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Fu R, Xu J, Guo Q, Liu T, Su X, Xu M, Zhao X, Wang F, Ji L, Qian W, Hou S, Li J, Zhang D, Guo H. Highly drug/target-tolerant neutralizing antibody (NAb) assay development through target-based drug depletion and drug-based NAb extraction for an anti-EGFR therapeutic monoclonal antibody. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 241:116006. [PMID: 38309099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
The reduction of immunogenicity is fundamental for the development of biobetter Erbitux, given that the development of an immune response reduces treatment efficacy and may lead to potential side effects. One of the requirements for the clinical research of a Erbitux biobetter candidate (CMAB009) is to develop a neutralizing antibody (NAb) assay, and sufficient drug and target tolerance for the assay is necessary. Here, we describe the development of a competitive ligand binding (CLB) assay for CMAB009 with high drug and target tolerance through target-based drug depletion and drug-based NAb extraction, the integrated experimental strategy was implemented to simultaneously mitigate drug interference and enhance target tolerance. Following troubleshooting and optimization, the NAb assay was validated for clinical sample analysis with the sensitivity of 92 ng/mL, drug tolerance of 70 μg/mL and target tolerance of 798 ng/mL. The innovative drug depletion and NAb extraction achieved though the combination of drug and target beads would enable the development of reliable NAb assays for many other therapeutics that overcome drug and its target interference for more precise and sensitive NAb assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Fu
- State key laboratory of macromolecular drugs and large-scale manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Xu
- State key laboratory of macromolecular drugs and large-scale manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, China; State key laboratory of macromolecular drugs and large-scale manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qingcheng Guo
- State key laboratory of macromolecular drugs and large-scale manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, China; State key laboratory of macromolecular drugs and large-scale manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Taizhou Mabtech Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Taizhou, China
| | - Tao Liu
- State key laboratory of macromolecular drugs and large-scale manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, China; State key laboratory of macromolecular drugs and large-scale manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Department of Oncology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyi Su
- State key laboratory of macromolecular drugs and large-scale manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, China; State key laboratory of macromolecular drugs and large-scale manufacturing, Shanghai Zhangjiang Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengjiao Xu
- State key laboratory of macromolecular drugs and large-scale manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- State key laboratory of macromolecular drugs and large-scale manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, China
| | - Fugui Wang
- State key laboratory of macromolecular drugs and large-scale manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, China
| | - Lusha Ji
- State key laboratory of macromolecular drugs and large-scale manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, China; State key laboratory of macromolecular drugs and large-scale manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weizhu Qian
- State key laboratory of macromolecular drugs and large-scale manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, China; State key laboratory of macromolecular drugs and large-scale manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Sheng Hou
- State key laboratory of macromolecular drugs and large-scale manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, China; State key laboratory of macromolecular drugs and large-scale manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- State key laboratory of macromolecular drugs and large-scale manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, China; State key laboratory of macromolecular drugs and large-scale manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- State key laboratory of macromolecular drugs and large-scale manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, China; State key laboratory of macromolecular drugs and large-scale manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Huaizu Guo
- State key laboratory of macromolecular drugs and large-scale manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai, China; State key laboratory of macromolecular drugs and large-scale manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; State key laboratory of macromolecular drugs and large-scale manufacturing, Shanghai Zhangjiang Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China.
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Bladh O, Greilert-Norin N, Havervall S, Marking U, Aguilera K, Alm JJ, Blom K, Åberg M, Klingström J, Thålin C. Mucosal and Serum Antibodies 3 Weeks after Symptomatic BA.2.86 Infection. N Engl J Med 2023; 389:1626-1628. [PMID: 37888924 PMCID: PMC10755831 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc2310347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kim Blom
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
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3
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Chatterjee D, Tauzin A, Marchitto L, Gong SY, Boutin M, Bourassa C, Beaudoin-Bussières G, Bo Y, Ding S, Laumaea A, Vézina D, Perreault J, Gokool L, Morrisseau C, Arlotto P, Fournier É, Guilbault A, Delisle B, Levade I, Goyette G, Gendron-Lepage G, Medjahed H, De Serres G, Tremblay C, Martel-Laferrière V, Kaufmann DE, Bazin R, Prévost J, Moreira S, Richard J, Côté M, Finzi A. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Spike recognition by plasma from individuals receiving BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination with a 16-week interval between doses. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110429. [PMID: 35216664 PMCID: PMC8823958 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) is fueling the COVID-19 pandemic. Omicron (B.1.1.529) rapidly spread worldwide. The large number of mutations in its Spike raise concerns about a major antigenic drift that could significantly decrease vaccine efficacy and infection-induced immunity. A long interval between BNT162b2 mRNA doses elicits antibodies that efficiently recognize Spikes from different VOCs. Here, we evaluate the recognition of Omicron Spike by plasma from a cohort of SARS-CoV-2 naive and previously infected individuals who received their BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine 16 weeks apart. Omicron Spike is recognized less efficiently than D614G, Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta Spikes. We compare with plasma activity from participants receiving a short (4 weeks) interval regimen. Plasma from individuals of the long-interval cohort recognize and neutralize better the Omicron Spike compared with those who received a short interval. Whether this difference confers any clinical benefit against Omicron remains unknown.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/analysis
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/analysis
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- BNT162 Vaccine/administration & dosage
- BNT162 Vaccine/immunology
- Cohort Studies
- Female
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Immunization Schedule
- Immunization, Secondary/methods
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Quebec
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Time Factors
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccine Potency
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Young Adult
- mRNA Vaccines/administration & dosage
- mRNA Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra Tauzin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Lorie Marchitto
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Shang Yu Gong
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Marianne Boutin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | - Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussières
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Yuxia Bo
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Annemarie Laumaea
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Dani Vézina
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Josée Perreault
- Héma-Québec, Affaires Médicales et Innovation, Quebec, QC G1V 5C3, Canada
| | - Laurie Gokool
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | | | - Éric Fournier
- Laboratoire de Santé Publique du Québec, Institut Nationale de Santé Publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3R5, Canada
| | - Aurélie Guilbault
- Laboratoire de Santé Publique du Québec, Institut Nationale de Santé Publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3R5, Canada
| | - Benjamin Delisle
- Laboratoire de Santé Publique du Québec, Institut Nationale de Santé Publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3R5, Canada
| | - Inès Levade
- Laboratoire de Santé Publique du Québec, Institut Nationale de Santé Publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3R5, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Gaston De Serres
- Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Quebec, QC H2P 1E2, Canada
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Valérie Martel-Laferrière
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Renée Bazin
- Héma-Québec, Affaires Médicales et Innovation, Quebec, QC G1V 5C3, Canada
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Sandrine Moreira
- Laboratoire de Santé Publique du Québec, Institut Nationale de Santé Publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3R5, Canada
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Marceline Côté
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
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Mousa ZS, Abdulamir AS. Application and Validation of SARS-CoV-2 RBD Neutralizing ELISA Assay. Arch Razi Inst 2022; 77:391-402. [PMID: 35891753 PMCID: PMC9288645 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2021.356677.1890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of an approach for detecting the anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)-receptor-binding domain (RBD) neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) by a safe, easy, and rapid technique without requiring the use of live viruses is essential for facing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Depending on competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methodology, the current study assay was designed to simulate the virus-host interaction using purified SARS-COV-2-RBD from the spike protein and the host cell receptor human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protein. The performance of this in-house neutralizing ELISA assay was validated using freshly prepared standards with different known concentrations of the assay. In this regard, a cohort of 50 serum samples from convalescent COVID-19 individuals with different disease severity at different time points post-recovery and a cohort of 50 serum samples from healthy individuals were processed by the in-house developed assay for detecting SARS-CoV-2 nAbs, in comparison with a commercial total anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody assay as a gold standard. The assay obtained a sensitivity of 88% (95% CI: 75.69-95.47) and a specificity of 92% (95% CI: 80.77- 97.78%). A negative strong correlation was demonstrated in the standard curve between the optical density absorbance and log concentration of the nAbs with a statistical measure of r2 (coefficient of determination) = 0.9539. The SARS-COV-2-RBD neutralizing ELISA assay serves as a high throughput qualitative and quantitative tool that can be applied in most laboratory settings without special biosafety requirements to detect anti-RBD nAbs for seroprevalence, pre-clinical, and clinical evaluation of COVID-19 vaccines efficiency and the rapid selection of convalescent plasma donors for the treatment of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z S Mousa
- Baghdad Veterinary Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - A S Abdulamir
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
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5
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Yeo KT, Chia WN, Tan CW, Ong C, Yeo JG, Zhang J, Poh SL, Lim AJM, Sim KHZ, Sutamam N, Chua CJH, Albani S, Wang LF, Chua MC. Neutralizing Activity and SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine mRNA Persistence in Serum and Breastmilk After BNT162b2 Vaccination in Lactating Women. Front Immunol 2022; 12:783975. [PMID: 35087517 PMCID: PMC8787073 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.783975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is limited information on the functional neutralizing capabilities of breastmilk SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies and the potential adulteration of breastmilk with vaccine mRNA after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study of lactating healthcare workers who received the BNT162b2 vaccine and their infants. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies, antibody isotypes (IgG, IgA, IgM) and intact mRNA in serum and breastmilk was evaluated at multiple time points using a surrogate neutralizing assay, ELISA, and PCR, over a 6 week period of the two-dose vaccination given 21 days apart. Results Thirty-five lactating mothers, median age 34 years (IQR 32-36), were included. All had detectable neutralizing antibodies in the serum immediately before dose 2, with significant increase in neutralizing antibody levels 7 days after this dose [median 168.4 IU/ml (IQR 100.7-288.5) compared to 2753.0 IU/ml (IQR 1627.0-4712.0), p <0.001]. Through the two vaccine doses, all mothers had detectable IgG1, IgA and IgM isotypes in their serum, with a notable increase in all three antibody isotypes after dose 2, especially IgG1 levels. Neutralizing antibodies were detected in majority of breastmilk samples a week after dose 2 [median 13.4 IU/ml (IQR 7.0-28.7)], with persistence of these antibodies up to 3 weeks after. Post the second vaccine dose, all (35/35, 100%) mothers had detectable breastmilk SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD-specific IgG1 and IgA antibody and 32/35 (88.6%) mothers with IgM. Transient, low intact vaccine mRNA levels was detected in 20/74 (27%) serum samples from 21 mothers, and 5/309 (2%) breastmilk samples from 4 mothers within 1 weeks of vaccine dose. Five infants, median age 8 months (IQR 7-16), were also recruited - none had detectable neutralizing antibodies or vaccine mRNA in their serum. Conclusion Majority of lactating mothers had detectable SARS-CoV-2 antibody isotypes and neutralizing antibodies in serum and breastmilk, especially after dose 2 of BNT162b2 vaccination. Transient, low levels of vaccine mRNA were detected in the serum of vaccinated mothers with occasional transfer to their breastmilk, but we did not detect evidence of infant sensitization. Importantly, the presence of breastmilk neutralising antibodies likely provides a foundation for passive immunisation of the breastmilk-fed infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee Thai Yeo
- Department of Neonatology, KK Women’s & Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Translational Immunology Institute, Singhealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Paediatrics Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wan Ni Chia
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chee Wah Tan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chengsi Ong
- Paediatrics Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- KK Human Milk Bank, KK Women’s & Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joo Guan Yeo
- Translational Immunology Institute, Singhealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Paediatrics Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, KK Women’s & Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jinyan Zhang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Su Li Poh
- Translational Immunology Institute, Singhealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amanda Jin Mei Lim
- Translational Immunology Institute, Singhealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kirsten Hui Zhi Sim
- Department of Neonatology, KK Women’s & Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nursyuhadah Sutamam
- Translational Immunology Institute, Singhealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Camillus Jian Hui Chua
- Translational Immunology Institute, Singhealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Salvatore Albani
- Translational Immunology Institute, Singhealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Paediatrics Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Singhealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Singhealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mei Chien Chua
- Department of Neonatology, KK Women’s & Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Paediatrics Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- KK Human Milk Bank, KK Women’s & Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
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Karuna S, Li SS, Grant S, Walsh SR, Frank I, Casapia M, Trahey M, Hyrien O, Fisher L, Miner MD, Randhawa AK, Polakowski L, Kublin JG, Corey L, Montefiori D. Neutralizing antibody responses over time in demographically and clinically diverse individuals recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection in the United States and Peru: A cohort study. PLoS Med 2021; 18:e1003868. [PMID: 34871308 PMCID: PMC8687542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People infected with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) experience a wide range of clinical manifestations, from asymptomatic and mild illness to severe illness and death, influenced by age and a variety of comorbidities. Neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) are thought to be a primary immune defense against the virus. Large, diverse, well-characterized cohorts of convalescent individuals provide standardized values to benchmark nAb responses to past SARS-CoV-2 infection and define potentially protective levels of immunity. METHODS AND FINDINGS This analysis comprises an observational cohort of 329 HIV-seronegative adults in the United States (n = 167) and Peru (n = 162) convalescing from SARS-CoV-2 infection from May through October 2020. The mean age was 48 years (range 18 to 86), 54% of the cohort overall was Hispanic, and 34% identified as White. nAb titers were measured in serum by SARS-CoV-2.D614G Spike-pseudotyped virus infection of 293T/ACE2 cells. Multiple linear regression was applied to define associations between nAb titers and demographic variables, disease severity and time from infection or disease onset, and comorbidities within and across US and Peruvian cohorts over time. nAb titers peaked 28 to 42 days post-diagnosis and were higher in participants with a history of severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) (p < 0.001). Diabetes, age >55 years, male sex assigned at birth, and, in some cases, body mass index were also independently associated with higher nAb titers, whereas hypertension was independently associated with lower nAb titers. nAb titers did not differ by race, underlying pulmonary disease or smoking. Two months post-enrollment, nAb ID50 (ID80) titers declined 3.5 (2.8)-fold overall. Study limitations in this observational, convalescent cohort include survivorship bias and missing early viral loads and acute immune responses to correlate with the convalescent responses we observed. CONCLUSIONS In summary, in our cohort, nAb titers after SARS-CoV-2 infection peaked approximately 1 month post-diagnosis and varied by age, sex assigned at birth, disease severity, and underlying comorbidities. Our data show great heterogeneity in nAb responses among people with recent COVID-19, highlighting the challenges of interpreting natural history studies and gauging responses to vaccines and therapeutics among people with recent infection. Our observations illuminate potential correlations of demographic and clinical characteristics with nAb responses, a key element for protection from COVID-19, thus informing development and implementation of preventative and therapeutic strategies globally. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04403880.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Shuying Sue Li
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Shannon Grant
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stephen R. Walsh
- Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ian Frank
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Meg Trahey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ollivier Hyrien
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Leigh Fisher
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Maurine D. Miner
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - April K. Randhawa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Laura Polakowski
- Division of AIDS, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James G. Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David Montefiori
- Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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7
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Chan RWY, Liu S, Cheung JY, Tsun JGS, Chan KC, Chan KYY, Fung GPG, Li AM, Lam HS. The Mucosal and Serological Immune Responses to the Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Vaccines. Front Immunol 2021; 12:744887. [PMID: 34712232 PMCID: PMC8547269 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.744887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although the serological antibody responses induced by SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are well characterized, little is known about their ability to elicit mucosal immunity. Objectives This study aims to examine and compare the mucosal and systemic responses of recipients of two different vaccination platforms: mRNA (Comirnaty) and inactivated virus (CoronaVac). Methods Serial blood and nasal epithelial lining fluid (NELF) samples were collected from the recipients of either Comirnaty or CoronaVac. The plasma and NELF immunoglobulins A and G (IgA and IgG) specific to SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein (S1) and their neutralization effects were quantified. Results Comirnaty induced nasal S1-specific immunoglobulin responses, which were evident as early as 14 ± 2 days after the first dose. In 64% of the subjects, the neutralizing effects of NELF persisted for at least 50 days. Moreover, 85% of Comirnaty recipients exhibited S1-specific IgA and IgG responses in plasma by 14 ± 2 days after the first dose. By 7 ± 2 days after the booster, all plasma samples possessed S1-specific IgA and IgG responses and were neutralizing. The induction of S1-specific plasma antibodies by CoronaVac was IgG dominant, and 83% of the subjects possessed S1-specific IgG by 7 ± 2 days after the booster, with neutralizing effects. Conclusion Comirnaty induces S1-specific IgA and IgG responses with neutralizing activity in the nasal mucosa; a similar response is not seen with CoronaVac. Clinical Implication The presence of a nasal response with mRNA vaccine may provide additional protection compared with inactivated virus vaccine. However, whether such widespread immunological response may produce inadvertent adverse effects in other tissues warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee W. Y. Chan
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR China
- Laboratory for Paediatric Respiratory Research, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR China
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong–University Medical Center Utrecht Joint Research Laboratory of Respiratory Virus and Immunobiology, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR China
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Bay, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Shaojun Liu
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR China
- Laboratory for Paediatric Respiratory Research, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR China
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong–University Medical Center Utrecht Joint Research Laboratory of Respiratory Virus and Immunobiology, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR China
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Bay, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Jonathan Y. Cheung
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR China
- Laboratory for Paediatric Respiratory Research, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR China
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong–University Medical Center Utrecht Joint Research Laboratory of Respiratory Virus and Immunobiology, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR China
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Bay, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Joseph G. S. Tsun
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR China
- Laboratory for Paediatric Respiratory Research, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR China
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong–University Medical Center Utrecht Joint Research Laboratory of Respiratory Virus and Immunobiology, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR China
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Bay, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Kate C. Chan
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR China
- Laboratory for Paediatric Respiratory Research, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Kathy Y. Y. Chan
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR China
- Laboratory for Paediatric Respiratory Research, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Genevieve P. G. Fung
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Albert M. Li
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR China
- Laboratory for Paediatric Respiratory Research, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR China
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Bay, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Hugh Simon Lam
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR China
- Laboratory for Paediatric Respiratory Research, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR China
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Sariol CA, Pantoja P, Serrano-Collazo C, Rosa-Arocho T, Armina-Rodríguez A, Cruz L, Stone ET, Arana T, Climent C, Latoni G, Atehortua D, Pabon-Carrero C, Pinto AK, Brien JD, Espino AM. Function Is More Reliable than Quantity to Follow Up the Humoral Response to the Receptor-Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2-Spike Protein after Natural Infection or COVID-19 Vaccination. Viruses 2021; 13:1972. [PMID: 34696403 PMCID: PMC8538099 DOI: 10.3390/v13101972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Both the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and emergence of variants of concern have highlighted the need for functional antibody assays to monitor the humoral response over time. Antibodies directed against the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 are an important component of the neutralizing antibody response. In this work, we report that in a subset of patients-despite a decline in total S-specific antibodies-neutralizing antibody titers remain at a similar level for an average of 98 days in longitudinal sampling of a cohort of 59 Hispanic/Latino patients exposed to SARS-CoV-2. Our data suggest that 100% of seroconverting patients make detectable neutralizing antibody responses which can be quantified by a surrogate viral neutralization test. Examination of sera from ten out of the 59 subjects which received mRNA-based vaccination revealed that both IgG titers and neutralizing activity of sera were higher after vaccination compared to a cohort of 21 SARS-CoV-2 naïve subjects. One dose was sufficient for the induction of a neutralizing antibody, but two doses were necessary to reach 100% surrogate virus neutralization in subjects irrespective of previous SARS-CoV-2 natural infection status. Like the pattern observed after natural infection, the total anti-S antibodies titers declined after the second vaccine dose; however, neutralizing activity remained relatively constant for more than 80 days after the first vaccine dose. Furthermore, our data indicates that-compared with mRNA vaccination-natural infection induces a more robust humoral immune response in unexposed subjects. This work is an important contribution to understanding the natural immune response to the novel coronavirus in a population severely impacted by SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, by comparing the dynamics of the immune response after the natural infection vs. the vaccination, these findings suggest that functional neutralizing antibody tests are more relevant indicators than the presence or absence of binding antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Sariol
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (L.C.); (T.A.)
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (P.P.); (C.S.-C.); (T.R.-A.); (A.A.-R.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA
| | - Petraleigh Pantoja
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (P.P.); (C.S.-C.); (T.R.-A.); (A.A.-R.)
| | - Crisanta Serrano-Collazo
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (P.P.); (C.S.-C.); (T.R.-A.); (A.A.-R.)
| | - Tiffany Rosa-Arocho
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (P.P.); (C.S.-C.); (T.R.-A.); (A.A.-R.)
| | - Albersy Armina-Rodríguez
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (P.P.); (C.S.-C.); (T.R.-A.); (A.A.-R.)
| | - Lorna Cruz
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (L.C.); (T.A.)
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (P.P.); (C.S.-C.); (T.R.-A.); (A.A.-R.)
| | - E. Taylor Stone
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; (E.T.S.); (A.K.P.); (J.D.B.)
| | - Teresa Arana
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (L.C.); (T.A.)
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (P.P.); (C.S.-C.); (T.R.-A.); (A.A.-R.)
| | - Consuelo Climent
- Blood Bank Medical Center, Medical Center, San Juan, PR 00936, USA;
| | - Gerardo Latoni
- Banco de Sangre de Servicios Mutuos, Guaynabo, PR 00968, USA;
| | - Dianne Atehortua
- Puerto Rico Science, Technology and Research Trust, San Juan, PR 00927, USA; (D.A.); (C.P.-C.)
| | - Christina Pabon-Carrero
- Puerto Rico Science, Technology and Research Trust, San Juan, PR 00927, USA; (D.A.); (C.P.-C.)
| | - Amelia K. Pinto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; (E.T.S.); (A.K.P.); (J.D.B.)
| | - James D. Brien
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; (E.T.S.); (A.K.P.); (J.D.B.)
| | - Ana M. Espino
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (L.C.); (T.A.)
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Fröberg J, Gillard J, Philipsen R, Lanke K, Rust J, van Tuijl D, Teelen K, Bousema T, Simonetti E, van der Gaast-de Jongh CE, Bos M, van Kuppeveld FJ, Bosch BJ, Nabuurs-Franssen M, van der Geest-Blankert N, van Daal C, Huynen MA, de Jonge MI, Diavatopoulos DA. SARS-CoV-2 mucosal antibody development and persistence and their relation to viral load and COVID-19 symptoms. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5621. [PMID: 34556667 PMCID: PMC8460778 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25949-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although serological studies have shown that antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 play an important role in protection against (re)infection, the dynamics of mucosal antibodies during primary infection and their potential impact on viral load and the resolution of disease symptoms remain unclear. During the first pandemic wave, we assessed the longitudinal nasal antibody response in index cases with mild COVID-19 and their household contacts. Nasal and serum antibody responses were analysed for up to nine months. Higher nasal receptor binding domain and spike protein-specific antibody levels at study inclusion were associated with lower viral load. Older age was correlated with more frequent COVID-19 related symptoms. Receptor binding domain and spike protein-specific mucosal antibodies were associated with the resolution of systemic, but not respiratory symptoms. Finally, receptor binding domain and spike protein-specific mucosal antibodies remained elevated up to nine months after symptom onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janeri Fröberg
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Section Paediatric Infectious Diseases, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joshua Gillard
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Section Paediatric Infectious Diseases, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Centre for molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ria Philipsen
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Section Paediatric Infectious Diseases, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- RTC CS Radboud Technology Center Clinical Studies, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kjerstin Lanke
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joyce Rust
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Section Paediatric Infectious Diseases, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- RTC CS Radboud Technology Center Clinical Studies, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Diana van Tuijl
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Section Paediatric Infectious Diseases, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- RTC CS Radboud Technology Center Clinical Studies, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karina Teelen
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Teun Bousema
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elles Simonetti
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Section Paediatric Infectious Diseases, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christa E van der Gaast-de Jongh
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Section Paediatric Infectious Diseases, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mariska Bos
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Section Paediatric Infectious Diseases, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J van Kuppeveld
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Berend-Jan Bosch
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marrigje Nabuurs-Franssen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Charlotte van Daal
- Department of Occupational Health, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn A Huynen
- Centre for molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marien I de Jonge
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Section Paediatric Infectious Diseases, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitri A Diavatopoulos
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Section Paediatric Infectious Diseases, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Kulkarni R, Chen WC, Lee Y, Kao CF, Hu SL, Ma HH, Jan JT, Liao CC, Liang JJ, Ko HY, Sun CP, Lin YS, Wang YC, Wei SC, Lin YL, Ma C, Chao YC, Chou YC, Chang W. Vaccinia virus-based vaccines confer protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 virus in Syrian hamsters. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257191. [PMID: 34499677 PMCID: PMC8428573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 in humans is caused by Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that belongs to the beta family of coronaviruses. SARS-CoV-2 causes severe respiratory illness in 10-15% of infected individuals and mortality in 2-3%. Vaccines are urgently needed to prevent infection and to contain viral spread. Although several mRNA- and adenovirus-based vaccines are highly effective, their dependence on the "cold chain" transportation makes global vaccination a difficult task. In this context, a stable lyophilized vaccine may present certain advantages. Accordingly, establishing additional vaccine platforms remains vital to tackle SARS-CoV-2 and any future variants that may arise. Vaccinia virus (VACV) has been used to eradicate smallpox disease, and several attenuated viral strains with enhanced safety for human applications have been developed. We have generated two candidate SARS-CoV-2 vaccines based on two vaccinia viral strains, MVA and v-NY, that express full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Whereas MVA is growth-restricted in mammalian cells, the v-NY strain is replication-competent. We demonstrate that both candidate recombinant vaccines induce high titers of neutralizing antibodies in C57BL/6 mice vaccinated according to prime-boost regimens. Furthermore, our vaccination regimens generated TH1-biased immune responses in mice. Most importantly, prime-boost vaccination of a Syrian hamster infection model with MVA-S and v-NY-S protected the hamsters against SARS-CoV-2 infection, supporting that these two vaccines are promising candidates for future development. Finally, our vaccination regimens generated neutralizing antibodies that partially cross-neutralized SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kulkarni
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, National Defense Medical Center, Academia Sinica and Graduate Institute of Life Science, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ching Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying Lee
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Fei Kao
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiu-Lok Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Hsiu-Hua Ma
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Tsrong Jan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Che Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Jong Liang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ying Ko
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Pu Sun
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Shoiou Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chiuan Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Academi Sinica SPF Animal Facility, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Chan Wei
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biomedical Translation Research Center (BioTReC), Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Che Ma
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chan Chao
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Chou
- Biomedical Translation Research Center (BioTReC), Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen Chang
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, National Defense Medical Center, Academia Sinica and Graduate Institute of Life Science, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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11
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McDade TW, Demonbreun AR, Sancilio A, Mustanski B, D'Aquila RT, McNally EM. Durability of antibody response to vaccination and surrogate neutralization of emerging variants based on SARS-CoV-2 exposure history. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17325. [PMID: 34462501 PMCID: PMC8405730 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96879-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dose messenger RNA vaccines against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are highly effective in preventing symptomatic COVID-19 infection. However, the durability of protection is not known, nor is the effectiveness against emerging viral variants. Additionally, vaccine responses may differ based on prior SARS-CoV-2 exposure history. To investigate protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants we measured binding and neutralizing antibody responses following both vaccine doses. We document significant declines in antibody levels three months post-vaccination, and reduced neutralization of emerging variants, highlighting the need to identify correlates of clinical protection to inform the timing of and indications for booster vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W McDade
- Northwestern University, 1810 Hinman Avenue, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
| | - Alexis R Demonbreun
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Amelia Sancilio
- Northwestern University, 1810 Hinman Avenue, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Brian Mustanski
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Richard T D'Aquila
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Elizabeth M McNally
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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12
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Moore CM, Grandits M, Grünwald-Gruber C, Altmann F, Kotouckova M, Teh AYH, Ma JKC. Characterisation of a highly potent and near pan-neutralising anti-HIV monoclonal antibody expressed in tobacco plants. Retrovirology 2021; 18:17. [PMID: 34183026 PMCID: PMC8240387 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-021-00560-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV remains one of the most important health issues worldwide, with almost 40 million people living with HIV. Although patients develop antibodies against the virus, its high mutation rate allows evasion of immune responses. Some patients, however, produce antibodies that are able to bind to, and neutralise different strains of HIV. One such 'broadly neutralising' antibody is 'N6'. Identified in 2016, N6 can neutralise 98% of HIV-1 isolates with a median IC50 of 0.066 µg/mL. This neutralisation breadth makes N6 a very promising therapeutic candidate. RESULTS N6 was expressed in a glycoengineered line of N. benthamiana plants (pN6) and compared to the mammalian cell-expressed equivalent (mN6). Expression at 49 mg/kg (fresh leaf tissue) was achieved in plants, although extraction and purification are more challenging than for most plant-expressed antibodies. N-glycoanalysis demonstrated the absence of xylosylation and a reduction in α(1,3)-fucosylation that are typically found in plant glycoproteins. The N6 light chain contains a potential N-glycosylation site, which was modified and displayed more α(1,3)-fucose than the heavy chain. The binding kinetics of pN6 and mN6, measured by surface plasmon resonance, were similar for HIV gp120. pN6 had a tenfold higher affinity for FcγRIIIa, which was reflected in an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity assay, where pN6 induced a more potent response from effector cells than that of mN6. pN6 demonstrated the same potency and breadth of neutralisation as mN6, against a panel of HIV strains. CONCLUSIONS The successful expression of N6 in tobacco supports the prospect of developing a low-cost, low-tech production platform for a monoclonal antibody cocktail to control HIV in low-to middle income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M. Moore
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection & Immunity, St George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE UK
| | - Melanie Grandits
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection & Immunity, St George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE UK
| | - Clemens Grünwald-Gruber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Kotouckova
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection & Immunity, St George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE UK
| | - Audrey Y.-H. Teh
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection & Immunity, St George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE UK
| | - Julian K.-C. Ma
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection & Immunity, St George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE UK
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14
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Nayak K, Gottimukkala K, Kumar S, Reddy ES, Edara VV, Kauffman R, Floyd K, Mantus G, Savargaonkar D, Goel PK, Arora S, Rahi M, Davis CW, Linderman S, Wrammert J, Suthar MS, Ahmed R, Sharma A, Murali-Krishna K, Chandele A. Characterization of neutralizing versus binding antibodies and memory B cells in COVID-19 recovered individuals from India. Virology 2021; 558:13-21. [PMID: 33706207 PMCID: PMC7934698 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
India is one of the most affected countries by COVID-19 pandemic; but little is understood regarding immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in this region. Herein we examined SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies, IgG, IgM, IgA and memory B cells in COVID-19 recovered individual from India. While a vast majority of COVID-19 recovered individuals showed SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies (38/42, 90.47%; 21/42, 50%; 33/42, 78.57% respectively), only half of them had appreciable neutralizing antibody titers. RBD-specific IgG, but not IgA or IgM titers, correlated with neutralizing antibody titers and RBD-specific memory B cell frequencies. These findings have timely significance for identifying potential donors for plasma therapy using RBD-specific IgG assays as surrogate measurement for neutralizing antibodies in India. Further, this study provides useful information needed for designing large-scale studies towards understanding of inter-individual variation in immune memory to SARS CoV-2 natural infection for future vaccine evaluation and implementation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustuv Nayak
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Center, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Kamalvishnu Gottimukkala
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Center, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Center, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Elluri Seetharami Reddy
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Center, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India; Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Venkata Viswanadh Edara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Robert Kauffman
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Katharine Floyd
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Grace Mantus
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - Pawan Kumar Goel
- Shaheed Hasan Khan Mewat Government Medical College, Nalhar, Mewat, Haryana, India
| | - Satyam Arora
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Super Speciality Pediatric Hospital and Post Graduate Teaching Institute, Noida, UP, India
| | - Manju Rahi
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Carl W Davis
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Deptartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Susanne Linderman
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jens Wrammert
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mehul S Suthar
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Deptartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Amit Sharma
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India; Structural Parasitology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Kaja Murali-Krishna
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Center, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Anmol Chandele
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Center, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India.
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15
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Hu N, Qiao C, Wang J, Wang Z, Li X, Zhou L, Wu J, Zhang D, Feng J, Shen B, Zhang J, Luo L. Identification of a novel protective human monoclonal antibody, LXY8, that targets the key neutralizing epitopes of staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 549:120-127. [PMID: 33667709 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), one of the exotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus, is the key toxin that causes poisoning reactions and toxic shock syndrome. In the current research work, a novel human antibody named LXY8 was screened from a human phage display antibody library, and LXY8 blocked the interaction between SEB and the T cell receptor (TCR). The binding activity between LXY8 and SEB was 0.525 nM. Furthermore, LXY8 could effectively inhibit the SEB-induced activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and release of cytokines. In the BALB/c mouse model, LXY8 effectively neutralized SEB toxicity in vivo. Finally, based on computer-guided molecular modeling, we designed a series of SEB mutation sites; these sites facilitated the determination of the key residues (i.e.176EFNN179) of SEB recognized by LXY8. The research revealed that the 176EFNN179 residues of SEB are important for specific antibody-antigen recognition. The results may be helpful for the development of antibody-based therapy for SEB-induced toxic shock syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naijing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China; School of Medical Devices, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 117004, China.
| | - Chunxia Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Zhihong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Xinying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Liuzhong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Jiaguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Dingmu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Jiannan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Beifen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Jinghai Zhang
- School of Medical Devices, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 117004, China.
| | - Longlong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
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16
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Wang JJ, Zhang N, Richardson SA, Wu JV. Rapid lateral flow tests for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2021; 21:363-370. [PMID: 33840347 PMCID: PMC8054491 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2021.1913123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background: Rapid Lateral Flow Test (LFT) has been broadly utilized in detection or diagnosis of numerous disease-related antigens and antibodies. It is the most popular format of point-of-care test (POCT) and quickest and easiest way to detect a targeted molecule. In the combat against COVID-19 pandemic, hundreds of POCTs have been developed and are commercially available now. They are designed to detect either a SARS-CoV-2 viral antigen or IgG and IgM antibodies binding to it. Among the binding antibodies, a special type of functional antibodies that block the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 virus and its human receptor, neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), are of particular interest to public as well as in vaccination management. However as of today, POCTs for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 NAbs remain under late stage of development.Scope and method:In this review, we first summarize the importance of awareness and monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 NAbs in the combat against COVID-19 pandemic. Secondly, we compare the available methods for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 NAbs. Next, we describe challenges in the development of a rapid lateral flow test for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 NAbs. Finally, we outline its product formats and applications in research and in disease management. Conclusion:Vaccine effectiveness is unknown for an individual unless measured. NAb level is the most viable measurement for vaccine effectiveness or immunity. A broadly accessible NAb POCT is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department Innovation, Novodiax Inc, USA
| | | | - Jin V. Wu
- Department Innovation, Novodiax Inc, USA
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17
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Sakaguchi A, Nakajima C, Sawano A, Tanaka Y, Kurihara Y. Rapid and reliable hybridoma screening method that is suitable for production of functional structure-recognizing monoclonal antibody. J Biosci Bioeng 2021; 131:696-702. [PMID: 33745778 PMCID: PMC7972868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are extremely valuable functional biomaterials that are widely used not only in life science research but also in antibody drugs and test drugs. There is also a strong need to develop high-quality neutralizing antibodies as soon as possible in order to stop the rapid spread of new infectious diseases such as the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This study has developed a membrane-type immunoglobulin-directed hybridoma screening (MIHS) method for obtaining high-quality monoclonal antibodies with high efficiency and high speed. In addition to these advantages, this paper demonstrates that the MIHS method can selectively obtain monoclonal antibodies that specifically recognize the functional structure of proteins. The MIHS method is a useful technology that greatly contributes to the research community because it can be easily introduced in any laboratory that uses a flow cytometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsumi Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Chika Nakajima
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Ayuko Sawano
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, College of Engineering Sciences, Yokohama National University, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Tanaka
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Yokohama National University, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kurihara
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan.
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18
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Abstract
We recently experienced a patient with viral isolation by culture 4 months after the acute infection. an 83-year-old Japanese man visited our outpatient clinic with symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection. The patient was diagnosed with a COVID-19 infection by a quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) test. Three months after his clinic visit, he had regained most of his pre-COVID-19 level of health. However, qRT-PCR tests continued to be positive. At day 111, specimens from a nasopharyngeal swab and sputum were inoculated into VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells.(1) Three to five days post-inoculation, cytopathic effects were observed, and viral RNA was detected in the culture supernatant by qRT-PCR (Ct values: 29–37). The culture supernatant of the VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells cocultured with the nasopharyngeal swab was passaged to the fresh VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells, and after 3 days of the passage, cytopathic effect was observed again. In the supernatant of the passaged cell culture, viral RNA was detected by qRT-PCR (Ct value: 29). By sequencing the qRT-PCR product using Illumina iSEQ100, the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA sequence was verified. These results indicate the presence of infectious SARS-CoV-2 in the nasopharyngeal specimen even at day 111. Although SARS-CoV-2 was present, the patient developed neutralizing antibodies by a microtiter method. We tested but did not isolate SARS-CoV-2 in samples of saliva, urine, blood, or stool. Patients with ongoing symptoms of COVID-19, long-haulers, could be chronically infected with COVID-19, although they might be incapable of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshikazu Abe
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tsukuba Memorial Hospital, Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Health Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Corresponding Author. Toshikazu Abe, MD, MPH, PhD, Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tsukuba Memorial Hospital, 1187-299, Kaname, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2622, Japan ()
| | - Terumasa Ikeda
- Division of Molecular Virology & Genetics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Tokuda
- Department of Medicine, Muribushi Okinawa Center for Teaching Hospitals, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Jumpei Ito
- Division of Systems Virology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Chisato Narahara
- Division of Molecular Virology & Genetics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Iriyama
- Department of General Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Sato
- Division of Systems Virology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Shetti NP, Mishra A, Bukkitgar SD, Basu S, Narang J, Raghava Reddy K, Aminabhavi TM. Conventional and Nanotechnology-Based Sensing Methods for SARS Coronavirus (2019-nCoV). ACS Appl Bio Mater 2021; 4:1178-1190. [PMID: 34192244 PMCID: PMC7874501 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ongoing pandemic coronavirus (COVID-19) has affected over 218 countries and infected 88,512,243 and 1,906,853 deaths reported by Jan. 8, 2021. At present, vaccines are being developed in Europe, Russia, USA, and China, although some of these are in phase III of trials, which are waiting to be available for the general public. The only option available now is by vigorous testing, isolation of the infected cases, and maintaining physical and social distances. Numerous methods are now available or being developed for testing the suspected cases, which may act as carriers of the virus. In this review, efforts have been made to discuss the conventional as well as fast, rapid, and efficient testing methods developed for the diagnosis of 2019-nCoV.Testing methods can be based on the sensing of targets, which include RNA, spike proteins and antibodies such as IgG and IgM. Apart from the development of RNA targeted PCR, antibody and VSV pseudovirus neutralization assay along with several other diagnostic techniques have been developed. Additionally, nanotechnology-based sensors are being developed for the diagnosis of the virus, and these are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagaraj P. Shetti
- Center
for Electrochemical Science and Materials, Department of Chemistry, K.L.E. Institute of Technology, Hubballi 580 027, Karnataka, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212,South Korea
| | - Shikandar D. Bukkitgar
- Center
for Electrochemical Science and Materials, Department of Chemistry, K.L.E. Institute of Technology, Hubballi 580 027, Karnataka, India
| | - Soumen Basu
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute
of Engineering & Technology, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India
| | - Jagriti Narang
- Department
of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard
Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Kakarla Raghava Reddy
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Tejraj M. Aminabhavi
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Engineering, SET’s
College of Pharmacy, Dharwad, Karnataka 580 002, India
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20
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Putcharoen O, Wacharapluesadee S, Chia WN, Paitoonpong L, Tan CW, Suwanpimolkul G, Jantarabenjakul W, Ruchisrisarod C, Wanthong P, Sophonphan J, Chariyavilaskul P, Wang LF, Hemachudha T. Early detection of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients in Thailand. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246864. [PMID: 33577615 PMCID: PMC7880427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) is an indicator of protective immunity for most viral infections. A newly developed surrogate viral neutralization assay (sVNT) offers the ability to detect total receptor binding domain-targeting NAbs in an isotype-independent manner, increasing the test sensitivity. Thus, specimens with low IgM/ IgG antibody levels showed strong neutralization activity in sVNT. METHODS This study aimed to measure the %inhibition of NAbs measured by sVNT in PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients. The sensitivity of sVNT for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its kinetics were determined. RESULTS Ninety-seven patients with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were included in this study. Majority of the patients were 21-40 years old (67%) and 63% had mild symptoms. The sensitivity of sVNT for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection was 99% (95% confidence interval (CI) 94.4-100%) and the specificity was 100% (95% CI 98.3-100%). The negative predictive value of sVNT from the samples collected before and after 7 days of symptom onset was 99.5% (95% CI 97.4-100%) and 100% (95% CI 93.8-100%), respectively. The level of inhibition at days 8-14 were significantly higher than days 0-7 (p<0.001). The median %inhibition values by severity of COVID-19 symptoms were 79.9% (interquartile range (IQR) 49.7-91.8%); 89.0% (IQR 71.2-92.4%); and 86.6% (IQR 69.5-92.8%), for mild, moderate and severe/critical symptoms respectively. The median level of sVNT %inhibition of severe was significantly higher than the mild group (p = 0.05). CONCLUSION The sVNT is a practical and robust serological test for SARS-CoV-2 infection and does not require specialized biosafety containment. It can be used clinically to aid diagnosis in both early and late infection especially in cases when the real-time RT-PCR results in weakly negative or weakly positive, and to determine the protective immune response from SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Opass Putcharoen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Clinical Centre, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
| | - Supaporn Wacharapluesadee
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Health Science Centre World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wan Ni Chia
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Leilani Paitoonpong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Clinical Centre, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chee Wah Tan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gompol Suwanpimolkul
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Clinical Centre, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Watsamon Jantarabenjakul
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Clinical Centre, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanida Ruchisrisarod
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Health Science Centre World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Phanni Wanthong
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Health Science Centre World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jiratchaya Sophonphan
- The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration (HIV-NAT), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pajaree Chariyavilaskul
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacogenomics Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thiravat Hemachudha
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Health Science Centre World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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21
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Garcia-Beltran WF, Lam EC, Astudillo MG, Yang D, Miller TE, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Caradonna TM, Clayton KL, Nitido AD, Murali MR, Alter G, Charles RC, Dighe A, Branda JA, Lennerz JK, Lingwood D, Schmidt AG, Iafrate AJ, Balazs AB. COVID-19-neutralizing antibodies predict disease severity and survival. Cell 2021; 184:476-488.e11. [PMID: 33412089 PMCID: PMC7837114 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 157.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) exhibits variable symptom severity ranging from asymptomatic to life-threatening, yet the relationship between severity and the humoral immune response is poorly understood. We examined antibody responses in 113 COVID-19 patients and found that severe cases resulting in intubation or death exhibited increased inflammatory markers, lymphopenia, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and high anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) antibody levels. Although anti-RBD immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels generally correlated with neutralization titer, quantitation of neutralization potency revealed that high potency was a predictor of survival. In addition to neutralization of wild-type SARS-CoV-2, patient sera were also able to neutralize the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 mutant D614G, suggesting cross-protection from reinfection by either strain. However, SARS-CoV-2 sera generally lacked cross-neutralization to a highly homologous pre-emergent bat coronavirus, WIV1-CoV, which has not yet crossed the species barrier. These results highlight the importance of neutralizing humoral immunity on disease progression and the need to develop broadly protective interventions to prevent future coronavirus pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evan C Lam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael G Astudillo
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Diane Yang
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Tyler E Miller
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Blake M Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Kiera L Clayton
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Adam D Nitido
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mandakolathur R Murali
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Richelle C Charles
- Infectious Disease Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Anand Dighe
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - John A Branda
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jochen K Lennerz
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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22
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Jeewandara C, Jayathilaka D, Gomes L, Wijewickrama A, Narangoda E, Idampitiya D, Guruge D, Wijayamuni R, Manilgama S, Ogg GS, Tan CW, Wang LF, Malavige GN. SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies in patients with varying severity of acute COVID-19 illness. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2062. [PMID: 33479465 PMCID: PMC7819970 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81629-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to support vaccine development, and to aid convalescent plasma therapy, it would be important to understand the kinetics, timing and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), and their association with clinical disease severity. Therefore, we used a surrogate viral neutralization test to evaluate their levels in patients with varying severity of illness, in those with prolonged shedding and those with mild/asymptomatic illness at various time points. Patients with severe or moderate COVID-19 illness had earlier appearance of NAbs at higher levels compared to those with mild or asymptomatic illness. Furthermore, those who had prolonged shedding of the virus, had NAbs appearing faster and at higher levels than those who cleared the virus earlier. During the first week of illness the NAb levels of those with mild illness was significantly less (p = 0.01), compared to those with moderate and severe illness. At the end of 4 weeks (28 days), although 89% had NAbs, 38/76 (50%) in those with > 90 days had a negative result for the presence of NAbs. The Ab levels significantly declined during convalescence (> 90 days since onset of illness), compared to 4 to 8 weeks since onset of illness. Our data show that high levels of NAbs during early illness associated with clinical disease severity and that these antibodies declined in 50% of individuals after 3 months since onset of illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandima Jeewandara
- Centre for Dengue Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayawardenapura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
- Allergy, Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Deshni Jayathilaka
- Centre for Dengue Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayawardenapura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Laksiri Gomes
- Centre for Dengue Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayawardenapura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Graham S Ogg
- Centre for Dengue Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayawardenapura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chee Wah Tan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gathsaurie Neelika Malavige
- Centre for Dengue Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayawardenapura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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23
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Rahikainen R, Rijal P, Tan TK, Wu H, Andersson AC, Barrett JR, Bowden TA, Draper SJ, Townsend AR, Howarth M. Overcoming Symmetry Mismatch in Vaccine Nanoassembly through Spontaneous Amidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:321-330. [PMID: 32886840 PMCID: PMC7821241 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Matching of symmetry at interfaces is a fundamental obstacle in molecular assembly. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are important vaccine platforms against pathogenic threats, including Covid-19. However, symmetry mismatch can prohibit vaccine nanoassembly. We established an approach for coupling VLPs to diverse antigen symmetries. SpyCatcher003 enabled efficient VLP conjugation and extreme thermal resilience. Many people had pre-existing antibodies to SpyTag:SpyCatcher but less to the 003 variants. We coupled the computer-designed VLP not only to monomers (SARS-CoV-2) but also to cyclic dimers (Newcastle disease, Lyme disease), trimers (influenza hemagglutinins), and tetramers (influenza neuraminidases). Even an antigen with dihedral symmetry could be displayed. For the global challenge of influenza, SpyTag-mediated display of trimer and tetramer antigens strongly induced neutralizing antibodies. SpyCatcher003 conjugation enables nanodisplay of diverse symmetries towards generation of potent vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolle Rahikainen
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QUUK
| | - Pramila Rijal
- MRC Human Immunology UnitMRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineRadcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX3 9DSUK
| | - Tiong Kit Tan
- MRC Human Immunology UnitMRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineRadcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX3 9DSUK
| | - Hung‐Jen Wu
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QUUK
| | - Anne‐Marie C. Andersson
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QUUK
- Current address: InProTher ApsOle Maaløes Vej 32200KøbenhavnDenmark
| | | | - Thomas A. Bowden
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX3 7BNUK
| | | | - Alain R. Townsend
- MRC Human Immunology UnitMRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineRadcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX3 9DSUK
| | - Mark Howarth
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QUUK
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24
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Schmidt F, Weisblum Y, Muecksch F, Hoffmann HH, Michailidis E, Lorenzi JC, Mendoza P, Rutkowska M, Bednarski E, Gaebler C, Agudelo M, Cho A, Wang Z, Gazumyan A, Cipolla M, Caskey M, Robbiani DF, Nussenzweig MC, Rice CM, Hatziioannou T, Bieniasz PD. Measuring SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody activity using pseudotyped and chimeric viruses. J Exp Med 2020; 217:e20201181. [PMID: 32692348 PMCID: PMC7372514 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and the ensuing explosive epidemic of COVID-19 disease has generated a need for assays to rapidly and conveniently measure the antiviral activity of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies. Here, we describe a collection of approaches based on SARS-CoV-2 spike-pseudotyped, single-cycle, replication-defective human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1), and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), as well as a replication-competent VSV/SARS-CoV-2 chimeric virus. While each surrogate virus exhibited subtle differences in the sensitivity with which neutralizing activity was detected, the neutralizing activity of both convalescent plasma and human monoclonal antibodies measured using each virus correlated quantitatively with neutralizing activity measured using an authentic SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assay. The assays described herein are adaptable to high throughput and are useful tools in the evaluation of serologic immunity conferred by vaccination or prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as the potency of convalescent plasma or human monoclonal antibodies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/analysis
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/analysis
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Betacoronavirus/genetics
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- COVID-19
- Cell Line
- Chimera/genetics
- Chimera/immunology
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- HEK293 Cells
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoassay/methods
- Neutralization Tests/methods
- Pandemics
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Recombination, Genetic
- SARS-CoV-2
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Vero Cells
- Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus/genetics
- Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Schmidt
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Yiska Weisblum
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Frauke Muecksch
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Julio C.C. Lorenzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Pilar Mendoza
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | | | - Eva Bednarski
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Christian Gaebler
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Marianna Agudelo
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Alice Cho
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Zijun Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Anna Gazumyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Melissa Cipolla
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Marina Caskey
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Davide F. Robbiani
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Michel C. Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Charles M. Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | | | - Paul D. Bieniasz
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
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25
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Wu F, Liu M, Wang A, Lu L, Wang Q, Gu C, Chen J, Wu Y, Xia S, Ling Y, Zhang Y, Xun J, Zhang R, Xie Y, Jiang S, Zhu T, Lu H, Wen Y, Huang J. Evaluating the Association of Clinical Characteristics With Neutralizing Antibody Levels in Patients Who Have Recovered From Mild COVID-19 in Shanghai, China. JAMA Intern Med 2020. [PMID: 32808970 DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.30.20047365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) threatens global public health. The association between clinical characteristics of the virus and neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against this virus have not been well studied. OBJECTIVE To examine the association between clinical characteristics and levels of NAbs in patients who recovered from COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this cohort study, a total of 175 patients with mild symptoms of COVID-19 who were hospitalized from January 24 to February 26, 2020, were followed up until March 16, 2020, at Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China. EXPOSURES SARS-CoV-2 infections were diagnosed and confirmed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction testing of nasopharyngeal samples. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was SARS-CoV-2-specific NAb titers. Secondary outcomes included spike-binding antibodies, cross-reactivity against SARS-associated CoV, kinetics of NAb development, and clinical information, including age, sex, disease duration, length of stay, lymphocyte counts, and blood C-reactive protein level. RESULTS Of the 175 patients with COVID-19, 93 were female (53%); the median age was 50 (interquartile range [IQR], 37-63) years. The median length of hospital stay was 16 (IQR, 13-21) days, and the median disease duration was 22 (IQR, 18-26) days. Variable levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific NAbs were observed at the time of discharge (50% inhibitory dose [ID50], 1076 [IQR, 448-2048]). There were 10 patients whose NAb titers were less than the detectable level of the assay (ID50, <40), and 2 patients who showed very high titers of NAbs, with ID50 levels of 15 989 and 21 567. NAbs were detected in patients from day 4 to 6 and reached peak levels from day 10 to 15 after disease onset. NAbs were unable to cross-react with SARS-associated CoV and NAb titers correlated with the spike-binding antibodies targeting S1 (r = 0.451; 95% CI, 0.320-0.564; P < .001), receptor binding domain (r = 0.484; 95% CI, 0.358-0.592; P < .001), and S2 regions (r = 0.346; 95% CI, 0.204-0.473; P < .001). NAb titers at the time of discharge were significantly higher in the 82 men (1417 [IQR, 541-2253]) than those in the 93 women (905 [IQR, 371-1687]) (median difference, 512; 95% CI, 82-688; P = .01) and at the time of follow-up in 56 male patients (1049 [IQR, 552-2454]) vs 61 female patients (751 [IQR, 216-1301]) (median difference, 298; 95% CI, 86-732; P = .009). Plasma NAb titers were significantly higher in 56 older (1537 [IQR, 877-2427) and 63 middle-aged (1291 [IQR, 504-2126]) patients than in 56 younger patients (459 [IQR, 225-998]) (older vs younger: median difference, 1078; 95% CI, 548-1287; P < .001; middle-aged vs younger: median difference, 832; 95% CI, 284-1013; P < .001). The NAb titers were correlated with plasma C-reactive protein levels (r = 0.508; 95% CI, 0.386-0.614; P < .001) and negatively correlated with lymphocyte counts (r = -0.427; 95% CI, -0.544 to -0.293; P < .001) at the time of admission. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this cohort study, among 175 patients who recovered from mild COVID-19 in Shanghai, China, NAb titers to SARS-CoV-2 appeared to vary substantially. Further research is needed to understand the clinical implications of differing NAb titers for protection against future infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aojie Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qimin Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenjian Gu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Xia
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Ling
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuling Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingna Xun
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Youhua Xie
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tongyu Zhu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yumei Wen
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinghe Huang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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26
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Abstract
Convalescent plasma (CP) therapy has been used since the early 1900s to treat emerging infectious diseases; its efficacy was later associated with the evidence that polyclonal neutralizing antibodies can reduce the duration of viremia. Recent large outbreaks of viral diseases for which effective antivirals or vaccines are still lacking has renewed the interest in CP as a life-saving treatment. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has led to the scaling up of CP therapy to unprecedented levels. Compared with historical usage, pathogen reduction technologies have now added an extra layer of safety to the use of CP, and new manufacturing approaches are being explored. This review summarizes historical settings of application, with a focus on betacoronaviruses, and surveys current approaches for donor selection and CP collection, pooling technologies, pathogen inactivation systems, and banking of CP. We additionally list the ongoing registered clinical trials for CP throughout the world and discuss the trial results published thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Focosi
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Arthur O Anderson
- Department of Respiratory Mucosal Immunity, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Julian W Tang
- Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Tuccori
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Unit of Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rosadas
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Randell
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Maryam Khan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Myra O McClure
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Richard S Tedder
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK; Jefferiss Research Trust Laboratories, Wright-Fleming Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.
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28
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Robbiani DF, Gaebler C, Muecksch F, Lorenzi JCC, Wang Z, Cho A, Agudelo M, Barnes CO, Gazumyan A, Finkin S, Hägglöf T, Oliveira TY, Viant C, Hurley A, Hoffmann HH, Millard KG, Kost RG, Cipolla M, Gordon K, Bianchini F, Chen ST, Ramos V, Patel R, Dizon J, Shimeliovich I, Mendoza P, Hartweger H, Nogueira L, Pack M, Horowitz J, Schmidt F, Weisblum Y, Michailidis E, Ashbrook AW, Waltari E, Pak JE, Huey-Tubman KE, Koranda N, Hoffman PR, West AP, Rice CM, Hatziioannou T, Bjorkman PJ, Bieniasz PD, Caskey M, Nussenzweig MC. Convergent antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in convalescent individuals. Nature 2020; 584:437-442. [PMID: 32555388 PMCID: PMC7442695 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2456-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1419] [Impact Index Per Article: 354.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to the infection of millions of people and has claimed hundreds of thousands of lives. The entry of the virus into cells depends on the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2. Although there is currently no vaccine, it is likely that antibodies will be essential for protection. However, little is known about the human antibody response to SARS-CoV-21-5. Here we report on 149 COVID-19-convalescent individuals. Plasma samples collected an average of 39 days after the onset of symptoms had variable half-maximal pseudovirus neutralizing titres; titres were less than 50 in 33% of samples, below 1,000 in 79% of samples and only 1% of samples had titres above 5,000. Antibody sequencing revealed the expansion of clones of RBD-specific memory B cells that expressed closely related antibodies in different individuals. Despite low plasma titres, antibodies to three distinct epitopes on the RBD neutralized the virus with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50 values) as low as 2 ng ml-1. In conclusion, most convalescent plasma samples obtained from individuals who recover from COVID-19 do not contain high levels of neutralizing activity. Nevertheless, rare but recurring RBD-specific antibodies with potent antiviral activity were found in all individuals tested, suggesting that a vaccine designed to elicit such antibodies could be broadly effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide F Robbiani
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
| | - Christian Gaebler
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Frauke Muecksch
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julio C C Lorenzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zijun Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alice Cho
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marianna Agudelo
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher O Barnes
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Anna Gazumyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shlomo Finkin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Hägglöf
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thiago Y Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charlotte Viant
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Arlene Hurley
- Hospital Program Direction, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hans-Heinrich Hoffmann
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katrina G Millard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rhonda G Kost
- Center for Clinical Translational Science, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melissa Cipolla
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristie Gordon
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Filippo Bianchini
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Spencer T Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victor Ramos
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roshni Patel
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juan Dizon
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Irina Shimeliovich
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pilar Mendoza
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Harald Hartweger
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lilian Nogueira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maggi Pack
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jill Horowitz
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fabian Schmidt
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yiska Weisblum
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eleftherios Michailidis
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alison W Ashbrook
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - John E Pak
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kathryn E Huey-Tubman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Koranda
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Pauline R Hoffman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Anthony P West
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Charles M Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Paul D Bieniasz
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Marina Caskey
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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29
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Nau JY. [Not Available]. Rev Med Suisse 2020; 16:1220-1221. [PMID: 32520467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
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Damodar T, Mani RS, Prathyusha PV. Utility of rabies neutralizing antibody detection in cerebrospinal fluid and serum for ante-mortem diagnosis of human rabies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007128. [PMID: 30695032 PMCID: PMC6368332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early ante-mortem laboratory confirmation of human rabies is essential to aid patient management and institute public health measures. Few studies have highlighted the diagnostic value of antibody detection in CSF/serum in rabies, and its utility is usually undermined owing to the late seroconversion and short survival in infected patients. This study was undertaken to examine the ante-mortem diagnostic utility and prognostic value of antibody detection by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)/serum samples received from clinically suspected human rabies cases from January 2015 to December 2017. Methodology/Principal findings Samples collected ante-mortem and post-mortem from 130 and 6 patients with clinically suspected rabies respectively, were received in the laboratory during the study period. Ante-mortem laboratory confirmation was achieved in 55/130 (42.3%) cases. Real time PCR for detection of viral nucleic acid performed on saliva, nuchal skin, brain tissue and CSF samples could confirm the diagnosis in 15 (27.2%) of the 55 laboratory confirmed cases. Ante-mortem diagnosis could be achieved by RFFIT (in CSF and/or serum) in 45 (34.6%) of the 130 clinically suspected cases, accounting for 81.8% of the total 55 laboratory confirmed cases. The sensitivity of CSF RFFIT increased with the day of sample collection (post-onset of symptoms) and was found to be 100% after 12 days of illness. Patients who had received prior vaccination had an increased probability of a positive RFFIT and negative PCR result. Patients who were positive by RFFIT alone at initial diagnosis had longer survival (albeit with neurological sequelae) than patients who were positive by PCR alone or both RFFIT and PCR. Conclusions/Significance Detection of antibodies in the CSF/serum is a valuable ante-mortem diagnostic tool in human rabies, especially in patients who survive beyond a week. It was also found to have a limited role as a prognostic marker to predict outcomes in patients. Ante-mortem diagnosis of human rabies is essential for patient management and public health measures. The detection of virus specific antibodies in the CSF/serum of patients with suspected rabies is thought to have a limited diagnostic role owing to late seroconversion and short survival in rabies. We examined the diagnostic and prognostic utility of antibody detection by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) in CSF/serum samples received from clinically suspected human rabies cases (2015–2017). RFFIT (in CSF and/or serum) could confirm ante-mortem diagnosis in 45 (34.6%) of the 130 clinically suspected cases, accounting for 81.8% of the total 55 laboratory confirmed cases. The sensitivity of CSF RFFIT increased with the day of sample collection (post-onset of symptoms) and was found to be 100% after 12 days of illness. Patients who had received prior vaccination had an increased likelihood of a positive RFFIT and negative PCR result. Patients who were positive by RFFIT alone at initial diagnosis had longer duration of survival, although with poor functional outcomes. Antibody detection by RFFIT in CSF/serum was found to have a diagnostic utility especially in patients who survived beyond a week and a limited prognostic role in human rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Damodar
- Department of Neurovirology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research in Rabies, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Reeta S. Mani
- Department of Neurovirology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research in Rabies, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
- * E-mail:
| | - P. V. Prathyusha
- Department of Biostatistics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
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Sierra-Delgado JA, Bautista-Nino PK, Vargas-Castellanos CI, Serrano Diaz NC, Rincon MY. [Immune response and gene therapy with adenoassociated viral vectors]. Medicina (B Aires) 2019; 79:493-501. [PMID: 31829952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, gene therapy has been positioned as a real and safe option in the development of therapeutic alternatives for the cure and prevention of different diseases. It consists in the insertion of genetic material in a defective tissue or cell, through the use of a vector. There are several considerations for selecting the most appropriate vector, including the potential for binding and entry to the target cell, the ability of the genetic material to transfer to the nucleus, the ability to express the insert, and the absence of toxicity. In the current scenario, the most commonly used viral vectors are those derived from adeno-associated viruses (AAV). Characteristics such as biosafety, low toxicity and selective tropism have enabled its evaluation as a therapeutic option in many monogenic or complex diseases. Despite their advantages, AAV vectors have drawbacks, the most important being the patient's immune response to the vector, especially the response mediated by neutralizing antibodies (NAb). NAbs decrease the transduction of the vector and prevent the expression of the gene it transports, limiting its clinical application. Therefore, identifying and quantifying the presence and activity of NAbs is the first step in any gene therapy protocol with AAV vectors. The presence of NAbs depends mainly on exposure to the virus in nature and varies drastically according to age, geographic location and health status of the person evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieth A Sierra-Delgado
- Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
- Dirección de Investigaciones, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia, Floridablanca, Santander, Colombia
| | - Paula K Bautista-Nino
- Dirección de Investigaciones, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia, Floridablanca, Santander, Colombia
| | | | - Norma C Serrano Diaz
- Dirección de Investigaciones, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia, Floridablanca, Santander, Colombia
- Hospital Internacional de Colombia, Piedecuesta, Santander, Colombia
| | - Melvin Y Rincon
- Dirección de Investigaciones, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia, Floridablanca, Santander, Colombia. E-mail:
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Burgado J, Greenberg L, Niezgoda M, Kumar A, Olson V, Wu X, Satheshkumar PS. A high throughput neutralization test based on GFP expression by recombinant rabies virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0007011. [PMID: 30550592 PMCID: PMC6310286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of rabies vaccination in both humans and animals is determined by the presence of virus neutralizing antibodies (VNAs). The Rapid Fluorescent Focus Inhibition Test (RFFIT) is the method traditionally used for detection and quantification of VNAs. It is a functional in vitro test for assessing the ability of antibodies in serum to bind and prevent infection of cultured cells with rabies virus (RABV). The RFFIT is a labor intensive, low throughput and semi-quantitative assay performed by trained laboratorians. It requires staining of RABV-infected cells by rabies specific fluorescent antibodies and manual quantification of fluorescent fields for titer determination. Although the quantification of fluorescent fields observed in each sample is recorded, the corresponding images are not stored or captured to be used for future analysis. To circumvent several of these disadvantages, we have developed an alternative, automated high throughput neutralization test (HTNT) for determination of rabies VNAs based on green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression by a recombinant RABV and compared with the RFFIT. The HTNT assay utilizes the recombinant RABV ERA variant expressing GFP with a nuclear localization signal (NLS) for efficient quantification. The HTNT is a quantitative method where the number of RABV-infected cells are determined and the images are stored for future analysis. Both RFFIT and HTNT results correlated 100% for a panel of human and animal positive and negative rabies serum samples. Although, the VNA titer values are generally agreeable, HTNT titers tend to be lower than that of RFFIT, probably due to the differences in quantification methods. Our data demonstrates the potential for HTNT assays in determination of rabies VNA titers. The potency of rabies vaccine is demonstrated by the presence of virus neutralizing antibodies (VNAs) in serum. It is critical to evaluate immunologic status of individuals who work directly with rabies virus (RABV) (laboratorians) or at high risk of infection due to interaction with animals (veterinarians and animal control workers). In addition, rabies vaccination records and demonstration of VNAs in animals are mandatory before initiating pet travel to rabies-free counties or regions. Rabies VNAs are currently determined by the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) and the fluorescent antibody virus neutralization (FAVN) test, which measure the ability of antibodies to bind and prevent infection of RABV in vitro. Both assays require staining of infected cells using anti-rabies antibodies and manual observation of infected cells by a fluorescent microscope to determine VNA titers. In this study, we have developed a GFP reporter-based high throughput neutralization test (HTNT) for automated quantification of infected cells. This method has the advantages of allowing investigators to analyze and store the results, and can accommodate large sample sizes. Overall, the results from HTNT exhibited 100% correlation with that of RFFIT, albeit with differences in rabies VNA titer values due to quantification methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillybeth Burgado
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lauren Greenberg
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mike Niezgoda
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Amrita Kumar
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Victoria Olson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Xianfu Wu
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Ivleva VB, Schneck NA, Gollapudi D, Arnold F, Cooper JW, Lei QP. Investigation of Sequence Clipping and Structural Heterogeneity of an HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibody by a Comprehensive LC-MS Analysis. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2018; 29:1512-1523. [PMID: 29736600 PMCID: PMC6652184 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-1968-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
CAP256 is one of the highly potent, broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bNAb) designed for HIV-1 therapy. During the process development of one of the constructs, an unexpected product-related impurity was observed via microfluidics gel electrophoresis. A panel of complementary LC-MS analyses was applied for the comprehensive characterization of CAP256 which included the analysis of the intact and reduced protein, the middle-up approach, and a set of complementary peptide mapping techniques and verification of the disulfide bonds. The designed workflow allowed to identify a clip within a protruding acidic loop in the CDR-H3 region of the heavy chain, which can lead to the decrease of bNAb potency. This characterization explained the origin of the additional species reflected by the reducing gel profile. An intra-loop disulfide bond linking the two fragments was identified, which explained why the non-reducing capillary electrophoresis (CE) profile was not affected. The extensive characterization of CAP256 post-translational modifications was performed to investigate a possible cause of CE profile complexity and to illustrate other structural details related to this molecule's biological function. Two sites of the engineered Tyr sulfation were verified in the antigen-binding loop, and pyroglutamate formation was used as a tool for monitoring the extent of antibody clipping. Overall, the comprehensive LC-MS study was crucial to (1) identify the impurity as sequence clipping, (2) pinpoint the clipping location and justify its susceptibility relative to the molecular structure, (3) lead to an upstream process optimization to mitigate product quality risk, and (4) ultimately re-engineer the sequence to be clip-resistant. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera B Ivleva
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA.
| | - Nicole A Schneck
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Deepika Gollapudi
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Frank Arnold
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Jonathan W Cooper
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Q Paula Lei
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA.
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Züst R, Li SH, Xie X, Velumani S, Chng M, Toh YX, Zou J, Dong H, Shan C, Pang J, Qin CF, Newell EW, Shi PY, Fink K. Characterization of a candidate tetravalent vaccine based on 2'-O-methyltransferase mutants. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0189262. [PMID: 29298302 PMCID: PMC5751980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is one of the most widespread arboviruses. The four DENV serotypes infect about 400 million people every year, causing 96 million clinical dengue cases, of which approximately 500’000 are severe and potentially life-threatening. The only licensed vaccine has a limited efficacy and is only recommended in regions with high endemicity. We previously reported that 2’-O-methyltransferase mutations in DENV-1 and DENV-2 block their capacity to inhibit type I IFNs and render the viruses attenuated in vivo, making them amenable as vaccine strains; here we apply this strategy to all four DENV serotypes to generate a tetravalent, non-chimeric live-attenuated dengue vaccine. 2’-O-methyltransferase mutants of all four serotypes are highly sensitive to type I IFN inhibition in human cells. The tetravalent formulation is attenuated and immunogenic in mice and cynomolgus macaques and elicits a response that protects from virus challenge. These results show the potential of 2’-O-methyltransferase mutant viruses as a safe, tetravalent, non-chimeric dengue vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Züst
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shi-Hua Li
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Chromos, Singapore, Singapore
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xuping Xie
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Chromos, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Sumathy Velumani
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Melissa Chng
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ying-Xiu Toh
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jing Zou
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Chromos, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Hongping Dong
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Chromos, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chao Shan
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Chromos, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Jassia Pang
- Biological Resource Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Evan W. Newell
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Chromos, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KF); (PYS)
| | - Katja Fink
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (KF); (PYS)
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Liu X, Yang Z, Yuan J, Liao J, Duan L, Wang W, Zhang F, Chen X, Zhou B. Early Antibody Response Contributes to the Virus Eradication and Clinical Recovery of H7N9 Influenza Infection. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2017; 47:592-599. [PMID: 29066487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A new type of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, H7N9, has been a great threat to public health since its 2013 outbreak. The humoral immune response plays a critical role in protection from the influenza virus, but its role and kinetics in H7N9-infected patients remain to be determined. In this study, we performed a retrospective investigation of the antibody response in plasma samples from 37 cases of hospitalized patients and analysed the relationship between the antibody response and the clinical outcomes. Our results showed that the HA7-binding antibody was generated earlier than the neutralizing antibody. Higher titer of HA7-binding antibody during the first 14 days after disease onset were associated with a shorter virus-positive continuation period, which is an important risk predictor (P<0.05). Additionally, the titers of HA7-binding antibody were consistently and significantly lower in patients who died than those who recovered from the severe disease. Unexpectedly, no correlation between the titer of neutralizing antibody and the resulting clinical outcomes was found, suggesting that a neutralizing antibody-independent mechanism also contributed to virus control. In summary, our data suggests that an early antibody response against H7N9 influenza virus contributes to the eradication of the virus. A higher, early HA7-binding antibody response is associated with better clinical outcomes in H7N9 patients.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/analysis
- Antibodies, Viral/analysis
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- China/epidemiology
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Hospitals, Urban
- Humans
- Immunity, Humoral/drug effects
- Incidence
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza, Human/drug therapy
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/physiopathology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- RNA, Viral/blood
- Retrospective Studies
- Risk Factors
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/epidemiology
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/etiology
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/mortality
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/prevention & control
- Treatment Outcome
- Viral Load/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Lab for Diagnosis & Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Key Lab of Infection & Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Zheng Yang
- Guangdong Key Lab for Diagnosis & Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Key Lab of Infection & Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Tuberculosis Prevention, Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Guangdong Key Lab for Diagnosis & Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Key Lab of Infection & Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian Liao
- Guangdong Key Lab for Diagnosis & Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Key Lab of Infection & Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lian Duan
- Guangdong Key Lab for Diagnosis & Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Key Lab of Infection & Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenfei Wang
- Guangdong Key Lab for Diagnosis & Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Key Lab of Infection & Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fuping Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinchun Chen
- Guangdong Key Lab for Diagnosis & Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Key Lab of Infection & Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Boping Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Lab for Diagnosis & Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Key Lab of Infection & Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
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Chen P, Wu X, Su Y, Hao X, Mao Q, Liang Z. Development of a pseudovirus based assay for measuring neutralizing antibodies against coxsackievirus B5. J Virol Methods 2017; 246:21-26. [PMID: 28435072 PMCID: PMC7113871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B5 (CV-B5), an important Coxsackie B virus from genus Enteroviruse within the family Picornaviridae, has also been isolated from Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) patients, and often associated with neurological manifestations. In this study, we found out that Coxsackievirus B3 (CV-B3) replicon RNA could be encapsidated with CV-B5 capsid to assemble infectious CV-B5 pseudovirus. We then utilized this single round infection system of CV-B5 to develop a neutralizing antibody quantification assay. This pseudovirus neutralization assay showed superiority in biosafety, sensibility, quantitativity, efficiency and high throughput, and would facilitate the epidemiological studies and vaccine development of CV-B5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China; National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xing Wu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yao Su
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaotian Hao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qunying Mao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhenglun Liang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China.
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Ainai A, Suzuki T, Tamura SI, Hasegawa H. Intranasal Administration of Whole Inactivated Influenza Virus Vaccine as a Promising Influenza Vaccine Candidate. Viral Immunol 2017. [PMID: 28650274 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of the current influenza vaccine, an inactivated virus vaccine administered by subcutaneous/intramuscular injection, is limited to reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with seasonal influenza outbreaks. Intranasal vaccination, by contrast, mimics natural infection and induces not only systemic IgG antibodies but also local secretory IgA (S-IgA) antibodies found on the surface of the mucosal epithelium in the upper respiratory tract. S-IgA antibodies are highly effective at preventing virus infection. Although the live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) administered intranasally can induce local antibodies, this vaccine is restricted to healthy populations aged 2-49 years because of safety concerns associated with using live viruses in a vaccine. Instead of LAIV, an intranasal vaccine made with inactivated virus could be applied to high-risk populations, including infants and elderly adults. Normally, a mucosal adjuvant would be required to enhance the effect of intranasal vaccination with an inactivated influenza vaccine. However, we found that intranasal administration of a concentrated, whole inactivated influenza virus vaccine without any mucosal adjuvant was enough to induce local neutralizing S-IgA antibodies in the nasal epithelium of healthy individuals with some immunological memory for seasonal influenza viruses. This intranasal vaccine is a novel candidate that could improve on the current injectable vaccine or the LAIV for the prevention of seasonal influenza epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ainai
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Tamura
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo, Japan
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Moeschler S, Locher S, Conzelmann KK, Krämer B, Zimmer G. Quantification of Lyssavirus-Neutralizing Antibodies Using Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Pseudotype Particles. Viruses 2016; 8:v8090254. [PMID: 27649230 PMCID: PMC5035968 DOI: 10.3390/v8090254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a highly fatal zoonotic disease which is primarily caused by rabies virus (RABV) although other members of the genus Lyssavirus can cause rabies as well. As yet, 14 serologically and genetically diverse lyssaviruses have been identified, mostly in bats. To assess the quality of rabies vaccines and immunoglobulin preparations, virus neutralization tests with live RABV are performed in accordance with enhanced biosafety standards. In the present work, a novel neutralization test is presented which takes advantage of a modified vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) from which the glycoprotein G gene has been deleted and replaced by reporter genes. This single-cycle virus was trans-complemented with RABV envelope glycoprotein. Neutralization of this pseudotype virus with RABV reference serum or immune sera from vaccinated mice showed a strong correlation with the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT). Importantly, pseudotype viruses containing the envelope glycoproteins of other lyssaviruses were neutralized by reference serum to a significantly lesser extent or were not neutralized at all. Taken together, a pseudotype virus system has been successfully developed which allows the safe, fast, and sensitive detection of neutralizing antibodies directed against different lyssaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Moeschler
- Institut für Virologie und Immunologie (IVI), Abteilung Virologie, CH-3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
| | - Samira Locher
- Institut für Virologie und Immunologie (IVI), Abteilung Virologie, CH-3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
| | - Karl-Klaus Conzelmann
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut und Genzentrum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, D-81377 München, Germany.
| | - Beate Krämer
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Abteilung Veterinärmedizin, D-63225 Langen, Germany.
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institut für Virologie und Immunologie (IVI), Abteilung Virologie, CH-3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
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Milicevic Z, Anglin G, Harper K, Konrad RJ, Skrivanek Z, Glaesner W, Karanikas CA, Mace K. Low incidence of anti-drug antibodies in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with once-weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist dulaglutide. Diabetes Obes Metab 2016; 18:533-6. [PMID: 26847401 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic administration of peptides may result in anti-drug antibody (ADA) formation, hypersensitivity adverse events (AEs) and reduced efficacy. As a large peptide, the immunogenicity of once-weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist dulaglutide is of considerable interest. The present study assessed the incidence of treatment-emergent dulaglutide ADAs, hypersensitivity AEs, injection site reactions (ISRs), and glycaemic control in ADA-positive patients in nine phase II and phase III trials (dulaglutide, N = 4006; exenatide, N = 276; non-GLP-1 comparators, N = 1141). Treatment-emergent dulaglutide ADAs were detected using a solid-phase extraction acid dissociation binding assay. Neutralizing ADAs were detected using a cell-based assay derived from human endothelial kidney cells (HEK293). A total of 64 dulaglutide-treated patients (1.6% of the population) tested ADA-positive versus eight (0.7%) from the non-GLP-1 comparator group. Of these 64 patients, 34 (0.9%) had dulaglutide-neutralizing ADAs, 36 (0.9%) had native-sequence GLP-1 (nsGLP-1) cross-reactive ADAs and four (0.1%) had nsGLP-1 neutralization ADAs. The incidence of hypersensitivity AEs and ISRs was similar in the dulaglutide versus placebo groups. No dulaglutide ADA-positive patient reported hypersensitivity AEs. Because of the low incidence of ADAs, it was not possible to establish their effect on glycaemic control.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/analysis
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/isolation & purification
- Cross Reactions
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/immunology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Drug Eruptions/complications
- Drug Eruptions/epidemiology
- Drug Eruptions/physiopathology
- Drug Hypersensitivity/complications
- Drug Hypersensitivity/epidemiology
- Drug Hypersensitivity/physiopathology
- Drugs, Investigational/administration & dosage
- Drugs, Investigational/adverse effects
- Drugs, Investigational/therapeutic use
- Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor/agonists
- Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor/metabolism
- Glucagon-Like Peptides/administration & dosage
- Glucagon-Like Peptides/adverse effects
- Glucagon-Like Peptides/analogs & derivatives
- Glucagon-Like Peptides/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Hyperglycemia/chemically induced
- Hyperglycemia/prevention & control
- Hypoglycemia/prevention & control
- Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage
- Hypoglycemic Agents/adverse effects
- Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/administration & dosage
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/adverse effects
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/therapeutic use
- Incidence
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Middle Aged
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/adverse effects
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/therapeutic use
- Risk
- Severity of Illness Index
- Solid Phase Extraction
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G Anglin
- Eli Lilly Canada Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - K Harper
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - R J Konrad
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Z Skrivanek
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - W Glaesner
- Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - K Mace
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Abstract
Measurements of humoral immune responses to West Nile virus (WNV) infection in mouse or other animal models are valuable components of basic laboratory investigations to assess immunogenicity of candidate vaccines or to evaluate seroconversion following challenge with WNV. Here, we outline the steps for screening or titrating of total antibodies by indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as well as assessment of neutralizing antibody titers by immunofocus detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Friedrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, MRB, Route 0609, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA
| | - David W C Beasley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Keiller Building, Route 0609, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA.
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41
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Goossens VJ. Ad36: skip serology, NAT we need. J Diabetes Complications 2015; 29:970. [PMID: 25953403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Kwon HJ, Lee SY, Kim KH, Kim DS, Cha SH, Jo DS, Kang JH. The Immunogenicity and Safety of the Live-attenuated SA 14-14-2 Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine Given with a Two-dose Primary Schedule in Children. J Korean Med Sci 2015; 30:612-6. [PMID: 25931793 PMCID: PMC4414646 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2015.30.5.612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective and tolerable vaccination is an essential strategy to prevent Japanese encephalitis (JE) in endemic areas. Although the live attenuated SA 14-14-2 JE vaccine (LAJEV) has been widely used since its introduction, the systemic data of LAJEV was very rarely available in Korea. We conducted the open-label, prospective cohort study to assess the immunogenicity and safety of this vaccine. Ninety subjects were enrolled, and LAJEV in a 2-dose primary series was given with a 12-month interval. Neutralizing antibody titers were measured before and after each vaccination, and active monitoring for adverse events was performed. After the first dose, 91.1% of subjects had seroprotection with a geometric mean titer (GMT) of 40.9. Seroprotection rate after the second dose was 97%, and GMT showed an increase of 6.5-fold. Most adverse events following immunization were self-limited, and no serious adverse events were reported until 42 days after each dose. The 2-dose administration of LAJEV in the primary immunization schedule appeared to be highly immunogenic and safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jin Kwon
- Department of Pediatrics, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Young Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Hwan Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Soo Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Ho Cha
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyunghee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Sun Jo
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonbuk National University College of Medicine, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Jin Han Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Sun Y, Zhong J, Zhang C, Zuo J, Pickwell-MacPherson E. Label-free detection and characterization of the binding of hemagglutinin protein and broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies using terahertz spectroscopy. J Biomed Opt 2015; 20:037006. [PMID: 25757856 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.3.037006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hemagglutinin (HA) is the main surface glycoprotein of the influenza A virus. The H9N2 subtype influenza A virus is recognized as the most possible pandemic strain as it has crossed the species barrier, infecting swine and humans. We use terahertz spectroscopy to study the hydration shell formation around H9 subtype influenza A virus's HA protein (H9 HA) as well as the detection of antigen binding of H9 HA with the broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody. We observe a remarkable concentration dependent nonlinear response of the H9 HA, which reveals the formation process of the hydration shell around H9 HA molecules. Furthermore, we show that terahertz dielectric properties of the H9 HA are strongly affected by the presence of the monoclonal antibody F10 and that the terahertz dielectric loss tangent can be used to detect the antibody binding at lower concentrations than the standard ELISA test.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/analysis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/analysis
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral
- Antigen-Antibody Reactions
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/analysis
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/chemistry
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Swine
- Terahertz Spectroscopy/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Sun
- Shenzhen University, School of Medicine, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen 518060, Ch
| | - Junlan Zhong
- Shenzhen University, School of Medicine, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen 518060, Ch
| | - Cunlin Zhang
- Capital Normal University, Department of Physics, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Jian Zuo
- Capital Normal University, Department of Physics, Beijing 100037, China
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Kaaijk P, Gouma S, Hulscher HI, Han WG, Kleijne DE, van Binnendijk RS, van Els CA. Dynamics of the serologic response in vaccinated and unvaccinated mumps cases during an epidemic. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:1754-61. [PMID: 26047038 PMCID: PMC4514281 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1040967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, several mumps outbreaks were reported in various countries despite high vaccination coverage. In most cases, young adults were affected who have acquired immunity against mumps solely by vaccination and not by previous wild-type mumps virus infection. To investigate mumps-specific antibody levels, functionality and dynamics during a mumps epidemic, blood samples were obtained longitudinally from 23 clinical mumps cases, with or without a prior history of vaccination, and from 20 healthy persons with no serological evidence of recent mumps virus infection. Blood samples from mumps cases were taken 1-2 months and 7-10 months after onset of disease. Both vaccinated and unvaccinated mumps cases had significantly higher geomean concentrations of mumps-specific IgG (resp. 13,617 RU/ml (95% CI of 9,574-19,367 RU/ml) vs. 1,552 (445-5412) RU/ml at 1-2 months; and 6,514 (5,247-8,088) RU/ml vs. 1,143 (480-2,725) RU/ml at 7-10 months) than healthy controls (169 (135-210) RU/ml) (p = 0.001). Patterns in virus-neutralizing (VN) antibody responses against the mumps vaccine virus were similar, vaccinated and unvaccinated mumps cases had significantly higher ND50 values at both time points of sampling (resp 4,695 (3,779-5,832) RU/ml vs. 1,533 (832-2,825) RU/ml at 1-2 months; 2,478 (1,968-3,122) RU/ml vs. 1,221 (1,029-1,449) RU/ml at 7-10 months) compared with (previously vaccinated) healthy controls (122 (196-76)) RU/ml) (p = 0.001) The unvaccinated mumps cases had significantly lower mumps-specific IgG and VN antibody concentrations at both sampling points compared with previously vaccinated cases, but their antibody concentrations did not differ significantly at the 2 time points. In contrast, the mumps-specific IgG and VN antibody concentrations of the previously vaccinated mumps cases were significantly higher within the first 2 months after onset of mumps and declined thereafter, characteristic for a secondary response. A moderate correlation was found between the level of mumps-specific IgG serum antibodies and VN antibodies for the mumps cases (r = 0.64; p<0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Kaaijk
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM); Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Sigrid Gouma
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM); Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- Department of Viroscience; Erasmus University Medical Center; Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hinke I Hulscher
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM); Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Wanda G Han
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM); Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Deborah E Kleijne
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM); Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Rob S van Binnendijk
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM); Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Cécile A van Els
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM); Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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Dubuisson O, Day RS, Dhurandhar NV. Accurate identification of neutralizing antibodies to adenovirus Ad36, -a putative contributor of obesity in humans. J Diabetes Complications 2015; 29:83-7. [PMID: 25312598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In children and adults, human adenovirus serotype 36 (Ad36) is linked with increased adiposity, and important metabolic alterations. Since this property is not shared by many other human adenovirus serotypes, it is imperative to specifically identify exposure to Ad36. Although serum neutralization assay (SNA) is the gold standard to specifically detect neutralizing antibodies (NA) to Ad36, it requires 2-weeks to complete and considerable training to interpret the results. Whereas, an enzyme-immuno assay (EIA) may provide a quicker and objective determination. OBJECTIVES Evaluate the accuracy of commercially available EIA kits to detect NA to Ad36. Modify SNA to reduce time and increase objectivity. STUDY DESIGN Sera of 15 seropositive or 16 seronegative subjects confirmed by SNA were used to test: 1) reproducibility of SNA to detect Ad36 exposure, by repeating assays twice; 2) an EIA that detects antibodies to all human adenovirus serotypes (NS-EIA) (Abcam-108705); 3) an EIA supposedly specific for Ad36 antibody (Ad36-EIA) (MyBioSource,#MBS705802), and 4) the concordance of SNA with a novel combination of SNA and immune-staining (SN-IS) kit (Cell BioLabs,#VPK-111). RESULTS The SNA showed exact reproducibility. NS-EIA detected adenovirus antibodies in 94% samples, confirming the non-specificity of the assay for Ad36 serotype. All seronegative samples (as determined by SNA) were false positive by Ad36-EIA. In 97% samples, SN-IS showed fidelity with Ad36-antibody status as determined by SNA. CONCLUSIONS The available EIA kits are not specific for detecting NA to Ad36. The modified SNA with immune-staining reduces assay time and increases accuracy of detecting by reducing subjectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Dubuisson
- Infections and Obesity Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 USA
| | - Rena Sue Day
- Michael & Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Nikhil V Dhurandhar
- Infections and Obesity Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 USA.
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46
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Narayana A, Manoharan A, Narayan MS, Kalappa SM, Biligumba G, Haradanahalli R, Anand AM. Comparison of safety and immunogenicity of 2 WHO prequalified rabies vaccines administered by one week, 4 site intra dermal regimen (4-4-4-0-0) in animal bite cases. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:1748-53. [PMID: 26083005 PMCID: PMC4517453 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1048938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The currently advocated rabies post-exposure prophylaxis regimens are of one month duration with reduced patient compliance. WHO recommended research on shortened vaccination regimens which have a practical and economic advantage over the existing regimens. Hence, the present study was undertaken to assess the safety and immunogenicity of 2 WHO prequalified rabies vaccines administered by one week, 4 site intra dermal regimen (4-4-4-0-0) in animal bite cases. This study was a comparative, open label, phase III, randomized clinical trial conducted at Anti rabies clinic, KIMS Hospital, Bangalore, India. The study was registered in Clinical Trials Registry of India (CTRI) bearing the registration number CTRI/2012/12/003230. Ninety subjects with category II/III animal bites/exposures were enrolled. Equine rabies immunoglobulin was administered to all category III exposures. 0.1 mL of either purified chick embryo cell vaccine (Rabipur) or purified verocell rabies vaccine (Verorab) was administered intradermally into 4 sites on days 0, 3 and 7 to all the study subjects. Serum of subjects collected on day 0, 14, 90 and 365 were analyzed for rabies virus neutralizing antibody (RVNA) concentration. The incidence of ADR in Rabipur and Verorab group was 2.96% and 1.14% respectively. In Rabipur group, geometric mean concentration (95% confidence interval) of RVNA was 14.5 (13.50, 15.57), 11.78 (11.27, 12.31) and 5.95 (5.50, 6.44) IU/mL on days 14, 90 and 365 respectively; In Verorab group geometric mean concentration (95% confidence interval) of RVNA was 14.43 (13.41, 15.53), 11.93 (11.47, 12.40) and 5.67 (5.29, 6.08) IU/mL on days 14, 90 and 365 respectively. In conclusion, Rabipur and Verorab were found to be safe, immunogenic and comparable with each other, when administered using one week, 4 site intradermal regimen (4-4-4-0-0) in animal bite cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwath Narayana
- Community Medicine; Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences; Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Aravind Manoharan
- Community Medicine; Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences; Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Madhusudana Shampur Narayan
- Department of Neurovirology; National Institute of Mental health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS); Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sudarshan Mysore Kalappa
- Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Public Health and Center for Disease Control; Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Gangaboraiah Biligumba
- Community Medicine; Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences; Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ravish Haradanahalli
- Community Medicine; Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences; Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashwini Manoor Anand
- Department of Neurovirology; National Institute of Mental health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS); Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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47
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Chang LJ, Dowd KA, Mendoza FH, Saunders JG, Sitar S, Plummer SH, Yamshchikov G, Sarwar UN, Hu Z, Enama ME, Bailer RT, Koup RA, Schwartz RM, Akahata W, Nabel GJ, Mascola JR, Pierson TC, Graham BS, Ledgerwood JE. Safety and tolerability of chikungunya virus-like particle vaccine in healthy adults: a phase 1 dose-escalation trial. Lancet 2014; 384:2046-52. [PMID: 25132507 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61185-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chikungunya virus--a mosquito-borne alphavirus--is endemic in Africa and south and southeast Asia and has recently emerged in the Caribbean. No drugs or vaccines are available for treatment or prevention. We aimed to assess the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a new candidate vaccine. METHODS VRC 311 was a phase 1, dose-escalation, open-label clinical trial of a virus-like particle (VLP) chikungunya virus vaccine, VRC-CHKVLP059-00-VP, in healthy adults aged 18-50 years who were enrolled at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center (Bethesda, MD, USA). Participants were assigned to sequential dose level groups to receive vaccinations at 10 μg, 20 μg, or 40 μg on weeks 0, 4, and 20, with follow-up for 44 weeks after enrolment. The primary endpoints were safety and tolerability of the vaccine. Secondary endpoints were chikungunya virus-specific immune responses assessed by ELISA and neutralising antibody assays. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01489358. FINDINGS 25 participants were enrolled from Dec 12, 2011, to March 22, 2012, into the three dosage groups: 10 μg (n=5), 20 μg (n=10), and 40 μg (n=10). The protocol was completed by all five participants at the 10 μg dose, all ten participants at the 20 μg dose, and eight of ten participants at the 40 μg dose; non-completions were for personal circumstances unrelated to adverse events. 73 vaccinations were administered. All injections were well tolerated, with no serious adverse events reported. Neutralising antibodies were detected in all dose groups after the second vaccination (geometric mean titres of the half maximum inhibitory concentration: 2688 in the 10 μg group, 1775 in the 20 μg group, and 7246 in the 40 μg group), and a significant boost occurred after the third vaccination in all dose groups (10 μg group p=0·0197, 20 μg group p<0·0001, and 40 μg group p<0·0001). 4 weeks after the third vaccination, the geometric mean titres of the half maximum inhibitory concentration were 8745 for the 10 μg group, 4525 for the 20 μg group, and 5390 for the 40 μg group. INTERPRETATION The chikungunya VLP vaccine was immunogenic, safe, and well tolerated. This study represents an important step in vaccine development to combat this rapidly emerging pathogen. Further studies should be done in a larger number of participants and in more diverse populations. FUNDING Intramural Research Program of the Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Jah Chang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kimberly A Dowd
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Floreliz H Mendoza
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jamie G Saunders
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sandra Sitar
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah H Plummer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Galina Yamshchikov
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Uzma N Sarwar
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zonghui Hu
- Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mary E Enama
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert T Bailer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard M Schwartz
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wataru Akahata
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gary J Nabel
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Theodore C Pierson
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julie E Ledgerwood
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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48
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Garg R, Latimer L, Simko E, Gerdts V, Potter A, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. Induction of mucosal immunity and protection by intranasal immunization with a respiratory syncytial virus subunit vaccine formulation. J Gen Virol 2013; 95:301-306. [PMID: 24136365 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.058461-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of infections, including those caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), occur at mucosal surfaces. As no RSV vaccine is available our goal is to produce an effective subunit vaccine with an adjuvant suitable for mucosal delivery and cross-presentation. A truncated secreted version of the RSV fusion (ΔF) protein formulated with polyI : C, an innate defence regulator peptide and polyphosphazene, induced local and systemic immunity, including affinity maturation of RSV F-specific IgG, IgA and virus-neutralizing antibodies, and F-specific CD8(+) T-cells in the lung, when delivered intranasally. Furthermore, this ΔF protein formulation promoted the production of CD8(+) central memory T-cells in the mediastinal lymph nodes and provided protection from RSV challenge. Formulation of ΔF protein with this adjuvant combination enhanced uptake by lung dendritic cells and trafficking to the draining lymph nodes. The ΔF protein formulation was confirmed to be highly efficacious and safe in cotton rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Garg
- VIDO-Intervac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - L Latimer
- VIDO-Intervac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - E Simko
- Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - V Gerdts
- Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
- VIDO-Intervac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - A Potter
- Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
- VIDO-Intervac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - S van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
- VIDO-Intervac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
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49
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Fuentes S, Crim RL, Beeler J, Teng MN, Golding H, Khurana S. Development of a simple, rapid, sensitive, high-throughput luciferase reporter based microneutralization test for measurement of virus neutralizing antibodies following Respiratory Syncytial Virus vaccination and infection. Vaccine 2013; 31:3987-94. [PMID: 23742994 PMCID: PMC3779065 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We have established a new reporter gene-based RSV neutralization test using Renilla luciferase. The RSV-Luciferase Neutralization Test (RSV-Luc-NeuT) is a simple, rapid, high throughput, and less labor intensive functional serological assay than the traditional RSV-PRNT, capable of measuring a broad range of anti-RSV neutralizing antibodies targeting both RSV-F and RSV-G proteins. Specificity and sensitivity of the RSV-Luc-NeuT are comparable to the RSV-PRNT. Panels of pre-vaccination and post-vaccination animal sera, monoclonal antibodies and animal polyclonal anti-RSV sera confirmed assay specificity. A panel of 60 human sera demonstrated high assay sensitivity for measurement of RSV neutralizing antibodies that strongly correlated with the RSV-PRNT titers (R(2)=0.864). Neutralization in the presence of guinea pig complement (GPC) increased PRNT titers more than the RSV-Luc-NeuT neutralizing antibody titers for these human sera. This newly developed simple, high throughput, RSV-Luc-NeuT could be easily automated and applied in measurement of RSV neutralization titers in large vaccine trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Fuentes
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Roberta L. Crim
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Judy Beeler
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael N. Teng
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Hana Golding
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Surender Khurana
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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50
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Shim BS, Choi JA, Song HH, Park SM, Cheon IS, Jang JE, Woo SJ, Cho CH, Song MS, Kim H, Song KJ, Lee JM, Kim SW, Song DS, Choi YK, Kim JO, Nguyen HH, Kim DW, Bahk YY, Yun CH, Song MK. Sublingual administration of bacteria-expressed influenza virus hemagglutinin 1 (HA1) induces protection against infection with 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus. J Microbiol 2013; 51:130-5. [PMID: 23456722 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-013-2399-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses are respiratory pathogens that continue to pose a significantly high risk of morbidity and mortality of humans worldwide. Vaccination is one of the most effective strategies for minimizing damages by influenza outbreaks. In addition, rapid development and production of efficient vaccine with convenient administration is required in case of influenza pandemic. In this study, we generated recombinant influenza virus hemagglutinin protein 1 (sHA1) of 2009 pandemic influenza virus as a vaccine candidate using a well-established bacterial expression system and administered it into mice via sublingual (s.l.) route. We found that s.l. immunization with the recombinant sHA1 plus cholera toxin (CT) induced mucosal antibodies as well as systemic antibodies including neutralizing Abs and provided complete protection against infection with pandemic influenza virus A/CA/04/09 (H1N1) in mice. Indeed, the protection efficacy was comparable with that induced by intramuscular (i.m.) immunization route utilized as general administration route of influenza vaccine. These results suggest that s.l. vaccination with the recombinant non-glycosylated HA1 protein offers an alternative strategy to control influenza outbreaks including pandemics.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Administration, Sublingual
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/analysis
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/analysis
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Cholera Toxin/administration & dosage
- Cholera Toxin/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay
- Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Lung/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Serum/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Load
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Shik Shim
- Laboratory Science Division, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 151-919, Republic of Korea
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