N, Hattersley AT, Heath AC, Henders AK, Hernandez D, Hillege H, Holmen O, Hovingh KG, Hui J, Husemoen LL, Hutri-Kähönen N, Hysi PG, Illig T, De Jager PL, Jalilzadeh S, Jørgensen T, Jukema JW, Juonala M, Kanoni S, Karaleftheri M, Khaw KT, Kinnunen L, Kittner SJ, Koenig W, Kolcic I, Kovacs P, Krarup NT, Kratzer W, Krüger J, Kuh D, Kumari M, Kyriakou T, Langenberg C, Lannfelt L, Lanzani C, Lotay V, Launer LJ, Leander K, Lindström J, Linneberg A, Liu YP, Lobbens S, Luben R, Lyssenko V, Männistö S, Magnusson PK, McArdle WL, Menni C, Merger S, Milani L, Montgomery GW, Morris AP, Narisu N, Nelis M, Ong KK, Palotie A, Pérusse L, Pichler I, Pilia MG, Pouta A, Rheinberger M, Ribel-Madsen R, Richards M, Rice KM, Rice TK, Rivolta C, Salomaa V, Sanders AR, Sarzynski MA, Scholtens S, Scott RA, Scott WR, Sebert S, Sengupta S, Sennblad B, Seufferlein T, Silveira A, Slagboom PE, Smit JH, Sparsø TH, Stirrups K, Stolk RP, Stringham HM, Swertz MA, Swift AJ, Syvänen AC, Tan ST, Thorand B, Tönjes A, Tremblay A, Tsafantakis E, van der Most PJ, Völker U, Vohl MC, Vonk JM, Waldenberger M, Walker RW, Wennauer R, Widén E, Willemsen G, Wilsgaard T, Wright AF, Zillikens MC, van Dijk SC, van Schoor NM, Asselbergs FW, de Bakker PIW, Beckmann JS, Beilby J, Bennett DA, Bergman RN, Bergmann S, Böger CA, Boehm BO, Boerwinkle E, Boomsma DI, Bornstein SR, Bottinger EP, Bouchard C, Chambers JC, Chanock SJ, Chasman DI, Cucca F, Cusi D, Dedoussis G, Erdmann J, Eriksson JG, Evans DA, de Faire U, Farrall M, Ferrucci L, Ford I, Franke L, Franks PW, Froguel P, Gansevoort RT, Gieger C, Grönberg H, Gudnason V, Gyllensten U, Hall P, Hamsten A, van der Harst P, Hayward C, Heliövaara M, Hengstenberg C, Hicks AA, Hingorani A, Hofman A, Hu F, Huikuri HV, Hveem K, James AL, Jordan JM, Jula A, Kähönen M, Kajantie E, Kathiresan S, Kiemeney LALM, Kivimaki M, Knekt PB, Koistinen HA, Kooner JS, Koskinen S, Kuusisto J, Maerz W, Martin NG, Laakso M, Lakka TA, Lehtimäki T, Lettre G, Levinson DF, Lind L, Lokki ML, Mäntyselkä P, Melbye M, Metspalu A, Mitchell BD, Moll FL, Murray JC, Musk AW, Nieminen MS, Njølstad I, Ohlsson C, Oldehinkel AJ, Oostra BA, Palmer LJ, Pankow JS, Pasterkamp G, Pedersen NL, Pedersen O, Penninx BW, Perola M, Peters A, Polašek O, Pramstaller PP, Psaty BM, Qi L, Quertermous T, Raitakari OT, Rankinen T, Rauramaa R, Ridker PM, Rioux JD, Rivadeneira F, Rotter JI, Rudan I, den Ruijter HM, Saltevo J, Sattar N, Schunkert H, Schwarz PEH, Shuldiner AR, Sinisalo J, Snieder H, Sørensen TIA, Spector TD, Staessen JA, Stefania B, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stumvoll M, Tardif JC, Tremoli E, Tuomilehto J, Uitterlinden AG, Uusitupa M, Verbeek ALM, Vermeulen SH, Viikari JS, Vitart V, Völzke H, Vollenweider P, Waeber G, Walker M, Wallaschofski H, Wareham NJ, Watkins H, Zeggini E, Chakravarti A, Clegg DJ, Cupples LA, Gordon-Larsen P, Jaquish CE, Rao DC, Abecasis GR, Assimes TL, Barroso I, Berndt SI, Boehnke M, Deloukas P, Fox CS, Groop LC, Hunter DJ, Ingelsson E, Kaplan RC, McCarthy MI, Mohlke KL, O'Connell JR, Schlessinger D, Strachan DP, Stefansson K, van Duijn CM, Hirschhorn JN, Lindgren CM, Heid IM, North KE, Borecki IB, Kutalik Z, Loos RJF. The Influence of Age and Sex on Genetic Associations with Adult Body Size and Shape: A Large-Scale Genome-Wide Interaction Study. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005378. [PMID: 26426971 PMCID: PMC4591371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 100 genetic variants contributing to BMI, a measure of body size, or waist-to-hip ratio (adjusted for BMI, WHRadjBMI), a measure of body shape. Body size and shape change as people grow older and these changes differ substantially between men and women. To systematically screen for age- and/or sex-specific effects of genetic variants on BMI and WHRadjBMI, we performed meta-analyses of 114 studies (up to 320,485 individuals of European descent) with genome-wide chip and/or Metabochip data by the Genetic Investigation of Anthropometric Traits (GIANT) Consortium. Each study tested the association of up to ~2.8M SNPs with BMI and WHRadjBMI in four strata (men ≤50y, men >50y, women ≤50y, women >50y) and summary statistics were combined in stratum-specific meta-analyses. We then screened for variants that showed age-specific effects (G x AGE), sex-specific effects (G x SEX) or age-specific effects that differed between men and women (G x AGE x SEX). For BMI, we identified 15 loci (11 previously established for main effects, four novel) that showed significant (FDR<5%) age-specific effects, of which 11 had larger effects in younger (<50y) than in older adults (≥50y). No sex-dependent effects were identified for BMI. For WHRadjBMI, we identified 44 loci (27 previously established for main effects, 17 novel) with sex-specific effects, of which 28 showed larger effects in women than in men, five showed larger effects in men than in women, and 11 showed opposite effects between sexes. No age-dependent effects were identified for WHRadjBMI. This is the first genome-wide interaction meta-analysis to report convincing evidence of age-dependent genetic effects on BMI. In addition, we confirm the sex-specificity of genetic effects on WHRadjBMI. These results may provide further insights into the biology that underlies weight change with age or the sexually dimorphism of body shape. Adult body size and body shape differ substantially between men and women and change over time. More than 100 genetic variants that influence body mass index (measure of body size) or waist-to-hip ratio (measure of body shape) have been identified. While there is evidence that some genetic loci affect body shape differently in men than in women, little is known about whether genetic effects differ in older compared to younger adults, and whether such changes differ between men and women. Therefore, we conducted a systematic genome-wide search, including 114 studies (>320,000 individuals), to specifically identify genetic loci with age- and or sex-dependent effects on body size and shape. We identified 15 loci of which the effect on BMI was different in older compared to younger adults, whereas we found no evidence for loci with different effects in men compared to women. The opposite was seen for body shape as we identified 44 loci of which the effect on waist-to-hip ratio differed between men and women, but no difference between younger and older adults were observed. Our observations may provide new insights into the biology that underlies weight change with age or the sexual dimorphism of body shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. Winkler
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anne E. Justice
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mariaelisa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Llilda Barata
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mary F. Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Su Chu
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jacek Czajkowski
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Estonian Genome Center, Univeristy of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tove Fall
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yingchang Lu
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Department of Preventive Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, Univeristy of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tune H. Pers
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sina Rüeger
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg B. Ehret
- Department of Specialties of Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Teresa Ferreira
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy L. Heard-Costa
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Juha Karjalainen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vasiliki Lagou
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D. Neinast
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Genomics of Common Diseases, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeannette Simino
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Tanya M. Teslovich
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Rick Jansen
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Harm-Jan Westra
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Divisions of Genetics and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Partners Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Charles C. White
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Devin Absher
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center A/S, Gentofte, Denmark
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shafqat Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Eva Albrecht
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alexessander Couto Alves
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer L. Bragg-Gresham
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Anton J. M. de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joshua C. Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Amélie Bonnefond
- CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
- Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | | | - Gemma Cadby
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Yu-Ching Cheng
- VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Charleston W. K. Chiang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Graciela Delgado
- Vth Department of Medicine, Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ayse Demirkan
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Dueker
- Universiy of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Niina Eklund
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Unit, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Joel Eriksson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, Univeristy of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Francesca Frau
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Filarete Foundation, Genomic and Bioinformatics Unit, Milano, Italy
| | - Tessel E. Galesloot
- Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department for Health Evidence, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anuj Goel
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Cardiovacular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mathias Gorski
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tanja B. Grammer
- Vth Department of Medicine, Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Saskia Haitjema
- Experimental Cardiology and laboratory of clinical chemistry, UMCU, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer E. Huffman
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Anne U. Jackson
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kevin B. Jacobs
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Åsa Johansson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marika Kaakinen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marcus E. Kleber
- Vth Department of Medicine, Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jari Lahti
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Irene Mateo Leach
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Lehne
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Youfang Liu
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chaper Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ken Sin Lo
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela A. F. Madden
- Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara McKnight
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Program in Biostatistics and Biomathematics, Divison of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Keri L. Monda
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- The Center for Observational Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - May E. Montasser
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Dept of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gabriele Müller
- Center for Evidence Based Healthcare, University of Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partnersite Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Ilja M. Nolte
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Laura Pascoe
- Institute of Cell & Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel W. Rayner
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Frida Renström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Federica Rizzi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Filarete Foundation, Genomic and Bioinformatics Unit, Milano, Italy
| | - Lynda M. Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kathy A. Ryan
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Dept of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Perttu Salo
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Hubert Scharnagl
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jianxin Shi
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Albert Vernon Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Lorraine Southam
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alena Stančáková
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Rona J. Strawbridge
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yun Ju Sung
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ioanna Tachmazidou
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Natalia Pervjakova
- Estonian Genome Center, Univeristy of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Unit, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jonathan P. Tyrer
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Liesbeth Vandenput
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sander W van der Laan
- Experimental Cardiology and laboratory of clinical chemistry, UMCU, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie van der Velde
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatric Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica van Setten
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jana V. van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Endocrinology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niek Verweij
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Efthymia Vlachopoulou
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lindsay L. Waite
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Sophie R. Wang
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology and Program in Genomics, Boston's Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sarah H. Wild
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Christina Willenborg
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institut für Integrative und Experimentelle Genomik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - James F. Wilson
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jian Yang
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Loïc Yengo
- CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
- Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Laura M. Yerges-Armstrong
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Dept of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lei Yu
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ehm A. Andersson
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephan J. L. Bakker
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medicine, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Damiano Baldassarre
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Karina Banasik
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matteo Barcella
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Claire Bellis
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paola Benaglio
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John Blangero
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Matthias Blüher
- University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
- University of Leipzig, Department of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Lori L. Bonnycastle
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Heather A. Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marcel Bruinenberg
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aron S Buchman
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- Los Angeles BioMedical Resesarch Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Peter S. Chines
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Simone Claudi-Boehm
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - John Cole
- VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Universiy of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Francis S. Collins
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eco J. C. de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Maria Dimitriou
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Jubao Duan
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Stefan Enroth
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elodie Eury
- CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
- Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Aliki-Eleni Farmaki
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Nita G. Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nele Friedrich
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Pablo V. Gejman
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Bruna Gigante
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicola Glorioso
- Hypertension and Related Disease Centre, AOU-University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alan S. Go
- Kaiser Permanente, Division of Research, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Omri Gottesman
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jürgen Gräßler
- Department of Medicine III, Pathobiochemistry, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yu-Mei Gu
- Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Linda Broer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies C. Ham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Catharina A. Hartman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maija Hassinen
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nicholas Hastie
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Andrew T. Hattersley
- Institue of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C. Heath
- Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Anjali K. Henders
- QIMR Bergofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dena Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hans Hillege
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Oddgeir Holmen
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kees G Hovingh
- Department Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jennie Hui
- Pathwest Laboratory Medicine of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia,Australia
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lise L. Husemoen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Nina Hutri-Kähönen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics,Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pirro G. Hysi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Illig
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Philip L. De Jager
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,United States of America
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,United States of America
| | - Shapour Jalilzadeh
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Cardiovacular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Torben Jørgensen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Aalborg, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - J. Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Juonala
- Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kay Tee Khaw
- Clinical Gerontology Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Leena Kinnunen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Steven J. Kittner
- VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Universiy of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Department of Internal Medicine II—Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ivana Kolcic
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Peter Kovacs
- University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nikolaj T. Krarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Kratzer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Janine Krüger
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Meena Kumari
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Theodosios Kyriakou
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Cardiovacular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lars Lannfelt
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chiara Lanzani
- Chair of Nephrology, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Segrate (Milan), Italy
- Genomics of Renal Disease and Hypertension Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Segrate (Milan), Italy
| | - Vaneet Lotay
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lenore J. Launer
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Karin Leander
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jaana Lindström
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Yan-Ping Liu
- Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Lobbens
- CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
- Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Robert Luben
- Strangeways Research Laboratory Wort's Causeway, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Valeriya Lyssenko
- Steno Diabetes Center A/S, Gentofte, Denmark
- Lund University Diabetes Centre and Department of Clinical Science, Diabetes & Endocrinology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Satu Männistö
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Patrik K. Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wendy L. McArdle
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sigrun Merger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, Univeristy of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Andrew P. Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Narisu Narisu
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mari Nelis
- Estonian Genome Center, Univeristy of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ken K. Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing at UCL, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Human Genetic Research, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Louis Pérusse
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Irene Pichler
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Maria G. Pilia
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Anneli Pouta
- Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Myriam Rheinberger
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rasmus Ribel-Madsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marcus Richards
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth M. Rice
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Treva K. Rice
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Carlo Rivolta
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alan R. Sanders
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Sarzynski
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Salome Scholtens
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A. Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - William R. Scott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvain Sebert
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sebanti Sengupta
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Bengt Sennblad
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Seufferlein
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Angela Silveira
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P. Eline Slagboom
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H. Smit
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas H. Sparsø
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kathleen Stirrups
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ronald P. Stolk
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Heather M. Stringham
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Morris A Swertz
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Amy J. Swift
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ann-Christine Syvänen
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sian-Tsung Tan
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, United Kingdom
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Thorand
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anke Tönjes
- University of Leipzig, Department of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angelo Tremblay
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Peter J. van der Most
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marie-Claude Vohl
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- School of Nutrition, Laval University, Québec City, Québec,Canada
| | - Judith M. Vonk
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partnersite Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ryan W. Walker
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Department of Preventive Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Roman Wennauer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Widén
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Wilsgaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Alan F. Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - M. Carola Zillikens
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne C. van Dijk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natasja M. van Schoor
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- VUMC, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert W. Asselbergs
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul I. W. de Bakker
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - John Beilby
- Pathwest Laboratory Medicine of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia,Australia
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Richard N. Bergman
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sven Bergmann
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carsten A. Böger
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard O. Boehm
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
- Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan R. Bornstein
- Department of Medicine III, University of Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Erwin P. Bottinger
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - John C. Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Program in Biostatistics and Biomathematics, Divison of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniel I. Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,United States of America
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Italy
- University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Daniele Cusi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Institute of Research, Segrate-Milano, Italy
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institut für Integrative und Experimentelle Genomik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Denis A. Evans
- Rush Institute for Healthy Aging and Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Farrall
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Cardiovacular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lude Franke
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Paul W. Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Philippe Froguel
- CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
- Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Ron T. Gansevoort
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medicine, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Henrik Grönberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ulf Gyllensten
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pim van der Harst
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Markku Heliövaara
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christian Hengstenberg
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partnersite Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Andrew A Hicks
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Aroon Hingorani
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Albert Hofman
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Heikki V. Huikuri
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kristian Hveem
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Alan L. James
- Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Joanne M. Jordan
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chaper Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Antti Jula
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lambertus A. L. M. Kiemeney
- Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department for Health Evidence, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Urology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mika Kivimaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul B. Knekt
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki A. Koistinen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Department of Medicine and Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaspal S. Kooner
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, United Kingdom
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Seppo Koskinen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Winfried Maerz
- Vth Department of Medicine, Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Bergofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo A. Lakka
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Guillaume Lettre
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marja-Liisa Lokki
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Mäntyselkä
- Primary Health Care Unit, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Primary Health Care Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | | | - Braxton D. Mitchell
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Frans L. Moll
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey C. Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Arthur W. Musk
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Markku S. Nieminen
- HUCH Heart and Lung Center, Division of Cardiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Inger Njølstad
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Albertine J. Oldehinkel
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lyle J Palmer
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - James S. Pankow
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Experimental Cardiology and laboratory of clinical chemistry, UMCU, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nancy L. Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brenda W. Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Markus Perola
- Estonian Genome Center, Univeristy of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annette Peters
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partnersite Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ozren Polašek
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Peter P. Pramstaller
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Departments of Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seatte, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Olli T. Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Rainer Rauramaa
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Paul M. Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,United States of America
| | - John D. Rioux
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- Los Angeles BioMedical Resesarch Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Hester M. den Ruijter
- Experimental Cardiology and laboratory of clinical chemistry, UMCU, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Juha Saltevo
- Department of Medicine, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Naveed Sattar
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partnersite Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Peter E. H. Schwarz
- Department of Medicine III, University of Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alan R. Shuldiner
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Dept of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Vetrans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Juha Sinisalo
- HUCH Heart and Lung Center, Division of Cardiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harold Snieder
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thorkild I. A. Sørensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Tim D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jan A. Staessen
- Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- R & D VitaK Group, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics, Amgen inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
- University of Leipzig, Department of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, Krems, Austria
- Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
- Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matti Uusitupa
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
- Research Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - André L. M. Verbeek
- Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department for Health Evidence, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sita H. Vermeulen
- Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department for Health Evidence, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gérard Waeber
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mark Walker
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Henri Wallaschofski
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Cardiovacular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - CHARGE Consortium
- The Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology Consortium
| | | | | | | | | | - MAGIC Consortium
- The Meta-Analyses of Glucose and Insulin-related traits Consortium
| | - Aravinda Chakravarti
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Deborah J. Clegg
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - L. Adrienne Cupples
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Penny Gordon-Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Cashell E. Jaquish
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - D. C. Rao
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Goncalo R. Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Themistocles L. Assimes
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Inês Barroso
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sonja I. Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Caroline S. Fox
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,United States of America
| | - Leif C. Groop
- Lund University Diabetes Centre and Department of Clinical Science, Diabetes & Endocrinology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David J. Hunter
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Robert C. Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Popualtion Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Karen L. Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey R. O'Connell
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Dept of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Schlessinger
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David P. Strachan
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics, Amgen inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands
- Center for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joel N. Hirschhorn
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cecilia M. Lindgren
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Iris M. Heid
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (IMH); (KEN); (IBB); (ZK); (RJFL)
| | - Kari E. North
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences and Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (IMH); (KEN); (IBB); (ZK); (RJFL)
| | - Ingrid B. Borecki
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail: (IMH); (KEN); (IBB); (ZK); (RJFL)
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (IMH); (KEN); (IBB); (ZK); (RJFL)
| | - Ruth J. F. Loos
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Department of Preventive Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (IMH); (KEN); (IBB); (ZK); (RJFL)
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Pappa I, Fedko IO, Mileva-Seitz VR, Hottenga JJ, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Bartels M, van Beijsterveldt CEM, Jaddoe VWV, Middeldorp CM, Rippe RCA, Rivadeneira F, Tiemeier H, Verhulst FC, van IJzendoorn MH, Boomsma DI. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Heritability of Behavior Problems in Childhood: Genome-Wide Complex Trait Analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2015; 54:737-44. [PMID: 26299295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genetic factors contribute to individual differences in behavior problems. In children, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have yielded the first suggestive results when aiming to identify genetic variants that explain heritability, but the proportion of genetic variance that can be attributed to common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) remains to be determined, as only a few studies have estimated SNP heritability, with diverging results. METHOD Genomic-relationship-matrix restricted maximum likelihood (GREML) as implemented in the software Genome-Wide Complex Trait Analysis (GCTA) was used to estimate SNP heritability (SNP h(2)) for multiple phenotypes within 4 broad domains of children's behavioral problems (attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms, internalizing, externalizing, and pervasive developmental problems) and cognitive function. We combined phenotype and genotype data from 2 independent, population-based Dutch cohorts, yielding a total number of 1,495 to 3,175 of 3-, 7-, and 9-year-old children. RESULTS Significant SNP heritability estimates were found for attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms (SNP h(2) = 0.37-0.71), externalizing problems (SNP h(2) = 0.44), and total problems (SNP h(2) = 0.18), rated by mother or teacher. Sensitivity analyses with exclusion of extreme cases and quantile normalization of the phenotype data decreased SNP h(2) as expected under genetic inheritance, but they remained statistically significant for most phenotypes. CONCLUSION We provide evidence of the influence of common SNPs on child behavior problems in an ethnically homogenous sample. These results support the continuation of large GWAS collaborative efforts to unravel the genetic basis of complex child behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Pappa
- School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands and the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center
| | | | - Viara R Mileva-Seitz
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center; Centre for Child and Family Studies
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- VU University Amsterdam; EMGO(+) Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam
| | | | - Meike Bartels
- VU University Amsterdam; EMGO(+) Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam
| | | | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center; Erasmus Medical Center
| | | | | | | | - Henning Tiemeier
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center; Erasmus Medical Center; Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam
| | - Frank C Verhulst
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center; Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam
| | - Marinus H van IJzendoorn
- School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands and the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center; Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- VU University Amsterdam; EMGO(+) Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam
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114
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Spjuth O, Krestyaninova M, Hastings J, Shen HY, Heikkinen J, Waldenberger M, Langhammer A, Ladenvall C, Esko T, Persson MÅ, Heggland J, Dietrich J, Ose S, Gieger C, Ried JS, Peters A, Fortier I, de Geus EJC, Klovins J, Zaharenko L, Willemsen G, Hottenga JJ, Litton JE, Karvanen J, Boomsma DI, Groop L, Rung J, Palmgren J, Pedersen NL, McCarthy MI, van Duijn CM, Hveem K, Metspalu A, Ripatti S, Prokopenko I, Harris JR. Harmonising and linking biomedical and clinical data across disparate data archives to enable integrative cross-biobank research. Eur J Hum Genet 2015; 24:521-8. [PMID: 26306643 PMCID: PMC4929882 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2015.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A wealth of biospecimen samples are stored in modern globally distributed biobanks.
Biomedical researchers worldwide need to be able to combine the available resources
to improve the power of large-scale studies. A prerequisite for this effort is to be
able to search and access phenotypic, clinical and other information about samples
that are currently stored at biobanks in an integrated manner. However, privacy
issues together with heterogeneous information systems and the lack of agreed-upon
vocabularies have made specimen searching across multiple biobanks extremely
challenging. We describe three case studies where we have linked samples and sample
descriptions in order to facilitate global searching of available samples for
research. The use cases include the ENGAGE (European Network for Genetic and Genomic
Epidemiology) consortium comprising at least 39 cohorts, the SUMMIT (surrogate
markers for micro- and macro-vascular hard endpoints for innovative diabetes tools)
consortium and a pilot for data integration between a Swedish clinical health
registry and a biobank. We used the Sample avAILability (SAIL) method for data
linking: first, created harmonised variables and then annotated and made searchable
information on the number of specimens available in individual biobanks for various
phenotypic categories. By operating on this categorised availability data we sidestep
many obstacles related to privacy that arise when handling real values and show that
harmonised and annotated records about data availability across disparate biomedical
archives provide a key methodological advance in pre-analysis exchange of information
between biobanks, that is, during the project planning phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Spjuth
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Swedish e-Science Research Centre, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Krestyaninova
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.,Uniquer Sarl, rue de la Mercerie, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Janna Hastings
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Huei-Yi Shen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki 2U, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jani Heikkinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki 2U, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany.,Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Arnulf Langhammer
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, HUNT Research Centre, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
| | - Claes Ladenvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund University Diabetes Centre, CRC at Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mats-Åke Persson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund University Diabetes Centre, CRC at Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jon Heggland
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, HUNT Research Centre, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
| | - Joern Dietrich
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Sandra Ose
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany.,Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Janina S Ried
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany.,Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Isabel Fortier
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eco J C de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, FGB, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janis Klovins
- Latvian Genome Data Base (LGDB), Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites 1 k-1, Riga, Latvia
| | - Linda Zaharenko
- Latvian Genome Data Base (LGDB), Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites 1 k-1, Riga, Latvia
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, FGB, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, FGB, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Eric Litton
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Swedish e-Science Research Centre, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,BBMRI-ERIC, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2/B/6, Graz, Austria
| | - Juha Karvanen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,University of Jyvaskyla, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, FGB, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leif Groop
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki 2U, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Rung
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Juni Palmgren
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Swedish e-Science Research Centre, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki 2U, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Swedish e-Science Research Centre, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Kristian Hveem
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, HUNT Research Centre, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
| | | | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki 2U, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jennifer R Harris
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Genes and Environment, The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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115
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Joshi PK, Esko T, Mattsson H, Eklund N, Gandin I, Nutile T, Jackson AU, Schurmann C, Smith AV, Zhang W, Okada Y, Stančáková A, Faul JD, Zhao W, Bartz TM, Concas MP, Franceschini N, Enroth S, Vitart V, Trompet S, Guo X, Chasman DI, O'Connel JR, Corre T, Nongmaithem SS, Chen Y, Mangino M, Ruggiero D, Traglia M, Farmaki AE, Kacprowski T, Bjonnes A, van der Spek A, Wu Y, Giri AK, Yanek LR, Wang L, Hofer E, Rietveld CA, McLeod O, Cornelis MC, Pattaro C, Verweij N, Baumbach C, Abdellaoui A, Warren HR, Vuckovic D, Mei H, Bouchard C, Perry JRB, Cappellani S, Mirza SS, Benton MC, Broeckel U, Medland SE, Lind PA, Malerba G, Drong A, Yengo L, Bielak LF, Zhi D, van der Most PJ, Shriner D, Mägi R, Hemani G, Karaderi T, Wang Z, Liu T, Demuth I, Zhao JH, Meng W, Lataniotis L, van der Laan SW, Bradfield JP, Wood AR, Bonnefond A, Ahluwalia TS, Hall LM, Salvi E, Yazar S, Carstensen L, de Haan HG, Abney M, Afzal U, Allison MA, Amin N, Asselbergs FW, Bakker SJL, Barr RG, Baumeister SE, Benjamin DJ, Bergmann S, Boerwinkle E, Bottinger EP, Campbell A, Chakravarti A, Chan Y, Chanock SJ, Chen C, Chen YDI, Collins FS, Connell J, Correa A, Cupples LA, Smith GD, Davies G, Dörr M, Ehret G, Ellis SB, Feenstra B, Feitosa MF, Ford I, Fox CS, Frayling TM, Friedrich N, Geller F, Scotland G, Gillham-Nasenya I, Gottesman O, Graff M, Grodstein F, Gu C, Haley C, Hammond CJ, Harris SE, Harris TB, Hastie ND, Heard-Costa NL, Heikkilä K, Hocking LJ, Homuth G, Hottenga JJ, Huang J, Huffman JE, Hysi PG, Ikram MA, Ingelsson E, Joensuu A, Johansson Å, Jousilahti P, Jukema JW, Kähönen M, Kamatani Y, Kanoni S, Kerr SM, Khan NM, Koellinger P, Koistinen HA, Kooner MK, Kubo M, Kuusisto J, Lahti J, Launer LJ, Lea RA, Lehne B, Lehtimäki T, Liewald DCM, Lind L, Loh M, Lokki ML, London SJ, Loomis SJ, Loukola A, Lu Y, Lumley T, Lundqvist A, Männistö S, Marques-Vidal P, Masciullo C, Matchan A, Mathias RA, Matsuda K, Meigs JB, Meisinger C, Meitinger T, Menni C, Mentch FD, Mihailov E, Milani L, Montasser ME, Montgomery GW, Morrison A, Myers RH, Nadukuru R, Navarro P, Nelis M, Nieminen MS, Nolte IM, O'Connor GT, Ogunniyi A, Padmanabhan S, Palmas WR, Pankow JS, Patarcic I, Pavani F, Peyser PA, Pietilainen K, Poulter N, Prokopenko I, Ralhan S, Redmond P, Rich SS, Rissanen H, Robino A, Rose LM, Rose R, Sala C, Salako B, Salomaa V, Sarin AP, Saxena R, Schmidt H, Scott LJ, Scott WR, Sennblad B, Seshadri S, Sever P, Shrestha S, Smith BH, Smith JA, Soranzo N, Sotoodehnia N, Southam L, Stanton AV, Stathopoulou MG, Strauch K, Strawbridge RJ, Suderman MJ, Tandon N, Tang ST, Taylor KD, Tayo BO, Töglhofer AM, Tomaszewski M, Tšernikova N, Tuomilehto J, Uitterlinden AG, Vaidya D, van Hylckama Vlieg A, van Setten J, Vasankari T, Vedantam S, Vlachopoulou E, Vozzi D, Vuoksimaa E, Waldenberger M, Ware EB, Wentworth-Shields W, Whitfield JB, Wild S, Willemsen G, Yajnik CS, Yao J, Zaza G, Zhu X, Project TBJ, Salem RM, Melbye M, Bisgaard H, Samani NJ, Cusi D, Mackey DA, Cooper RS, Froguel P, Pasterkamp G, Grant SFA, Hakonarson H, Ferrucci L, Scott RA, Morris AD, Palmer CNA, Dedoussis G, Deloukas P, Bertram L, Lindenberger U, Berndt SI, Lindgren CM, Timpson NJ, Tönjes A, Munroe PB, Sørensen TIA, Rotimi CN, Arnett DK, Oldehinkel AJ, Kardia SLR, Balkau B, Gambaro G, Morris AP, Eriksson JG, Wright MJ, Martin NG, Hunt SC, Starr JM, Deary IJ, Griffiths LR, Tiemeier H, Pirastu N, Kaprio J, Wareham NJ, Pérusse L, Wilson JG, Girotto G, Caulfield MJ, Raitakari O, Boomsma DI, Gieger C, van der Harst P, Hicks AA, Kraft P, Sinisalo J, Knekt P, Johannesson M, Magnusson PKE, Hamsten A, Schmidt R, Borecki IB, Vartiainen E, Becker DM, Bharadwaj D, Mohlke KL, Boehnke M, van Duijn CM, Sanghera DK, Teumer A, Zeggini E, Metspalu A, Gasparini P, Ulivi S, Ober C, Toniolo D, Rudan I, Porteous DJ, Ciullo M, Spector TD, Hayward C, Dupuis J, Loos RJF, Wright AF, Chandak GR, Vollenweider P, Shuldiner A, Ridker PM, Rotter JI, Sattar N, Gyllensten U, North KE, Pirastu M, Psaty BM, Weir DR, Laakso M, Gudnason V, Takahashi A, Chambers JC, Kooner JS, Strachan DP, Campbell H, Hirschhorn JN, Perola M, Polašek O, Wilson JF. Directional dominance on stature and cognition in diverse human populations. Nature 2015; 523:459-462. [PMID: 26131930 PMCID: PMC4516141 DOI: 10.1038/nature14618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Homozygosity has long been associated with rare, often devastating, Mendelian disorders, and Darwin was one of the first to recognize that inbreeding reduces evolutionary fitness. However, the effect of the more distant parental relatedness that is common in modern human populations is less well understood. Genomic data now allow us to investigate the effects of homozygosity on traits of public health importance by observing contiguous homozygous segments (runs of homozygosity), which are inferred to be homozygous along their complete length. Given the low levels of genome-wide homozygosity prevalent in most human populations, information is required on very large numbers of people to provide sufficient power. Here we use runs of homozygosity to study 16 health-related quantitative traits in 354,224 individuals from 102 cohorts, and find statistically significant associations between summed runs of homozygosity and four complex traits: height, forced expiratory lung volume in one second, general cognitive ability and educational attainment (P < 1 × 10(-300), 2.1 × 10(-6), 2.5 × 10(-10) and 1.8 × 10(-10), respectively). In each case, increased homozygosity was associated with decreased trait value, equivalent to the offspring of first cousins being 1.2 cm shorter and having 10 months' less education. Similar effect sizes were found across four continental groups and populations with different degrees of genome-wide homozygosity, providing evidence that homozygosity, rather than confounding, directly contributes to phenotypic variance. Contrary to earlier reports in substantially smaller samples, no evidence was seen of an influence of genome-wide homozygosity on blood pressure and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, or ten other cardio-metabolic traits. Since directional dominance is predicted for traits under directional evolutionary selection, this study provides evidence that increased stature and cognitive function have been positively selected in human evolution, whereas many important risk factors for late-onset complex diseases may not have been.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Joshi
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Tonu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Cambridge, 02141, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge Center 7, Cambridge, 02242, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Hannele Mattsson
- Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 104, Helsinki, FI-00251, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Niina Eklund
- Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 104, Helsinki, FI-00251, Finland
| | - Ilaria Gandin
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447 - Osp. di Cattinara, Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Teresa Nutile
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso" CNR, via Pietro Castellino, 111, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Anne U Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
| | - Claudia Schurmann
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Albert V Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Holtasmari 1, 201, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Southall, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK
| | - Yukinori Okada
- Department of Human Genetics and Disease Diversity, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyoku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Alena Stančáková
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jessica D Faul
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson Street, 48104, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Traci M Bartz
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Biostatistics and Medicine, University of Washington, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, 98101, WA, USA
| | - Maria Pina Concas
- Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council, Trav. La Crucca n. 3 - Reg. Baldinca, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Nora Franceschini
- Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, 137 E. Franklin St., Suite 306, 27599-8050, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Stefan Enroth
- Immunology, Genetics & Pathology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 815, Uppsala, SE-751 08, Sweden
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center , PO Box 9600, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences , Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, 1124 W. Carson Street, Torrance, 90502, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, 90502, USA
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Avenue, East, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jeffery R O'Connel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition and Program for Personalised and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 Baltimore St. MSTF, Baltimore, 21201, USA
| | - Tanguy Corre
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge - batiment génopode, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Suraj S Nongmaithem
- Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC) Group, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Habshiguda, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Yuning Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, 02118, MA, USA
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, South Wing, Block D, 3rd Floor, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre , Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Daniela Ruggiero
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso" CNR, via Pietro Castellino, 111, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Michela Traglia
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, Milano, 20132, Italy
| | - Aliki-Eleni Farmaki
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, 70, El. Venizelou Ave, Athens, 17671, Greece
| | - Tim Kacprowski
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 15A, Greifswald, 17475, Germany
| | - Andrew Bjonnes
- Center for Human Genetic Research , 55 Fruit Street, Massachusetts General Hospital, 2114, USA
| | - Ashley van der Spek
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, NC, USA
| | - Anil K Giri
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Lisa R Yanek
- The GeneSTAR Research Program, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21287, Maryland, USA
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Boulevard, Saint Louis, 63108, MO, USA
| | - Edith Hofer
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, Graz, A-8036, Austria
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz2, Graz, A-8036, Austria
| | - Cornelius A Rietveld
- Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, Rotterdam, 3000 DR, The Netherlands
| | - Olga McLeod
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden
| | - Marilyn C Cornelis
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood, Boston, 02115, USA
- Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Boston, 02215, USA
| | - Cristian Pattaro
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy - Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Niek Verweij
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens Baumbach
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Helen R Warren
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Dragana Vuckovic
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447 - Osp. di Cattinara, Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Hao Mei
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St., Jackson, 39216, MS, USA
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - John R B Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stefania Cappellani
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", via dell'Istria 65, Trieste, 34137, Italy
| | - Saira S Mirza
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Miles C Benton
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane Qld 4001, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ulrich Broeckel
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, 53226, WI, USA
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Quantitative Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006, Australia
| | - Penelope A Lind
- Quantitative Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006, Australia
| | - Giovanni Malerba
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e della Riproduzione, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, Verona, 37134, Italy
| | - Alexander Drong
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Loic Yengo
- CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille 2 University, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Lawrence F Bielak
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Degui Zhi
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1665 University Blvd, Birmingham, 35294, AL, USA
| | - Peter J van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, P.O. box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Shriner
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Building 12A/Room 4047, 12 South Dr., Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Gibran Hemani
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Tugce Karaderi
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, 20850, MD, USA
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick,MD, USA
| | - Tian Liu
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin, 14195, Germany
- Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestr. 72, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Ilja Demuth
- Charité Research Group on Geriatrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Reinickendorferstr. 61, 13347, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Medical and Human Genetics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Weihua Meng
- Division of Population Health Sciences, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells hospital and School of Medicine, Dundee, DD2 4BF, Scotland
| | - Lazaros Lataniotis
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Sander W van der Laan
- Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan P Bradfield
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrew R Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Amelie Bonnefond
- CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille 2 University, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Tarunveer S Ahluwalia
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Gentofte Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Leanne M Hall
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Erika Salvi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, via A. di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Seyhan Yazar
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, 2 Verdun St, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Lisbeth Carstensen
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, Copenhagen, 2300, Denmark
| | - Hugoline G de Haan
- Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Leiden, 2300RC, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Abney
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, 920 E. 58th Street, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Uzma Afzal
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Southall, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK
| | - Matthew A Allison
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Catharijnesingel 52, Utrecht, 3501 DG, The Netherlands
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands
| | - R Graham Barr
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 622 W. 168th Street, New York, 10032, NY, USA
| | - Sebastian E Baumeister
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, W.-Rathenau-Str. 48, Greifswald, 17475, Germany
| | - Daniel J Benjamin
- Department of Economics, Cornell University, 480 Uris Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Economics and Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, 314C Dauterive Hall, 635 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Sven Bergmann
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge - batiment génopode, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1200 Pressler St., Suite 453E, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Erwin P Bottinger
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Archie Campbell
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Aravinda Chakravarti
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21205, MD, USA
| | - Yingleong Chan
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Cambridge, 02141, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge Center 7, Cambridge, 02242, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, 20850, MD, USA
| | - Constance Chen
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, 02115, USA
| | - Y-D Ida Chen
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences , Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, 1124 W. Carson Street, Torrance, 90502, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, 90502, USA
| | - Francis S Collins
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - John Connell
- College of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, College Office, Level 10, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Adolfo Correa
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St., Jackson, 39216, MS, USA
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, 02118, MA, USA
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Ave, Framingham, 01702, MA, USA
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Gail Davies
- Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Marcus Dörr
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str. NK, Greifswald, 17475, Germany
| | - Georg Ehret
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21205, MD, USA
- Cardiology, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 4, Genève 14, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Stephen B Ellis
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, Copenhagen, 2300, Denmark
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Boulevard, Saint Louis, 63108, MO, USA
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Centre, University of Glasgow, Boyd Orr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland
| | - Caroline S Fox
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Ave, Framingham, 01702, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , 75 Francis St, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Nele Friedrich
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str. NK, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, Copenhagen, 2300, Denmark
| | - Generation Scotland
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Irina Gillham-Nasenya
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, South Wing, Block D, 3rd Floor, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Omri Gottesman
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Misa Graff
- Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, 137 E Franklin St., Suite 306, USA
| | - Francine Grodstein
- Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Boston, 02215, USA
| | - Charles Gu
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University, 660 S Euclid, St Louis, 63110, MO, USA
| | - Chris Haley
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - Christopher J Hammond
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, South Wing, Block D, 3rd Floor, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Sarah E Harris
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Tamara B Harris
- National Institutes on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas D Hastie
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nancy L Heard-Costa
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Ave, Framingham, 01702, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, 02118, MA, USA
| | - Kauko Heikkilä
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute, P.O.Box 41, Mannerheimintie 172, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Lynne J Hocking
- Musculoskeletal Research Programme, Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 15A, Greifswald, 17475, Germany
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jinyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui Jin Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Jennifer E Huffman
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pirro G Hysi
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, South Wing, Block D, 3rd Floor, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anni Joensuu
- Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 104, Helsinki, FI-00251, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Åsa Johansson
- Immunology, Genetics & Pathology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 815, Uppsala, SE-751 08, Sweden
- Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75237, Sweden
| | - Pekka Jousilahti
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology C5-P , Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 2000, Tampere, 33521, Finland
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Shona M Kerr
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nazir M Khan
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Philipp Koellinger
- Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, Rotterdam, 3000 DR, The Netherlands
| | - Heikki A Koistinen
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O.Box 340, Haartmaninkatu 4, Helsinki, FI-00029, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U, Tukholmankatu 8, Helsinki, FI-00290, Finland
| | - Manraj K Kooner
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Southall, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- Laboratory for Genotyping Development RCfIMS, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Jari Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 9, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Reasearch Centre, PB 63, Helsinki, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lenore J Launer
- National Institutes on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rodney A Lea
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane Qld 4001, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Benjamin Lehne
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine University of Tampere, Tampere, 33520, Finland
| | - David C M Liewald
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital, Uppsala, 75185, Sweden
| | - Marie Loh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Marja-Liisa Lokki
- Transplantation laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Stephanie J London
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Stephanie J Loomis
- Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, 243 Charles St, Boston, 02114, USA
| | - Anu Loukola
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute, P.O.Box 41, Mannerheimintie 172, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Yingchang Lu
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Thomas Lumley
- Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, 303.325 Science Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Annamari Lundqvist
- Department of Health, Functional Capacity and Welfare, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Route du Bugnon 44, Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland
| | - Corrado Masciullo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, Milano, 20132, Italy
| | - Angela Matchan
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Rasika A Mathias
- The GeneSTAR Research Program, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21287, Maryland, USA
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA
| | - Koichi Matsuda
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - James B Meigs
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital , 50 Staniford St, Boston, 02114, MA, USA
| | - Christa Meisinger
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764 Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, München, 81675, Germany
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, South Wing, Block D, 3rd Floor, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Frank D Mentch
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - May E Montasser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition and Program for Personalised and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 Baltimore St. MSTF, Baltimore, 21201, USA
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006, Australia
| | - Alanna Morrison
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1200 Pressler St., Suite 453E, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Richard H Myers
- Genome Science Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, E-304, Boston, 2118, MA, USA
| | - Rajiv Nadukuru
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Pau Navarro
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mari Nelis
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Markku S Nieminen
- HUCH Heart and Lung center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O. Box 340, Helsinki, FI-00029, Finland
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, P.O. box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - George T O'Connor
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Ave, Framingham, 01702, MA, USA
- Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, 02118, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Walter R Palmas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 622 W. 168th Street, New York, 10032, NY, USA
| | - James S Pankow
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health , University of Minnesota , 1300 S 2nd Street, Minneapolis, 55454, USA
| | - Inga Patarcic
- Centre for Global Health and Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Split, Soltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Francesca Pavani
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy - Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Patricia A Peyser
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kirsi Pietilainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O.Box 340, Haartmaninkatu 4, Helsinki, FI-00029, Finland
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Neil Poulter
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1LA, UK
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sarju Ralhan
- Department of Cardiology and Cardio thoracic Surgery Hero DMC Heart Institute, Civil Lines, 141001, Ludhiana, India
| | - Paul Redmond
- Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Department Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 3232 West Complex, Charlottesville, 22908, USA
| | - Harri Rissanen
- Department of Health, Functional Capacity and Welfare, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
| | - Antonietta Robino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", via dell'Istria 65, Trieste, 34137, Italy
| | - Lynda M Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Avenue, East, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Richard Rose
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 1101 E. 10th St., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Cinzia Sala
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, Milano, 20132, Italy
| | | | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
| | - Antti-Pekka Sarin
- Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 104, Helsinki, FI-00251, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Richa Saxena
- Center for Human Genetic Research , 55 Fruit Street, Massachusetts General Hospital, 2114, USA
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, Harrachgasse 21, Graz, A-8010, Austria
| | - Laura J Scott
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
| | - William R Scott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Southall, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK
| | - Bengt Sennblad
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Ave, Framingham, 01702, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, 02118, MA, USA
| | - Peter Sever
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1LA, UK
| | - Smeeta Shrestha
- Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC) Group, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Habshiguda, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Blair H Smith
- University of Dundee, Kirsty Semple Way, Dundee, DD2 4DB, UK
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Nona Sotoodehnia
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, 98101, WA, USA
| | - Lorraine Southam
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Alice V Stanton
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Maria G Stathopoulou
- UMR INSERM U1122; IGE-PCV "Interactions Gène-Environnement en Physiopathologie Cardio-Vasculaire", INSERM, University of Lorraine, 30 Rue Lionnois, Nancy, 54000, France
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Rona J Strawbridge
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden
| | - Matthew J Suderman
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Nikhil Tandon
- Department of Endocrinology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar East, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Sian-Tsun Tang
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Kent D Taylor
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences , Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, 1124 W. Carson Street, Torrance, 90502, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, 90502, USA
| | - Bamidele O Tayo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, USA
| | - Anna Maria Töglhofer
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, Harrachgasse 21, Graz, A-8010, Austria
| | - Maciej Tomaszewski
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
- NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Natalia Tšernikova
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, Tartu, 51010 Estonia
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria
- Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Dhananjay Vaidya
- The GeneSTAR Research Program, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21287, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Astrid van Hylckama Vlieg
- Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Leiden, 2300RC, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica van Setten
- Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Tuula Vasankari
- Finnish Lung Health Association, Sibeliuksenkatu 11 A 1, Helsinki, FI-00250, Finland
| | - Sailaja Vedantam
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Cambridge, 02141, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge Center 7, Cambridge, 02242, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Efthymia Vlachopoulou
- Transplantation laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Diego Vozzi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", via dell'Istria 65, Trieste, 34137, Italy
| | - Eero Vuoksimaa
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute, P.O.Box 41, Mannerheimintie 172, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Erin B Ware
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - John B Whitfield
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006, Australia
| | - Sarah Wild
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Jie Yao
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences , Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, 1124 W. Carson Street, Torrance, 90502, USA
| | - Gianluigi Zaza
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, Piazzale A. Stefani 1, Verona, 37124, Italy
| | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - The BioBank Japan Project
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Rany M Salem
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Cambridge, 02141, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge Center 7, Cambridge, 02242, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, Copenhagen, 2300, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Gentofte Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
- NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Daniele Cusi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, via A. di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - David A Mackey
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, 2 Verdun St, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Richard S Cooper
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, USA
| | - Philippe Froguel
- CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille 2 University, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000, Lille, France
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Struan F A Grant
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National institute on Aging, Baltimore, 21225, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert A Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Andrew D Morris
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Medical Research Insitute, University of Dundee, Ninewells hospital and School of Medicine, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland
| | - Colin N A Palmer
- Centre for Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells hospital and School of Medicine, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, 70, El. Venizelou Ave, Athens, 17671, Greece
| | - Panos Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lars Bertram
- Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestr. 72, Berlin, 14195, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Campus - St Dunstan's Road, London, W6 8RP, UK
| | - Ulman Lindenberger
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Sonja I Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, 20850, MD, USA
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge Center 7, Cambridge, 02242, MA, USA
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patricia B Munroe
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- Novo Nordisk Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital , The Capital Region, Copenhagen, 2000, Denmark
| | - Charles N Rotimi
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Building 12A/Room 4047, 12 South Dr., Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA
| | - Donna K Arnett
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1665 University Blvd, Birmingham, 35294, AL, USA
| | - Albertine J Oldehinkel
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. box 30.001, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Beverley Balkau
- Epidemiology of diabetes, obesity and chronic kidney disease over the lifecourse, Inserm, CESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health U1018, 16 Avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, Villejuif, 94807, France
| | - Giovanni Gambaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Via G. Moscati 31/34, Roma, 00168, Italy
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Duncan Building, Daulby Stree, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
- Vasa Central Hospital, Sandviksgatan 2-4, Vasa, 65130, Finland
- Folkhälsan Reasearch Centre, PB 63, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
- Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, Helsinki, FI-00290, Finland
| | - Margie J Wright
- Neuro-Imaging Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006 Australia
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006, Australia
| | - Steven C Hunt
- Cardiovascular Genetics Division, University of Utah, 420 Chipeta Way, Room 1160, Salt Lake City, 84117, Utah, USA
| | - John M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Alzheimer Scotland Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Lyn R Griffiths
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane Qld 4001, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Nicola Pirastu
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447 - Osp. di Cattinara, Trieste, 34149, Italy
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", via dell'Istria 65, Trieste, 34137, Italy
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute, P.O.Box 41, Mannerheimintie 172, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), P.O.Box 30, Mannerheimintie 166, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Louis Pérusse
- Department of kinesiology, Laval University, 2300 rue de la Terrasse, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - James G Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St., Jackson, 39216, MS, USA
| | - Giorgia Girotto
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447 - Osp. di Cattinara, Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Mark J Caulfield
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, 20521, Finland
- Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular medicine, University of Turku, Turku, 20521, Finland
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Pim van der Harst
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Catharijnesingel 52, Utrecht, 3501 DG, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew A Hicks
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy - Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Peter Kraft
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, 02115, USA
| | - Juha Sinisalo
- HUCH Heart and Lung center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O. Box 340, Helsinki, FI-00029, Finland
| | - Paul Knekt
- Department of Health, Functional Capacity and Welfare, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
| | - Magnus Johannesson
- Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Box 6501, Stockholm, SE-113 83, Sweden
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Box 281, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, Graz, A-8036, Austria
| | - Ingrid B Borecki
- Department of Genetics and Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Boulevard, Saint Louis, 63108, MO, USA
| | - Erkki Vartiainen
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
| | - Diane M Becker
- The GeneSTAR Research Program, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21287, Maryland, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, 21205, Maryland, USA
| | - Dwaipayan Bharadwaj
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, NC, USA
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Dharambir K Sanghera
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton Young Boulevard, Oklahoma City, 73104, OK , USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Oklahoma Health Sceienecs Center, Oklahoma City , 73104, USA
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, W.-Rathenau-Str. 48, Greifswald, 17475, Germany
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, Tartu, 51010 Estonia
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", via dell'Istria 65, Trieste, 34137, Italy
| | - Sheila Ulivi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", via dell'Istria 65, Trieste, 34137, Italy
| | - Carole Ober
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, 920 E. 58th Street, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniela Toniolo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, Milano, 20132, Italy
| | - Igor Rudan
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - David J Porteous
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Marina Ciullo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso" CNR, via Pietro Castellino, 111, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, South Wing, Block D, 3rd Floor, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Josée Dupuis
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, 02118, MA, USA
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Ave, Framingham, 01702, MA, USA
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Alan F Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Giriraj R Chandak
- Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC) Group, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Habshiguda, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, India
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore, 138672, Singapore
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Route du Bugnon 44, Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland
| | - Alan Shuldiner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition and Program for Personalised and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 Baltimore St. MSTF, Baltimore, 21201, USA
- Program for Personalised and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 Baltimore St. MSTF, Baltimore, 21201, USA
- Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, 685 W Baltimore MSTF, Baltimore, 21201, USA
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Avenue, East, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences , Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, 1124 W. Carson Street, Torrance, 90502, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, 90502, USA
| | - Naveed Sattar
- BHF centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland
| | - Ulf Gyllensten
- Immunology, Genetics & Pathology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 815, Uppsala, SE-751 08, Sweden
| | - Kari E North
- Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, 137 E Franklin St., Suite 306, USA
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 137 E. Franklin St., Suite 306, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Mario Pirastu
- Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council, Trav. La Crucca n. 3 - Reg. Baldinca, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, 98101, WA, USA
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, 98101, WA, USA
| | - David R Weir
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson Street, 48104, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Holtasmari 1, 201, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - John C Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Southall, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY, UK
| | - Jaspal S Kooner
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Southall, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY, UK
| | - David P Strachan
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Harry Campbell
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Joel N Hirschhorn
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Cambridge, 02141, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge Center 7, Cambridge, 02242, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Markus Perola
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
- Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 104, Helsinki, FI-00251, Finland
| | - Ozren Polašek
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
- Centre for Global Health and Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Split, Soltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - James F Wilson
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK
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Lin BD, Mbarek H, Willemsen G, Dolan CV, Fedko IO, Abdellaoui A, de Geus EJ, Boomsma DI, Hottenga JJ. Heritability and Genome-Wide Association Studies for Hair Color in a Dutch Twin Family Based Sample. Genes (Basel) 2015; 6:559-76. [PMID: 26184321 PMCID: PMC4584317 DOI: 10.3390/genes6030559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hair color is one of the most visible and heritable traits in humans. Here, we estimated heritability by structural equation modeling (N = 20,142), and performed a genome wide association (GWA) analysis (N = 7091) and a GCTA study (N = 3340) on hair color within a large cohort of twins, their parents and siblings from the Netherlands Twin Register (NTR). Self-reported hair color was analyzed as five binary phenotypes, namely “blond versus non-blond”, “red versus non-red”, “brown versus non-brown”, “black versus non-black”, and “light versus dark”. The broad-sense heritability of hair color was estimated between 73% and 99% and the genetic component included non-additive genetic variance. Assortative mating for hair color was significant, except for red and black hair color. From GCTA analyses, at most 24.6% of the additive genetic variance in hair color was explained by 1000G well-imputed SNPs. Genome-wide association analysis for each hair color showed that SNPs in the MC1R region were significantly associated with red, brown and black hair, and also with light versus dark hair color. Five other known genes (HERC2, TPCN2, SLC24A4, IRF4, and KITLG) gave genome-wide significant hits for blond, brown and light versus dark hair color. We did not find and replicate any new loci for hair color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bochao Danae Lin
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands.
| | - Hamdi Mbarek
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands.
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands.
| | - Conor V Dolan
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands.
| | - Iryna O Fedko
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands.
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands.
| | - Eco J de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands.
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands.
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands.
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117
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de Moor MH, van den Berg SM, Verweij KJ, Krueger RF, Luciano M, Vasquez AA, Matteson LK, Derringer J, Esko T, Amin N, Gordon SD, Hansell NK, Hart AB, Seppälä I, Huffman JE, Konte B, Lahti J, Lee M, Miller M, Nutile T, Tanaka T, Teumer A, Viktorin A, Wedenoja J, Abecasis GR, Adkins DE, Agrawal A, Allik J, Appel K, Bigdeli TB, Busonero F, Campbell H, Costa PT, Smith GD, Davies G, de Wit H, Ding J, Engelhardt BE, Eriksson JG, Fedko IO, Ferrucci L, Franke B, Giegling I, Grucza R, Hartmann AM, Heath AC, Heinonen K, Henders AK, Homuth G, Hottenga JJ, Janzing J, Jokela M, Karlsson R, Kemp JP, Kirkpatrick MG, Latvala A, Lehtimäki T, Liewald DC, Madden PA, Magri C, Magnusson PK, Marten J, Maschio A, Medland SE, Mihailov E, Milaneschi Y, Montgomery GW, Nauck M, Ouwens KG, Palotie A, Pettersson E, Polasek O, Qian Y, Pulkki-Råback L, Raitakari OT, Realo A, Rose RJ, Ruggiero D, Schmidt CO, Slutske WS, Sorice R, Starr JM, Pourcain BS, Sutin AR, Timpson NJ, Trochet H, Vermeulen S, Vuoksimaa E, Widen E, Wouda J, Wright MJ, Zgaga L, Scotland G, Porteous D, Minelli A, Palmer AA, Rujescu D, Ciullo M, Hayward C, Rudan I, Metspalu A, Kaprio J, Deary IJ, Räikkönen K, Wilson JF, Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Bierut LJ, Hettema JM, Grabe HJ, van Duijn CM, Evans DM, Schlessinger D, Pedersen NL, Terracciano A, McGue M, Penninx BW, Martin NG, Boomsma DI. Meta-analysis of Genome-wide Association Studies for Neuroticism, and the Polygenic Association With Major Depressive Disorder. JAMA Psychiatry 2015; 72:642-50. [PMID: 25993607 PMCID: PMC4667957 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.0554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Neuroticism is a pervasive risk factor for psychiatric conditions. It genetically overlaps with major depressive disorder (MDD) and is therefore an important phenotype for psychiatric genetics. The Genetics of Personality Consortium has created a resource for genome-wide association analyses of personality traits in more than 63,000 participants (including MDD cases). OBJECTIVES To identify genetic variants associated with neuroticism by performing a meta-analysis of genome-wide association results based on 1000 Genomes imputation; to evaluate whether common genetic variants as assessed by single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) explain variation in neuroticism by estimating SNP-based heritability; and to examine whether SNPs that predict neuroticism also predict MDD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Genome-wide association meta-analysis of 30 cohorts with genome-wide genotype, personality, and MDD data from the Genetics of Personality Consortium. The study included 63,661 participants from 29 discovery cohorts and 9786 participants from a replication cohort. Participants came from Europe, the United States, or Australia. Analyses were conducted between 2012 and 2014. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Neuroticism scores harmonized across all 29 discovery cohorts by item response theory analysis, and clinical MDD case-control status in 2 of the cohorts. RESULTS A genome-wide significant SNP was found on 3p14 in MAGI1 (rs35855737; P = 9.26 × 10-9 in the discovery meta-analysis). This association was not replicated (P = .32), but the SNP was still genome-wide significant in the meta-analysis of all 30 cohorts (P = 2.38 × 10-8). Common genetic variants explain 15% of the variance in neuroticism. Polygenic scores based on the meta-analysis of neuroticism in 27 cohorts significantly predicted neuroticism (1.09 × 10-12 < P < .05) and MDD (4.02 × 10-9 < P < .05) in the 2 other cohorts. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study identifies a novel locus for neuroticism. The variant is located in a known gene that has been associated with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia in previous studies. In addition, the study shows that neuroticism is influenced by many genetic variants of small effect that are either common or tagged by common variants. These genetic variants also influence MDD. Future studies should confirm the role of the MAGI1 locus for neuroticism and further investigate the association of MAGI1 and the polygenic association to a range of other psychiatric disorders that are phenotypically correlated with neuroticism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen H.M. de Moor
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Child and Family Studies, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Methods, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stéphanie M. van den Berg
- Department of Research Methodology, Measurement and Data-Analysis, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Karin J.H. Verweij
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michelle Luciano
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alejandro Arias Vasquez
- Donders Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jaime Derringer
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign IL, USA
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Scott D. Gordon
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Amy B. Hart
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ilkka Seppälä
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Jennifer E. Huffman
- MRC Human Genetics, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Bettina Konte
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Jari Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minyoung Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Mike Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Teresa Nutile
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati-Traverso” – CNR, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alexander Viktorin
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juho Wedenoja
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Goncalo R. Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Daniel E. Adkins
- Pharmacotherapy & Outcomes Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jüri Allik
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Katja Appel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Timothy B. Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Fabio Busonero
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul T. Costa
- Behavioral Medicine Research Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC, USA
| | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gail Davies
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, USA
| | - Jun Ding
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore MD USA
| | | | - Johan G. Eriksson
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Unit of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Vasa Central Hospital, Vasa, Finland
| | - Iryna O. Fedko
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Barbara Franke
- Donders Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ina Giegling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Richard Grucza
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Andrew C. Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kati Heinonen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anjali K. Henders
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Janzing
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Jokela
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Robert Karlsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John P. Kemp
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Antti Latvala
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland
| | - David C. Liewald
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pamela A.F. Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Chiara Magri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Patrik K.E. Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Marten
- MRC Human Genetics, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Andrea Maschio
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Sarah E. Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, EMGO+ Institute, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Klaasjan G. Ouwens
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erik Pettersson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Yong Qian
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore MD USA
| | - Laura Pulkki-Råback
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli T. Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anu Realo
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Richard J. Rose
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Daniela Ruggiero
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati-Traverso” – CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Carsten O. Schmidt
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wendy S. Slutske
- Department of Psychological Sciences and Missouri Alcoholism Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Rossella Sorice
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati-Traverso” – CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - John M. Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh
- Geriatric Medicine Royal Victoria Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Angelina R. Sutin
- National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
- College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Timpson
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Holly Trochet
- MRC Human Genetics, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Sita Vermeulen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eero Vuoksimaa
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisabeth Widen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jasper Wouda
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Research Methodology, Measurement and Data-Analysis, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lina Zgaga
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Generation Scotland
- Generation Scotland, A Collaboration between the University Medical Schools and NHS, Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh and Glasgow, UK
| | - David Porteous
- Medical Genetics Section, The University of Edinburgh, Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alessandra Minelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Abraham A. Palmer
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, USA
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Marina Ciullo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati-Traverso” – CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ian J. Deary
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - James F. Wilson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Laura J. Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - John M. Hettema
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Hans J. Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, HELIOS Hospital Stralsund, Stralsund, Germany
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David M. Evans
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore MD USA
| | - Nancy L. Pedersen
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati-Traverso” – CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Terracciano
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
- Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Brenda W.J.H. Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, EMGO+ Institute, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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118
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Horikoshi M, Mӓgi R, van de Bunt M, Surakka I, Sarin AP, Mahajan A, Marullo L, Thorleifsson G, Hӓgg S, Hottenga JJ, Ladenvall C, Ried JS, Winkler TW, Willems SM, Pervjakova N, Esko T, Beekman M, Nelson CP, Willenborg C, Wiltshire S, Ferreira T, Fernandez J, Gaulton KJ, Steinthorsdottir V, Hamsten A, Magnusson PKE, Willemsen G, Milaneschi Y, Robertson NR, Groves CJ, Bennett AJ, Lehtimӓki T, Viikari JS, Rung J, Lyssenko V, Perola M, Heid IM, Herder C, Grallert H, Müller-Nurasyid M, Roden M, Hypponen E, Isaacs A, van Leeuwen EM, Karssen LC, Mihailov E, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, de Craen AJM, Deelen J, Havulinna AS, Blades M, Hengstenberg C, Erdmann J, Schunkert H, Kaprio J, Tobin MD, Samani NJ, Lind L, Salomaa V, Lindgren CM, Slagboom PE, Metspalu A, van Duijn CM, Eriksson JG, Peters A, Gieger C, Jula A, Groop L, Raitakari OT, Power C, Penninx BWJH, de Geus E, Smit JH, Boomsma DI, Pedersen NL, Ingelsson E, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stefansson K, Ripatti S, Prokopenko I, McCarthy MI, Morris AP. Discovery and Fine-Mapping of Glycaemic and Obesity-Related Trait Loci Using High-Density Imputation. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005230. [PMID: 26132169 PMCID: PMC4488845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reference panels from the 1000 Genomes (1000G) Project Consortium provide near complete coverage of common and low-frequency genetic variation with minor allele frequency ≥0.5% across European ancestry populations. Within the European Network for Genetic and Genomic Epidemiology (ENGAGE) Consortium, we have undertaken the first large-scale meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS), supplemented by 1000G imputation, for four quantitative glycaemic and obesity-related traits, in up to 87,048 individuals of European ancestry. We identified two loci for body mass index (BMI) at genome-wide significance, and two for fasting glucose (FG), none of which has been previously reported in larger meta-analysis efforts to combine GWAS of European ancestry. Through conditional analysis, we also detected multiple distinct signals of association mapping to established loci for waist-hip ratio adjusted for BMI (RSPO3) and FG (GCK and G6PC2). The index variant for one association signal at the G6PC2 locus is a low-frequency coding allele, H177Y, which has recently been demonstrated to have a functional role in glucose regulation. Fine-mapping analyses revealed that the non-coding variants most likely to drive association signals at established and novel loci were enriched for overlap with enhancer elements, which for FG mapped to promoter and transcription factor binding sites in pancreatic islets, in particular. Our study demonstrates that 1000G imputation and genetic fine-mapping of common and low-frequency variant association signals at GWAS loci, integrated with genomic annotation in relevant tissues, can provide insight into the functional and regulatory mechanisms through which their effects on glycaemic and obesity-related traits are mediated. Human genetic studies have demonstrated that quantitative human anthropometric and metabolic traits, including body mass index, waist-hip ratio, and plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin, are highly heritable, and are established risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Although many regions of the genome have been associated with these traits, the specific genes responsible have not yet been identified. By making use of advanced statistical “imputation” techniques applied to more than 87,000 individuals of European ancestry, and publicly available “reference panels” of more than 37 million genetic variants, we have been able to identify novel regions of the genome associated with these glycaemic and obesity-related traits and localise genes within these regions that are most likely to be causal. This improved understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying glycaemic and obesity-related traits is extremely important because it may advance drug development for downstream disease endpoints, ultimately leading to public health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Horikoshi
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Reedik Mӓgi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Martijn van de Bunt
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ida Surakka
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti-Pekka Sarin
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Letizia Marullo
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Sara Hӓgg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claes Ladenvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Janina S. Ried
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas W. Winkler
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sara M. Willems
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marian Beekman
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher P. Nelson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Leicester Cardiovascular Disease Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Willenborg
- Institute for Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- DZHK German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Steven Wiltshire
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Ferreira
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Fernandez
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kyle J. Gaulton
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anders Hamsten
- Cardiovascular Genetics and Genomics Group, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik K. E. Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Neil R. Robertson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Groves
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda J. Bennett
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Terho Lehtimӓki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jorma S. Viikari
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Johan Rung
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Valeriya Lyssenko
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
- Steno Diabetes Center A/S, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Markus Perola
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iris M. Heid
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Herder
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Elina Hypponen
- School of Population Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Isaacs
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth M. van Leeuwen
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lennart C. Karssen
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Anton J. M. de Craen
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Deelen
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Aki S. Havulinna
- Unit of Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matthew Blades
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Support Hub (B/BASH), University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Hengstenberg
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- DZHK German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- Institute for Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- DZHK German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- DZHK German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- The Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martin D. Tobin
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Nilesh J. Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Leicester Cardiovascular Disease Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Akademiska Sjukhuset, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Unit of Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cecilia M. Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - P. Eline Slagboom
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Vasa Central Hospital, Vasa, Finland
- Department of Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annette Peters
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Antti Jula
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland
| | - Leif Groop
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Olli T. Raitakari
- Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Chris Power
- Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Eco de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University & VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes H. Smit
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nancy L. Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCode Genetic - Amgen Inc, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCode Genetic - Amgen Inc, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- The Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Deparment of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P. Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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119
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Peyrot WJ, Lee SH, Milaneschi Y, Abdellaoui A, Byrne EM, Esko T, de Geus EJC, Hemani G, Hottenga JJ, Kloiber S, Levinson DF, Lucae S, Martin NG, Medland SE, Metspalu A, Milani L, Noethen MM, Potash JB, Rietschel M, Rietveld CA, Ripke S, Shi J, Willemsen G, Zhu Z, Boomsma DI, Wray NR, Penninx BWJH. The association between lower educational attainment and depression owing to shared genetic effects? Results in ~25,000 subjects. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:735-43. [PMID: 25917368 PMCID: PMC4610719 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
An association between lower educational attainment (EA) and an increased risk for depression has been confirmed in various western countries. This study examines whether pleiotropic genetic effects contribute to this association. Therefore, data were analyzed from a total of 9662 major depressive disorder (MDD) cases and 14,949 controls (with no lifetime MDD diagnosis) from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium with additional Dutch and Estonian data. The association of EA and MDD was assessed with logistic regression in 15,138 individuals indicating a significantly negative association in our sample with an odds ratio for MDD 0.78 (0.75-0.82) per standard deviation increase in EA. With data of 884,105 autosomal common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), three methods were applied to test for pleiotropy between MDD and EA: (i) genetic profile risk scores (GPRS) derived from training data for EA (independent meta-analysis on ~120,000 subjects) and MDD (using a 10-fold leave-one-out procedure in the current sample), (ii) bivariate genomic-relationship-matrix restricted maximum likelihood (GREML) and (iii) SNP effect concordance analysis (SECA). With these methods, we found (i) that the EA-GPRS did not predict MDD status, and MDD-GPRS did not predict EA, (ii) a weak negative genetic correlation with bivariate GREML analyses, but this correlation was not consistently significant, (iii) no evidence for concordance of MDD and EA SNP effects with SECA analysis. To conclude, our study confirms an association of lower EA and MDD risk, but this association was not because of measurable pleiotropic genetic effects, which suggests that environmental factors could be involved, for example, socioeconomic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- WJ Peyrot
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center & GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - SH Lee
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Y Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center & GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Abdellaoui
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - EM Byrne
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - T Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia,Division of Endocrinology and Center of Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Broad Institute, Cambridge, USA
| | - EJC de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Hemani
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, Bristol, UK
| | - JJ Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Kloiber
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstraße 2–10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - DF Levinson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - S Lucae
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstraße 2–10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | | | - NG Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, QIMR Berhgofer Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - SE Medland
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, QIMR Berhgofer Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - A Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia,Division of Endocrinology and Center of Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Broad Institute, Cambridge, USA
| | - L Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia,Division of Endocrinology and Center of Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Broad Institute, Cambridge, USA
| | - MM Noethen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany D-53111
| | - JB Potash
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - M Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - CA Rietveld
- Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands,Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S Ripke
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - J Shi
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - G Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Z Zhu
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - DI Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - NR Wray
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - BWJH Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center & GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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120
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Minică CC, Dolan CV, Hottenga JJ, Pool R, Fedko IO, Mbarek H, Huppertz C, Bartels M, Boomsma DI, Vink JM. Heritability, SNP- and Gene-Based Analyses of Cannabis Use Initiation and Age at Onset. Behav Genet 2015; 45:503-13. [PMID: 25987507 PMCID: PMC4561059 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-015-9723-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Prior searches for genetic variants (GVs) implicated in initiation of cannabis use have been limited to common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) typed in HapMap samples. Denser SNPs are now available with the completion of the 1000 Genomes and the Genome of the Netherlands projects. More densely distributed SNPs are expected to track the causal variants better. Therefore we extend the search for variants implicated in early stages of cannabis use to previously untagged common and low-frequency variants. We run heritability, SNP and gene-based analyses of initiation and age at onset. This is the first genome-wide study of age at onset to date. Using GCTA and a sample of distantly related individuals from the Netherlands Twin Register, we estimated that the currently measured (and tagged) SNPs collectively explain 25 % of the variance in initiation (SE = 0.088; P = 0.0016). Chromosomes 4 and 18, previously linked with cannabis use and other addiction phenotypes, account for the largest amount of variance in initiation (6.8 %, SE = 0.025, P = 0.002 and 3.6 %, SE = 0.01, P = 0.012, respectively). No individual SNP- or gene-based test reached genomewide significance in the initiation or age at onset analyses. Our study detected association signal in the currently measured SNPs. A comparison with prior SNP-heritability estimates suggests that at least part of the signal is likely coming from previously untyped common and low frequency variants. Our results do not rule out the contribution of rare variants of larger effect—a plausible source of the difference between the twin-based heritability estimate and that from GCTA. The causal variants are likely of very small effect (i.e., <1 % explained variance) and are uniformly distributed over the genome in proportion to chromosomes’ length. Similar to other complex traits and diseases, detecting such small effects is to be expected in sufficiently large samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia C Minică
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
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121
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Laurin CA, Hottenga JJ, Willemsen G, Boomsma DI, Lubke GH. Genetic analyses benefit from using less heterogeneous phenotypes: an illustration with the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS). Genet Epidemiol 2015; 39:317-24. [PMID: 25832296 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.21897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic heterogeneity of depression has been cited as one of the causes of the limited success to detect genetic variants in genome-wide studies. The 7-item Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-D) was developed to detect depression in individuals with physical health problems. An initial psychometric analysis showed that a short version ("HADS-4") is less heterogeneous and hence more reliable than the full scale, and correlates equally strong with a DSM-oriented depression scale. We compared the HADS-D and the HADS-4 to assess the benefits of using less heterogeneous phenotype measures in genetic analyses. We compared HADS-D and HADS-4 in three separate analyses: (1) twin- and family-based heritability estimation, (2) SNP-based heritability estimation using the software GCTA, and (3) a genome-wide association study (GWAS). The twin study resulted in heritability estimates between 18% and 25%, with additive genetic variance being the largest component. There was also evidence for assortative mating and a dominance component of genetic variance, with HADS-4 having slightly lower estimates of assortment. Importantly, when estimating heritability from SNPs, the HADS-D did not show a significant genetic variance component, while for the HADS-4, a statistically significant amount of heritability was estimated. Moreover, the HADS-4 had substantially more SNPs with small P-values in the GWAS analysis than did the HADS-D. Our results underline the benefits of using more homogeneous phenotypes in psychiatric genetic analyses. Homogeneity can be increased by focusing on core symptoms of disorders, thus reducing the noise in aggregate phenotypes caused by substantially different symptom profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Laurin
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America; Integrated Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
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122
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van Leeuwen EM, Karssen LC, Deelen J, Isaacs A, Medina-Gomez C, Mbarek H, Kanterakis A, Trompet S, Postmus I, Verweij N, van Enckevort DJ, Huffman JE, White CC, Feitosa MF, Bartz TM, Manichaikul A, Joshi PK, Peloso GM, Deelen P, van Dijk F, Willemsen G, de Geus EJ, Milaneschi Y, Penninx BWJH, Francioli LC, Menelaou A, Pulit SL, Rivadeneira F, Hofman A, Oostra BA, Franco OH, Mateo Leach I, Beekman M, de Craen AJM, Uh HW, Trochet H, Hocking LJ, Porteous DJ, Sattar N, Packard CJ, Buckley BM, Brody JA, Bis JC, Rotter JI, Mychaleckyj JC, Campbell H, Duan Q, Lange LA, Wilson JF, Hayward C, Polasek O, Vitart V, Rudan I, Wright AF, Rich SS, Psaty BM, Borecki IB, Kearney PM, Stott DJ, Adrienne Cupples L, Jukema JW, van der Harst P, Sijbrands EJ, Hottenga JJ, Uitterlinden AG, Swertz MA, van Ommen GJB, de Bakker PIW, Eline Slagboom P, Boomsma DI, Wijmenga C, van Duijn CM. Genome of The Netherlands population-specific imputations identify an ABCA6 variant associated with cholesterol levels. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6065. [PMID: 25751400 PMCID: PMC4366498 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Variants associated with blood lipid levels may be population-specific. To identify
low-frequency variants associated with this phenotype, population-specific reference
panels may be used. Here we impute nine large Dutch biobanks (~35,000
samples) with the population-specific reference panel created by the Genome of the
Netherlands Project and perform association testing with blood lipid levels. We
report the discovery of five novel associations at four loci (P value
<6.61 × 10−4), including a rare missense
variant in ABCA6
(rs77542162, p.Cys1359Arg, frequency 0.034), which is predicted to be deleterious.
The frequency of this ABCA6
variant is 3.65-fold increased in the Dutch and its effect
(βLDL-C=0.135,
βTC=0.140) is estimated to be very similar to those
observed for single variants in well-known lipid genes, such as LDLR. Frequencies of rare variants fluctuate over populations, hampering
gene discovery. Here the authors use a population-specific reference panel, the Genome
of the Netherlands, to discover four novel loci involved in lipid metabolism, including
an exonic variant in ABCA6.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lennart C Karssen
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Deelen
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Aaron Isaacs
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- Department of Epidemiology and Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Hamdi Mbarek
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam 1081BT, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandros Kanterakis
- Department of Genetics, Genomics Coordination Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Iris Postmus
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Niek Verweij
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jennifer E Huffman
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Charles C White
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston U School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Traci M Bartz
- Department of Biostatistics and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Ani Manichaikul
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Peter K Joshi
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Gina M Peloso
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02176, USA
| | - Patrick Deelen
- Department of Genetics, Genomics Coordination Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Freerk van Dijk
- Department of Genetics, Genomics Coordination Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam 1081BT, The Netherlands
| | - Eco J de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam 1081BT, The Netherlands
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam/GGZinGeest, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081HL, The Netherlands
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam/GGZinGeest, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081HL, The Netherlands
| | - Laurent C Francioli
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Androniki Menelaou
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Sara L Pulit
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology and Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Ben A Oostra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Mateo Leach
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Marian Beekman
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Anton J M de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Hae-Won Uh
- Department of Genetical Statistics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Holly Trochet
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Lynne J Hocking
- Division of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - David J Porteous
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Naveed Sattar
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Chris J Packard
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Brendan M Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jennifer A Brody
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Joshua C Bis
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90502, USA
| | - Josyf C Mychaleckyj
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Qing Duan
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina NC 27599, USA
| | - Leslie A Lange
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina NC 27599, USA
| | - James F Wilson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split 21000, Croatia
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Alan F Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Ingrid B Borecki
- Department of Genetics and Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Patricia M Kearney
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - David J Stott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- 1] Department of Biostatistics, Boston U School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA [2] Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702, USA
| | | | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Eric J Sijbrands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam 1081BT, The Netherlands
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology and Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Morris A Swertz
- Department of Genetics, Genomics Coordination Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Gert-Jan B van Ommen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Paul I W de Bakker
- 1] Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands [2] Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081BT, The Netherlands
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
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Vaez A, Jansen R, Prins BP, Hottenga JJ, de Geus EJC, Boomsma DI, Penninx BWJH, Nolte IM, Snieder H, Alizadeh BZ. In Silico Post Genome-Wide Association Studies Analysis of C-Reactive Protein Loci Suggests an Important Role for Interferons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 8:487-97. [PMID: 25752597 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.114.000714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have successfully identified several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP). An important limitation of GWASs is that the identified variants merely flag the nearby genomic region and do not necessarily provide a direct link to the biological mechanisms underlying their corresponding phenotype. Here we apply a bioinformatics-based approach to uncover the functional characteristics of the 18 SNPs that had previously been associated with CRP at a genome-wide significant level. METHODS AND RESULTS In the first phase of in silico sequencing, we explore the vicinity of GWAS SNPs to identify all linked variants. In the second phase of expression quantitative trait loci analysis, we attempt to identify all nearby genes whose expression levels are associated with the corresponding GWAS SNPs. These 2 phases generate several relevant genes that serve as input to the next phase of functional network analysis. Our in silico sequencing analysis using 1000 Genomes Project data identified 7 nonsynonymous SNPs, which are in moderate to high linkage disequilibrium (r(2)>0.5) with the GWAS SNPs. Our expression quantitative trait loci analysis, which was based on one of the largest single data sets of genome-wide expression probes (n>5000) identified 23 significantly associated expression probes belonging to 15 genes (false discovery rate <0.01). The final phase of functional network analysis revealed 93 significantly enriched biological processes (false discovery rate <0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our post-GWAS analysis of CRP GWAS SNPs confirmed the previously known overlap between CRP and lipids biology. Additionally, it suggested an important role for interferons in the metabolism of CRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Vaez
- From the Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen (A.V., B.P.P., I.M.N., H.S., B.Z.A.); Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J., B.W.J.H.P.); and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J., J.-J.H., E.J.C.d.G., D.I.B., B.W.J.H.P.), EMGO+ Institute, VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (J.-J.H., E.J.C.d.G., D.I.B., B.W.J.H.P.), Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.-J.H., E.J.C.d.G., D.I.B.); and School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (A.V.).
| | - Rick Jansen
- From the Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen (A.V., B.P.P., I.M.N., H.S., B.Z.A.); Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J., B.W.J.H.P.); and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J., J.-J.H., E.J.C.d.G., D.I.B., B.W.J.H.P.), EMGO+ Institute, VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (J.-J.H., E.J.C.d.G., D.I.B., B.W.J.H.P.), Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.-J.H., E.J.C.d.G., D.I.B.); and School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (A.V.)
| | - Bram P Prins
- From the Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen (A.V., B.P.P., I.M.N., H.S., B.Z.A.); Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J., B.W.J.H.P.); and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J., J.-J.H., E.J.C.d.G., D.I.B., B.W.J.H.P.), EMGO+ Institute, VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (J.-J.H., E.J.C.d.G., D.I.B., B.W.J.H.P.), Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.-J.H., E.J.C.d.G., D.I.B.); and School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (A.V.)
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- From the Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen (A.V., B.P.P., I.M.N., H.S., B.Z.A.); Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J., B.W.J.H.P.); and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J., J.-J.H., E.J.C.d.G., D.I.B., B.W.J.H.P.), EMGO+ Institute, VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (J.-J.H., E.J.C.d.G., D.I.B., B.W.J.H.P.), Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.-J.H., E.J.C.d.G., D.I.B.); and School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (A.V.)
| | - Eco J C de Geus
- From the Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen (A.V., B.P.P., I.M.N., H.S., B.Z.A.); Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J., B.W.J.H.P.); and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J., J.-J.H., E.J.C.d.G., D.I.B., B.W.J.H.P.), EMGO+ Institute, VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (J.-J.H., E.J.C.d.G., D.I.B., B.W.J.H.P.), Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.-J.H., E.J.C.d.G., D.I.B.); and School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (A.V.)
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- From the Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen (A.V., B.P.P., I.M.N., H.S., B.Z.A.); Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J., B.W.J.H.P.); and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J., J.-J.H., E.J.C.d.G., D.I.B., B.W.J.H.P.), EMGO+ Institute, VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (J.-J.H., E.J.C.d.G., D.I.B., B.W.J.H.P.), Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.-J.H., E.J.C.d.G., D.I.B.); and School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (A.V.)
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- From the Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen (A.V., B.P.P., I.M.N., H.S., B.Z.A.); Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J., B.W.J.H.P.); and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J., J.-J.H., E.J.C.d.G., D.I.B., B.W.J.H.P.), EMGO+ Institute, VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (J.-J.H., E.J.C.d.G., D.I.B., B.W.J.H.P.), Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.-J.H., E.J.C.d.G., D.I.B.); and School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (A.V.)
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- From the Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen (A.V., B.P.P., I.M.N., H.S., B.Z.A.); Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J., B.W.J.H.P.); and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J., J.-J.H., E.J.C.d.G., D.I.B., B.W.J.H.P.), EMGO+ Institute, VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (J.-J.H., E.J.C.d.G., D.I.B., B.W.J.H.P.), Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.-J.H., E.J.C.d.G., D.I.B.); and School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (A.V.)
| | - Harold Snieder
- From the Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen (A.V., B.P.P., I.M.N., H.S., B.Z.A.); Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J., B.W.J.H.P.); and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J., J.-J.H., E.J.C.d.G., D.I.B., B.W.J.H.P.), EMGO+ Institute, VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (J.-J.H., E.J.C.d.G., D.I.B., B.W.J.H.P.), Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.-J.H., E.J.C.d.G., D.I.B.); and School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (A.V.)
| | - Behrooz Z Alizadeh
- From the Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen (A.V., B.P.P., I.M.N., H.S., B.Z.A.); Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J., B.W.J.H.P.); and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J., J.-J.H., E.J.C.d.G., D.I.B., B.W.J.H.P.), EMGO+ Institute, VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (J.-J.H., E.J.C.d.G., D.I.B., B.W.J.H.P.), Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.-J.H., E.J.C.d.G., D.I.B.); and School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (A.V.).
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Abdellaoui A, Hottenga JJ, Willemsen G, Bartels M, van Beijsterveldt T, Ehli EA, Davies GE, Brooks A, Sullivan PF, Penninx BWJH, de Geus EJ, Boomsma DI. Educational attainment influences levels of homozygosity through migration and assortative mating. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118935. [PMID: 25734509 PMCID: PMC4347978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with a higher education are more likely to migrate, increasing the chance of meeting a spouse with a different ancestral background. In this context, the presence of strong educational assortment can result in greater ancestry differences within more educated spouse pairs, while less educated individuals are more likely to mate with someone with whom they share more ancestry. We examined the association between educational attainment and Froh (= the proportion of the genome consisting of runs of homozygosity [ROHs]) in ~2,000 subjects of Dutch ancestry. The subjects’ own educational attainment showed a nominally significant negative association with Froh (p = .045), while the contribution of parental education to offspring Froh was highly significant (father: p < 10-5; mother: p = 9×10-5), with more educated parents having offspring with fewer ROHs. This association was significantly and fully mediated by the physical distance between parental birthplaces (paternal education: pmediation = 2.4 × 10-4; maternal education: pmediation = 2.3 × 10-4), which itself was also significantly associated with Froh (p = 9 × 10-5). Ancestry-informative principal components from the offspring showed a significantly decreasing association with geography as parental education increased, consistent with the significantly higher migration rates among more educated parents. Parental education also showed a high spouse correlation (Spearman’s ρ = .66, p = 3 × 10-262). We show that less educated parents are less likely to mate with the more mobile parents with a higher education, creating systematic differences in homozygosity due to ancestry differences not directly captured by ancestry-informative principal components (PCs). Understanding how behaviors influence the genomic structure of a population is highly valuable for studies on the genetic etiology of behavioral, cognitive, and social traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel Abdellaoui
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Toos van Beijsterveldt
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik A. Ehli
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Avera McKennan Hospital & University Health Center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Gareth E. Davies
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Avera McKennan Hospital & University Health Center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Andrew Brooks
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Patrick F. Sullivan
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Brenda W. J. H. Penninx
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eco J. de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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125
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Franić S, Groen-Blokhuis MM, Dolan CV, Kattenberg MV, Pool R, Xiao X, Scheet PA, Ehli EA, Davies GE, van der Sluis S, Abdellaoui A, Hansell NK, Martin NG, Hudziak JJ, van Beijsterveldt CEM, Swagerman SC, Hulshoff Pol HE, de Geus EJC, Bartels M, Ropers HH, Hottenga JJ, Boomsma DI. Intelligence: shared genetic basis between Mendelian disorders and a polygenic trait. Eur J Hum Genet 2015; 23:1378-83. [PMID: 25712083 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2015.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple inquiries into the genetic etiology of human traits indicated an overlap between genes underlying monogenic disorders (eg, skeletal growth defects) and those affecting continuous variability of related quantitative traits (eg, height). Extending the idea of a shared genetic basis between a Mendelian disorder and a classic polygenic trait, we performed an association study to examine the effect of 43 genes implicated in autosomal recessive cognitive disorders on intelligence in an unselected Dutch population (N=1316). Using both single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)- and gene-based association testing, we detected an association between intelligence and the genes of interest, with genes ELP2, TMEM135, PRMT10, and RGS7 showing the strongest associations. This is a demonstration of the relevance of genes implicated in monogenic disorders of intelligence to normal-range intelligence, and a corroboration of the utility of employing knowledge on monogenic disorders in identifying the genetic variability underlying complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Franić
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria M Groen-Blokhuis
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Conor V Dolan
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychological Methods, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mathijs V Kattenberg
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René Pool
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xiangjun Xiao
- Division of OVP, Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paul A Scheet
- Division of OVP, Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Erik A Ehli
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Avera McKennan Hospital, University Health Center, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Gareth E Davies
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Avera McKennan Hospital, University Health Center, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Sophie van der Sluis
- Section Functional Genomics, Department of Clinical Genetics, VU Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Narelle K Hansell
- Genetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - James J Hudziak
- Department of Psychiatry and Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | | | - Suzanne C Swagerman
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hilleke E Hulshoff Pol
- Neuroimaging Research Group, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eco J C de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Hilger Ropers
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Maier R, Moser G, Chen GB, Ripke S, Coryell W, Potash JB, Scheftner WA, Shi J, Weissman MM, Hultman CM, Landén M, Levinson DF, Kendler KS, Smoller JW, Wray NR, Lee SH, Absher D, Agartz I, Akil H, Amin F, Andreassen O, Anjorin A, Anney R, Arking D, Asherson P, Azevedo M, Backlund L, Badner J, Bailey A, Banaschewski T, Barchas J, Barnes M, Barrett T, Bass N, Battaglia A, Bauer M, Bayés M, Bellivier F, Bergen S, Berrettini W, Betancur C, Bettecken T, Biederman J, Binder E, Black D, Blackwood D, Bloss C, Boehnke M, Boomsma D, Breen G, Breuer R, Bruggeman R, Buccola N, Buitelaar J, Bunney W, Buxbaum J, Byerley W, Caesar S, Cahn W, Cantor R, Casas M, Chakravarti A, Chambert K, Choudhury K, Cichon S, Cloninger C, Collier D, Cook E, Coon H, Cormand B, Cormican P, Corvin A, Coryell W, Craddock N, Craig D, Craig I, Crosbie J, Cuccaro M, Curtis D, Czamara D, Daly M, Datta S, Dawson G, Day R, De Geus E, Degenhardt F, Devlin B, Djurovic S, Donohoe G, Doyle A, Duan J, Dudbridge F, Duketis E, Ebstein R, Edenberg H, Elia J, Ennis S, Etain B, Fanous A, Faraone S, Farmer A, Ferrier I, Flickinger M, Fombonne E, Foroud T, Frank J, Franke B, Fraser C, Freedman R, Freimer N, Freitag C, Friedl M, Frisén L, Gallagher L, Gejman P, Georgieva L, Gershon E, Geschwind D, Giegling I, Gill M, Gordon S, Gordon-Smith K, Green E, Greenwood T, Grice D, Gross M, Grozeva D, Guan W, Gurling H, De Haan L, Haines J, Hakonarson H, Hallmayer J, Hamilton S, Hamshere M, Hansen T, Hartmann A, Hautzinger M, Heath A, Henders A, Herms S, Hickie I, Hipolito M, Hoefels S, Holmans P, Holsboer F, Hoogendijk W, Hottenga JJ, Hultman C, Hus V, Ingason A, Ising M, Jamain S, Jones I, Jones L, Kähler A, Kahn R, Kandaswamy R, Keller M, Kelsoe J, Kendler K, Kennedy J, Kenny E, Kent L, Kim Y, Kirov G, Klauck S, Klei L, Knowles J, Kohli M, Koller D, Konte B, Korszun A, Krabbendam L, Krasucki R, Kuntsi J, Kwan P, Landén M, Långström N, Lathrop M, Lawrence J, Lawson W, Leboyer M, Ledbetter D, Lee P, Lencz T, Lesch KP, Levinson D, Lewis C, Li J, Lichtenstein P, Lieberman J, Lin DY, Linszen D, Liu C, Lohoff F, Loo S, Lord C, Lowe J, Lucae S, MacIntyre D, Madden P, Maestrini E, Magnusson P, Mahon P, Maier W, Malhotra A, Mane S, Martin C, Martin N, Mattheisen M, Matthews K, Mattingsdal M, McCarroll S, McGhee K, McGough J, McGrath P, McGuffin P, McInnis M, McIntosh A, McKinney R, McLean A, McMahon F, McMahon W, McQuillin A, Medeiros H, Medland S, Meier S, Melle I, Meng F, Meyer J, Middeldorp C, Middleton L, Milanova V, Miranda A, Monaco A, Montgomery G, Moran J, Moreno-De-Luca D, Morken G, Morris D, Morrow E, Moskvina V, Mowry B, Muglia P, Mühleisen T, Müller-Myhsok B, Murtha M, Myers R, Myin-Germeys I, Neale B, Nelson S, Nievergelt C, Nikolov I, Nimgaonkar V, Nolen W, Nöthen M, Nurnberger J, Nwulia E, Nyholt D, O’Donovan M, O’Dushlaine C, Oades R, Olincy A, Oliveira G, Olsen L, Ophoff R, Osby U, Owen M, Palotie A, Parr J, Paterson A, Pato C, Pato M, Penninx B, Pergadia M, Pericak-Vance M, Perlis R, Pickard B, Pimm J, Piven J, Posthuma D, Potash J, Poustka F, Propping P, Purcell S, Puri V, Quested D, Quinn E, Ramos-Quiroga J, Rasmussen H, Raychaudhuri S, Rehnström K, Reif A, Ribasés M, Rice J, Rietschel M, Ripke S, Roeder K, Roeyers H, Rossin L, Rothenberger A, Rouleau G, Ruderfer D, Rujescu D, Sanders A, Sanders S, Santangelo S, Schachar R, Schalling M, Schatzberg A, Scheftner W, Schellenberg G, Scherer S, Schork N, Schulze T, Schumacher J, Schwarz M, Scolnick E, Scott L, Sergeant J, Shi J, Shilling P, Shyn S, Silverman J, Sklar P, Slager S, Smalley S, Smit J, Smith E, Smoller J, Sonuga-Barke E, St Clair D, State M, Steffens M, Steinhausen HC, Strauss J, Strohmaier J, Stroup T, Sullivan P, Sutcliffe J, Szatmari P, Szelinger S, Thapar A, Thirumalai S, Thompson R, Todorov A, Tozzi F, Treutlein J, Tzeng JY, Uhr M, van den Oord E, Van Grootheest G, Van Os J, Vicente A, Vieland V, Vincent J, Visscher P, Walsh C, Wassink T, Watson S, Weiss L, Weissman M, Werge T, Wienker T, Wiersma D, Wijsman E, Willemsen G, Williams N, Willsey A, Witt S, Wray N, Xu W, Young A, Yu T, Zammit S, Zandi P, Zhang P, Zitman F, Zöllner S. Joint analysis of psychiatric disorders increases accuracy of risk prediction for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 96:283-94. [PMID: 25640677 PMCID: PMC4320268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic risk prediction has several potential applications in medical research and clinical practice and could be used, for example, to stratify a heterogeneous population of patients by their predicted genetic risk. However, for polygenic traits, such as psychiatric disorders, the accuracy of risk prediction is low. Here we use a multivariate linear mixed model and apply multi-trait genomic best linear unbiased prediction for genetic risk prediction. This method exploits correlations between disorders and simultaneously evaluates individual risk for each disorder. We show that the multivariate approach significantly increases the prediction accuracy for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder in the discovery as well as in independent validation datasets. By grouping SNPs based on genome annotation and fitting multiple random effects, we show that the prediction accuracy could be further improved. The gain in prediction accuracy of the multivariate approach is equivalent to an increase in sample size of 34% for schizophrenia, 68% for bipolar disorder, and 76% for major depressive disorders using single trait models. Because our approach can be readily applied to any number of GWAS datasets of correlated traits, it is a flexible and powerful tool to maximize prediction accuracy. With current sample size, risk predictors are not useful in a clinical setting but already are a valuable research tool, for example in experimental designs comparing cases with high and low polygenic risk.
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Hibar DP, Stein JL, Renteria ME, Arias-Vasquez A, Desrivières S, Jahanshad N, Toro R, Wittfeld K, Abramovic L, Andersson M, Aribisala BS, Armstrong NJ, Bernard M, Bohlken MM, Boks MP, Bralten J, Brown AA, Chakravarty MM, Chen Q, Ching CRK, Cuellar-Partida G, den Braber A, Giddaluru S, Goldman AL, Grimm O, Guadalupe T, Hass J, Woldehawariat G, Holmes AJ, Hoogman M, Janowitz D, Jia T, Kim S, Klein M, Kraemer B, Lee PH, Olde Loohuis LM, Luciano M, Macare C, Mather KA, Mattheisen M, Milaneschi Y, Nho K, Papmeyer M, Ramasamy A, Risacher SL, Roiz-Santiañez R, Rose EJ, Salami A, Sämann PG, Schmaal L, Schork AJ, Shin J, Strike LT, Teumer A, van Donkelaar MMJ, van Eijk KR, Walters RK, Westlye LT, Whelan CD, Winkler AM, Zwiers MP, Alhusaini S, Athanasiu L, Ehrlich S, Hakobjan MMH, Hartberg CB, Haukvik UK, Heister AJGAM, Hoehn D, Kasperaviciute D, Liewald DCM, Lopez LM, Makkinje RRR, Matarin M, Naber MAM, McKay DR, Needham M, Nugent AC, Pütz B, Royle NA, Shen L, Sprooten E, Trabzuni D, van der Marel SSL, van Hulzen KJE, Walton E, Wolf C, Almasy L, Ames D, Arepalli S, Assareh AA, Bastin ME, Brodaty H, Bulayeva KB, Carless MA, Cichon S, Corvin A, Curran JE, Czisch M, de Zubicaray GI, Dillman A, Duggirala R, Dyer TD, Erk S, Fedko IO, Ferrucci L, Foroud TM, Fox PT, Fukunaga M, Gibbs JR, Göring HHH, Green RC, Guelfi S, Hansell NK, Hartman CA, Hegenscheid K, Heinz A, Hernandez DG, Heslenfeld DJ, Hoekstra PJ, Holsboer F, Homuth G, Hottenga JJ, Ikeda M, Jack CR, Jenkinson M, Johnson R, Kanai R, Keil M, Kent JW, Kochunov P, Kwok JB, Lawrie SM, Liu X, Longo DL, McMahon KL, Meisenzahl E, Melle I, Mohnke S, Montgomery GW, Mostert JC, Mühleisen TW, Nalls MA, Nichols TE, Nilsson LG, Nöthen MM, Ohi K, Olvera RL, Perez-Iglesias R, Pike GB, Potkin SG, Reinvang I, Reppermund S, Rietschel M, Romanczuk-Seiferth N, Rosen GD, Rujescu D, Schnell K, Schofield PR, Smith C, Steen VM, Sussmann JE, Thalamuthu A, Toga AW, Traynor BJ, Troncoso J, Turner JA, Valdés Hernández MC, van 't Ent D, van der Brug M, van der Wee NJA, van Tol MJ, Veltman DJ, Wassink TH, Westman E, Zielke RH, Zonderman AB, Ashbrook DG, Hager R, Lu L, McMahon FJ, Morris DW, Williams RW, Brunner HG, Buckner RL, Buitelaar JK, Cahn W, Calhoun VD, Cavalleri GL, Crespo-Facorro B, Dale AM, Davies GE, Delanty N, Depondt C, Djurovic S, Drevets WC, Espeseth T, Gollub RL, Ho BC, Hoffmann W, Hosten N, Kahn RS, Le Hellard S, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Müller-Myhsok B, Nauck M, Nyberg L, Pandolfo M, Penninx BWJH, Roffman JL, Sisodiya SM, Smoller JW, van Bokhoven H, van Haren NEM, Völzke H, Walter H, Weiner MW, Wen W, White T, Agartz I, Andreassen OA, Blangero J, Boomsma DI, Brouwer RM, Cannon DM, Cookson MR, de Geus EJC, Deary IJ, Donohoe G, Fernández G, Fisher SE, Francks C, Glahn DC, Grabe HJ, Gruber O, Hardy J, Hashimoto R, Hulshoff Pol HE, Jönsson EG, Kloszewska I, Lovestone S, Mattay VS, Mecocci P, McDonald C, McIntosh AM, Ophoff RA, Paus T, Pausova Z, Ryten M, Sachdev PS, Saykin AJ, Simmons A, Singleton A, Soininen H, Wardlaw JM, Weale ME, Weinberger DR, Adams HHH, Launer LJ, Seiler S, Schmidt R, Chauhan G, Satizabal CL, Becker JT, Yanek L, van der Lee SJ, Ebling M, Fischl B, Longstreth WT, Greve D, Schmidt H, Nyquist P, Vinke LN, van Duijn CM, Xue L, Mazoyer B, Bis JC, Gudnason V, Seshadri S, Ikram MA, Martin NG, Wright MJ, Schumann G, Franke B, Thompson PM, Medland SE. Common genetic variants influence human subcortical brain structures. Nature 2015; 520:224-9. [PMID: 25607358 DOI: 10.1038/nature14101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 539] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The highly complex structure of the human brain is strongly shaped by genetic influences. Subcortical brain regions form circuits with cortical areas to coordinate movement, learning, memory and motivation, and altered circuits can lead to abnormal behaviour and disease. To investigate how common genetic variants affect the structure of these brain regions, here we conduct genome-wide association studies of the volumes of seven subcortical regions and the intracranial volume derived from magnetic resonance images of 30,717 individuals from 50 cohorts. We identify five novel genetic variants influencing the volumes of the putamen and caudate nucleus. We also find stronger evidence for three loci with previously established influences on hippocampal volume and intracranial volume. These variants show specific volumetric effects on brain structures rather than global effects across structures. The strongest effects were found for the putamen, where a novel intergenic locus with replicable influence on volume (rs945270; P = 1.08 × 10(-33); 0.52% variance explained) showed evidence of altering the expression of the KTN1 gene in both brain and blood tissue. Variants influencing putamen volume clustered near developmental genes that regulate apoptosis, axon guidance and vesicle transport. Identification of these genetic variants provides insight into the causes of variability in human brain development, and may help to determine mechanisms of neuropsychiatric dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrek P Hibar
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging &Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90292, USA
| | - Jason L Stein
- 1] Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging &Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90292, USA. [2] Neurogenetics Program, Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | | | - Alejandro Arias-Vasquez
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Department of Psychiatry, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [3] Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [4] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging &Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90292, USA
| | - Roberto Toro
- 1] Laboratory of Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France. [2] Centre Nationale de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité de Recherche Associée (URA) 2182 Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France. [3] Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75015, France
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- 1] German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald 17487, Germany. [2] Department of Psychiatry, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany
| | - Lucija Abramovic
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Micael Andersson
- Umeå Centre for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Benjamin S Aribisala
- 1] Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK. [2] Department of Computer Science, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria. [3] Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Nicola J Armstrong
- 1] Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia. [2] School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Manon Bernard
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Marc M Bohlken
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Marco P Boks
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Janita Bralten
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [3] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew A Brown
- 1] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0316, Norway. [2] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0424, Norway
| | - M Mallar Chakravarty
- 1] Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal H4H 1R3, Canada. [2] Department of Psychiatry and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Qiang Chen
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Christopher R K Ching
- 1] Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging &Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90292, USA. [2] Interdepartmental Neuroscience Graduate Program, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | | | - Anouk den Braber
- Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam &EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University &VU Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Sudheer Giddaluru
- 1] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway. [2] Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen 5021, Norway
| | - Aaron L Goldman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim 68159, Germany
| | - Tulio Guadalupe
- 1] Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 XD, The Netherlands. [2] International Max Planck Research School for Language Sciences, Nijmegen 6525 XD, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna Hass
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Dresden 01307 Germany
| | - Girma Woldehawariat
- Human Genetics Branch and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Avram J Holmes
- 1] Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA. [2] Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Martine Hoogman
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah Janowitz
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany
| | - Tianye Jia
- MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Sungeun Kim
- 1] Center for Neuroimaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. [2] Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. [3] Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Marieke Klein
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - Bernd Kraemer
- Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Goettingen 37075, Germany
| | - Phil H Lee
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3] Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02141, USA. [4] Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Loes M Olde Loohuis
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Michelle Luciano
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Christine Macare
- MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Karen A Mather
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- 1] Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark. [2] The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus and Copenhagen DK-8000, Denmark. [3] Center for integrated Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam 1081 HL, The Netherlands
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- 1] Center for Neuroimaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. [2] Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. [3] Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Martina Papmeyer
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK
| | - Adaikalavan Ramasamy
- 1] Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK. [2] Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Shannon L Risacher
- 1] Center for Neuroimaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. [2] Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Roberto Roiz-Santiañez
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander 39008, Spain. [2] Cibersam (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Emma J Rose
- 1] Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group and Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Institute of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. [2] Center for Translational Research on Adversity, Neurodevelopment and Substance Abuse (C-TRANS), Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21045, USA
| | - Alireza Salami
- 1] Umeå Centre for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden. [2] Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, 11330 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Lianne Schmaal
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam 1081 HL, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew J Schork
- 1] Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA. [2] Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92161, USA
| | - Jean Shin
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Lachlan T Strike
- 1] QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, Australia. [2] School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia. [3] Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald D-17475, Germany
| | - Marjolein M J van Donkelaar
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - Kristel R van Eijk
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Raymond K Walters
- 1] Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. [2] Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Boston, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Lars T Westlye
- 1] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0424, Norway. [2] Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo 0373, Norway
| | - Christopher D Whelan
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging &Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90292, USA
| | - Anderson M Winkler
- 1] The Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK. [2] Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Marcel P Zwiers
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - Saud Alhusaini
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Lavinia Athanasiu
- 1] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0316, Norway. [2] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0424, Norway
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- 1] Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Dresden 01307 Germany. [2] Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3] The Athinoula A.Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Marina M H Hakobjan
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - Cecilie B Hartberg
- 1] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0316, Norway. [2] Department of Psychiatric Research and Development, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo 0319, Norway
| | - Unn K Haukvik
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0316, Norway
| | - Angelien J G A M Heister
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - David Hoehn
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Dalia Kasperaviciute
- 1] UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom and Epilepsy Society, London WC1N 3BG, UK. [2] Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - David C M Liewald
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Lorna M Lopez
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Remco R R Makkinje
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - Mar Matarin
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Marlies A M Naber
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - D Reese McKay
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA. [2] Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut 06106, USA
| | - Margaret Needham
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group and Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Institute of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Allison C Nugent
- Human Genetics Branch and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Benno Pütz
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Natalie A Royle
- 1] Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK. [2] Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK. [3] Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Li Shen
- 1] Center for Neuroimaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. [2] Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. [3] Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Emma Sprooten
- 1] Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK. [2] Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA. [3] Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut 06106, USA
| | - Daniah Trabzuni
- 1] Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK. [2] Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saskia S L van der Marel
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - Kimm J E van Hulzen
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Walton
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Dresden 01307 Germany
| | | | - Laura Almasy
- 1] Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA. [2] University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - David Ames
- 1] National Ageing Research Institute, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne 3052, Australia. [2] Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3101, Australia
| | - Sampath Arepalli
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Amelia A Assareh
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Mark E Bastin
- 1] Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK. [2] Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK. [3] Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK. [4] Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Kazima B Bulayeva
- N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119333, Russia
| | | | - Sven Cichon
- 1] Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel 4055, Switzerland. [2] Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, D-53127, Germany. [3] Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, D-52425, Germany. [4] Department of Genomics, Life &Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn D-53127, Germany
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group and Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Institute of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Joanne E Curran
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA
| | - Michael Czisch
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | | | - Allissa Dillman
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Ravi Duggirala
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA
| | - Thomas D Dyer
- 1] Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA. [2] University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Susanne Erk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CCM, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Iryna O Fedko
- Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam &EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University &VU Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Tatiana M Foroud
- 1] Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. [2] Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Peter T Fox
- 1] University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA. [2] South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Masaki Fukunaga
- Biofunctional Imaging, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - J Raphael Gibbs
- 1] Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK. [2] Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3101, Australia
| | | | - Robert C Green
- 1] Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Sebastian Guelfi
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | | | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katrin Hegenscheid
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Genomics, Life &Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn D-53127, Germany
| | - Dena G Hernandez
- 1] Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK. [2] Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3101, Australia
| | - Dirk J Heslenfeld
- Departments of Cognitive and Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam &EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University &VU Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Masashi Ikeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | | | | | - Robert Johnson
- NICHD Brain and Tissue Bank for Developmental Disorders, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Ryota Kanai
- 1] School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK. [2] Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Maria Keil
- Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Goettingen 37075, Germany
| | - Jack W Kent
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - John B Kwok
- 1] Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney 2031, Australia. [2] School of Medical Sciences, UNSW, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Stephen M Lawrie
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK
| | - Xinmin Liu
- 1] Human Genetics Branch and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. [2] Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York 10032, USA
| | - Dan L Longo
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Katie L McMahon
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Eva Meisenzahl
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Ingrid Melle
- 1] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0316, Norway. [2] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0424, Norway
| | - Sebastian Mohnke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CCM, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | | | - Jeanette C Mostert
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas W Mühleisen
- 1] Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, D-53127, Germany. [2] Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, D-52425, Germany. [3] Department of Genomics, Life &Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn D-53127, Germany
| | - Michael A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Thomas E Nichols
- 1] FMRIB Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK. [2] Department of Statistics &WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Lars G Nilsson
- Umeå Centre for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- 1] Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, D-53127, Germany. [2] Department of Genomics, Life &Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn D-53127, Germany
| | - Kazutaka Ohi
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Rene L Olvera
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Rocio Perez-Iglesias
- 1] Cibersam (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Madrid 28029, Spain. [2] Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - G Bruce Pike
- 1] Department of Neurology, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 2T9, Canada. [2] Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - Steven G Potkin
- Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, USA
| | - Ivar Reinvang
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo 0373, Norway
| | - Simone Reppermund
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim 68159, Germany
| | - Nina Romanczuk-Seiferth
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CCM, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Glenn D Rosen
- 1] Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Knut Schnell
- Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69115, Germany
| | - Peter R Schofield
- 1] Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney 2031, Australia. [2] School of Medical Sciences, UNSW, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Colin Smith
- Department of Neuropathology, MRC Sudden Death Brain Bank Project, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Vidar M Steen
- 1] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway. [2] Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen 5021, Norway
| | - Jessika E Sussmann
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK
| | - Anbupalam Thalamuthu
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Arthur W Toga
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Bryan J Traynor
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Juan Troncoso
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Jessica A Turner
- Psychology Department and Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, USA
| | | | - Dennis van 't Ent
- Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam &EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University &VU Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nic J A van der Wee
- Psychiatry and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Jose van Tol
- Neuroimaging Centre, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 AW, The Netherlands
| | - Dick J Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam 1081 HL, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas H Wassink
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Eric Westman
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-141 83, Sweden
| | - Ronald H Zielke
- NICHD Brain and Tissue Bank for Developmental Disorders, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Alan B Zonderman
- Behavioral Epidemiology Section, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - David G Ashbrook
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Reinmar Hager
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Lu Lu
- 1] Center for Integrative and Translational Genomics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA. [2] Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA. [3] Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Francis J McMahon
- Human Genetics Branch and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Derek W Morris
- 1] Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group and Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Institute of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. [2] Cognitive Genetics and Therapy Group, School of Psychology &Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Robert W Williams
- 1] Center for Integrative and Translational Genomics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA. [2] Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | - Han G Brunner
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands. [3] Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Randy L Buckner
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- 1] Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands. [3] Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- 1] The Mind Research Network &LBERI, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA. [2] Department of ECE, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Gianpiero L Cavalleri
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging &Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90292, USA
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander 39008, Spain. [2] Cibersam (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Anders M Dale
- 1] Center for Translational Imaging and Personalized Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA. [2] Departments of Neurosciences, Radiology, Psychiatry, and Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Gareth E Davies
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, 57108, USA
| | - Norman Delanty
- 1] Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, The Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin 2, Ireland. [2] Neurology Division, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Chantal Depondt
- Department of Neurology, Hopital Erasme, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- 1] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0316, Norway. [2] Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0450, Norway
| | - Wayne C Drevets
- 1] Human Genetics Branch and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. [2] Janssen Research &Development, Johnson &Johnson, Titusville, New Jersey 08560, USA
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- 1] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0424, Norway. [2] Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo 0373, Norway
| | - Randy L Gollub
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] The Athinoula A.Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA. [3] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Beng-Choon Ho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Wolfgang Hoffmann
- 1] German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald 17487, Germany. [2] Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald D-17475, Germany
| | - Norbert Hosten
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - René S Kahn
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie Le Hellard
- 1] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway. [2] Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen 5021, Norway
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim 68159, Germany
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- 1] Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany. [2] Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich 81377, Germany. [3] University of Liverpool, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Lars Nyberg
- Umeå Centre for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Massimo Pandolfo
- Department of Neurology, Hopital Erasme, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam 1081 HL, The Netherlands
| | - Joshua L Roffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Sanjay M Sisodiya
- UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom and Epilepsy Society, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3] Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02141, USA. [4] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - Neeltje E M van Haren
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald D-17475, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CCM, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Michael W Weiner
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Disease, San Francisco VA Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94121, USA
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Tonya White
- 1] Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam 3000 CB, The Netherlands. [2] Department of Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- 1] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0316, Norway. [2] Department of Psychiatric Research and Development, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo 0319, Norway. [3] Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 76, Sweden
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- 1] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0316, Norway. [2] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0424, Norway
| | - John Blangero
- 1] Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA. [2] University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam &EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University &VU Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel M Brouwer
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Dara M Cannon
- 1] Human Genetics Branch and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. [2] Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Eco J C de Geus
- Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam &EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University &VU Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Gary Donohoe
- 1] Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group and Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Institute of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. [2] Cognitive Genetics and Therapy Group, School of Psychology &Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Guillén Fernández
- 1] Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - Simon E Fisher
- 1] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands. [2] Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 XD, The Netherlands
| | - Clyde Francks
- 1] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands. [2] Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 XD, The Netherlands
| | - David C Glahn
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA. [2] Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut 06106, USA
| | - Hans J Grabe
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany. [2] Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, HELIOS Hospital Stralsund 18435, Germany
| | - Oliver Gruber
- 1] Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Goettingen 37075, Germany. [2] Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - John Hardy
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hilleke E Hulshoff Pol
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Erik G Jönsson
- 1] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0316, Norway. [2] Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 76, Sweden
| | | | - Simon Lovestone
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK. [2] NIHR Dementia Biomedical Research Unit, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Venkata S Mattay
- 1] Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. [2] Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Patrizia Mecocci
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia 06156, Italy
| | - Colm McDonald
- Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Andrew M McIntosh
- 1] Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK. [2] Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- 1] Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands. [2] Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Tomas Paus
- 1] Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto M6A 2E1, Canada. [2] Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- 1] The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1X8, Canada. [2] Departments of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Mina Ryten
- 1] Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK. [2] Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- 1] Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia. [2] Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney 2031, Australia
| | - Andrew J Saykin
- 1] Center for Neuroimaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. [2] Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. [3] Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CCM, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Andy Simmons
- 1] Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK. [2] Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK. [3] Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Andrew Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- 1] Institute of Clinical Medicine, Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland. [2] Neurocentre Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- 1] Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK. [2] Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK. [3] Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK. [4] Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Michael E Weale
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- 1] Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. [2] Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Neuroscience and the Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Hieab H H Adams
- 1] Department of Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands. [2] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Stephan Seiler
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Ganesh Chauhan
- INSERM U897, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33076, France
| | - Claudia L Satizabal
- 1] Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA. [2] Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702, USA
| | - James T Becker
- 1] Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA. [2] Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA. [3] Department of Psychology, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Lisa Yanek
- General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Sven J van der Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Maritza Ebling
- 1] The Athinoula A.Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA. [2] Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Bruce Fischl
- 1] The Athinoula A.Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA. [2] Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. [3] Computer Science and AI Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts 02141, USA
| | - W T Longstreth
- Department of Neurology University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Douglas Greve
- 1] The Athinoula A.Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA. [2] Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Paul Nyquist
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Louis N Vinke
- 1] The Athinoula A.Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA. [2] Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Luting Xue
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Bernard Mazoyer
- Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, UMR5296 CNRS, CEA and University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33076, France
| | - Joshua C Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, University of Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- 1] Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA. [2] Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- 1] Department of Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands. [2] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Margaret J Wright
- 1] QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, Australia. [2] School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Gunter Schumann
- MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Barbara Franke
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Department of Psychiatry, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [3] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging &Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90292, USA
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, Australia
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Baumert J, Huang J, McKnight B, Sabater-Lleal M, Steri M, Chu AY, Trompet S, Lopez LM, Fornage M, Teumer A, Tang W, Rudnicka AR, Mälarstig A, Hottenga JJ, Kavousi M, Lahti J, Tanaka T, Hayward C, Huffman JE, Morange PE, Rose LM, Basu S, Rumley A, Stott DJ, Buckley BM, de Craen AJM, Sanna S, Masala M, Biffar R, Homuth G, Silveira A, Sennblad B, Goel A, Watkins H, Müller-Nurasyid M, Rückerl R, Taylor K, Chen MH, de Geus EJC, Hofman A, Witteman JCM, de Maat MPM, Palotie A, Davies G, Siscovick DS, Kolcic I, Wild SH, Song J, McArdle WL, Ford I, Sattar N, Schlessinger D, Grotevendt A, Franzosi MG, Illig T, Waldenberger M, Lumley T, Tofler GH, Willemsen G, Uitterlinden AG, Rivadeneira F, Räikkönen K, Chasman DI, Folsom AR, Lowe GD, Westendorp RGJ, Slagboom PE, Cucca F, Wallaschofski H, Strawbridge RJ, Seedorf U, Koenig W, Bis JC, Mukamal KJ, van Dongen J, Widen E, Franco OH, Starr JM, Liu K, Ferrucci L, Polasek O, Wilson JF, Oudot-Mellakh T, Campbell H, Navarro P, Bandinelli S, Eriksson J, Boomsma DI, Dehghan A, Clarke R, Hamsten A, Boerwinkle E, Jukema JW, Naitza S, Ridker PM, Völzke H, Deary IJ, Reiner AP, Trégouët DA, O'Donnell CJ, Strachan DP, Peters A, Smith NL. No evidence for genome-wide interactions on plasma fibrinogen by smoking, alcohol consumption and body mass index: results from meta-analyses of 80,607 subjects. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111156. [PMID: 25551457 PMCID: PMC4281156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma fibrinogen is an acute phase protein playing an important role in the blood coagulation cascade having strong associations with smoking, alcohol consumption and body mass index (BMI). Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified a variety of gene regions associated with elevated plasma fibrinogen concentrations. However, little is yet known about how associations between environmental factors and fibrinogen might be modified by genetic variation. Therefore, we conducted large-scale meta-analyses of genome-wide interaction studies to identify possible interactions of genetic variants and smoking status, alcohol consumption or BMI on fibrinogen concentration. The present study included 80,607 subjects of European ancestry from 22 studies. Genome-wide interaction analyses were performed separately in each study for about 2.6 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the 22 autosomal chromosomes. For each SNP and risk factor, we performed a linear regression under an additive genetic model including an interaction term between SNP and risk factor. Interaction estimates were meta-analysed using a fixed-effects model. No genome-wide significant interaction with smoking status, alcohol consumption or BMI was observed in the meta-analyses. The most suggestive interaction was found for smoking and rs10519203, located in the LOC123688 region on chromosome 15, with a p value of 6.2×10−8. This large genome-wide interaction study including 80,607 participants found no strong evidence of interaction between genetic variants and smoking status, alcohol consumption or BMI on fibrinogen concentrations. Further studies are needed to yield deeper insight in the interplay between environmental factors and gene variants on the regulation of fibrinogen concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Baumert
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jie Huang
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Division of Intramural Research, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara McKnight
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Maria Sabater-Lleal
- Cardiovascular Genetics and Genomics Group, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maristella Steri
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Audrey Y. Chu
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lorna M. Lopez
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Weihong Tang
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Alicja R. Rudnicka
- Division of Population Health Sciences & Education, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anders Mälarstig
- Cardiovascular Genetics and Genomics Group, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University & EMGO+ institute, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maryam Kavousi
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-Sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jari Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhalsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer E. Huffman
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lynda M. Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Saonli Basu
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ann Rumley
- Division of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Stott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Brendan M. Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anton J. M. de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Masala
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Reiner Biffar
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Gerostomatology and Dental Materials, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Angela Silveira
- Cardiovascular Genetics and Genomics Group, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Sennblad
- Cardiovascular Genetics and Genomics Group, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Insitutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anuj Goel
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Regina Rückerl
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- ESC-Environmental Science Center, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Kent Taylor
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ming-Huei Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eco J. C. de Geus
- Department of Haematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-Sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline C. M. Witteman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-Sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Aarno Palotie
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki and University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gail Davies
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David S. Siscovick
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ivana Kolcic
- Department of Public Health, University of Split Medical School, Split, Croatia
| | - Sarah H. Wild
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jaejoon Song
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Wendy L. McArdle
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Naveed Sattar
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David Schlessinger
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anne Grotevendt
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Maria Grazia Franzosi
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Thomas Illig
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Lumley
- Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University & EMGO+ institute, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-Sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daniel I. Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aaron R. Folsom
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Gordon D. Lowe
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rudi G. J. Westendorp
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - P. Eline Slagboom
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Henri Wallaschofski
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rona J. Strawbridge
- Cardiovascular Genetics and Genomics Group, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Udo Seedorf
- Leibniz-Institut für Arterioskleroseforschung an der Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Department of Internal Medicine II - Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Joshua C. Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kenneth J. Mukamal
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jenny van Dongen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University & EMGO+ institute, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Widen
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar H. Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-Sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John M. Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kiang Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - James F. Wilson
- Department of Public Health, University of Split Medical School, Split, Croatia
| | - Tiphaine Oudot-Mellakh
- INSERM, UMR_S 1166, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1166, Team Genomics & Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases, Paris, France
- ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France
| | - Harry Campbell
- Department of Public Health, University of Split Medical School, Split, Croatia
| | - Pau Navarro
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Johan Eriksson
- Folkhalsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Unit of General Practice, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University & EMGO+ institute, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-Sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Clarke
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Cardiovascular Genetics and Genomics Group, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - J. Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Silvia Naitza
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paul M. Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ian J. Deary
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander P. Reiner
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki and University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David-Alexandre Trégouët
- INSERM, UMR_S 1166, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1166, Team Genomics & Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases, Paris, France
- ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France
| | - Christopher J. O'Donnell
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Division of Intramural Research, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David P. Strachan
- Division of Population Health Sciences & Education, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, United Kingdom
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail: (A. Peters); (NLS)
| | - Nicholas L. Smith
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki and University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Seattle Epidemiologic Research & Information Center, Veterans Affairs Office of Research & Development, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (A. Peters); (NLS)
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129
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Riese H, Muñoz LM, Hartman CA, Ding X, Su S, Oldehinkel AJ, van Roon AM, van der Most PJ, Lefrandt J, Gansevoort RT, van der Harst P, Verweij N, Licht CMM, Boomsma DI, Hottenga JJ, Willemsen G, Penninx BWJH, Nolte IM, de Geus EJC, Wang X, Snieder H. Identifying genetic variants for heart rate variability in the acetylcholine pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112476. [PMID: 25384021 PMCID: PMC4226560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart rate variability is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. The acetylcholine pathway plays a key role in explaining heart rate variability in humans. We assessed whether 443 genotyped and imputed common genetic variants in eight key genes (CHAT, SLC18A3, SLC5A7, CHRNB4, CHRNA3, CHRNA, CHRM2 and ACHE) of the acetylcholine pathway were associated with variation in an established measure of heart rate variability reflecting parasympathetic control of the heart rhythm, the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) of normal RR intervals. The association was studied in a two stage design in individuals of European descent. First, analyses were performed in a discovery sample of four cohorts (n = 3429, discovery stage). Second, findings were replicated in three independent cohorts (n = 3311, replication stage), and finally the two stages were combined in a meta-analysis (n = 6740). RMSSD data were obtained under resting conditions. After correction for multiple testing, none of the SNPs showed an association with RMSSD. In conclusion, no common genetic variants for heart rate variability were identified in the largest and most comprehensive candidate gene study on the acetylcholine pathway to date. Future gene finding efforts for RMSSD may want to focus on hypothesis free approaches such as the genome-wide association study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriëtte Riese
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (HR); (HS)
| | - Loretto M. Muñoz
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina A. Hartman
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xiuhua Ding
- Departments of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Shaoyong Su
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Albertine J. Oldehinkel
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arie M. van Roon
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joop Lefrandt
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ron T. Gansevoort
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pim van der Harst
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niek Verweij
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, EMGO institute for Health and Care research, VU University & VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, EMGO institute for Health and Care research, VU University & VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, EMGO institute for Health and Care research, VU University & VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ilja M. Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eco J. C. de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, EMGO institute for Health and Care research, VU University & VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (HR); (HS)
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Perry JRB, Day F, Elks CE, Sulem P, Thompson DJ, Ferreira T, He C, Chasman DI, Esko T, Thorleifsson G, Albrecht E, Ang WQ, Corre T, Cousminer DL, Feenstra B, Franceschini N, Ganna A, Johnson AD, Kjellqvist S, Lunetta KL, McMahon G, Nolte IM, Paternoster L, Porcu E, Smith AV, Stolk L, Teumer A, Tšernikova N, Tikkanen E, Ulivi S, Wagner EK, Amin N, Bierut LJ, Byrne EM, Hottenga JJ, Koller DL, Mangino M, Pers TH, Yerges-Armstrong LM, Zhao JH, Andrulis IL, Anton-Culver H, Atsma F, Bandinelli S, Beckmann MW, Benitez J, Blomqvist C, Bojesen SE, Bolla MK, Bonanni B, Brauch H, Brenner H, Buring JE, Chang-Claude J, Chanock S, Chen J, Chenevix-Trench G, Collée JM, Couch FJ, Couper D, Coveillo AD, Cox A, Czene K, D’adamo AP, Smith GD, De Vivo I, Demerath EW, Dennis J, Devilee P, Dieffenbach AK, Dunning AM, Eiriksdottir G, Eriksson JG, Fasching PA, Ferrucci L, Flesch-Janys D, Flyger H, Foroud T, Franke L, Garcia ME, García-Closas M, Geller F, de Geus EEJ, Giles GG, Gudbjartsson DF, Gudnason V, Guénel P, Guo S, Hall P, Hamann U, Haring R, Hartman CA, Heath AC, Hofman A, Hooning MJ, Hopper JL, Hu FB, Hunter DJ, Karasik D, Kiel DP, Knight JA, Kosma VM, Kutalik Z, Lai S, Lambrechts D, Lindblom A, Mägi R, Magnusson PK, Mannermaa A, Martin NG, Masson G, McArdle PF, McArdle WL, Melbye M, Michailidou K, Mihailov E, Milani L, Milne RL, Nevanlinna H, Neven P, Nohr EA, Oldehinkel AJ, Oostra BA, Palotie A, Peacock M, Pedersen NL, Peterlongo P, Peto J, Pharoah PDP, Postma DS, Pouta A, Pylkäs K, Radice P, Ring S, Rivadeneira F, Robino A, Rose LM, Rudolph A, Salomaa V, Sanna S, Schlessinger D, Schmidt MK, Southey MC, Sovio U, Stampfer MJ, Stöckl D, Storniolo AM, Timpson NJ, Tyrer J, Visser JA, Vollenweider P, Völzke H, Waeber G, Waldenberger M, Wallaschofski H, Wang Q, Willemsen G, Winqvist R, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Wright MJ, Boomsma DI, Econs MJ, Khaw KT, Loos RJF, McCarthy MI, Montgomery GW, Rice JP, Streeten EA, Thorsteinsdottir U, van Duijn CM, Alizadeh BZ, Bergmann S, Boerwinkle E, Boyd HA, Crisponi L, Gasparini P, Gieger C, Harris TB, Ingelsson E, Järvelin MR, Kraft P, Lawlor D, Metspalu A, Pennell CE, Ridker PM, Snieder H, Sørensen TIA, Spector TD, Strachan DP, Uitterlinden AG, Wareham NJ, Widen E, Zygmunt M, Murray A, Easton DF, Stefansson K, Murabito JM, Ong KK. Parent-of-origin-specific allelic associations among 106 genomic loci for age at menarche. Nature 2014; 514:92-97. [PMID: 25231870 PMCID: PMC4185210 DOI: 10.1038/nature13545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Age at menarche is a marker of timing of puberty in females. It varies widely between individuals, is a heritable trait and is associated with risks for obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, breast cancer and all-cause mortality. Studies of rare human disorders of puberty and animal models point to a complex hypothalamic-pituitary-hormonal regulation, but the mechanisms that determine pubertal timing and underlie its links to disease risk remain unclear. Here, using genome-wide and custom-genotyping arrays in up to 182,416 women of European descent from 57 studies, we found robust evidence (P < 5 × 10(-8)) for 123 signals at 106 genomic loci associated with age at menarche. Many loci were associated with other pubertal traits in both sexes, and there was substantial overlap with genes implicated in body mass index and various diseases, including rare disorders of puberty. Menarche signals were enriched in imprinted regions, with three loci (DLK1-WDR25, MKRN3-MAGEL2 and KCNK9) demonstrating parent-of-origin-specific associations concordant with known parental expression patterns. Pathway analyses implicated nuclear hormone receptors, particularly retinoic acid and γ-aminobutyric acid-B2 receptor signalling, among novel mechanisms that regulate pubertal timing in humans. Our findings suggest a genetic architecture involving at least hundreds of common variants in the coordinated timing of the pubertal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- John RB Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK EX1 2LU
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Felix Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Cathy E Elks
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Deborah J Thompson
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Teresa Ferreira
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chunyan He
- Department of Epidemiology, Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 140 Cambridge 02142, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Eva Albrecht
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wei Q Ang
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia
| | - Tanguy Corre
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Diana L Cousminer
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nora Franceschini
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Andrea Ganna
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Andrew D Johnson
- NHLBI’s and Boston University’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA
| | - Sanela Kjellqvist
- Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kathryn L Lunetta
- NHLBI’s and Boston University’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA
- Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics. Boston, MA
| | - George McMahon
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Eleonora Porcu
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, Italy
- University of Sassari, Dept. Of Biomedical Sciences, Sassari, Italy
| | - Albert V Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Lisette Stolk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium on Health Aging and National Genomics Initiative, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Natalia Tšernikova
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Emmi Tikkanen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland
- Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sheila Ulivi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo” – Trieste, Italy
| | - Erin K Wagner
- Department of Epidemiology, Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Najaf Amin
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Laura J Bierut
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Enda M Byrne
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, St.Lucia, QLD, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel L Koller
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana USA
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Tune H Pers
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 140 Cambridge 02142, MA, USA
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, US
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical 142 University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Laura M Yerges-Armstrong
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition - University of Maryland School of Medicine, USA. Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Irene L Andrulis
- Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hoda Anton-Culver
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | - Stefania Bandinelli
- Tuscany Regional Health Agency, Florence, Italy, I.O.T. and Department of Medical and Surgical Critical Care, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Geriatric Unit, Azienda Sanitaria di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Matthias W Beckmann
- University Breast Center Franconia, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Javier Benitez
- Human Genetics Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Carl Blomqvist
- Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stig E Bojesen
- Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Manjeet K Bolla
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Bernardo Bonanni
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia (IEO), Milan, Italy
| | - Hiltrud Brauch
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart
- University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julie E Buring
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephen Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jinhui Chen
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurological Surgery, Indiana University school of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Stark Neuroscience Research Center, Indiana University school of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | | | - J. Margriet Collée
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fergus J Couch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - David Couper
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Andrea D Coveillo
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sections of Preventive Medicine and Endocrinology, Boston, MA
| | - Angela Cox
- Sheffield Cancer Research Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kamila Czene
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Adamo Pio D’adamo
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo” – Trieste, Italy
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences, Surgical and Health, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Immaculata De Vivo
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ellen W Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn., USA
| | - Joe Dennis
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Devilee
- Department of Human Genetics & Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Aida K Dieffenbach
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alison M Dunning
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Johan G Eriksson
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary health Care, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Unit of General Practice, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhalsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter A Fasching
- University Breast Center Franconia, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Clinical Research Branch, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dieter Flesch-Janys
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry and Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henrik Flyger
- Department of Breast Surgery, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana USA
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Melissa E Garcia
- National Insitute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA
| | - Montserrat García-Closas
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eco EJ de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- EMGO + Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 Bt, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daniel F Gudbjartsson
- deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Pascal Guénel
- Inserm (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), CESP (Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health), U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Villejuif, France
- University Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Suiqun Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Ute Hamann
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robin Haring
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Washington University, Department of Psychiatry, St.Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdan, the Netherlands
| | - Maartje J Hooning
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John L Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Frank B Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David J Hunter
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 140 Cambridge 02142, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David Karasik
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research, Boston, MA
| | - Douglas P Kiel
- Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Julia A Knight
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Veli-Matti Kosma
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Zoltan Kutalik
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Lai
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Vesalius Research Center (VRC), VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annika Lindblom
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Patrik K Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Arto Mannermaa
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Department of Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Patrick F McArdle
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition - University of Maryland School of Medicine, USA. Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Wendy L McArdle
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - Kyriaki Michailidou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Roger L Milne
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Heli Nevanlinna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Patrick Neven
- KULeuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oncology, Multidisciplinary Breast Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ellen A Nohr
- Research Unit of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern denmark, DK
| | - Albertine J Oldehinkel
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben A Oostra
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Munro Peacock
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana USA
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Paolo Peterlongo
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Julian Peto
- Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Paul DP Pharoah
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Dirkje S Postma
- University Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department Pulmonary Medicine and Tuberculosis, GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anneli Pouta
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oulu University Hospital, Finland
| | - Katri Pylkäs
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital/NordLab Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Paolo Radice
- Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy
| | - Susan Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium on Health Aging and National Genomics Initiative, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdan, the Netherlands
| | - Antonietta Robino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo” – Trieste, Italy
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences, Surgical and Health, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Lynda M Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Anja Rudolph
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Serena Sanna
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, Italy
| | - David Schlessinger
- National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marjanka K Schmidt
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mellissa C Southey
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ulla Sovio
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Meir J Stampfer
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Doris Stöckl
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians- University, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna M Storniolo
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana USA
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Jonathan Tyrer
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Jenny A Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gerard Waeber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Henri Wallaschofski
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Qin Wang
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Winqvist
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital/NordLab Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Bruce HR Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Insitute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Australian Ovarian Cancer Study
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - The GENICA Network
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart
- University of Tübingen, Germany
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelische Kliniken Bonn gGmbH, Johanniter Krankenhaus, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty of the University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Maritime Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - kConFab
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael J Econs
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana USA
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana USA
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ruth JF Loos
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1003, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, OX3 7LE Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, OX37LJ Oxford, UK
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Queensland Insitute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - John P Rice
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Elizabeth A Streeten
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition - University of Maryland School of Medicine, USA. Baltimore, MD 21201
- Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center (GRECC) - Veterans Administration Medical Center, USA. Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Netherlands Consortium on Health Aging and National Genomics Initiative, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Centre of Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Behrooz Z Alizadeh
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Bergmann
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center and Div. of Epidemiology, University of Houston, TX
| | - Heather A Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laura Crisponi
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo” – Trieste, Italy
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences, Surgical and Health, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tamara B Harris
- National Insitute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
- Institute of Health Sciences, P.O.Box 5000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, P.O.Box 5000, Aapistie 5A, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland
- Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Aapistie 1, Box 310, FI-90101 Oulu, Finland
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Kajaanintie 50, P.O.Box 20, FI-90220 Oulu, 90029 OYS, Finland
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Debbie Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Craig E Pennell
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thorkild IA Sørensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - David P Strachan
- Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium on Health Aging and National Genomics Initiative, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdan, the Netherlands
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Elisabeth Widen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marek Zygmunt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anna Murray
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK EX1 2LU
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Joanne M Murabito
- NHLBI’s and Boston University’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Ken K Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Paediatrics,University of Cambridge,Cambridge,UK
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Thompson PM, Stein JL, Medland SE, Hibar DP, Vasquez AA, Renteria ME, Toro R, Jahanshad N, Schumann G, Franke B, Wright MJ, Martin NG, Agartz I, Alda M, Alhusaini S, Almasy L, Almeida J, Alpert K, Andreasen NC, Andreassen OA, Apostolova LG, Appel K, Armstrong NJ, Aribisala B, Bastin ME, Bauer M, Bearden CE, Bergmann Ø, Binder EB, Blangero J, Bockholt HJ, Bøen E, Bois C, Boomsma DI, Booth T, Bowman IJ, Bralten J, Brouwer RM, Brunner HG, Brohawn DG, Buckner RL, Buitelaar J, Bulayeva K, Bustillo JR, Calhoun VD, Cannon DM, Cantor RM, Carless MA, Caseras X, Cavalleri GL, Chakravarty MM, Chang KD, Ching CRK, Christoforou A, Cichon S, Clark VP, Conrod P, Coppola G, Crespo-Facorro B, Curran JE, Czisch M, Deary IJ, de Geus EJC, den Braber A, Delvecchio G, Depondt C, de Haan L, de Zubicaray GI, Dima D, Dimitrova R, Djurovic S, Dong H, Donohoe G, Duggirala R, Dyer TD, Ehrlich S, Ekman CJ, Elvsåshagen T, Emsell L, Erk S, Espeseth T, Fagerness J, Fears S, Fedko I, Fernández G, Fisher SE, Foroud T, Fox PT, Francks C, Frangou S, Frey EM, Frodl T, Frouin V, Garavan H, Giddaluru S, Glahn DC, Godlewska B, Goldstein RZ, Gollub RL, Grabe HJ, Grimm O, Gruber O, Guadalupe T, Gur RE, Gur RC, Göring HHH, Hagenaars S, Hajek T, Hall GB, Hall J, Hardy J, Hartman CA, Hass J, Hatton SN, Haukvik UK, Hegenscheid K, Heinz A, Hickie IB, Ho BC, Hoehn D, Hoekstra PJ, Hollinshead M, Holmes AJ, Homuth G, Hoogman M, Hong LE, Hosten N, Hottenga JJ, Hulshoff Pol HE, Hwang KS, Jack CR, Jenkinson M, Johnston C, Jönsson EG, Kahn RS, Kasperaviciute D, Kelly S, Kim S, Kochunov P, Koenders L, Krämer B, Kwok JBJ, Lagopoulos J, Laje G, Landen M, Landman BA, Lauriello J, Lawrie SM, Lee PH, Le Hellard S, Lemaître H, Leonardo CD, Li CS, Liberg B, Liewald DC, Liu X, Lopez LM, Loth E, Lourdusamy A, Luciano M, Macciardi F, Machielsen MWJ, MacQueen GM, Malt UF, Mandl R, Manoach DS, Martinot JL, Matarin M, Mather KA, Mattheisen M, Mattingsdal M, Meyer-Lindenberg A, McDonald C, McIntosh AM, McMahon FJ, McMahon KL, Meisenzahl E, Melle I, Milaneschi Y, Mohnke S, Montgomery GW, Morris DW, Moses EK, Mueller BA, Muñoz Maniega S, Mühleisen TW, Müller-Myhsok B, Mwangi B, Nauck M, Nho K, Nichols TE, Nilsson LG, Nugent AC, Nyberg L, Olvera RL, Oosterlaan J, Ophoff RA, Pandolfo M, Papalampropoulou-Tsiridou M, Papmeyer M, Paus T, Pausova Z, Pearlson GD, Penninx BW, Peterson CP, Pfennig A, Phillips M, Pike GB, Poline JB, Potkin SG, Pütz B, Ramasamy A, Rasmussen J, Rietschel M, Rijpkema M, Risacher SL, Roffman JL, Roiz-Santiañez R, Romanczuk-Seiferth N, Rose EJ, Royle NA, Rujescu D, Ryten M, Sachdev PS, Salami A, Satterthwaite TD, Savitz J, Saykin AJ, Scanlon C, Schmaal L, Schnack HG, Schork AJ, Schulz SC, Schür R, Seidman L, Shen L, Shoemaker JM, Simmons A, Sisodiya SM, Smith C, Smoller JW, Soares JC, Sponheim SR, Sprooten E, Starr JM, Steen VM, Strakowski S, Strike L, Sussmann J, Sämann PG, Teumer A, Toga AW, Tordesillas-Gutierrez D, Trabzuni D, Trost S, Turner J, Van den Heuvel M, van der Wee NJ, van Eijk K, van Erp TGM, van Haren NEM, van ‘t Ent D, van Tol MJ, Valdés Hernández MC, Veltman DJ, Versace A, Völzke H, Walker R, Walter H, Wang L, Wardlaw JM, Weale ME, Weiner MW, Wen W, Westlye LT, Whalley HC, Whelan CD, White T, Winkler AM, Wittfeld K, Woldehawariat G, Wolf C, Zilles D, Zwiers MP, Thalamuthu A, Schofield PR, Freimer NB, Lawrence NS, Drevets W. The ENIGMA Consortium: large-scale collaborative analyses of neuroimaging and genetic data. Brain Imaging Behav 2014; 8:153-82. [PMID: 24399358 PMCID: PMC4008818 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-013-9269-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 491] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium is a collaborative network of researchers working together on a range of large-scale studies that integrate data from 70 institutions worldwide. Organized into Working Groups that tackle questions in neuroscience, genetics, and medicine, ENIGMA studies have analyzed neuroimaging data from over 12,826 subjects. In addition, data from 12,171 individuals were provided by the CHARGE consortium for replication of findings, in a total of 24,997 subjects. By meta-analyzing results from many sites, ENIGMA has detected factors that affect the brain that no individual site could detect on its own, and that require larger numbers of subjects than any individual neuroimaging study has currently collected. ENIGMA's first project was a genome-wide association study identifying common variants in the genome associated with hippocampal volume or intracranial volume. Continuing work is exploring genetic associations with subcortical volumes (ENIGMA2) and white matter microstructure (ENIGMA-DTI). Working groups also focus on understanding how schizophrenia, bipolar illness, major depression and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affect the brain. We review the current progress of the ENIGMA Consortium, along with challenges and unexpected discoveries made on the way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Jason L. Stein
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 Netherlands
| | - Sarah E. Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Quantitative Genetics, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Derrek P. Hibar
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Alejandro Arias Vasquez
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Miguel E. Renteria
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Quantitative Genetics, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Roberto Toro
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS URA 2182 ‘Genes, synapses and cognition’, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Gunter Schumann
- MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Margaret J. Wright
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Neuroimaging Genetics, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Genetic Epidemiology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Saud Alhusaini
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Department of Neurology and NeuroSurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec Canada
| | - Laura Almasy
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Jorge Almeida
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Kathryn Alpert
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
| | | | - Ole A. Andreassen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Liana G. Apostolova
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Katja Appel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nicola J. Armstrong
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Benjamin Aribisala
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Scotland, UK
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark E. Bastin
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, UK
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Dresden, Germany
| | - Carrie E. Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and the Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, The Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Ørjan Bergmann
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - John Blangero
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX USA
| | | | - Erlend Bøen
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Catherine Bois
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- EMGO + Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Booth
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian J. Bowman
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Janita Bralten
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel M. Brouwer
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Han G. Brunner
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - David G. Brohawn
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Randy L. Buckner
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Jan Buitelaar
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kazima Bulayeva
- N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkin str. 3, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - Juan R. Bustillo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA
| | - Vince D. Calhoun
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA
| | - Dara M. Cannon
- Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Rita M. Cantor
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Melanie A. Carless
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Xavier Caseras
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Gianpiero L. Cavalleri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - M. Mallar Chakravarty
- The Kimel Family Translational Imaging Genetics Laboratory, The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Kiki D. Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Christopher R. K. Ching
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Andrea Christoforou
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Dr Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sven Cichon
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vincent P. Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA
| | - Patricia Conrod
- CHU Sainte Justine University Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC Canada
- Addictions Department, King’s Health Partners, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and the Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, The Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, IFIMAV, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joanne E. Curran
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX USA
| | | | - Ian J. Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eco J. C. de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- EMGO + Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk den Braber
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Chantal Depondt
- Department of Neurology, Hopital Erasme, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- EMGO + Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Danai Dima
- MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Rali Dimitrova
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hongwei Dong
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Thomas D. Dyer
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- MGH/HMS Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA USA
- University Hospital C.G. Carus, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Carl Johan Ekman
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torbjørn Elvsåshagen
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Louise Emsell
- Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Susanne Erk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité, Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Charitè Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jesen Fagerness
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Scott Fears
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and the Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, The Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Iryna Fedko
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guillén Fernández
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Simon E. Fisher
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6500 AH Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Peter T. Fox
- Research Imaging Institute, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX USA
- South Texas Veterans Health Care Center, San Antonio, TX USA
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Clyde Francks
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6500 AH Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sophia Frangou
- Psychosis Research Unit, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Eva Maria Frey
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Frodl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Trinity College, University Dublin, Dublin, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Paris, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Department of Psychiatry, UHC University of Vermont, Bergen, VT USA
| | - Sudheer Giddaluru
- Dr Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - David C. Glahn
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | | | - Rita Z. Goldstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Randy L. Gollub
- MGH/HMS Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Hans J. Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Helios Hospital Stralsund, Stralsund, Germany
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Oliver Gruber
- Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Georg August University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tulio Guadalupe
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6500 AH Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Philadelphia Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Harald H. H. Göring
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Saskia Hagenaars
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tomas Hajek
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Geoffrey B. Hall
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute, London, UK
| | - Catharina A. Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna Hass
- University Hospital C.G. Carus, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sean N. Hatton
- The Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Unn K. Haukvik
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katrin Hegenscheid
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité, Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Charitè Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ian B. Hickie
- The Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Beng-Choon Ho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - David Hoehn
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Pieter J. Hoekstra
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marisa Hollinshead
- MGH/HMS Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA USA
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Avram J. Holmes
- MGH/HMS Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martine Hoogman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - L. Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Norbert Hosten
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kristy S. Hwang
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester Hills, MI USA
| | | | - Mark Jenkinson
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Caroline Johnston
- National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - Erik G. Jönsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - René S. Kahn
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dalia Kasperaviciute
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Sinead Kelly
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sungeun Kim
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Laura Koenders
- EMGO + Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bernd Krämer
- Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Georg August University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - John B. J. Kwok
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW Australia
| | - Jim Lagopoulos
- The Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gonzalo Laje
- Maryland Institute for Neuroscience and Development (MIND), Chevy Chase, MD USA
| | - Mikael Landen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - John Lauriello
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
| | - Stephen M. Lawrie
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Phil H. Lee
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Boston, MA USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Stephanie Le Hellard
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Dr Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Herve Lemaître
- Research Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, INSERM-CEA-Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud University-Paris Descartes University, Maison de Solenn Paris, SHFJ Orsay, Paris, France
| | - Cassandra D. Leonardo
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Chiang-shan Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Benny Liberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David C. Liewald
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Section, Human Genetics Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Dept of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Lorna M. Lopez
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eva Loth
- MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
| | | | - Michelle Luciano
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Fabio Macciardi
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Glenda M. MacQueen
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
| | - Ulrik F. Malt
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - René Mandl
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dara S. Manoach
- MGH/HMS Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Research Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, INSERM-CEA-Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud University-Paris Descartes University, Maison de Solenn Paris, SHFJ Orsay, Paris, France
| | - Mar Matarin
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Karen A. Mather
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales Australia
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Genomic Mathematics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Morten Mattingsdal
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital HF, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Colm McDonald
- Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Andrew M. McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Francis J. McMahon
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Section, Human Genetics Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Dept of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Katie L. McMahon
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Ingrid Melle
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- EMGO + Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Sebastian Mohnke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité, Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Charitè Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Grant W. Montgomery
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Derek W. Morris
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eric K. Moses
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX USA
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Bryon A. Mueller
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Susana Muñoz Maniega
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Scotland, UK
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thomas W. Mühleisen
- Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Benson Mwangi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX USA
- University of Texas Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, UT Medical School, Houston, TX USA
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Thomas E. Nichols
- Department of Statistics & Warwick Manufacturing Group, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Lars-Göran Nilsson
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Brain Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Allison C. Nugent
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Lars Nyberg
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rene L. Olvera
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roel A. Ophoff
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Massimo Pandolfo
- Department of Neurology, Hopital Erasme, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Martina Papmeyer
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tomas Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Godfrey D. Pearlson
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Brenda W. Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- EMGO + Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charles P. Peterson
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Andrea Pfennig
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mary Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - G. Bruce Pike
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
| | - Jean-Baptiste Poline
- Hellen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Brain Imaging Center, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Steven G. Potkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Benno Pütz
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Adaikalavan Ramasamy
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College London, London, UK
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jerod Rasmussen
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mark Rijpkema
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Shannon L. Risacher
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Joshua L. Roffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Roberto Roiz-Santiañez
- Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, IFIMAV, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nina Romanczuk-Seiferth
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité, Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Charitè Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emma J. Rose
- Transdisciplinary and Translational Prevention Program, RTI International, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Natalie A. Royle
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, UK
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Mina Ryten
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute, London, UK
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Perminder S. Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales Australia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales Australia
| | - Alireza Salami
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Jonathan Savitz
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK USA
- Faculty of Community Medicine, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK USA
| | - Andrew J. Saykin
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Cathy Scanlon
- Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Lianne Schmaal
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo G. Schnack
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - S. Charles Schulz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Remmelt Schür
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Larry Seidman
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Li Shen
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | | | - Andrew Simmons
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at South London and Maudsley NHS Trust and Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Sanjay M. Sisodiya
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Colin Smith
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jordan W. Smoller
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Boston, MA USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Jair C. Soares
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX USA
| | - Scott R. Sponheim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN USA
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Emma Sprooten
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - John M. Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, UK
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Vidar M. Steen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Dr Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stephen Strakowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Lachlan Strike
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jessika Sussmann
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Alexander Teumer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Arthur W. Toga
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Diana Tordesillas-Gutierrez
- Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, IFIMAV, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniah Trabzuni
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute, London, UK
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Trost
- Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Georg August University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jessica Turner
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | | | - Nic J. van der Wee
- Department of Psychiatry and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kristel van Eijk
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Theo G. M. van Erp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | | | - Dennis van ‘t Ent
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Jose van Tol
- Behavioural and Cognitive Neuroscience Neuroimaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria C. Valdés Hernández
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, UK
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dick J. Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Amelia Versace
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Robert Walker
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité, Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Charitè Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lei Wang
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Joanna M. Wardlaw
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Scotland, UK
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michael E. Weale
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Michael W. Weiner
- Departments of Radiology, Medicine, Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales Australia
| | - Lars T. Westlye
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Heather C. Whalley
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christopher D. Whelan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Tonya White
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anderson M. Winkler
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Girma Woldehawariat
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Section, Human Genetics Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Dept of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD USA
| | | | - David Zilles
- Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Georg August University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Marcel P. Zwiers
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud University NijmegenDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anbupalam Thalamuthu
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter R. Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nelson B. Freimer
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | | | - Wayne Drevets
- Janssen Research & Development, of Johnson & Johnson, Inc., 1125 Trenton-Harbourton Road, Titusville, NJ 08560 USA
| | - the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, EPIGEN Consortium, IMAGEN Consortium, Saguenay Youth Study (SYS) Group
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Boston, MA USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS URA 2182 ‘Genes, synapses and cognition’, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Scotland, UK
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM USA
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkin str. 3, Moscow, 119991 Russia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA
- Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
- The Kimel Family Translational Imaging Genetics Laboratory, The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON Canada
- Dr Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, IFIMAV, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Neurology, Hopital Erasme, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- MGH/HMS Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA USA
- University Hospital C.G. Carus, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité, Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Charitè Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6500 AH Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Research Imaging Institute, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX USA
- South Texas Veterans Health Care Center, San Antonio, TX USA
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Paris, France
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Georg August University, Goettingen, Germany
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute, London, UK
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Section, Human Genetics Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Dept of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY USA
- MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales Australia
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Genomic Mathematics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital HF, Kristiansand, Norway
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN USA
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX USA
- Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College London, London, UK
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales Australia
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA USA
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at South London and Maudsley NHS Trust and Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN USA
- Behavioural and Cognitive Neuroscience Neuroimaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Institute for Community Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Departments of Radiology, Medicine, Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Radboud University NijmegenDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
- The Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department Early Psychosis, Academic Psychiatric Centre, AMC, UvA, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- EMGO + Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cognitive Science Department, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Neurology and NeuroSurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX USA
- University of Texas Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, UT Medical School, Houston, TX USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and the Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, The Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD USA
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Helios Hospital Stralsund, Stralsund, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
- Psychosis Research Unit, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Philadelphia Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Trinity College, University Dublin, Dublin, Germany
- Stockholm Brain Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA USA
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
- Department of Statistics & Warwick Manufacturing Group, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
- Electrical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD USA
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
- Faculty of Community Medicine, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK USA
- Maryland Institute for Neuroscience and Development (MIND), Chevy Chase, MD USA
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW Australia
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester Hills, MI USA
- CHU Sainte Justine University Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC Canada
- Addictions Department, King’s Health Partners, King’s College London, London, UK
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX USA
- Research Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, INSERM-CEA-Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud University-Paris Descartes University, Maison de Solenn Paris, SHFJ Orsay, Paris, France
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Hellen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Brain Imaging Center, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
- Transdisciplinary and Translational Prevention Program, RTI International, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
- Advanced Biomedical Informatics Group, llc., Iowa City, IA USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 Netherlands
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Quantitative Genetics, Brisbane, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Genetic Epidemiology, Brisbane, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Neuroimaging Genetics, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Dr. E. Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry, UHC University of Vermont, Bergen, VT USA
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA USA
- School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Janssen Research & Development, of Johnson & Johnson, Inc., 1125 Trenton-Harbourton Road, Titusville, NJ 08560 USA
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van Dongen J, Jansen R, Smit D, Hottenga JJ, Mbarek H, Willemsen G, Kluft C, Penninx BWJ, Ferreira MA, Boomsma DI, de Geus EJC. The contribution of the functional IL6R polymorphism rs2228145, eQTLs and other genome-wide SNPs to the heritability of plasma sIL-6R levels. Behav Genet 2014; 44:368-82. [PMID: 24791950 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-014-9656-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The non-synonymous SNP rs2228145 in the IL6R gene on chromosome 1q21.3 is associated with a wide range of common diseases, including asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes and coronary heart disease. We examined the contribution of this functional IL6R gene polymorphism rs2228145 versus other genome-wide SNPs to the variance of sIL-6R levels in blood plasma in a large population-based sample (N ~5,000), and conducted an expression QTL analysis to identify SNPs associated with IL6R gene expression. Based on data from 2,360 twin families, the broad heritability of sIL-6R was estimated at 72 and 51% of the total variance was explained by the functional SNP rs2228145. Converging findings from GWAS, linkage, and GCTA analyses indicate that additional variance of sIL-6R levels can be explained by other variants in the IL6R region, including variants at the 3'-end of IL6R tagged by rs60760897 that are associated with IL6R RNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny van Dongen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
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133
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Huppertz C, Bartels M, Groen-Blokhuis M, de Moor M, van der Aa N, Abdellaoui A, van Beijsterveldt C, Ehli E, Hottenga JJ, Willemsen G, Xiao X, Scheet P, Davies G, Boomsma D, Hudziak J, de Geus E. The Dopaminergic Reward System And Leisure Time Exercise Behavior. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000495263.81938.2c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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134
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Deelen J, Beekman M, Uh HW, Broer L, Ayers KL, Tan Q, Kamatani Y, Bennet AM, Tamm R, Trompet S, Guðbjartsson DF, Flachsbart F, Rose G, Viktorin A, Fischer K, Nygaard M, Cordell HJ, Crocco P, van den Akker EB, Böhringer S, Helmer Q, Nelson CP, Saunders GI, Alver M, Andersen-Ranberg K, Breen ME, van der Breggen R, Caliebe A, Capri M, Cevenini E, Collerton JC, Dato S, Davies K, Ford I, Gampe J, Garagnani P, de Geus EJC, Harrow J, van Heemst D, Heijmans BT, Heinsen FA, Hottenga JJ, Hofman A, Jeune B, Jonsson PV, Lathrop M, Lechner D, Martin-Ruiz C, Mcnerlan SE, Mihailov E, Montesanto A, Mooijaart SP, Murphy A, Nohr EA, Paternoster L, Postmus I, Rivadeneira F, Ross OA, Salvioli S, Sattar N, Schreiber S, Stefánsson H, Stott DJ, Tiemeier H, Uitterlinden AG, Westendorp RGJ, Willemsen G, Samani NJ, Galan P, Sørensen TIA, Boomsma DI, Jukema JW, Rea IM, Passarino G, de Craen AJM, Christensen K, Nebel A, Stefánsson K, Metspalu A, Magnusson P, Blanché H, Christiansen L, Kirkwood TBL, van Duijn CM, Franceschi C, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Slagboom PE. Genome-wide association meta-analysis of human longevity identifies a novel locus conferring survival beyond 90 years of age. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:4420-32. [PMID: 24688116 PMCID: PMC4103672 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic contribution to the variation in human lifespan is ∼25%. Despite the large number of identified disease-susceptibility loci, it is not known which loci influence population mortality. We performed a genome-wide association meta-analysis of 7729 long-lived individuals of European descent (≥85 years) and 16 121 younger controls (<65 years) followed by replication in an additional set of 13 060 long-lived individuals and 61 156 controls. In addition, we performed a subset analysis in cases aged ≥90 years. We observed genome-wide significant association with longevity, as reflected by survival to ages beyond 90 years, at a novel locus, rs2149954, on chromosome 5q33.3 (OR = 1.10, P = 1.74 × 10−8). We also confirmed association of rs4420638 on chromosome 19q13.32 (OR = 0.72, P = 3.40 × 10−36), representing the TOMM40/APOE/APOC1 locus. In a prospective meta-analysis (n = 34 103), the minor allele of rs2149954 (T) on chromosome 5q33.3 associates with increased survival (HR = 0.95, P = 0.003). This allele has previously been reported to associate with low blood pressure in middle age. Interestingly, the minor allele (T) associates with decreased cardiovascular mortality risk, independent of blood pressure. We report on the first GWAS-identified longevity locus on chromosome 5q33.3 influencing survival in the general European population. The minor allele of this locus associates with low blood pressure in middle age, although the contribution of this allele to survival may be less dependent on blood pressure. Hence, the pleiotropic mechanisms by which this intragenic variation contributes to lifespan regulation have to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Deelen
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing
| | - Marian Beekman
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing
| | - Hae-Won Uh
- Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics
| | - Linda Broer
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Department of Epidemiology and
| | - Kristin L Ayers
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Qihua Tan
- Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health and Department of Clinical Genetics and
| | | | - Anna M Bennet
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Riin Tamm
- Estonian Genome Center and Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology and Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Giuseppina Rose
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Rende 87036, Italy
| | - Alexander Viktorin
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | | | - Marianne Nygaard
- Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health and Department of Clinical Genetics and
| | - Heather J Cordell
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Paolina Crocco
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Rende 87036, Italy
| | - Erik B van den Akker
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2600 GA, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Christopher P Nelson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK National Institute for Health Research Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Gary I Saunders
- Human and Vertebrate Analysis and Annotation, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, The Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Maris Alver
- Estonian Genome Center and Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | | | - Marie E Breen
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | | - Amke Caliebe
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Miriam Capri
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine and
| | - Elisa Cevenini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine and
| | - Joanna C Collerton
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Serena Dato
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Rende 87036, Italy
| | - Karen Davies
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics and
| | - Jutta Gampe
- Laboratory of Statistical Demography, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock 18057, Germany
| | - Paolo Garagnani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine and
| | - Eco J C de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Harrow
- Human and Vertebrate Analysis and Annotation, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, The Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Diana van Heemst
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan T Heijmans
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing
| | | | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Department of Epidemiology and
| | | | - Palmi V Jonsson
- Geriatrics, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik 101, Iceland Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Mark Lathrop
- Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH, Paris 75010, France EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 1A4
| | | | - Carmen Martin-Ruiz
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Susan E Mcnerlan
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK Cytogenetics Laboratory, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast BT8 8BH, UK
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center and Estonian Biocentre, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Alberto Montesanto
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Rende 87036, Italy
| | - Simon P Mooijaart
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Murphy
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Ellen A Nohr
- Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Iris Postmus
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Department of Epidemiology and Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Owen A Ross
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Stefano Salvioli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine and
| | - Naveed Sattar
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology and PopGen Biobank, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | | | - David J Stott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Department of Epidemiology and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Department of Epidemiology and Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi G J Westendorp
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK National Institute for Health Research Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Pilar Galan
- Université Sorbonne Paris Cité-UREN (Unité de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle), U557 Inserm; U1125 Inra; Cnam; Université Paris 13, CRNH IdF, Bobigny 93017, France
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section on Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N DK-2200, Denmark Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg University Hospitals, Frederiksberg DK-2000, Denmark
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology and Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht 3501 DG, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Maeve Rea
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Giuseppe Passarino
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Rende 87036, Italy
| | - Anton J M de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Kaare Christensen
- Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health and Department of Clinical Genetics and Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C DK-5000, Denmark
| | | | - Kári Stefánsson
- Population Genomics, deCODE Genetics, Reykjavík 101, Iceland
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center and Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia Estonian Biocentre, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Patrik Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | | | - Lene Christiansen
- Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health and Department of Clinical Genetics and
| | - Thomas B L Kirkwood
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
| | | | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine and Interdepartmental Centre 'L. Galvani', University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy IRCCS Institute of Neurological Science, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna 40139, Italy CNR-ISOF, Bologna 40129, Italy
| | | | - P Eline Slagboom
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing,
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Huppertz C, Bartels M, Groen-Blokhuis MM, Dolan CV, de Moor MHM, Abdellaoui A, van Beijsterveldt CEM, Ehli EA, Hottenga JJ, Willemsen G, Xiao X, Scheet P, Davies GE, Boomsma DI, Hudziak JJ, de Geus EJC. The dopaminergic reward system and leisure time exercise behavior: a candidate allele study. Biomed Res Int 2014; 2014:591717. [PMID: 24734235 PMCID: PMC3964758 DOI: 10.1155/2014/591717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Twin studies provide evidence that genetic influences contribute strongly to individual differences in exercise behavior. We hypothesize that part of this heritability is explained by genetic variation in the dopaminergic reward system. Eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs in DRD1: rs265981, DRD2: rs6275, rs1800497, DRD3: rs6280, DRD4: rs1800955, DBH: rs1611115, rs2519152, and in COMT: rs4680) and three variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs in DRD4, upstream of DRD5, and in DAT1) were investigated for an association with regular leisure time exercise behavior. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data on exercise activities and at least one SNP/VNTR were available for 8,768 individuals aged 7 to 50 years old that were part of the Netherlands Twin Register. Exercise behavior was quantified as weekly metabolic equivalents of task (MET) spent on exercise activities. Mixed models were fitted in SPSS with genetic relatedness as a random effect. RESULTS None of the genetic variants were associated with exercise behavior (P>.02), despite sufficient power to detect small effects. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS We did not confirm that allelic variants involved in dopaminergic function play a role in creating individual differences in exercise behavior. A plea is made for large genome-wide association studies to unravel the genetic pathways that affect this health-enhancing behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Huppertz
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria M Groen-Blokhuis
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Conor V Dolan
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen H M de Moor
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Erik A Ehli
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Avera McKennan Hospital and University Health Center, 3720 W. 69th Street Suite 200, Sioux Falls, SD 57108, USA
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xiangjun Xiao
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH 03755-1404, USA
| | - Paul Scheet
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas M.D., Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1340, P.O. Box 301439, Houston, TX 77230-1439, USA
| | - Gareth E Davies
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Avera McKennan Hospital and University Health Center, 3720 W. 69th Street Suite 200, Sioux Falls, SD 57108, USA
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James J Hudziak
- Department of Psychiatry, Medicine, and Pediatrics, Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, UHC Campus, Arnold 3, 1 South Prospect, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
| | - Eco J C de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Ligthart L, Hottenga JJ, Lewis CM, Farmer AE, Craig IW, Breen G, Willemsen G, Vink JM, Middeldorp CM, Byrne EM, Heath AC, Madden PAF, Pergadia ML, Montgomery GW, Martin NG, Penninx BWJH, McGuffin P, Boomsma DI, Nyholt DR. Genetic risk score analysis indicates migraine with and without comorbid depression are genetically different disorders. Hum Genet 2014; 133:173-86. [PMID: 24081561 PMCID: PMC3947136 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-013-1370-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Migraine and major depressive disorder (MDD) are comorbid, moderately heritable and to some extent influenced by the same genes. In a previous paper, we suggested the possibility of causality (one trait causing the other) underlying this comorbidity. We present a new application of polygenic (genetic risk) score analysis to investigate the mechanisms underlying the genetic overlap of migraine and MDD. Genetic risk scores were constructed based on data from two discovery samples in which genome-wide association analyses (GWA) were performed for migraine and MDD, respectively. The Australian Twin Migraine GWA study (N = 6,350) included 2,825 migraine cases and 3,525 controls, 805 of whom met the diagnostic criteria for MDD. The RADIANT GWA study (N = 3,230) included 1,636 MDD cases and 1,594 controls. Genetic risk scores for migraine and for MDD were used to predict pure and comorbid forms of migraine and MDD in an independent Dutch target sample (NTR-NESDA, N = 2,966), which included 1,476 MDD cases and 1,058 migraine cases (723 of these individuals had both disorders concurrently). The observed patterns of prediction suggest that the 'pure' forms of migraine and MDD are genetically distinct disorders. The subgroup of individuals with comorbid MDD and migraine were genetically most similar to MDD patients. These results indicate that in at least a subset of migraine patients with MDD, migraine may be a symptom or consequence of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lannie Ligthart
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
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137
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Jansen R, Batista S, Brooks AI, Tischfield JA, Willemsen G, van Grootheest G, Hottenga JJ, Milaneschi Y, Mbarek H, Madar V, Peyrot W, Vink JM, Verweij CL, de Geus EJC, Smit JH, Wright FA, Sullivan PF, Boomsma DI, Penninx BWJH. Sex differences in the human peripheral blood transcriptome. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:33. [PMID: 24438232 PMCID: PMC3904696 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genomes of men and women differ in only a limited number of genes located on the sex chromosomes, whereas the transcriptome is far more sex-specific. Identification of sex-biased gene expression will contribute to understanding the molecular basis of sex-differences in complex traits and common diseases. RESULTS Sex differences in the human peripheral blood transcriptome were characterized using microarrays in 5,241 subjects, accounting for menopause status and hormonal contraceptive use. Sex-specific expression was observed for 582 autosomal genes, of which 57.7% was upregulated in women (female-biased genes). Female-biased genes were enriched for several immune system GO categories, genes linked to rheumatoid arthritis (16%) and genes regulated by estrogen (18%). Male-biased genes were enriched for genes linked to renal cancer (9%). Sex-differences in gene expression were smaller in postmenopausal women, larger in women using hormonal contraceptives and not caused by sex-specific eQTLs, confirming the role of estrogen in regulating sex-biased genes. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that sex-bias in gene expression is extensive and may underlie sex-differences in the prevalence of common diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick Jansen
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Nivard MG, Mbarek H, Hottenga JJ, Smit JH, Jansen R, Penninx BW, Middeldorp CM, Boomsma DI. Further confirmation of the association between anxiety and CTNND2: replication in humans. Genes Brain Behav 2013; 13:195-201. [PMID: 24256404 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The rat genome sequencing and mapping consortium found evidence for an association between the catenin-δ2 gene (CTNND2) and anxious behaviour. We replicated these results in humans by carrying out a genetic association test in patients with panic disorder, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder and/or agoraphobia (N = 1714) and controls (N = 4125). We further explored the association between CTNND2 and other psychiatric disorders based on publicly available genome-wide association results. A gene-based test showed that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CTNND2 have a significantly increased signal (P < 1e(-5) ) and decreased P-values. Single nucleotide polymorphism rs1012176 showed the strongest association with any anxiety disorder (odds ratio: 0.8128, SE = 0.063, P = 0.00099), but this effect was not significant after correction for multiple testing. In available genome-wide association results from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium we found that SNPs in CTNND2 collectively showed an increased signal for schizophrenia (P < 1e(-5) ) and major depressive disorder (P < 1e(-5) ), but not for bipolar disorder. These signals remained significant after correction for potential confounders. The association between CTNND2 and anxiety was not strong enough to be picked up in the current generation of human genome-wide analyses, indicating the usefulness of and need for animal genetic studies to identify candidate genes for further study in human samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Nivard
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Hemani G, Yang J, Vinkhuyzen A, Powell JE, Willemsen G, Hottenga JJ, Abdellaoui A, Mangino M, Valdes AM, Medland SE, Madden PA, Heath AC, Henders AK, Nyholt DR, de Geus EJC, Magnusson PKE, Ingelsson E, Montgomery GW, Spector TD, Boomsma DI, Pedersen NL, Martin NG, Visscher PM. Inference of the genetic architecture underlying BMI and height with the use of 20,240 sibling pairs. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 93:865-75. [PMID: 24183453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence that complex traits are highly polygenic has been presented by population-based genome-wide association studies (GWASs) through the identification of many significant variants, as well as by family-based de novo sequencing studies indicating that several traits have a large mutational target size. Here, using a third study design, we show results consistent with extreme polygenicity for body mass index (BMI) and height. On a sample of 20,240 siblings (from 9,570 nuclear families), we used a within-family method to obtain narrow-sense heritability estimates of 0.42 (SE = 0.17, p = 0.01) and 0.69 (SE = 0.14, p = 6 × 10(-)(7)) for BMI and height, respectively, after adjusting for covariates. The genomic inflation factors from locus-specific linkage analysis were 1.69 (SE = 0.21, p = 0.04) for BMI and 2.18 (SE = 0.21, p = 2 × 10(-10)) for height. This inflation is free of confounding and congruent with polygenicity, consistent with observations of ever-increasing genomic-inflation factors from GWASs with large sample sizes, implying that those signals are due to true genetic signals across the genome rather than population stratification. We also demonstrate that the distribution of the observed test statistics is consistent with both rare and common variants underlying a polygenic architecture and that previous reports of linkage signals in complex traits are probably a consequence of polygenic architecture rather than the segregation of variants with large effects. The convergent empirical evidence from GWASs, de novo studies, and within-family segregation implies that family-based sequencing studies for complex traits require very large sample sizes because the effects of causal variants are small on average.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gibran Hemani
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4027, Australia
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140
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Hu YJ, Berndt S, Gustafsson S, Ganna A, Hirschhorn J, North KE, Ingelsson E, Lin DY, Berndt S, Gustafsson S, Mägi R, Ganna A, Wheeler E, Feitosa M, Justice A, Monda K, Croteau-Chonka D, Day F, Esko T, Fall T, Ferreira T, Gentilini D, Jackson A, Luan J, Randall J, Vedantam S, Willer C, Winkler T, Wood A, Workalemahu T, Hu YJ, Lee S, Liang L, Lin DY, Min J, Neale B, Thorleifsson G, Yang J, Albrecht E, Amin N, Bragg-Gresham J, Cadby G, den Heijer M, Eklund N, Fischer K, Goel A, Hottenga JJ, Huffman J, Jarick I, Johansson Å, Johnson T, Kanoni S, Kleber M, König I, Kristiansson K, Kutalik Z, Lamina C, Lecoeur C, Li G, Mangino M, McArdle W, Medina-Gomez C, Müller-Nurasyid M, Ngwa J, Nolte I, Paternoster L, Pechlivanis S, Perola M, Peters M, Preuss M, Rose L, Shi J, Shungin D, Smith A, Strawbridge R, Surakka I, Teumer A, Trip M, Tyrer J, Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk J, Vandenput L, Waite L, Zhao J, Absher D, Asselbergs F, Atalay M, Attwood A, Balmforth A, Basart H, Beilby J, Bonnycastle L, Brambilla P, Bruinenberg M, Campbell H, Chasman D, Chines P, Collins F, Connell J, Cookson W, de Faire U, de Vegt F, Dei M, Dimitriou M, Edkins S, Estrada K, Evans D, Farrall M, Ferrario M, Ferrières J, Franke L, Frau F, Gejman P, Grallert H, Grönberg H, Gudnason V, Hall A, Hall P, Hartikainen AL, Hayward C, Heard-Costa N, Heath A, Hebebrand J, Homuth G, Hu F, Hunt S, Hyppönen E, Iribarren C, Jacobs K, Jansson JO, Jula A, Kähönen M, Kathiresan S, Kee F, Khaw KT, Kivimaki M, Koenig W, Kraja A, Kumari M, Kuulasmaa K, Kuusisto J, Laitinen J, Lakka T, Langenberg C, Launer L, Lind L, Lindström J, Liu J, Liuzzi A, Lokki ML, Lorentzon M, Madden P, Magnusson P, Manunta P, Marek D, März W, Leach I, McKnight B, Medland S, Mihailov E, Milani L, Montgomery G, Mooser V, Mühleisen T, Munroe P, Musk A, Narisu N, Navis G, Nicholson G, Nohr E, Ong K, Oostra B, Palmer C, Palotie A, Peden J, Pedersen N, Peters A, Polasek O, Pouta A, Pramstaller P, Prokopenko I, Pütter C, Radhakrishnan A, Raitakari O, Rendon A, Rivadeneira F, Rudan I, Saaristo T, Sambrook J, Sanders A, Sanna S, Saramies J, Schipf S, Schreiber S, Schunkert H, Shin SY, Signorini S, Sinisalo J, Skrobek B, Soranzo N, Stančáková A, Stark K, Stephens J, Stirrups K, Stolk R, Stumvoll M, Swift A, Theodoraki E, Thorand B, Tregouet DA, Tremoli E, Van der Klauw M, van Meurs J, Vermeulen S, Viikari J, Virtamo J, Vitart V, Waeber G, Wang Z, Widén E, Wild S, Willemsen G, Winkelmann B, Witteman J, Wolffenbuttel B, Wong A, Wright A, Zillikens M, Amouyel P, Boehm B, Boerwinkle E, Boomsma D, Caulfield M, Chanock S, Cupples L, Cusi D, Dedoussis G, Erdmann J, Eriksson J, Franks P, Froguel P, Gieger C, Gyllensten U, Hamsten A, Harris T, Hengstenberg C, Hicks A, Hingorani A, Hinney A, Hofman A, Hovingh K, Hveem K, Illig T, Jarvelin MR, Jöckel KH, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S, Kiemeney L, Kuh D, Laakso M, Lehtimäki T, Levinson D, Martin N, Metspalu A, Morris A, Nieminen M, Njølstad I, Ohlsson C, Oldehinkel A, Ouwehand W, Palmer L, Penninx B, Power C, Province M, Psaty B, Qi L, Rauramaa R, Ridker P, Ripatti S, Salomaa V, Samani N, Snieder H, Sørensen T, Spector T, Stefansson K, Tönjes A, Tuomilehto J, Uitterlinden A, Uusitupa M, van der Harst P, Vollenweider P, Wallaschofski H, Wareham N, Watkins H, Wichmann HE, Wilson J, Abecasis G, Assimes T, Barroso I, Boehnke M, Borecki I, Deloukas P, Fox C, Frayling T, Groop L, Haritunian T, Heid I, Hunter D, Kaplan R, Karpe F, Moffatt M, Mohlke K, O’Connell J, Pawitan Y, Schadt E, Schlessinger D, Steinthorsdottir V, Strachan D, Thorsteinsdottir U, van Duijn C, Visscher P, Di Blasio A, Hirschhorn J, Lindgren C, Morris A, Meyre D, Scherag A, McCarthy M, Speliotes E, North K, Loos R, Ingelsson E. Meta-analysis of gene-level associations for rare variants based on single-variant statistics. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 93:236-48. [PMID: 23891470 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWASs) has led to the discoveries of many common variants associated with complex human diseases. There is a growing recognition that identifying "causal" rare variants also requires large-scale meta-analysis. The fact that association tests with rare variants are performed at the gene level rather than at the variant level poses unprecedented challenges in the meta-analysis. First, different studies may adopt different gene-level tests, so the results are not compatible. Second, gene-level tests require multivariate statistics (i.e., components of the test statistic and their covariance matrix), which are difficult to obtain. To overcome these challenges, we propose to perform gene-level tests for rare variants by combining the results of single-variant analysis (i.e., p values of association tests and effect estimates) from participating studies. This simple strategy is possible because of an insight that multivariate statistics can be recovered from single-variant statistics, together with the correlation matrix of the single-variant test statistics, which can be estimated from one of the participating studies or from a publicly available database. We show both theoretically and numerically that the proposed meta-analysis approach provides accurate control of the type I error and is as powerful as joint analysis of individual participant data. This approach accommodates any disease phenotype and any study design and produces all commonly used gene-level tests. An application to the GWAS summary results of the Genetic Investigation of ANthropometric Traits (GIANT) consortium reveals rare and low-frequency variants associated with human height. The relevant software is freely available.
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Fernández-Rhodes L, Demerath EW, Cousminer DL, Tao R, Dreyfus JG, Esko T, Smith AV, Gudnason V, Harris TB, Launer L, McArdle PF, Yerges-Armstrong LM, Elks CE, Strachan DP, Kutalik Z, Vollenweider P, Feenstra B, Boyd HA, Metspalu A, Mihailov E, Broer L, Zillikens MC, Oostra B, van Duijn CM, Lunetta KL, Perry JRB, Murray A, Koller DL, Lai D, Corre T, Toniolo D, Albrecht E, Stöckl D, Grallert H, Gieger C, Hayward C, Polasek O, Rudan I, Wilson JF, He C, Kraft P, Hu FB, Hunter DJ, Hottenga JJ, Willemsen G, Boomsma DI, Byrne EM, Martin NG, Montgomery GW, Warrington NM, Pennell CE, Stolk L, Visser JA, Hofman A, Uitterlinden AG, Rivadeneira F, Lin P, Fisher SL, Bierut LJ, Crisponi L, Porcu E, Mangino M, Zhai G, Spector TD, Buring JE, Rose LM, Ridker PM, Poole C, Hirschhorn JN, Murabito JM, Chasman DI, Widen E, North KE, Ong KK, Franceschini N. Association of adiposity genetic variants with menarche timing in 92,105 women of European descent. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 178:451-60. [PMID: 23558354 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kws473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is of global health concern. There are well-described inverse relationships between female pubertal timing and obesity. Recent genome-wide association studies of age at menarche identified several obesity-related variants. Using data from the ReproGen Consortium, we employed meta-analytical techniques to estimate the associations of 95 a priori and recently identified obesity-related (body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)(2)), waist circumference, and waist:hip ratio) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with age at menarche in 92,116 women of European descent from 38 studies (1970-2010), in order to estimate associations between genetic variants associated with central or overall adiposity and pubertal timing in girls. Investigators in each study performed a separate analysis of associations between the selected SNPs and age at menarche (ages 9-17 years) using linear regression models and adjusting for birth year, site (as appropriate), and population stratification. Heterogeneity of effect-measure estimates was investigated using meta-regression. Six novel associations of body mass index loci with age at menarche were identified, and 11 adiposity loci previously reported to be associated with age at menarche were confirmed, but none of the central adiposity variants individually showed significant associations. These findings suggest complex genetic relationships between menarche and overall obesity, and to a lesser extent central obesity, in normal processes of growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Fernández-Rhodes
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 137 East Franklin Street, Suite 306, Campus Box 8050, Chapel Hill, NC 27514-8050, USA.
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Anttila V, Winsvold BS, Gormley P, Kurth T, Bettella F, McMahon G, Kallela M, Malik R, de Vries B, Terwindt G, Medland SE, Todt U, McArdle WL, Quaye L, Koiranen M, Ikram MA, Lehtimäki T, Stam AH, Ligthart L, Wedenoja J, Dunham I, Neale BM, Palta P, Hamalainen E, Schürks M, Rose LM, Buring JE, Ridker PM, Steinberg S, Stefansson H, Jakobsson F, Lawlor DA, Evans DM, Ring SM, Färkkilä M, Artto V, Kaunisto MA, Freilinger T, Schoenen J, Frants RR, Pelzer N, Weller CM, Zielman R, Heath AC, Madden PA, Montgomery GW, Martin NG, Borck G, Göbel H, Heinze A, Heinze-Kuhn K, Williams FM, Hartikainen AL, Pouta A, van den Ende J, Uitterlinden AG, Hofman A, Amin N, Hottenga JJ, Vink JM, Heikkilä K, Alexander M, Muller-Myhsok B, Schreiber S, Meitinger T, Wichmann HE, Aromaa A, Eriksson JG, Traynor B, Trabzuni D, Rossin E, Lage K, Jacobs SB, Gibbs JR, Birney E, Kaprio J, Penninx BW, Boomsma DI, van Duijn C, Raitakari O, Jarvelin MR, Zwart JA, Cherkas L, Strachan DP, Kubisch C, Ferrari MD, van den Maagdenberg AM, Dichgans M, Wessman M, Smith GD, Stefansson K, Daly MJ, Nyholt DR, Chasman D, Palotie A. Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies new susceptibility loci for migraine. Nat Genet 2013; 45:912-917. [PMID: 23793025 PMCID: PMC4041123 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Migraine is the most common brain disorder, affecting approximately 14% of the adult population, but its molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. We report the results of a meta-analysis across 29 genome-wide association studies, including a total of 23,285 individuals with migraine (cases) and 95,425 population-matched controls. We identified 12 loci associated with migraine susceptibility (P<5×10(-8)). Five loci are new: near AJAP1 at 1p36, near TSPAN2 at 1p13, within FHL5 at 6q16, within C7orf10 at 7p14 and near MMP16 at 8q21. Three of these loci were identified in disease subgroup analyses. Brain tissue expression quantitative trait locus analysis suggests potential functional candidate genes at four loci: APOA1BP, TBC1D7, FUT9, STAT6 and ATP5B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verneri Anttila
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bendik S. Winsvold
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Padhraig Gormley
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tobias Kurth
- INSERM Unit 708 – Neuroepidemiology, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | | | - George McMahon
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Mikko Kallela
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rainer Malik
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Boukje de Vries
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gisela Terwindt
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah E. Medland
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Unda Todt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Wendy L. McArdle
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lydia Quaye
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Markku Koiranen
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - M. Arfan Ikram
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anine H. Stam
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lannie Ligthart
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Juho Wedenoja
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ian Dunham
- European Bioinformatics Insitute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benjamin M. Neale
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Priit Palta
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eija Hamalainen
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Schürks
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lynda M Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Julie E. Buring
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Paul M. Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | | | - Finnbogi Jakobsson
- Department of Neurology, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Debbie A. Lawlor
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - David M. Evans
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Susan M. Ring
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Markus Färkkilä
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ville Artto
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mari A Kaunisto
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tobias Freilinger
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jean Schoenen
- Headache Research Unit, Department of Neurology and Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA)-Neurosciences, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Rune R. Frants
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nadine Pelzer
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia M. Weller
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Zielman
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew C. Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Pamela A.F. Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Guntram Borck
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Axel Heinze
- Kiel Pain and Headache Center, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Frances M.K. Williams
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Anna-Liisa Hartikainen
- Department of Clinical Sciences/Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anneli Pouta
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Clinical Sciences/Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joyce van den Ende
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Albert Hofman
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Najaf Amin
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M. Vink
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kauko Heikkilä
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Alexander
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bertram Muller-Myhsok
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Heinz Erich Wichmann
- Institut für Medizinische Informationsverarbeitung, Biometrie und Epidemiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology I, HelmholtzCenter Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Arpo Aromaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bryan Traynor
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniah Trabzuni
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Elizabeth Rossin
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kasper Lage
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Suzanne B.R. Jacobs
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J. Raphael Gibbs
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ewan Birney
- European Bioinformatics Insitute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Brenda W. Penninx
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia van Duijn
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - John-Anker Zwart
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lynn Cherkas
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - David P. Strachan
- Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George’s, University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Michel D. Ferrari
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arn M.J.M. van den Maagdenberg
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Dichgans
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Maija Wessman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Mark J. Daly
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dale R. Nyholt
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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143
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Rietveld CA, Medland SE, Derringer J, Yang J, Esko T, Martin NW, Westra HJ, Shakhbazov K, Abdellaoui A, Agrawal A, Albrecht E, Alizadeh BZ, Amin N, Barnard J, Baumeister SE, Benke KS, Bielak LF, Boatman JA, Boyle PA, Davies G, de Leeuw C, Eklund N, Evans DS, Ferhmann R, Fischer K, Gieger C, Gjessing HK, Hägg S, Harris JR, Hayward C, Holzapfel C, Ibrahim-Verbaas CA, Ingelsson E, Jacobsson B, Joshi PK, Jugessur A, Kaakinen M, Kanoni S, Karjalainen J, Kolcic I, Kristiansson K, Kutalik Z, Lahti J, Lee SH, Lin P, Lind PA, Liu Y, Lohman K, Loitfelder M, McMahon G, Vidal PM, Meirelles O, Milani L, Myhre R, Nuotio ML, Oldmeadow CJ, Petrovic KE, Peyrot WJ, Polašek O, Quaye L, Reinmaa E, Rice JP, Rizzi TS, Schmidt H, Schmidt R, Smith AV, Smith JA, Tanaka T, Terracciano A, van der Loos MJ, Vitart V, Völzke H, Wellmann J, Yu L, Zhao W, Allik J, Attia JR, Bandinelli S, Bastardot F, Beauchamp J, Bennett DA, Berger K, Bierut LJ, Boomsma DI, Bültmann U, Campbell H, Chabris CF, Cherkas L, Chung MK, Cucca F, de Andrade M, De Jager PL, De Neve JE, Deary IJ, Dedoussis GV, Deloukas P, Dimitriou M, Eiriksdottir G, Elderson MF, Eriksson JG, Evans DM, Faul JD, Ferrucci L, Garcia ME, Grönberg H, Gudnason V, Hall P, Harris JM, Harris TB, Hastie ND, Heath AC, Hernandez DG, Hoffmann W, Hofman A, Holle R, Holliday EG, Hottenga JJ, Iacono WG, Illig T, Järvelin MR, Kähönen M, Kaprio J, Kirkpatrick RM, Kowgier M, Latvala A, Launer LJ, Lawlor DA, Lehtimäki T, Li J, Lichtenstein P, Lichtner P, Liewald DC, Madden PA, Magnusson PKE, Mäkinen TE, Masala M, McGue M, Metspalu A, Mielck A, Miller MB, Montgomery GW, Mukherjee S, Nyholt DR, Oostra BA, Palmer LJ, Palotie A, Penninx B, Perola M, Peyser PA, Preisig M, Räikkönen K, Raitakari OT, Realo A, Ring SM, Ripatti S, Rivadeneira F, Rudan I, Rustichini A, Salomaa V, Sarin AP, Schlessinger D, Scott RJ, Snieder H, Pourcain BS, Starr JM, Sul JH, Surakka I, Svento R, Teumer A, Tiemeier H, Rooij FJA, Van Wagoner DR, Vartiainen E, Viikari J, Vollenweider P, Vonk JM, Waeber G, Weir DR, Wichmann HE, Widen E, Willemsen G, Wilson JF, Wright AF, Conley D, Davey-Smith G, Franke L, Groenen PJF, Hofman A, Johannesson M, Kardia SL, Krueger RF, Laibson D, Martin NG, Meyer MN, Posthuma D, Thurik AR, Timpson NJ, Uitterlinden AG, van Duijn CM, Visscher PM, Benjamin DJ, Cesarini D, Koellinger PD. GWAS of 126,559 individuals identifies genetic variants associated with educational attainment. Science 2013; 340:1467-71. [PMID: 23722424 PMCID: PMC3751588 DOI: 10.1126/science.1235488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of educational attainment was conducted in a discovery sample of 101,069 individuals and a replication sample of 25,490. Three independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are genome-wide significant (rs9320913, rs11584700, rs4851266), and all three replicate. Estimated effects sizes are small (coefficient of determination R(2) ≈ 0.02%), approximately 1 month of schooling per allele. A linear polygenic score from all measured SNPs accounts for ≈2% of the variance in both educational attainment and cognitive function. Genes in the region of the loci have previously been associated with health, cognitive, and central nervous system phenotypes, and bioinformatics analyses suggest the involvement of the anterior caudate nucleus. These findings provide promising candidate SNPs for follow-up work, and our effect size estimates can anchor power analyses in social-science genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius A. Rietveld
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah E. Medland
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Jaime Derringer
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309–0447, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Nicolas W. Martin
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia,School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Harm-Jan Westra
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Konstantin Shakhbazov
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Eva Albrecht
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Behrooz Z. Alizadeh
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Najaf Amin
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - John Barnard
- Heart and Vascular and Lerner Research Institutes, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | | | - Kelly S. Benke
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Lawrence F. Bielak
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109–2029, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Boatman
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Patricia A. Boyle
- Rush University Medical Center, Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Gail Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Christiaan de Leeuw
- Department of Functional Genomics, VU University Amsterdam and VU Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niina Eklund
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland,Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, The National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Daniel S. Evans
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94107–1728, USA
| | - Rudolf Ferhmann
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Håkon K. Gjessing
- Department of Genes and Environment, Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sara Hägg
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jennifer R. Harris
- Department of Genes and Environment, Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Christina Holzapfel
- Else Kroener-Fresenius-Centre for Nutritional Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany,Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Carla A. Ibrahim-Verbaas
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands,Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo Jacobsson
- Department of Genes and Environment, Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Public Health, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, 413 45, Sweden
| | - Peter K. Joshi
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Astanand Jugessur
- Department of Genes and Environment, Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marika Kaakinen
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Juha Karjalainen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivana Kolcic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Kati Kristiansson
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland,Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, The National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jari Lahti
- Institute of Behavioral Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Sang H. Lee
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Peng Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Penelope A. Lind
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology & Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157–1063, USA
| | - Kurt Lohman
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157–1063, USA
| | - Marisa Loitfelder
- Division for Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - George McMahon
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PR, UK
| | - Pedro Marques Vidal
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Osorio Meirelles
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Ronny Myhre
- Department of Genes and Environment, Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marja-Liisa Nuotio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland,Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, The National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Christopher J. Oldmeadow
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Katja E. Petrovic
- Division of General Neurology, Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Wouter J. Peyrot
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ozren Polašek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Lydia Quaye
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Eva Reinmaa
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - John P. Rice
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Thais S. Rizzi
- Department of Functional Genomics, VU University Amsterdam and VU Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Division for Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Albert V. Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur 201, Iceland,Department of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Jennifer A. Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109–2029, USA
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA
| | - Antonio Terracciano
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA,College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306–4300, USA
| | - Matthijs J.H.M. van der Loos
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Veronique Vitart
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany
| | - Jürgen Wellmann
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Muenster, 48129 Muenster, Germany
| | - Lei Yu
- Rush University Medical Center, Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109–2029, USA
| | - Jüri Allik
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50410, Estonia
| | - John R. Attia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | | | - François Bastardot
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - David A. Bennett
- Rush University Medical Center, Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Klaus Berger
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Muenster, 48129 Muenster, Germany
| | - Laura J. Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ute Bültmann
- Department of Health Sciences, Community & Occupational Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | | | - Lynn Cherkas
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Mina K. Chung
- Heart and Vascular and Lerner Research Institutes, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, 09042, Cagliari, Italy,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 SS, Italy
| | - Mariza de Andrade
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Philip L. De Jager
- Program in Translational Neuropsychiatric Genomics, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jan-Emmanuel De Neve
- School of Public Policy, University College London, London WC1H 9QU, UK,Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics, London WC2A 2AE, UK
| | - Ian J. Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, Scotland, UK,Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, Scotland, UK
| | - George V. Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens 17671, Greece
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Maria Dimitriou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens 17671, Greece
| | | | - Martin F. Elderson
- LifeLines Cohort Study, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland,Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki 00280, Finland,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki 00250, Finland,Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa 65130, Finland
| | - David M. Evans
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PR, UK
| | - Jessica D. Faul
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA
| | - Melissa E. Garcia
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA
| | - Henrik Grönberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur 201, Iceland,Department of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juliette M. Harris
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicholas D. Hastie
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Andrew C. Heath
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110–1093, USA
| | - Dena G. Hernandez
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wolfgang Hoffmann
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany
| | - Adriaan Hofman
- Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, 9747 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf Holle
- Institute of Health Economics and Health Care Management, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elizabeth G. Holliday
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - William G. Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455–0344, USA
| | - Thomas Illig
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany,Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK,Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90220, Finland,Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu 90101, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland,Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland,Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00300 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Matthew Kowgier
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Antti Latvala
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland,Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00300 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lenore J. Launer
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA
| | - Debbie A. Lawlor
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PR, UK
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Jingmei Li
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Lichtner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Centre Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - David C. Liewald
- Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Pamela A. Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Patrik K. E. Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomi E. Mäkinen
- Department of Health, Functional Capacity and Welfare, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland
| | - Marco Masala
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, 09042, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455–0344, USA
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Andreas Mielck
- Institute of Health Economics and Health Care Management, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael B. Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455–0344, USA
| | - Grant W. Montgomery
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Sutapa Mukherjee
- Western Australia Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada,Women’s College Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1N8, Canada
| | - Dale R. Nyholt
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Lyle J. Palmer
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Brenda Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Perola
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland,Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, The National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Patricia A. Peyser
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109–2029, USA
| | - Martin Preisig
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioral Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Olli T. Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku 20520, Finland,Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Anu Realo
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50410, Estonia
| | - Susan M. Ring
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PR, UK
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland,Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, The National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00014, Finland,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Aldo Rustichini
- Department of Economics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455–0462, USA
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Chronic Disease Epidemiology Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland
| | - Antti-Pekka Sarin
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - David Schlessinger
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rodney J. Scott
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PR, UK,School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
| | - John M. Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, Scotland, UK,Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Jae Hoon Sul
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ida Surakka
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland,Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, The National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Rauli Svento
- Department of Economics, Oulu Business School, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17487, Germany
| | | | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank JAan Rooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - David R. Van Wagoner
- Heart and Vascular and Lerner Research Institutes, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Erkki Vartiainen
- Division of Welfare and Health Promotion, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland
| | - Jorma Viikari
- Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Judith M. Vonk
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gérard Waeber
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David R. Weir
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA
| | - H.-Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 81377 Munich, Germany,Klinikum Grosshadern, 81377 Munich, Germany,Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Widen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James F. Wilson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Alan F. Wright
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Dalton Conley
- Department of Sociology, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
| | - George Davey-Smith
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PR, UK
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick J. F. Groenen
- Econometric Institute, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3000 DR, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Magnus Johannesson
- Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm 113 83, Sweden
| | - Sharon L.R. Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109–2029, USA
| | - Robert F. Krueger
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455–0344, USA
| | - David Laibson
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Michelle N. Meyer
- Petrie-Flom Center for Health Law Policy, Biotechnology, & Bioethics, Harvard Law School, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA,Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Government, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12203–1003, USA
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Functional Genomics, VU University Amsterdam and VU Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Centrer, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. Roy Thurik
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Panteia, Zoetermeer 2701 AA, Netherlands,GSCM-Montpellier Business School, Montpellier 34185, France
| | - Nicholas J. Timpson
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PR, UK
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands,Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M. Visscher
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia,University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia,Corresponding author. (D.J.B.); (D.C.); (P.D.K.); (P.M.V.)
| | - Daniel J. Benjamin
- Department of Economics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA,Corresponding author. (D.J.B.); (D.C.); (P.D.K.); (P.M.V.)
| | - David Cesarini
- Center for Experimental Social Science, Department of Economics, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA,Division of Social Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE,Research Institute of Industrial Economics, Stockholm 102 15, Sweden,Corresponding author. (D.J.B.); (D.C.); (P.D.K.); (P.M.V.)
| | - Philipp D. Koellinger
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands,Corresponding author. (D.J.B.); (D.C.); (P.D.K.); (P.M.V.)
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Randall JC, Winkler TW, Kutalik Z, Berndt SI, Jackson AU, Monda KL, Kilpeläinen TO, Esko T, Mägi R, Li S, Workalemahu T, Feitosa MF, Croteau-Chonka DC, Day FR, Fall T, Ferreira T, Gustafsson S, Locke AE, Mathieson I, Scherag A, Vedantam S, Wood AR, Liang L, Steinthorsdottir V, Thorleifsson G, Dermitzakis ET, Dimas AS, Karpe F, Min JL, Nicholson G, Clegg DJ, Person T, Krohn JP, Bauer S, Buechler C, Eisinger K, Bonnefond A, Froguel P, Hottenga JJ, Prokopenko I, Waite LL, Harris TB, Smith AV, Shuldiner AR, McArdle WL, Caulfield MJ, Munroe PB, Grönberg H, Chen YDI, Li G, Beckmann JS, Johnson T, Thorsteinsdottir U, Teder-Laving M, Khaw KT, Wareham NJ, Zhao JH, Amin N, Oostra BA, Kraja AT, Province MA, Cupples LA, Heard-Costa NL, Kaprio J, Ripatti S, Surakka I, Collins FS, Saramies J, Tuomilehto J, Jula A, Salomaa V, Erdmann J, Hengstenberg C, Loley C, Schunkert H, Lamina C, Wichmann HE, Albrecht E, Gieger C, Hicks AA, Johansson Å, Pramstaller PP, Kathiresan S, Speliotes EK, Penninx B, Hartikainen AL, Jarvelin MR, Gyllensten U, Boomsma DI, Campbell H, Wilson JF, Chanock SJ, Farrall M, Goel A, Medina-Gomez C, Rivadeneira F, Estrada K, Uitterlinden AG, Hofman A, Zillikens MC, den Heijer M, Kiemeney LA, Maschio A, Hall P, Tyrer J, Teumer A, Völzke H, Kovacs P, Tönjes A, Mangino M, Spector TD, Hayward C, Rudan I, Hall AS, Samani NJ, Attwood AP, Sambrook JG, Hung J, Palmer LJ, Lokki ML, Sinisalo J, Boucher G, Huikuri H, Lorentzon M, Ohlsson C, Eklund N, Eriksson JG, Barlassina C, Rivolta C, Nolte IM, Snieder H, Van der Klauw MM, Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Gejman PV, Shi J, Jacobs KB, Wang Z, Bakker SJL, Mateo Leach I, Navis G, van der Harst P, Martin NG, Medland SE, Montgomery GW, Yang J, Chasman DI, Ridker PM, Rose LM, Lehtimäki T, Raitakari O, Absher D, Iribarren C, Basart H, Hovingh KG, Hyppönen E, Power C, Anderson D, Beilby JP, Hui J, Jolley J, Sager H, Bornstein SR, Schwarz PEH, Kristiansson K, Perola M, Lindström J, Swift AJ, Uusitupa M, Atalay M, Lakka TA, Rauramaa R, Bolton JL, Fowkes G, Fraser RM, Price JF, Fischer K, KrjutÅ¡kov K, Metspalu A, Mihailov E, Langenberg C, Luan J, Ong KK, Chines PS, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi SM, Saaristo TE, Edkins S, Franks PW, Hallmans G, Shungin D, Morris AD, Palmer CNA, Erbel R, Moebus S, Nöthen MM, Pechlivanis S, Hveem K, Narisu N, Hamsten A, Humphries SE, Strawbridge RJ, Tremoli E, Grallert H, Thorand B, Illig T, Koenig W, Müller-Nurasyid M, Peters A, Boehm BO, Kleber ME, März W, Winkelmann BR, Kuusisto J, Laakso M, Arveiler D, Cesana G, Kuulasmaa K, Virtamo J, Yarnell JWG, Kuh D, Wong A, Lind L, de Faire U, Gigante B, Magnusson PKE, Pedersen NL, Dedoussis G, Dimitriou M, Kolovou G, Kanoni S, Stirrups K, Bonnycastle LL, Njølstad I, Wilsgaard T, Ganna A, Rehnberg E, Hingorani A, Kivimaki M, Kumari M, Assimes TL, Barroso I, Boehnke M, Borecki IB, Deloukas P, Fox CS, Frayling T, Groop LC, Haritunians T, Hunter D, Ingelsson E, Kaplan R, Mohlke KL, O'Connell JR, Schlessinger D, Strachan DP, Stefansson K, van Duijn CM, Abecasis GR, McCarthy MI, Hirschhorn JN, Qi L, Loos RJF, Lindgren CM, North KE, Heid IM. Sex-stratified genome-wide association studies including 270,000 individuals show sexual dimorphism in genetic loci for anthropometric traits. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003500. [PMID: 23754948 PMCID: PMC3674993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the anthropometric differences between men and women and previous evidence of sex-difference in genetic effects, we conducted a genome-wide search for sexually dimorphic associations with height, weight, body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist-to-hip-ratio (133,723 individuals) and took forward 348 SNPs into follow-up (additional 137,052 individuals) in a total of 94 studies. Seven loci displayed significant sex-difference (FDR<5%), including four previously established (near GRB14/COBLL1, LYPLAL1/SLC30A10, VEGFA, ADAMTS9) and three novel anthropometric trait loci (near MAP3K1, HSD17B4, PPARG), all of which were genome-wide significant in women (P<5×10(-8)), but not in men. Sex-differences were apparent only for waist phenotypes, not for height, weight, BMI, or hip circumference. Moreover, we found no evidence for genetic effects with opposite directions in men versus women. The PPARG locus is of specific interest due to its role in diabetes genetics and therapy. Our results demonstrate the value of sex-specific GWAS to unravel the sexually dimorphic genetic underpinning of complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C. Randall
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas W. Winkler
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sonja I. Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anne U. Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Keri L. Monda
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Shengxu Li
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Tsegaselassie Workalemahu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mary F. Feitosa
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Damien C. Croteau-Chonka
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Felix R. Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tove Fall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Teresa Ferreira
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adam E. Locke
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Iain Mathieson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andre Scherag
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sailaja Vedantam
- Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology and Program in Genomics, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Metabolism Initiative and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrew R. Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Liming Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | | | - Emmanouil T. Dermitzakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Antigone S. Dimas
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center Al. Fleming, Vari, Greece
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Josine L. Min
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - George Nicholson
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC Harwell, Harwell, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah J. Clegg
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas Person
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jon P. Krohn
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sabrina Bauer
- Regensburg University Medical Center, Innere Medizin I, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christa Buechler
- Regensburg University Medical Center, Innere Medizin I, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Eisinger
- Regensburg University Medical Center, Innere Medizin I, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Philippe Froguel
- CNRS UMR8199-IBL-Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsay L. Waite
- Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Albert Vernon Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Alan R. Shuldiner
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wendy L. McArdle
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J. Caulfield
- Clinical Pharmacology and Barts and The London Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia B. Munroe
- Clinical Pharmacology and Barts and The London Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Grönberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- Department of OB/GYN and Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Guo Li
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jacques S. Beckmann
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Toby Johnson
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Clinical Pharmacology and Barts and The London Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Medical Systems Biology & Netherlands Consortium on Healthy Aging, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Aldi T. Kraja
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Province
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - L. Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nancy L. Heard-Costa
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Unit for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Twin Cohort Study, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Unit of Public Health Genomics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ida Surakka
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Unit of Public Health Genomics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Francis S. Collins
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Red RECAVA Grupo RD06/0014/0015, Hospital Universitario, La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, Krems, Austria
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Diabetes Prevention Unit, Helsinki, Finland
- South Ostrobothnia Central Hospital, Seinajoki, Finland
| | - Antti Jula
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Population Studies Unit, Turku, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- Nordic Center of Cardiovascular Research (NCCR), Lübeck, Germany
- Universität zu Lübeck, Medizinische Klinik II, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christian Hengstenberg
- Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universität zu Lübeck, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christina Loley
- Universität zu Lübeck, Medizinische Klinik II, Lübeck, Germany
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Lamina
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - H. Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, and Klinikum Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Albrecht
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrew A. Hicks
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano/Bozen, Italy, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Åsa Johansson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter P. Pramstaller
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano/Bozen, Italy, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, Bolzano, Italy
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth K. Speliotes
- Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Brenda Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna-Liisa Hartikainen
- Department of Clinical Sciences/Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ulf Gyllensten
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James F. Wilson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Martin Farrall
- Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anuj Goel
- Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karol Estrada
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M. Carola Zillikens
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin den Heijer
- Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lambertus A. Kiemeney
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Maschio
- Istituto di Neurogenetica e Neurofarmacologia del CNR, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Tyrer
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Peter Kovacs
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anke Tönjes
- University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tim D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair S. Hall
- Division of Cardiovascular and Neuronal Remodelling, Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Nilesh J. Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Cardiovascular Disease, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Antony Paul Attwood
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer G. Sambrook
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Hung
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Austrailia, Australia
- Busselton Population Medical Research Foundation Inc., Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lyle J. Palmer
- Genetic Epidemiology and Biostatistics Platform, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
- Prosserman Centre for Health Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marja-Liisa Lokki
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Sinisalo
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Laboratory, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Heikki Huikuri
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Niina Eklund
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Unit of Public Health Genomics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Unit of General Practice, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cristina Barlassina
- University of Milan, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Milano, Italy
| | - Carlo Rivolta
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ilja M. Nolte
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- LifeLines Cohort Study, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie M. Van der Klauw
- LifeLines Cohort Study, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jana V. Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- LifeLines Cohort Study, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pablo V. Gejman
- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Northshore University Healthsystem, Evanston, Ilinois, United States of America
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kevin B. Jacobs
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephan J. L. Bakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Mateo Leach
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerjan Navis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sarah E. Medland
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Queensland, Australia
| | - Grant W. Montgomery
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jian Yang
- Queensland Statistical Genetics Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel I. Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lynda M. Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- The Department of Clinical Physiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Devin Absher
- Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Carlos Iribarren
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Hanneke Basart
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kees G. Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- Centre For Paediatric Epidemiolgy and Biostatistics/MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, University College of London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Power
- Centre For Paediatric Epidemiolgy and Biostatistics/MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, University College of London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Denise Anderson
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - John P. Beilby
- Busselton Population Medical Research Foundation Inc., Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- PathWest Laboratory of Western Australia, Department of Molecular Genetics, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jennie Hui
- Busselton Population Medical Research Foundation Inc., Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- PathWest Laboratory of Western Australia, Department of Molecular Genetics, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Austrailia, Australia
| | - Jennifer Jolley
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hendrik Sager
- Medizinische Klinik II, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Stefan R. Bornstein
- Department of Medicine III, University of Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter E. H. Schwarz
- Department of Medicine III, University of Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kati Kristiansson
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Unit of Public Health Genomics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Unit of Public Health Genomics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Lindström
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Diabetes Prevention Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Amy J. Swift
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Matti Uusitupa
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Research Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mustafa Atalay
- Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo A. Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rainer Rauramaa
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jennifer L. Bolton
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gerry Fowkes
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ross M. Fraser
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jackie F. Price
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ken K. Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter S. Chines
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sirkka M. Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Unit of General Practice, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Timo E. Saaristo
- Finnish Diabetes Association, Tampere, Finland
- Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sarah Edkins
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul W. Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Umeå University,Umeå, Sweden
| | - Göran Hallmans
- Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Umeå University,Umeå, Sweden
| | - Dmitry Shungin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Umeå University,Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Andrew David Morris
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Colin N. A. Palmer
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Raimund Erbel
- Clinic of Cardiology, West German Heart Centre, University Hospital of Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Susanne Moebus
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Markus M. Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sonali Pechlivanis
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kristian Hveem
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
| | - Narisu Narisu
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Steve E. Humphries
- Cardiovascular Genetics, British Heart Foundation Laboratories, Rayne Building, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rona J. Strawbridge
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Monzino Cardiology Center, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Harald Grallert
- Unit for Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Thorand
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Illig
- Unit for Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Department of Internal Medicine II – Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bernhard O. Boehm
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marcus E. Kleber
- LURIC Study nonprofit LLC, Freiburg, Germany
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Winfried März
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Synlab Academy, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Department of Medicine, University of Kuopio and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, University of Kuopio and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Dominique Arveiler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Strasbourg, France
| | - Giancarlo Cesana
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Kari Kuulasmaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jarmo Virtamo
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Akademiska Sjukhuset, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bruna Gigante
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik K. E. Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nancy L. Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Dimitriou
- Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Genovefa Kolovou
- 1st Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lori L. Bonnycastle
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Inger Njølstad
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tom Wilsgaard
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Andrea Ganna
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emil Rehnberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aroon Hingorani
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mika Kivimaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Meena Kumari
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Themistocles L. Assimes
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Inês Barroso
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Labs, Institute of Metabolic Science Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ingrid B. Borecki
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline S. Fox
- Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Timothy Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Leif C. Groop
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Talin Haritunians
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - David Hunter
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Karen L. Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey R. O'Connell
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David P. Strachan
- Division of Community Health Sciences, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Center of Medical Systems Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gonçalo R. Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joel N. Hirschhorn
- Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology and Program in Genomics, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Metabolism Initiative and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ruth J. F. Loos
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program,The Charles Bronfman Institute of Personalized Medicine, Child Health and Development Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Cecilia M. Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kari E. North
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Iris M. Heid
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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Berndt SI, Gustafsson S, Mägi R, Ganna A, Wheeler E, Feitosa MF, Justice AE, Monda KL, Croteau-Chonka DC, Day FR, Esko T, Fall T, Ferreira T, Gentilini D, Jackson AU, Luan J, Randall JC, Vedantam S, Willer CJ, Winkler TW, Wood AR, Workalemahu T, Hu YJ, Lee SH, Liang L, Lin DY, Min JL, Neale BM, Thorleifsson G, Yang J, Albrecht E, Amin N, Bragg-Gresham JL, Cadby G, den Heijer M, Eklund N, Fischer K, Goel A, Hottenga JJ, Huffman JE, Jarick I, Johansson Å, Johnson T, Kanoni S, Kleber ME, König IR, Kristiansson K, Kutalik Z, Lamina C, Lecoeur C, Li G, Mangino M, McArdle WL, Medina-Gomez C, Müller-Nurasyid M, Ngwa JS, Nolte IM, Paternoster L, Pechlivanis S, Perola M, Peters MJ, Preuss M, Rose LM, Shi J, Shungin D, Smith AV, Strawbridge RJ, Surakka I, Teumer A, Trip MD, Tyrer J, Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Vandenput L, Waite LL, Zhao JH, Absher D, Asselbergs FW, Atalay M, Attwood AP, Balmforth AJ, Basart H, Beilby J, Bonnycastle LL, Brambilla P, Bruinenberg M, Campbell H, Chasman DI, Chines PS, Collins FS, Connell JM, Cookson W, de Faire U, de Vegt F, Dei M, Dimitriou M, Edkins S, Estrada K, Evans DM, Farrall M, Ferrario MM, Ferrières J, Franke L, Frau F, Gejman PV, Grallert H, Grönberg H, Gudnason V, Hall AS, Hall P, Hartikainen AL, Hayward C, Heard-Costa NL, Heath AC, Hebebrand J, Homuth G, Hu FB, Hunt SE, Hyppönen E, Iribarren C, Jacobs KB, Jansson JO, Jula A, Kähönen M, Kathiresan S, Kee F, Khaw KT, Kivimaki M, Koenig W, Kraja AT, Kumari M, Kuulasmaa K, Kuusisto J, Laitinen JH, Lakka TA, Langenberg C, Launer LJ, Lind L, Lindström J, Liu J, Liuzzi A, Lokki ML, Lorentzon M, Madden PA, Magnusson PK, Manunta P, Marek D, März W, Mateo Leach I, McKnight B, Medland SE, Mihailov E, Milani L, Montgomery GW, Mooser V, Mühleisen TW, Munroe PB, Musk AW, Narisu N, Navis G, Nicholson G, Nohr EA, Ong KK, Oostra BA, Palmer CN, Palotie A, Peden JF, Pedersen N, Peters A, Polasek O, Pouta A, Pramstaller PP, Prokopenko I, Pütter C, Radhakrishnan A, Raitakari O, Rendon A, Rivadeneira F, Rudan I, Saaristo TE, Sambrook JG, Sanders AR, Sanna S, Saramies J, Schipf S, Schreiber S, Schunkert H, Shin SY, Signorini S, Sinisalo J, Skrobek B, Soranzo N, Stančáková A, Stark K, Stephens JC, Stirrups K, Stolk RP, Stumvoll M, Swift AJ, Theodoraki EV, Thorand B, Tregouet DA, Tremoli E, Van der Klauw MM, van Meurs JB, Vermeulen SH, Viikari J, Virtamo J, Vitart V, Waeber G, Wang Z, Widén E, Wild SH, Willemsen G, Winkelmann BR, Witteman JC, Wolffenbuttel BH, Wong A, Wright AF, Zillikens MC, Amouyel P, Boehm BO, Boerwinkle E, Boomsma DI, Caulfield MJ, Chanock SJ, Cupples LA, Cusi D, Dedoussis GV, Erdmann J, Eriksson JG, Franks PW, Froguel P, Gieger C, Gyllensten U, Hamsten A, Harris TB, Hengstenberg C, Hicks AA, Hingorani A, Hinney A, Hofman A, Hovingh KG, Hveem K, Illig T, Jarvelin MR, Jöckel KH, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi SM, Kiemeney LA, Kuh D, Laakso M, Lehtimäki T, Levinson DF, Martin NG, Metspalu A, Morris AD, Nieminen MS, Njølstad I, Ohlsson C, Oldehinkel AJ, Ouwehand WH, Palmer LJ, Penninx B, Power C, Province MA, Psaty BM, Qi L, Rauramaa R, Ridker PM, Ripatti S, Salomaa V, Samani NJ, Snieder H, Sørensen TI, Spector TD, Stefansson K, Tönjes A, Tuomilehto J, Uitterlinden AG, Uusitupa M, van der Harst P, Vollenweider P, Wallaschofski H, Wareham NJ, Watkins H, Wichmann HE, Wilson JF, Abecasis GR, Assimes TL, Barroso I, Boehnke M, Borecki IB, Deloukas P, Fox CS, Frayling T, Groop LC, Haritunian T, Heid IM, Hunter D, Kaplan RC, Karpe F, Moffatt M, Mohlke KL, O’Connell JR, Pawitan Y, Schadt EE, Schlessinger D, Steinthorsdottir V, Strachan DP, Thorsteinsdottir U, van Duijn CM, Visscher PM, Di Blasio AM, Hirschhorn JN, Lindgren CM, Morris AP, Meyre D, Scherag A, McCarthy MI, Speliotes EK, North KE, Loos RJ, Ingelsson E. Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies 11 new loci for anthropometric traits and provides insights into genetic architecture. Nat Genet 2013; 45:501-12. [PMID: 23563607 PMCID: PMC3973018 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Approaches exploiting trait distribution extremes may be used to identify loci associated with common traits, but it is unknown whether these loci are generalizable to the broader population. In a genome-wide search for loci associated with the upper versus the lower 5th percentiles of body mass index, height and waist-to-hip ratio, as well as clinical classes of obesity, including up to 263,407 individuals of European ancestry, we identified 4 new loci (IGFBP4, H6PD, RSRC1 and PPP2R2A) influencing height detected in the distribution tails and 7 new loci (HNF4G, RPTOR, GNAT2, MRPS33P4, ADCY9, HS6ST3 and ZZZ3) for clinical classes of obesity. Further, we find a large overlap in genetic structure and the distribution of variants between traits based on extremes and the general population and little etiological heterogeneity between obesity subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja I. Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 50410, Estonia
| | - Andrea Ganna
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eleanor Wheeler
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Mary F. Feitosa
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Anne E. Justice
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA
| | - Keri L. Monda
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA
- Center for Observational Research, Amgen, Thousands Oaks, CA, 91320
| | | | - Felix R. Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 50410, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Tove Fall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Teresa Ferreira
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Davide Gentilini
- Molecular Biology Department, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy
| | - Anne U. Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Jian’an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Joshua C. Randall
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sailaja Vedantam
- Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Metabolism Initiative and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Cristen J. Willer
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiovascular), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, MI 48109, USA
| | - Thomas W. Winkler
- Public Health and Gender Studies, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andrew R. Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Tsegaselassie Workalemahu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Yi-Juan Hu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Sang Hong Lee
- The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Liming Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Dan-Yu Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Josine L. Min
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Benjamin M. Neale
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | | | - Jian Yang
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane 4029, Australia
| | - Eva Albrecht
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer L. Bragg-Gresham
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Gemma Cadby
- Genetic Epidemiology and Biostatistics Platform, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research. Toronto, Canada, M5G 1L7
- Prosserman Centre for Health Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Toronto, Canada, M5G 1X5
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Martin den Heijer
- Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niina Eklund
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Unit of Public Health Genomics, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 50410, Estonia
| | - Anuj Goel
- Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer E. Huffman
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Ivonne Jarick
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Åsa Johansson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
- Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala university hospital, Sweden
| | - Toby Johnson
- Genome Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Marcus E. Kleber
- LURIC Study nonprofit LLC, Freiburg, Germany
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Inke R. König
- Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universität zu Lübeck, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kati Kristiansson
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Unit of Public Health Genomics, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Lamina
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Cecile Lecoeur
- University Lille Nord de France, 59000 Lille, France
- CNRS UMR8199-IBL-Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Guo Li
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Wendy L. McArdle
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA)
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Epidemiology and Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Julius S. Ngwa
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Ilja M. Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Sonali Pechlivanis
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Perola
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 50410, Estonia
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Unit of Public Health Genomics, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjolein J. Peters
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA)
| | - Michael Preuss
- Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universität zu Lübeck, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Universität zu Lübeck, Medizinische Klinik II, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lynda M. Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Dmitry Shungin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Albert Vernon Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Rona J. Strawbridge
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ida Surakka
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Unit of Public Health Genomics, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mieke D. Trip
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Heart Failure Research Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Tyrer
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Jana V. Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
- LifeLines Cohort Study, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Vandenput
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lindsay L. Waite
- Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Devin Absher
- Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA
| | - Folkert W. Asselbergs
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mustafa Atalay
- Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland
| | | | - Anthony J. Balmforth
- Division of Epidemiology, Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre (MCRC), Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics (LIGHT), University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Hanneke Basart
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John Beilby
- PathWest Laboratory of Western Australia, Department of Molecular Genetics, J Block, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Department of Surgery and Pathology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia, 6009
| | - Lori L. Bonnycastle
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale. Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Marcel Bruinenberg
- LifeLines Cohort Study, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Daniel I. Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Peter S. Chines
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Francis S. Collins
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John M. Connell
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
- University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital &Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - William Cookson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Femmie de Vegt
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mariano Dei
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedicadel del CNR, Monserrato, 09042, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Dimitriou
- Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, 70 El. Venizelou Str, Athens, Greece
| | - Sarah Edkins
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Karol Estrada
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA)
| | - David M. Evans
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Martin Farrall
- Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Marco M. Ferrario
- Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Research Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Jean Ferrières
- Department of Cardiology, Toulouse University School of Medicine, Rangueil Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Lude Franke
- LifeLines Cohort Study, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca Frau
- University of Milan, Department of Health Sciences, Ospedale San Paolo, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Pablo V. Gejman
- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Northshore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois 60201, USA
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit for Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Henrik Grönberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Alistair S. Hall
- Division of Cardiovascular and Neuronal Remodelling, Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna-Liisa Hartikainen
- Department of Clinical Sciences/Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Nancy L. Heard-Costa
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Andrew C. Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Johannes Hebebrand
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frank B. Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Sarah E. Hunt
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- Centre For Paediatric Epidemiolgy and Biostatistics/MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, University College of London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Carlos Iribarren
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California 94612, USA
| | - Kevin B. Jacobs
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - John-Olov Jansson
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Antti Jula
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Population Studies Unit, 20720 Turku, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Frank Kee
- UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health (NI) Queens University, Belfast
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2SR, UK
| | - Mika Kivimaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Department of Internal Medicine II – Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Aldi T. Kraja
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Meena Kumari
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Kari Kuulasmaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, 00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Timo A. Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Lenore J. Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Akademiska sjukhuset, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jaana Lindström
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Diabetes Prevention Unit, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Antonio Liuzzi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Verbania, Italy
| | - Marja-Liisa Lokki
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pamela A. Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Patrik K. Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Manunta
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Chair of Nephrology San Raffaele Scientific Institute, OU Nephrology and Dialysis, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Diana Marek
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Winfried März
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Synlab Academy, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Irene Mateo Leach
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara McKnight
- Departments of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Sarah E. Medland
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane 4029, Australia
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 50410, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 50410, Estonia
| | | | - Vincent Mooser
- Genetics Division, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, USA
| | - Thomas W. Mühleisen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Patricia B. Munroe
- Genome Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - Arthur W. Musk
- School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia, 6009
- Busselton Population Medical Research Foundation Inc., Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Narisu Narisu
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gerjan Navis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen
| | - George Nicholson
- MRC Harwell, Harwell, UK
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK
| | - Ellen A. Nohr
- Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Ken K. Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing, London, UK
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA)
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Centre for Medical Systems Biology & Netherlands Consortium on Healthy Aging, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Colin N.A. Palmer
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School. Dundee, DD1 9SY
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Nancy Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annette Peters
- Research Unit for Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Anneli Pouta
- Department of Clinical Sciences/Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, 90101 Oulu, Finland
| | - Peter P. Pramstaller
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano/Bozen, 39100, Italy - Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, Bolzano, Italy
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Carolin Pütter
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Aparna Radhakrishnan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
- The Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Augusto Rendon
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA)
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Timo E. Saaristo
- Finnish Diabetes Association, Kirjoniementie 15, 33680, Tampere, Finland
- Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jennifer G. Sambrook
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Alan R. Sanders
- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Northshore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois 60201, USA
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedicadel del CNR, Monserrato, 09042, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Jouko Saramies
- South Karelia Central Hospital, 53130 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Sabine Schipf
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- Universität zu Lübeck, Medizinische Klinik II, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung e. V. (DZHK), Universität zu Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - So-Youn Shin
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Juha Sinisalo
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Laboratory, Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Boris Skrobek
- University Lille Nord de France, 59000 Lille, France
- CNRS UMR8199-IBL-Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Alena Stančáková
- University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Klaus Stark
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätklinikum Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan C. Stephens
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
| | | | - Ronald P. Stolk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
- LifeLines Cohort Study, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Amy J. Swift
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eirini V. Theodoraki
- Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, 70 El. Venizelou Str, Athens, Greece
| | - Barbara Thorand
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Elena Tremoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università di Milano, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Melanie M. Van der Klauw
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
- LifeLines Cohort Study, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joyce B.J. van Meurs
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA)
| | - Sita H. Vermeulen
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jorma Viikari
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Jarmo Virtamo
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, 00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Gérard Waeber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Elisabeth Widén
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sarah H. Wild
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jacqueline C.M. Witteman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA)
| | - Bruce H.R. Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
- LifeLines Cohort Study, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing, London, UK
| | - Alan F. Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - M. Carola Zillikens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA)
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U744, Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Bernhard O. Boehm
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J. Caulfield
- Genome Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - Stephen J. Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - L. Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Daniele Cusi
- University of Milan, Department of Health Sciences, Ospedale San Paolo, 20139 Milano, Italy
- Fondazione Filarete, Milano, Italy
| | - George V. Dedoussis
- Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, 70 El. Venizelou Str, Athens, Greece
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- Universität zu Lübeck, Medizinische Klinik II, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung e. V. (DZHK), Universität zu Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Unit of General Practice, 00280 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paul W. Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Philippe Froguel
- University Lille Nord de France, 59000 Lille, France
- CNRS UMR8199-IBL-Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, London, UK
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ulf Gyllensten
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Christian Hengstenberg
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätklinikum Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andrew A. Hicks
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano/Bozen, 39100, Italy - Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Aroon Hingorani
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Anke Hinney
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA)
| | - Kees G. Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kristian Hveem
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7600 Levanger, Norway
| | - Thomas Illig
- Research Unit for Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, 90101 Oulu, Finland
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sirkka M. Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Unit of General Practice, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Lambertus A. Kiemeney
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Comprehensive Cancer Center East, 6501 BG Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing, London, UK
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | | | | | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 50410, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Andrew D. Morris
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School. Dundee, DD1 9SY
| | - Markku S. Nieminen
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Laboratory, Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Inger Njølstad
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Albertine J. Oldehinkel
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem H. Ouwehand
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Lyle J. Palmer
- Genetic Epidemiology and Biostatistics Platform, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research. Toronto, Canada, M5G 1L7
- Prosserman Centre for Health Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Toronto, Canada, M5G 1X5
| | - Brenda Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chris Power
- Centre For Paediatric Epidemiolgy and Biostatistics/MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, University College of London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Michael A. Province
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
- Departments of Epidemiology, Medicine and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Rainer Rauramaa
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Paul M. Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Unit of Public Health Genomics, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, 00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nilesh J. Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
- Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Cardiovascular Disease, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
- LifeLines Cohort Study, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thorkild I.A. Sørensen
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Timothy D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Diabetes Prevention Unit, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Red RECAVA Grupo RD06/0014/0015, Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria
- South Ostrobothnia Central Hospital, 60220 Seinajoki, Finland
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA)
| | - Matti Uusitupa
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
- Research Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Henri Wallaschofski
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - H.-Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Klinikum Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - James F. Wilson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Goncalo R. Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Themistocles L. Assimes
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Inês Barroso
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Labs, Institute of Metabolic Science Addenbrooke’s Hospital, CB2 OQQ, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Ingrid B. Borecki
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Caroline S. Fox
- Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702, USA
| | - Timothy Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Leif C. Groop
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Talin Haritunian
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Iris M. Heid
- Public Health and Gender Studies, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - David Hunter
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Robert C. Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
- Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Old Road Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Miriam Moffatt
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Karen L. Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. O’Connell
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Yudi Pawitan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eric E. Schadt
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1498, New York, NY 10029-6574 USA
- Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1498, New York, NY 10029-6574 USA
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | | | - David P. Strachan
- Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George’s, University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA)
- Center of Medical Systems Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Peter M. Visscher
- The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | | | - Joel N. Hirschhorn
- Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Metabolism Initiative and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Cecilia M. Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Andrew P. Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - David Meyre
- University Lille Nord de France, 59000 Lille, France
- CNRS UMR8199-IBL-Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMasterUniversity, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - André Scherag
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
- Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Old Road Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Elizabeth K. Speliotes
- Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kari E. North
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA
| | - Ruth J.F. Loos
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- The Charles Bronfman Institute of Personalized Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
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den Hoed M, Eijgelsheim M, Esko T, Brundel BJJM, Peal DS, Evans DM, Nolte IM, Segrè AV, Holm H, Handsaker RE, Westra HJ, Johnson T, Isaacs A, Yang J, Lundby A, Zhao JH, Kim YJ, Go MJ, Almgren P, Bochud M, Boucher G, Cornelis MC, Gudbjartsson D, Hadley D, van der Harst P, Hayward C, den Heijer M, Igl W, Jackson AU, Kutalik Z, Luan J, Kemp JP, Kristiansson K, Ladenvall C, Lorentzon M, Montasser ME, Njajou OT, O'Reilly PF, Padmanabhan S, St Pourcain B, Rankinen T, Salo P, Tanaka T, Timpson NJ, Vitart V, Waite L, Wheeler W, Zhang W, Draisma HHM, Feitosa MF, Kerr KF, Lind PA, Mihailov E, Onland-Moret NC, Song C, Weedon MN, Xie W, Yengo L, Absher D, Albert CM, Alonso A, Arking DE, de Bakker PIW, Balkau B, Barlassina C, Benaglio P, Bis JC, Bouatia-Naji N, Brage S, Chanock SJ, Chines PS, Chung M, Darbar D, Dina C, Dörr M, Elliott P, Felix SB, Fischer K, Fuchsberger C, de Geus EJC, Goyette P, Gudnason V, Harris TB, Hartikainen AL, Havulinna AS, Heckbert SR, Hicks AA, Hofman A, Holewijn S, Hoogstra-Berends F, Hottenga JJ, Jensen MK, Johansson A, Junttila J, Kääb S, Kanon B, Ketkar S, Khaw KT, Knowles JW, Kooner AS, Kors JA, Kumari M, Milani L, Laiho P, Lakatta EG, Langenberg C, Leusink M, Liu Y, Luben RN, Lunetta KL, Lynch SN, Markus MRP, Marques-Vidal P, Mateo Leach I, McArdle WL, McCarroll SA, Medland SE, Miller KA, Montgomery GW, Morrison AC, Müller-Nurasyid M, Navarro P, Nelis M, O'Connell JR, O'Donnell CJ, Ong KK, Newman AB, Peters A, Polasek O, Pouta A, Pramstaller PP, Psaty BM, Rao DC, Ring SM, Rossin EJ, Rudan D, Sanna S, Scott RA, Sehmi JS, Sharp S, Shin JT, Singleton AB, Smith AV, Soranzo N, Spector TD, Stewart C, Stringham HM, Tarasov KV, Uitterlinden AG, Vandenput L, Hwang SJ, Whitfield JB, Wijmenga C, Wild SH, Willemsen G, Wilson JF, Witteman JCM, Wong A, Wong Q, Jamshidi Y, Zitting P, Boer JMA, Boomsma DI, Borecki IB, van Duijn CM, Ekelund U, Forouhi NG, Froguel P, Hingorani A, Ingelsson E, Kivimaki M, Kronmal RA, Kuh D, Lind L, Martin NG, Oostra BA, Pedersen NL, Quertermous T, Rotter JI, van der Schouw YT, Verschuren WMM, Walker M, Albanes D, Arnar DO, Assimes TL, Bandinelli S, Boehnke M, de Boer RA, Bouchard C, Caulfield WLM, Chambers JC, Curhan G, Cusi D, Eriksson J, Ferrucci L, van Gilst WH, Glorioso N, de Graaf J, Groop L, Gyllensten U, Hsueh WC, Hu FB, Huikuri HV, Hunter DJ, Iribarren C, Isomaa B, Jarvelin MR, Jula A, Kähönen M, Kiemeney LA, van der Klauw MM, Kooner JS, Kraft P, Iacoviello L, Lehtimäki T, Lokki MLL, Mitchell BD, Navis G, Nieminen MS, Ohlsson C, Poulter NR, Qi L, Raitakari OT, Rimm EB, Rioux JD, Rizzi F, Rudan I, Salomaa V, Sever PS, Shields DC, Shuldiner AR, Sinisalo J, Stanton AV, Stolk RP, Strachan DP, Tardif JC, Thorsteinsdottir U, Tuomilehto J, van Veldhuisen DJ, Virtamo J, Viikari J, Vollenweider P, Waeber G, Widen E, Cho YS, Olsen JV, Visscher PM, Willer C, Franke L, Erdmann J, Thompson JR, Pfeufer A, Sotoodehnia N, Newton-Cheh C, Ellinor PT, Stricker BHC, Metspalu A, Perola M, Beckmann JS, Smith GD, Stefansson K, Wareham NJ, Munroe PB, Sibon OCM, Milan DJ, Snieder H, Samani NJ, Loos RJF. Identification of heart rate-associated loci and their effects on cardiac conduction and rhythm disorders. Nat Genet 2013; 45:621-31. [PMID: 23583979 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Elevated resting heart rate is associated with greater risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality. In a 2-stage meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies in up to 181,171 individuals, we identified 14 new loci associated with heart rate and confirmed associations with all 7 previously established loci. Experimental downregulation of gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster and Danio rerio identified 20 genes at 11 loci that are relevant for heart rate regulation and highlight a role for genes involved in signal transmission, embryonic cardiac development and the pathophysiology of dilated cardiomyopathy, congenital heart failure and/or sudden cardiac death. In addition, genetic susceptibility to increased heart rate is associated with altered cardiac conduction and reduced risk of sick sinus syndrome, and both heart rate-increasing and heart rate-decreasing variants associate with risk of atrial fibrillation. Our findings provide fresh insights into the mechanisms regulating heart rate and identify new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel den Hoed
- Medical Research Council MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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van der Loos MJHM, Rietveld CA, Eklund N, Koellinger PD, Rivadeneira F, Abecasis GR, Ankra-Badu GA, Baumeister SE, Benjamin DJ, Biffar R, Blankenberg S, Boomsma DI, Cesarini D, Cucca F, de Geus EJC, Dedoussis G, Deloukas P, Dimitriou M, Eiriksdottir G, Eriksson J, Gieger C, Gudnason V, Höhne B, Holle R, Hottenga JJ, Isaacs A, Järvelin MR, Johannesson M, Kaakinen M, Kähönen M, Kanoni S, Laaksonen MA, Lahti J, Launer LJ, Lehtimäki T, Loitfelder M, Magnusson PKE, Naitza S, Oostra BA, Perola M, Petrovic K, Quaye L, Raitakari O, Ripatti S, Scheet P, Schlessinger D, Schmidt CO, Schmidt H, Schmidt R, Senft A, Smith AV, Spector TD, Surakka I, Svento R, Terracciano A, Tikkanen E, van Duijn CM, Viikari J, Völzke H, Wichmann HE, Wild PS, Willems SM, Willemsen G, van Rooij FJA, Groenen PJF, Uitterlinden AG, Hofman A, Thurik AR. The molecular genetic architecture of self-employment. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60542. [PMID: 23593239 PMCID: PMC3617140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Economic variables such as income, education, and occupation are known to affect mortality and morbidity, such as cardiovascular disease, and have also been shown to be partly heritable. However, very little is known about which genes influence economic variables, although these genes may have both a direct and an indirect effect on health. We report results from the first large-scale collaboration that studies the molecular genetic architecture of an economic variable-entrepreneurship-that was operationalized using self-employment, a widely-available proxy. Our results suggest that common SNPs when considered jointly explain about half of the narrow-sense heritability of self-employment estimated in twin data (σ(g)(2)/σ(P)(2) = 25%, h(2) = 55%). However, a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies across sixteen studies comprising 50,627 participants did not identify genome-wide significant SNPs. 58 SNPs with p<10(-5) were tested in a replication sample (n = 3,271), but none replicated. Furthermore, a gene-based test shows that none of the genes that were previously suggested in the literature to influence entrepreneurship reveal significant associations. Finally, SNP-based genetic scores that use results from the meta-analysis capture less than 0.2% of the variance in self-employment in an independent sample (p≥0.039). Our results are consistent with a highly polygenic molecular genetic architecture of self-employment, with many genetic variants of small effect. Although self-employment is a multi-faceted, heavily environmentally influenced, and biologically distal trait, our results are similar to those for other genetically complex and biologically more proximate outcomes, such as height, intelligence, personality, and several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs J H M van der Loos
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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148
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Minică CC, Dolan CV, Hottenga JJ, Willemsen G, Vink JM, Boomsma DI. The use of imputed sibling genotypes in sibship-based association analysis: on modeling alternatives, power and model misspecification. Behav Genet 2013; 43:254-66. [PMID: 23519635 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-013-9590-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
When phenotypic, but no genotypic data are available for relatives of participants in genetic association studies, previous research has shown that family-based imputed genotypes can boost the statistical power when included in such studies. Here, using simulations, we compared the performance of two statistical approaches suitable to model imputed genotype data: the mixture approach, which involves the full distribution of the imputed genotypes and the dosage approach, where the mean of the conditional distribution features as the imputed genotype. Simulations were run by varying sibship size, size of the phenotypic correlations among siblings, imputation accuracy and minor allele frequency of the causal SNP. Furthermore, as imputing sibling data and extending the model to include sibships of size two or greater requires modeling the familial covariance matrix, we inquired whether model misspecification affects power. Finally, the results obtained via simulations were empirically verified in two datasets with continuous phenotype data (height) and with a dichotomous phenotype (smoking initiation). Across the settings considered, the mixture and the dosage approach are equally powerful and both produce unbiased parameter estimates. In addition, the likelihood-ratio test in the linear mixed model appears to be robust to the considered misspecification in the background covariance structure, given low to moderate phenotypic correlations among siblings. Empirical results show that the inclusion in association analysis of imputed sibling genotypes does not always result in larger test statistic. The actual test statistic may drop in value due to small effect sizes. That is, if the power benefit is small, that the change in distribution of the test statistic under the alternative is relatively small, the probability is greater of obtaining a smaller test statistic. As the genetic effects are typically hypothesized to be small, in practice, the decision on whether family-based imputation could be used as a means to increase power should be informed by prior power calculations and by the consideration of the background correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia C Minică
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Peyrot WJ, Middeldorp CM, Jansen R, Smit JH, de Geus EJC, Hottenga JJ, Willemsen G, Vink JM, Virding S, Barragan I, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Sim SC, Boomsma DI, Penninx BWJH. Strong effects of environmental factors on prevalence and course of major depressive disorder are not moderated by 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms in a large Dutch sample. J Affect Disord 2013; 146:91-9. [PMID: 23021380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Revised: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is ongoing interest in the possible interaction of the serotonin-transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) with environmental factors in determining Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). The current study contributes to this research area by comprehensively examining the interaction-effects and direct-effects of 5-HTTLPR and five environmental factors on MDD prevalence and course in a well-characterized longitudinal sample. METHODS The sample consisted of 1625 patients with a CIDI-confirmed diagnosis of MDD and 1698 screened controls from the Netherlands. Four MDD outcomes were studied as dependent variables: one main MDD prevalence-outcome (all MDD), two more severe MDD prevalence-outcomes (suicidal and chronic MDD), and one MDD course outcome (chronic versus non-chronic MDD). Because SNP rs25531 modifies the effect of 5-HTTLPR, haplotypes of 5-HTTLPR and rs25531 were measured. For the four MDD outcome measures, we examined the direct effects of 5-HTTLPR/rs25531-haplotypes, five environmental factors (lifetime and recent stressful life-events, sexual abuse, low educational attainment, and childhood trauma) and their interaction in logistic regression models. RESULTS The environmental factors had large and consistent effects on all four MDD outcomes, including course of MDD. The 5-HTTLPR/rs25531-haplotype had a suggestive effect on course of MDD, but not on presence of MDD. Gene-by-environment interaction was significant (<0.05) for one of the 20 tests performed, which is not more than expected by chance. LIMITATIONS Environmental factors were not assessed before the onset of MDD. CONCLUSIONS Environmental factors had a strong impact on the presence and course of MDD, but no evidence for gene-by-environment interaction was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter J Peyrot
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Amin N, Hottenga JJ, Hansell NK, Janssens ACJW, de Moor MHM, Madden PAF, Zorkoltseva IV, Penninx BW, Terracciano A, Uda M, Tanaka T, Esko T, Realo A, Ferrucci L, Luciano M, Davies G, Metspalu A, Abecasis GR, Deary IJ, Raikkonen K, Bierut LJ, Costa PT, Saviouk V, Zhu G, Kirichenko AV, Isaacs A, Aulchenko YS, Willemsen G, Heath AC, Pergadia ML, Medland SE, Axenovich TI, de Geus E, Montgomery GW, Wright MJ, Oostra BA, Martin NG, Boomsma DI, van Duijn CM. Refining genome-wide linkage intervals using a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies identifies loci influencing personality dimensions. Eur J Hum Genet 2012; 21:876-82. [PMID: 23211697 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2012.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Personality traits are complex phenotypes related to psychosomatic health. Individually, various gene finding methods have not achieved much success in finding genetic variants associated with personality traits. We performed a meta-analysis of four genome-wide linkage scans (N=6149 subjects) of five basic personality traits assessed with the NEO Five-Factor Inventory. We compared the significant regions from the meta-analysis of linkage scans with the results of a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) (N∼17 000). We found significant evidence of linkage of neuroticism to chromosome 3p14 (rs1490265, LOD=4.67) and to chromosome 19q13 (rs628604, LOD=3.55); of extraversion to 14q32 (ATGG002, LOD=3.3); and of agreeableness to 3p25 (rs709160, LOD=3.67) and to two adjacent regions on chromosome 15, including 15q13 (rs970408, LOD=4.07) and 15q14 (rs1055356, LOD=3.52) in the individual scans. In the meta-analysis, we found strong evidence of linkage of extraversion to 4q34, 9q34, 10q24 and 11q22, openness to 2p25, 3q26, 9p21, 11q24, 15q26 and 19q13 and agreeableness to 4q34 and 19p13. Significant evidence of association in the GWAS was detected between openness and rs677035 at 11q24 (P-value=2.6 × 10(-06), KCNJ1). The findings of our linkage meta-analysis and those of the GWAS suggest that 11q24 is a susceptible locus for openness, with KCNJ1 as the possible candidate gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najaf Amin
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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